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NEW 

AMERICAN    CTCL0PJ;DIA. 


VOL  XVI. 

V-Z"WIRNER. 

(0-t)  7 


AMERICAS  CYCLOPEDIA: 

A 

OF 

GENERAL    KNOWLEDGE. 

EDITED  BT 

GEORGE  RIPLET  am  CHARLES  A.  DANA. 


V-Z"WIRNEE. 

WITH  A  SUPPLEMENT. 


NEW  YORK  : 
D.     APPLETON      AND      COMPANY, 

44S  &  440  BROASWAT. 
LONDON:     16    LITTLE    BRITAIN. 

U.DCCC.LXIII.  ^ 


4428F9 I 


Ertkbed,  aocoiding  to  Act  of  Congiets,  in  the  jear  1868^  bj 

D.  APPLETON  &  COMPANY, 

In  tibe  deik'fl  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Soathem  District  of 

New  York. 


THE 


NEW  AMERICAN  CYCLOPJIDIA. 


TT*  the  2nd  letter  and  I7th  consonant  of 
f  9  the  EngliBh  alphabet.  It  was  anciently 
called  U  consonant.  Thongh  found  on  the 
fflost  ancient  Roman  monnments  of  which  we 
hire  anj  knowledge,  and  even  in  Etmscan 
ADd  Sttimite  inscriptions,  it  was  unknown,  ac- 
cording to  TadtoB,  to  the  primitive  alphabet 
of  the  Latins.  The  same  character  was  used 
to  represent  both  U  and  V,  these  letters  also 
being  frequently  interchanged  (see  TJ) ;  and 
when  the  emperor  Olaudins,  as  Suetonius  re- 
ktea,  wished  to  introduce  a  separate  sign  for 
the  sound  of  Y,  he  made  choice  of  the  inverted 
di^imma  j.  Li  the  inscriptions  of  the  Etrus- 
cffis  snd  other  primitive  inhabitants  of  Italy, 
V  IS  fi^uently  confounded  with  the  .^Solian 
disaoima  F,  through  which  it  claims  relation- 
ship with  the  Semitic  tav.  Among  the  He- 
brews, too,  and  probably  also  among  the  Phoe- 
nidaoa  the  corresponding  letter  was  employed 
both  as  consonant  and  vowel.  The  present 
fona  of  y  is  derived  from  the  Greek  utmlan 
(Ti,  which  was  sometimes  represented  without 
the  stem  or  vertical  bar. — ^Beside  tt,  this  letter 
is  interchanged  with  5,  /,  and  m.  The  Hebrew 
hetX  sometimes  had  a  sound  approaching  that 
of  V,  and  the  Greek  leta  (fi)  is  pronounced  by 
the  modem  Greeks  vita  (veeta).  The  Spanish 
vai  Portuguese  6,  too,  is  in  many  cases  pro- 
noasced  like  Y,  and  for  our  sound  of  l^e  former 
letter  they  haye  a  peculiar  character.  (See  B, 
pi  F.)  The  change  with  m  is  noticed  chiefly 
in  Wdsh,  in  which  tongue  Boman  becomes 
^'/an  Qyronoimced  Rovan),  while  for  the  Lat. 
i^au,  river,  the  Welsh  equivalent  is  Mbn. — 
y  as  a  nomeral  denotes  5,  or  with  a  dash  over 
H  '\\  600.  On  old  French  coins  it  signifies 
*1«  mint  of  Troyes. 

VAAGFEN,  East  and  Wbst,  two  islands  of  the 
Lofoden  groai>,  the  first,  pop.  1,000,  in  lat  68'' 
:5'  y^  long.  14**  10'  E.,  the  second,  pop.  2,000, 
ir  lat  cr  25'  K.,  long.  18"  10'  E.,  each  about 
^'}  m.  long  by  16  wide.  They  are  places  of  great 
!^^rt  for  fidiermen  from  January  to  April. 

TAABT,  Jah  Yavdsb,  a  Flemish  painter 
md  engraver,  bom  in  Haarlem  in  1647,  died  in 
l^xdoa  in  1721.  He  went  to  England  in  1674, 
nd  remained  there  till  his  death.  He  painted 
liadscapefl,  dead  game,  and  other  objects  of 

TOL.   XTI, ^1 


YAOOARO 

still  life.  ^  He  engraved  in  mezzotint  WissingV 

Sortrait  of  Charles  U.,  and  Eneller's  of  the 
uchess  of  Monmouth,  and  some  others. 

YAGA,  Cabbcia  db.    See  NuKez,  Alyab. 

YACOA-BEBLINGHIERI,  Franoksoo,  aa 
Italian  phyrician,  bom  at  Ponsaoco,  near  Pisa, 
in  1782,  died  in  Pisa,  Oct  6, 1812.  He  was 
professor  of  surgery  in  the  university  of  Pisa, 
was  regarded  as  one  of  the  first  physicians  of 
Italy,  and  refused  the  place  of  physician  to  the 
king  of  Poland  because  he  would  not  leave  his 
aged  father.  Among  his  works  are :  C{miid&' 
rationi  intamo  aUe  tnalattis  putrids  (Lucoa, 
1781) ;  Saggio  intamo  aUeprineiwili  epiujirO' 
fnienti  malattie  del  corpo  umano  (Lucca,  1799) ; 
MiJUmcni  tui  fnetzi  d%  ttabilire  e  di  contenare 
new  uofno  la  eanita  e  larohuitesata  (2  vols.,  Pisa, 
1794^;  and  Mlasqfia  delta  medieina  (Lucca, 
1801). — ^Akdbba,  his  son,  bora  at  Pisa  in  1772, 
died  there  in  1826,  was  a  skilful  surgeon  and 
valued  writer. 

YAGOAJ,  NicoLO,  an  Italian  composer,  bom 
at  Tolentino  in  the  Papal  States  in  1791,  was  a 
pupil  of  Paisiello  at  Naples,  and  from  1811  to 
1820  wrote  operas,  cantatas,  and  ballets  which 
had  a  moderate  success.  He  then  taught 
singing  in  Yenice,  Trieste,  and  Yienna,  wrote 
Pietro  il  grande^  a  comic  opera  performed  at 
Parma,  Zadig  ed  Astarteoy  performed  at  Naples, 
and  Oiulietta  e  Borneo^  performed  at  Milan,  hia 
best  work.  He  afterward  taught  sinsing  in 
Paris  and  London,  but  returned  to  fialy  in 
1882,  and  in  1888  became  first  master  of  com- 
position at  the  conservatory  of  Milan. 

YAGOAHO.  I.  Ain>sBA,  an  Italian  painter, 
bom  in  Naples  in  1698,  died  there  in  16yO.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  Stanzioni,  adopted  the  style  of 
Michel  Angelo  da  Garavaggio,  and  afterward 
of  Guido,  and  at  the  deatn  of  Stanzioni  was 
regarded  as  the  ablest  artist  of  the  Neapolitan 
school.  One  of  his  best  works  is  a  "  Holy  Fam- 
Uy ''  in  the  church  of  Santa  Maria  degli  Angeli 
at  Naples.  H.  Francssco,  an  engraver  and 
painter,  bom  in  Bologna  in  1686,  died  in  1687, 
studied  under  Francesco  Albano,  and  published 
a  treatise  on  perspective  illustrated  with  en- 
gravings from  nis  own  designs.  There  is  a  set 
of  12  perspective  views  of  rivers,  fountains,  ^, 
bearing  his  name. 


<i  VAOOINATION  VAOHEROT 

• 

VAOOINATION  (Lat  vacea^  a  oow),  inoou*  40  to  1,000,  while  in  OonxuMight  it  was  60  to 
lation  for  cow  pox  as  a  protection  agidnst  small  1,000.  On  the  other  hand,  in  a  nomber  of  En- 
pox,  first  practised  by  Dr.  Edward  Jenner  in  ropean  states  where  yaooination  is  more  or  less 
1790.  (See  Jxnner.)  On  the  2d  or  8d  daj  compulsory,  the  proportionate  number  of  deaths 
after  yiros  taken  from  a  perfect  vaccine  vesicle,  from  small  pox  varies  from  2  per  1,000  of  all 
whether  from  the  cow  or  the  human  subject,  causes  in  Bohemia,  Lombardy,  Venice,  and 
is  placed  in  contact  with  the  denuded  dermis  Sweden,  to  8.88  per  1,000  in  Saxony.  Although 
or  true  skin,  the  puncture  b  observed  to  be  in  many  instances  persons  who  had  been  vac- 
slightly  inHamed.  On  the  4th  or  6th  day  a  cinated  were  attacked  with  small  pox  in  a  more 
vesicle  is  observed  surrounded  by  a  slight  blush  or  less  modified  form,  it  was  noticed  that  the 
of  inflammation,  and  containing  a  little  color-  persons  so  attacked  had  been  commonly  vacci- 
less,  transparent  fluid.  This  increases  in  size  nated  many  years  previously.  It  would  seem 
nntil  the  8th  day,  when  it  should  be  from  i  to  that  the  mere  lapse  of  time  in  many  cases  is 
i  inch  in  diameter,  the  blush  of  inflamma-  sufficient  to  destroy  the  protective  influence  of 
tion  surrounding  it  at  the  same  time  having  be-  vaccination.  The  question  very  naturally  arises : 
oome  more  marked.  The  vesicle  is  umbilicfU«d.  For  how  long  a  period  does  the  protective  in- 
that  is,  its  centre  is  depressed  below  the  level  fluence  last  ?  To  this  it  is  impossible  to  give  a 
of  the  circumference,  in  this  respect  resembling  definite  answer ;  it  varies  with  different  indi- 
the  pustules  of  small  pox.  The  vesicle  is  k  com-  viduals.  The  same  thing  happens  with  regard 
pound  one,  being  maae  of  10  to  14  distinct  cells ;  to  the  protective  infiuence  of  an  attack  of  small 
one  of  these,  if  carefully  punctured,  gives  issue  pox  itself;  in  most  persons  it  lasts  for  life; 
to  a  minute  drop  of  fiuid,  leaving  the  other  many,  after  a  period  more  or  less  prolonged, 
cells  still  distended.  On  the  8th  day  the  blush  are  liable  to  a  second  attack ;  while  cases  have 
of  surrounding  inflammation,  heretofore  very  occurred  in  which  a  third  attack  has  proved 
slight,  begins  to  extend,  forming  what  is  termed  flfttal.  The  period  of  puberty  is  generally 
the  areola;  it  attains  its  greatest  diameter  by  thought  to  produce  such  changes  in  the  system 
the  11th  day,  after  which  it  gradually  fades  and  as  to  destroy  the  protective  influence  of  vacci- 
disappears.  With  the  appearance  of  the  areola  nation.  In  all  cases  revaccination  would  seem 
the  vesicle  begins  to  become  darker  and  dryer,  to  be  a  test  of  the  loss  or  presence  of  the 
and  gradually  concretes  into  a  brown  or  ma-  protective  influence ;  to  render  this  test  cer- 
hogany-colored,  translucent  crust,  which  falls  tain,  where  revaccination  does  not  succeed  on 
off  about  the  20th  day,  leaving  a  circular  cica-  the  first  trial,  it  should  be  a  second  time  care- 
trix  marked  with  minu^te  depressions  or  pits,  fully  performed.  In  the  Prussian  army  in  184S» 
About  the  8th  or  9th  day  there  is  usually  some  28,859  individuals  were  revaccinated ;  among 
slight  febrile  disturbance  present,  which  is  whom,  however,  in  6,878  tiie  cicatrices  of  the 
often  however  scarcely  noticeable.  Such  is  preceding  vaccination  were  indistinct  or  invisi- 
the  course  of  the  true  vaccine  vesicle  when  un-  ble.  Of  these,  16,862  had  regular  vesicles, 
interfered  with,  either  by  the  presence  of  con-  4,404  irregular  vesicles,  and  in  7,758  cases  no 
Btitutional  disease  or  by  the  accidental  occur-  effect  was  produced.  On  a  repetition  of  the 
renoe  of  infiammation. — ^When  vaccination  was  vaccination  in  these  last,  it  succeeded  in  1,579 
first  introduced,  it  was  hoped  and  believed  by  oases.  Among  the  whole  number  successMly 
its  advocates  that  it  would  afford  complete  and  revaccinated  either  in  1848  or  in  previous  years, 
permanent  protection  from  the  attacks  of  small  there  occurred  but  a  single  case  of  varioloid, 

Sox.    This  hope  has  proved  fallacious.    It  was  and  not  one  case  of  small  pox ;  while  7  cases 

Iscovered  that  those  who  had  been  well  and  of  varioloid  occurred  either  among  the  recruits 

thoroughly  vaccinated  were  still  liable  to  some  or  amongthose  revaccinated  without  success, 
extent  to  attacks  of  small  pox;  and  though  in       VAOHEROT,  £tienne,  a  French  philoso- 

general  the  disease  was  modified  (varioloid)  and  pher,  born  in  Langres,  July  29, 1809.    He  was  a 

rendered  shorter  in  duration  and  milder  in  de-  pupil  of  the  normal  school,  in  which  he  became 

gree,  still  it  occasionally  resulted  in  death.    The  director  of  studies  in  1887,  filling  at  the  same 

degree  of  protection  afforded  by  vaccination  be-  time  the  position  of  master  of  conferences  in 

comes  thus  a  question  of  great  interest.    Its  phOosophy,  and  in  1889  acting  *as  the  substitute 

extreme  value  was  easily  demonstrated  by  sta-  of  Victor  Oousin  in  his  professorship  at  the  Sor- 

tistical  researches.    In  England,  in  the  last  half  bonne.    In  1846  appeared  the  first  volume  of 

of  the  18th  century,  out  of  every  1,000  deaths,  his  HUtoire   critique  de   rSeoU  d^ Alexandria 

96  occurred  from  small  pox ;  in  the  first  half  (8  vols.  8vo.,  1846-^51),  which  was  severely 

of  the  present  century,  out  of  every  1,000  attacked  by  the  clergy,  and  which  led  in  1851 

deaths,  but  85  were  caused  by  the  same  disease,  to  his  forced  retirement  from  the  active  duties 

The  amount  of  mortality  in  a  country  by  small  of  his  office.     In  the  following  year  he  was 

pox  would  seem  to  bear  a  fixed  relation  to  the  dismissed  for  refusing  to  take  uo  oath  of  al- 

extent  to  which  vaccination  is  carried  out.    In  legiance  to  the  new  government.    He  has  also 

all  England  and  Wales,  for  some  years  previous  published  Theorie  da  premiers  principes  iui- 

to  1853,  the  proportional  mortality  by  small  vant  Ariatote ;  De  RationiB  AuctoritaU^  turn  in 

pox  was  21.9  to  1,000  deaths  from  all  causes ;  m,  turn  ueundum  Anselmum  coneiderata  (1886) ; 

in  London  it  was  but  16  to  1,000 ;  in  Ireland.  La  mitaphynque  et  la  science  (2  vols.  8vo., 

where  vaccination  is  much  less  general,  it  was  1858) ;  and  La  demoeraiie  (1859),  for  which  ho 


•••       •    • 
•  •        •  • 

••         •  • 


4                        VAILLANT  ^                        VALDIVIA 

Omam  ad  P&Btumum  et  TyfunnoB  (1072) ;  SeleU'  repnblto  in  aDianoe  with  Switzerland,  but  was 

etdarum  ImperHum,  $eu  JSUtoria  Begum  Syrim  annexed  to  that  oonntry  hj  the  congress  of 

ad  Fidem  Numiamatum  aeeommodata  (1681);  Vienna.    All  citizens  over  18  years  of  age  are 

and  Ifumitmata  jiErea  Imperatorum  et  C(B9arum  entitled  to  vote  at  the  election  of  a  council  io 

in  OotoniiBy  Municipiia  et  Urhibus  Jure  Latino  their  duuiin^  or  district,  and  each  council  sends 

donatU  (2  vols,  fol.,  Paris,  1688).  4  deputies  to  the  diet  or  legislature,  in  which 

YATTiTiANT,  SknASTiBir,  a  French  botanist,  the  president  of  each  district  has  an  ez  officio 

bom  at  Vigny,  near  Pontoise,  May  26, 1669,  seat,  as  has  the  bishop  of  Sion,  whose  vote 

died  May  20, 1722.    He  was  at  first  a  musician,  counts  as  4.    The  executive  power  is  vested  in 

but  afterward  studied  medicine,  and  while  thus  a  council  of  6  elected  annually  by  the  diet. 

engaged  received  an  appointment  as  surseon  in  VALOEENAEB,  Lodswije  Oabpeb,  a  Dutch 

the  royal  fusileers.  in  which  capacity  he  was  scholar,  bom  in   Leeu warden,  Friesland,  in 

present  at  the  battle  of  Fleurus.    Visiting  Pa-  1715,  died  March  15, 1785.    At  the  university 

ris  in  1691,  he  studied  botany  nnder  Toume-  ofFraneker,  where  he  was  educated,  he  became 

fort,  and  from  1708  until  his  death  he  was  pro-  professor  of  Greek  in  1741,  and  of  Grecian  an- 

feasor   of  botany  and   sub-demonstrator   of  tiquity  in  1755 ;  and  at  Leyden  he  received  in 

plants  in  the  jardin  du  roi.    He  was  one  of  1766  the  same  two  chairs  together  with  that  of 

the  first  to  recommend  the  sexual  or  artificial  Dutch  history.    He  edited  the  works  of  sev- 

system  of  plants  subsequently  adopted  by  Lin-  eral  of  the  classical  authors,  and  published  De 

nsBus.     His  principal  work  is  the  Botanicon  BUibtts  in  Jurando  a  Vetertbtu  MebrcBu  maX" 

Fariiieneey  publishedposthumously in  1727,  un-  ime  ac  OrcKta  ohsertatii  (Franeker,  1735) ; Am- 

der  the  direction  of  tioerhaave.  maniue  de  Adfinium  VoecUmlorum  Differentia 

VALAI8  (Ger.  WaUis)^  a  canton  of  Switzer-  (Leyden,  1789) ;  and  (knucula  Bhilologiea,  Cri- 
land,  bounded  N.  by  Vaud  and  Bern,  E.  by  tica  et  Orataria  (2  vob.  8vo.,  Leipsic,  1809).— 
Uri  and  Ticino,  S.  £.  and  B.  by  Piedmont,  Jan,  a  Dutch  scholar  and  statesman,  son  of  the 
and  8.  W.  and  W.  by  Savoy,  between  lat  45°  preceding,  bom  in  Leyden  in  1759,  died  in 
50'  and  46*  85'  K,  and  long.  6**  49'  and  8**  27'  Haarlem,  Jan.  25, 1821.  He  was  professor  of 
£. ;  area,  2,019  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  90,880.  jnrispmdence  successively  at  Franeker  and 
Its  most  important  towns  are  Sion  or  Sitten,  Utrecht,  but,  being  an  active  leader  of  the 
the  capital,  Martigny,  Leuk,  and  Visp,  aU  situ-  anti-Orange  party,  was  compelled  to  leave  Ecl- 
ated on  or  near  the  Bhdne.  On  the  N.  and  S.  land  in  1787.  On  Feb.  6, 1793,  with  others  of 
two  chains  of  the  AIds,  the  Bernese  and  Pen-  his  party,  he  appeared  before  the  bar  of  the 
nine,  form  the  boundaries  of  the  canton,  and  national  assembly  of  Fr^ce,  and  requested 
these  are  connected  on  the  E.  by  the  central  that  body  to  send  an  army  into  Holland  to 
group  of  the  St.  Gothard,  by  the  Gallenstock,  support  the  party  of  the  patriots.  A  French 
Uie  Furoa,  and  the  Mutthorn.  The  surround-  force  nnder  Pichegru  was  sent  into  the  Nether- 
ing  mountains  have  sununits  varying  from  12,-  lands  in  1795,  and  Valckenaer,  returning  with 
000  to  15,000  feet  in  height,  and  the  canton  it,  became  a  member  of  the  legislative  body  of 
oontains  some  of  the  most  magnificent  scenery  the  new  republic,  and  was  also  appointed  pro- 
in  Europe.  The  central  valley  of  the  canton  fessorof  public  law  in  the  university  of  Leyden. 
forms  part  of  the  basin  of  the  Rhdne,  which  He  soon  after  started  a  journal  called  *^The 
here  receives  from  the  S.  the  Visp,  Borgne,  Advocate  of  Batavian  Liberty,"  which  was  re- 
Dranse,  and  other  tributaries,  fiowing  through  linquished  in  1796,  and  Valckenaer  was  sent  as 
transverse  valleys,  the  upper  part  of  many  ambassador  of  the  Batavian  republic  to  Spain. 
of  which  is  occupied  by  extensive  glaciers.  In  1801  he  withdrew  for  a  time  from  public 
There  are  17  glaciers  in  the  Val  de  Bagnes,  life.  Louis  Bonaparte,  king  of  Holland,  sent 
and  8  in  the  district  of  Simplon.  The  lower  him  in  1810  on  a  mission  to  Napoleon,  to  pre- 
slopes  of  the  mountains  are  covered  with  vent  the  contemplated  incorporation  of  the 
mupnificent  forests  of  pine,  chestnut,  walnut,  Netherlands  with  IVance.  His  remonstrance 
and  other  hard  woods,  and  orchards.  The  was  ineffectual,  and  the  remainder  of  his  life 
vine  is  cultivated  to  an  altitude  of  2,000  feet  was  spent  in  retirement  and  study, 
above  the  sea  level,  and  the  mulberrv  thrives  YaLD'EZ,  See  Melendbz  Valdsz. 
in  the  valley  of  the  Rh6ne.  In  the  same  VALDIVIA,  a  S.  province  of  Chili,  bounded 
locality  there  are  large  tracts  of  arable  land,  N.  by  the  province  of  Arauoo,  E.  by  the  An- 
producing  good  crops  of  grain,  and  many  of  des,  separating  it  from  the  Argentine  Oonfed- 
the  finer  fruits.  The  rearing  of  cattle  forms  eration  and  Patagonia,  S.  by  Ohiloe,  and  W.  by 
tiie  chief  employment  of  the  pe()ple.  The  man-  the  Pacific  ocean;  area,  12,818  sq.  m.;  pop. 
nfaotnres  are  confined  to  some  coarse  articles  in  1857, 81,988.  The  chief  towns  are  Valdivia, 
for  domestic  use.    The  position  of  the  canton  the  capital,  and  Osomo.     There  are  many 

gves  it  an  important  transit  trade  by  the  great  fine  harbors  on  tiie  coast.   The  summits  of  the 

les  of  traffic  across  the  Alps.    The  principal  Andes  are  covered  with  snow  throughout  the 

exports  consist  of  cattle  and  a  little  grain  and  year,  and  among  them  are  several  active  vol- 

wine. — ^Two  thirds  ofthe  inhabitants  are  French,  canoes.    The  suiface  between  the  sea  and  the 

and  nearly  all  Roman  Catholics,  and  the  pub-  Andes  is  generally  more  level  than  that  of  other 

lie  schools  are  nnder  the  direction  of  the  Jesu-  parts  of  Chili,  and  it  is  drained  by  many  rivers 

its.    The  canton  was  formerly  an  independent  and  liJces.  The  most  important  streams  are  the 


6  VALENCIA  YALEKB 

from  Madrid;  pop.  in  186T,  145,612.  It  is  of  tarj  post  of  the  first  dass,  and  has  a  dtadel, 
a  oircalar  form,  sanrounded  by  a  wall  built  in  bnilt  by  Vanban,  on  an  island  in  the  S<^eldt. 
1856,  80  feet  high  and  10  feet  thick,  with  a  The  chief  manufactures  are  the  lace  to  which 
road  on  the  summit.  The  city  is  entered  by  8  the  town  gives  its  name,  linen,  muslins,  beet 
gates,  some  of  which  have  a  very  picturesque  sugar,  gold  and  silver  tissues,  toys,  earthenware, 
appearaBoe.  The  river  is  crossed  by  5  bridges,  and  leather.  A  statue  to  Froissart,  who  was  a 
and  the  suburbs  outside  the  walls  are  very  ex-  native  of  this  town,  was  erected  on  the  Place 
tensive.  The  streets,  with  a  few  modem  ex-  8t.G^ryinl851. — ^Valenciennes  was  a  residence 
options,  are  crooked  and  narrow,  and  the  of  the  Merovingian  kings,  became  the  capital 
houses  are  high  and  have  a  very  gloomy  ap-  of  Hainaut,  and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by 
pearance.  There  is  a  quay  or  promenade  along  Margaret  of  Hainaut  (1264),  Louis  XI.  (1477), 
the  side  of  the  river  planted  with  shade  trees,  and  Turenne  (1666),  but  was  captured  by  Louis 
The  oathedral  was  commenced  in  1262  and  en«  XIV.  in  1677,  and  its  possession  was  confirmed 
latged  in  1482 ;  it  is  a  mixture  of  the  Grecian  to  France  by  the  treaty  of  Kimeguen  the  next 
and  Ootiiio  styles,  and  the  interior  is  richly  year.  It  was  ti^en  by  the  British  and  Aus- 
adomed  with  marble  and  gilding,  and  con-  triaus  in  1793  after  a  siege  of  6  weeks,  but  re- 
tains many  fine  pictures.  There  are  14  other  captured  by  Sch6rer  in  Aug.  1704.  The  allies 
ehurches,  several  suppressed  convents,  21  nun-  occupied  it  from  1816  to  1818. 
neries,  a  Magdalen  ^sylum,  22  hermitages,  a  VALENS,  Fabius,  a  Roman  general,  bom 
aollege  for  orphans,  an  academy  of  the  fine  in  Anagnia  in  Latinm,  beheaded  in  IJrbinmn  in 
ants,  a  school  of  commerce,  a  college  for  advo-  Sept.  A.  D.  69.  He  was  of  an  equestrian  fam- 
eates,  and  a  medical  institute.  A  library  con-  Uy,  and  was  made  by  Nero  legate  of  the  first 
taining  11,000  volumes  is  attached  to  the  epis-  legion  of  Germany,  where  he  succeeded  in  in- 
oonal  palaoe.  The  principal  manu&ctures  are  ducing  Vitellius  to  assume  the  imperial  purple 
■ilks,  linen  and  woollen  goods,  hats,  leather,  and  to  take  up  arms  against  Galba.  Together 
glass,  p^>er,  artificial  flowers,  iron  ware,  and  with  Oiecina  he  was  intrusted  with  the  con- 
pottery;  the  exports,  different  sorts  of  c^ain,  duct  of  the  war,  and  with  a  separate  army  of 
aaffh>n,  and  firuit ;  and  the  imports,  iron,  tim*  40,000  men  he  began  his  inarch  through  Gaul 
ber,  and  tropical  produce.-— Valencia  was  built  into  Italy  in  Jan.  69.  At  Divodurum  (Metz) 
by  D.  Junius  Brutus  in  the  latter  half  of  the  his  soldiers  in  a  false  alarm  massacred  4,000  of 
Bd  oentury  B.  0.,  and  destroyed  by  Pompey.  the  inhabitants.  The  authority  of  Vitellius  was 
The  Moors  took  it  from  the  Goths  in  712,  and  recognized  throughout  Gaul,  and  Valens  con- 
it  was  captured  from  them  in  1095,  after  a  siege  tinned  his  progress  without  opposition  into 
^  20  months.  In  1101  they  retook  it,  but  Italy,  using  his  vast  power  to  gratify  hia  ava- 
were  forced  to  surrender  it  in  1228  or  1289.  rice  and  lust.  At  Ticinum  there  was  an  insur- 
In  the  war  of  the  succession  Valencia  was  rection  of  his  soldiers,  in  which  he  nearly  lost 
strongly  opposed  to  the  French,  in  consequence  his  life.  In  conjunction  with  OsBoina  he  gained 
•f  which  it  suffered  severely  in  the  reign  of  the  battle  of  Bedriacum  over  Otho,  who  had 
Fhilip  V.  In  1808  the  French  attempted  to  succeeded  Gulba,  and  thus  secured  the  Koman 
take  it;  but  though  it  was  abandoned  by  the  empire  for  Vitellius;  and  the  latter,  entering 
generala  and  nobles,  the  people  under  Rico,  a  Rome,  raised  the  two  generals,  who  were  ex- 
monk,  made  a  gallant  defence,  and  compelled  oeedingly  jealous  of  eadi  other,  to  the  consul- 
the  enemy  to  retire  with  great  loss.  It  was  af-  ship.  Valens  being  sick  on  the  approach  of 
terward  (Jan.  9, 1812)  surrendered  to  Suchet  Antonius  Primus,  the  general  of  Vespasian, 
by  the  Spanish  general  Blake.  Cscina  marched  against  him  alone,  and  be- 

VALEKOIA,  a  city  of  Venezuela,  capital  of  trayed  the  army  to  the  enemy.    Valens  then 

the  provinoe  of  Oarabobo,  situated  in  lat.  10^  set  sail  for  QsxA  to  raise  succors  for  Vitellius, 

10'  N.,  long.  68^  W.,  20  m.  from  Puerto  Oabello  but  on  his  way  was  taken  prisoner,  and,  after 

in  the  gulf  of  Triste,  and  80  m.  W.  S.  W.  from  having  been  kept  a  short  time  in  confinement, 

Oaracas;  pop.  about  16,000.    It  is  connected  was  shun.    Tacitus  represents  him  as  exceed- 

with  Puerto  Oabello  by  a  good  road.  The  streets  ing  profligate,  cruel,  avaricious,  and  venal ;  and 

are  broad  and  well  laid  out,  and  some  of  the  his  remaining  faithfal  to  Vitellius  is  almost  the 

houses  regularly  built,  but  the  greater  part  are  only  thing  mentioned  in  history  to  his  credit. 
knr  and  have  a  poor  appearance.    The  prin-       VALENS,  Flavius,  a  Roman  emperor  of  the 

eipal  church  stands  in  a  handsome  square,  and  East,  born  about  A.  D.  828,  killed  at  Adrian- 

tiie  market  place  is  of  great  extent.    The  sur^  ople,  Aug.  9, 878.    He  was  one  of  the  dormg- 

rounding  country  produces  fruits  and  provisions  tiei  under  the  emperor  Julian,  and  inMiffch, 

in  great  abundance,  and  large  numbers  of  cattle  864,  was  made  emperor  of  the  East  by  his 

are  fed  in  the  neighborhood.    The  city  suffered  brother  Valentinian  I.    While  in  Asia  Minor 

from  an  earthquake  in  1812,  and  subsequently  in  866  he  received  news  of  the  usurpation  of 

firom  the  protracted  war  of  independence.  the  throne  by  Procopius,  who  was  proclaimed 

VALENOIENNES  (anc  VaUntiana\  a  for*  emperor  at  Constantinople  in  December.    Pro- 

tified  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  at  copius  advanced  into  Asia,  defeated  Valens 

Uie  confluence  of  the  Scheldt  and  Ronelle,  27  under  the  walls  of  Ghalcedon,  and  made  him- 

m.  S.  S.  from  lille,  in  lat.  ^(f  21'  N.,  long,  self  master  of  Bithynia.    In  866,  however,  the 

8<»  81'  £. ;  pop.  in  1866,  20,905.    It  is  a  mih-  usurper  was  defeated  in  two  battles,  taken 


8  VALENTINIANS  VALERIAN 

were  spent  chiefly  in  Italy  and  Qaal,  in  wbidi  early  spring  from  plants  2  or  8  years  old,  and 
latter  conntry  he  became  inyolyed  in  a  quarrel  which  grow  in  stony  and  rather  dry  places, 
with  his  powerful  general  Arbogastes,  who  was  The  odor  is  heavy,  and  is  scarcely  impaired  by 
seeking  to  gain  the  supreme  control  of  his  time ;  to  many  it  is  eminently  disagreeable, 
monarch.  While  at  Vienna  in  Gaul  he  handed  For  a  long  time  it  was  supposed  that  this  was 
to  Arbogastes  a  paper  dismissing  him  from  all  the  plant  indicated  by  Dioscorides,  until  Dr. 
his  offices ;  but  that  general^  relying  on  the  Sibthorp  detected  in  Greece  another  spedee 
support  of  his  creatures,  told  the  prince  that  which  he  called  F.  Dio§earidi»,  and  which  ia 
his  authority  did  not  depend  upon  the  smile  or  probably  the  0ov  of  that  early  writer.  The 
the  firown  of  a  monarch,  and  threw  the  paper  garden  valerian  (  V,  phu,  Linn.),  which  grows 
on  the  ground.  A  few  days  later  Valentinian  on  the  European  Alps,  is  also  distinct,  though 
was  found  strangled  in  his  apartment.  HI.  considered  by  linuffius  to  be  the  classical  one. 
Plaoidius,  bom  about  419,  assassinated  in  455.  They  are  however  all  valuable  for  their  potency. 
He  was  the  son  of  Oonstantius  and  Galla  The  red  valerian  (F.ru^ra)  is  admitted  into  the 
Placidia.  daughter  of  Theodosius  I.  After  the  flower  gardens,  the  blossoms  being  thought  very 
death  ox  Honorius  in  423  he  was  sent  with  his  handsome.  There  are  several  other  European 
mother  to  Italy,  the  sovereignty  of  which  species ;  and  some  dosely  allied  genera  mdi- 
country  had  been  usurped  by  Joannes;  and  in  genous  to  the  East  are  supposed  to  furnish  the 
Oct.  425,  he  received  from  the  emperor  of  the  precious  spikenard  of  antiquity. — ^In  the  United 
East  the  purple  and  the  title  of  Augustus.  The  States  there  are  several  species.  The  wood 
administration  of  the  government  was  for  a  valerian  ( F.  sylvaticaj  Banks,  closely  allied  to 
long  tune  really  carried  on  by  Placidia,  and  the  the  F.  dioiea  of  Europe)  is  found  from  New- 
first  years  of  his  reign  were  marked  by  the  foundland  to  the  plains  among  the  Rocky  monn- 
disastrous  rivalry  between  the  hist  two  great  tains  and  elsewhere  in  woods  in  the  United 
BOTian  generals,  Astius  and  Bonifacius,  and  the  States.  The  few-flowered  valerian  (  F.  paud- 
consequent  loss  of  Africa.  In  487  Valentinian  4ora^  Mx.),  with  a  simple,  slender,  somewhat 
was  married  at  Oonstantinople  to  Eudoxia,  decumbent  stem,  leaves  pinnately  and  temately 
daughter  of  Theodosius.  In  the  mean  time  divided,  flower  pale  pink,  tube  of  corolla  slen- 
the  extreme  provinces  of  the  western  empire  der,  nearly  an  inch  long,  may  be  found  idong 
were  gradually  attacked  on  all  sides,  and  the  the  Alleghany  mountains  from  Virginia  to  Ten- 
Roman  possessions  were  constantly  diminishing  nessee  and  in  the  western  states.  The  F 
in  size.  In  451  AStius  defeated  Attila  near  capitoto(Willd.)  is  1  to  8  feet  high,  with  leaves 
OhAlons-sur-Hame ;  but  in  452  the  latter  in-  8  to  5-pinnate,  corolla  whitish  or  rose  color, 
vaded  Italy,  which  hitherto  had  been  free  from  flowers  in  cymes  more  or  less  expanded,  and 
incursions,  and  after  ravaging  the  north  retired,  nearly  allied  to  the  F.  tripterU  of  Europe.  It 
Aetius  was  not  long  afterward  killed  by  Valen-  is  a  northern  species,  ana  found  by  Ohamisso 
tinian's  own  hand,  whose  feeble  mind  had  long  at  Eotzebue^s  sound,  by  Richardson  on  the 
been  jealous  of  the  commanding  intellect  and  arctic  coast,  and  in  woods  at  the  Rocky  moun- 
haughty  character  of  his  greatest  general.  Val-  tains  by  Drummond.  The  edible  valerian  (  V, 
entinian  himself,  the  following  year,  whUe  tf<2u{i«,  Nuttall)  has  an  erect  stem,  fusiform  root, 
viewing  a  spectacle  in  the  Oampus  Martins,  was  somewhat  fle^y,  deeply  pinnatifid  and  pinnate 
slain  at  the  instigation  of  the  patrician  Petro-  leaves,  and  sniall  white  flowers  in  panided 
nius  Maximus,  whose  wife  the  emperor  had  a  dusters.  The  thick  and  spindle-shaped  black 
short  time  before  violated,  and  who  usurped  roots,  though  bitter  and  apparently  pemidous, 
the  throne.  Valentinian  was  the  last  of  the  are  baked  on  heated  stones  or  steamed  under 
Theodosian  line,  and  his  vices  were  as  conspic-  ground  and  converted  into  apidpy  mass,  rather 
nous  as  his  mental  powers  were  contemptible,  agreeable  to  the  taste  and  not  unwholesome; 
V ALENTINIANS.    See  Gnostics,  vol.  viii.  thus  prepared,  they  afford  food  to  the  aborigines 

^'  ^^^'     <r»«^  ^^  ^^^  valleys  of  the  Rod^  mountains.    An 

VALENXlNOIS,  Duohbss  of.    See  Diaka  allied  species,  F.  eiliata  (Gray),  has  a  very  gla- 

OF  PoinsBs.  brous,  striate,  sunple  stem  ;  somewhat  fle&y, 

VALERIAN  (wUenana)y  a  perennial  herba-  glabrous,  densely  ciliate  leaves,  the  radical  ones 

oeous  plant,  typical  of  the  natural  order  ea20rf-  entire,  ^e  cauline  8  to  9-pinnate,  parted; 

anaeem  of  Lindley.    The  F.  offieinali$  (Linn.),  flowers  in  an  elongated  compound  panide ;  the 

has  pinnated  leaves;  the  inflorescence  corymb-  fumform  root  6  to  12  inches  long,  m  color  and 

ed,  but  by  expansion  panicled ;  the  flowers  small,  appearance  resembling  a  carrot,  but  indined  to 

monopetalons,  5-limbed,  fUnnel-shaped,  white,  branch  horizontally  below,  bitter,  aromatic, 

stroi^y  scented;  the  rootstocks  small,  short,  and  mucilaginous.    It  grows  in  swamps  and 

roundfor  oblong-truncated,  with  numerous  fibres  alluvid  prairies  of  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and  Upper 

issuing  from  the  crown.    It  is  found  growing  Oanada. — ^ThemuMana^ecB  also  comprise  many 

wild  in  the  meadows  of  Europe,  but  cultivated  beautiful  flowering  plants. 
in  gardens.    The  qualities  of  this  plant  are  best       VALERIAN  (Pubuus  Lionnos  Valsbiarus), 

known  in  medicine,  being  nervine,  tonic,  anti-  a  Roman  emperor,  who  reigned  from  A.  D.  258 

msmodic,  and  employed  in  nervous  afiections.  to  260.  He  was  descended  from  a  noble  Roman 

The  part  used  consists  of  the  rootstock  with  family,  and,  after  having  risen  by  successive 

its  fibree ;  it  is  gathered  in  the  autumn  or  steps  to  the  highest  honors  of  the  state,  was 


^ 


'-^ESTa-e 


OF  B:Sl-.Oi    I-.C.F0T7ER. 


f 


\ 


NEW 

AMERICAN    CTCLOPiEDIA. 

VOL  XVI. 

V-Z"WIRNER. 


22  YANE 

but  hia  interference  only  confirmed  him  in  his  sent  to  Scotland  as  one  of  the  commisrioners 
course.     Disturbed  bj  the  displeasure  of  his  to  negotiate  an  alliance,  and  by  his  persuasion 
father,  he  formed  the  resolution  of  joining  the  the    **  Solemn   League   and    Covenant*^   was 
infant  colony  of  Puritans  in  Massachusetts,  adopted.    '*  There  need  no  more  be  said  of  his 
Beaching  Boston  in  1685,  he  was  everywhere  ability,"  says  the  royalist  historian,  Olarendon, 
welcom^  with  enthusiasm,  and  in  1686  was  ^*  than  that  he  was  chosen  to  cozen  and  deceive 
elected  governor.  The  choice  was  unfortunate,  a  whole  nation,  which  excelled  in  craft  and 
more  especially  as  a  bitter  religious  controver-  cunning,  which  he  did  with  notable  pregnancy 
vj  sprang  up  during  his  term  of  ofQce.    Yane,  and  dexterity."    During  the  progress  of  the 
who  was  one  of  the  few  men  of  the  time  who  war  Yane  was  placed  on  all  commissions  em- 
really  understood  and  believed  in  the  principles  powered  to  treat  with  the  Mng,  and  was  also 
of  civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  had  a  horror  one  Of  the  parliament's  conunittee  which  occa- 
of  all  forms  of  bigotry,  had  no  sympathy  with  sionally  accompanied  the  army.  "When  in  1648 
the  attacks  of  the  clergy  on  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  the  house  of  commons  discussed  the  terms  of 
with  many  of  whose   opinions   he   entirely  settlement  offered  by  the  king,  he  led  the  mi- 
agreed.    A  strong  opposition  under  the  lead  nority  which  favored  their  rejection.    But  he 
of  Winthrop  was  organized  against  him,  and  bowed  to  the  will  of  the  majority,  and  not  ap- 
on  the  day  of  the  annual  election  in  1687  he  proving  ofthe"  purge"  ofthe  parliament  which 
was  defeated.    But  he  had  gained  the  affeo-  Cromwell  effected,  he  retired  to  private  life, 
tions  of  the  people  of  Boston,  and  was  instant-  He  had  no  further  share  in  the  political  move- 
ly  chosen  by  them  one  of  their  representatives  ments  of  the  times,  until,  in  Feb.  1649,  he  was 
to  the  general  court.    The  mtgority  of  that  persuaded  to  become  a  member, of  the  council 
body  declared  the  election  of  Yane  and  his  as-  of  state,  which  was  intrusted  with  the  execu- 
sociates  void,  whereupon  the  inhabitants  of  tive  government  of  the  nation.    In  this  posi- 
Boston  returned  them  a  second  time  on  the  tion  he  had  almost  the  exclusive  direction  of 
next  day.    In  order  to  put  down  the  Hutchin-  the  navy  and  the  conduct  of  foreign  wars.  He 
sonian  heresy,  a  law  was  passed  by  the  general  was  also  at  the  head  of  a  committee  which  re- 
court  that  no  strangers  should  be  received  ported  a  bill  for  parliamentary  reform,  and  it 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  colony  except  wjis  at  this  period  that  Milton  wrote  in  his 
such  as  should  be  allowed  by  some  of  the  ma-  praise  one  of  the  finest  of  his  sonnets.    The 
gistrates.    This  created  such  public  discontent  forcible  dissolution  of  the  long  parliament  by 
that  Governor  T¥inthrop  felt  obliged  to  put  Cromwell  in  April,  1658,  brought  him  into  open 
forward  a  "  Defence,"  to  which  Yane  imme-  conflict  with  that  leader.    As  the  troops  enter- 
diately  replied  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  "A  Brief  ed  the  house,  Yane  cried  out:  ^^This  is  not 
Answer  to  a  certain  Declaration,  made  of  the  honest  I  yea,  it  is  against  morality  and  common 
Intent  and  Equity  of  the  Order  of  Court,  that  honesty."    Cromwell  immediately  turned  upon 
none  should  be  received  to  inhabit  within  this  him,  crying  out  in  a  loud  voice :  "  Sir  Harry 
jurisdiction  but  such  as  should  be  allowed  by  Yane  I  Sir  Harry  Yane  I  the  Lord  deliver  me 
some  of  the  magistrates."    In  Aug.  1687,  Yane  from  Sir  Harry  Yane  I"    He  now  retired  to  his 
returned  to  England.    There,  in  conseauence  estate  at  Baby  Castle,  and  employed  himself 
of  his  peculiar  opinions,  he  found  himself  in  an  in  writing  a  theological  work,  of  which  the 
embarrassing  situation,  and  for  some  time  did  following  is  part  of  the  title:  "The  Retired 
not  take  part  in  active  life.    In  1640  he  was  Man's  Meditations,  or  the  Mystery  and  Power 
elected  a  member  of  parliament  from  Kingston-  of  Godliness  shining  forth  in  the  Living  Word, 
upon-Hull,  and  received  in  conjunction  with  to  the  Unmasking  the  Mystery  of  Iniquity  in 
Sir  William  Russell  the  oflSce  of  treasurer  of  the  most  refined  and  purest  Forms."    He  also 
the  navy.    In  June  of  this  year  he  was  also  published  a  political  work  in  the  form  of  a  let- 
knighted.    After  the  dissolution  of  parliament  ter  to  one  of  the  protector^s  council,  and  on 
he  was  immediately  reelected  from  the  same  the  occasion  of  the  fast  declared  by  Cromwell 
place  to  the  long  parliament.    Before  this  as-  in  March,  1656,  wrote  a  tract  entitled  *^  A 
sembly  met,  Yane,  in  looking  over  the  papers  Healing  Question  propounded  and  resolved." 
of  his  father^s  cabinet,  found  in  them  some  notes  This  was  a^'udged  seditious,  and  for  it  and  liis 
which  made  so  strong  an  impression  on  him  Uiat  opposition  to  the  course  taken  by  the  protector 
they  were  communicated  by  him  to  Pym,  and  he  was  conveyed  on  Sept.  9  to  Carisbrooke  castle 
were  the  chief  evidence  upon  which  the  latter  in  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  but  as  it  was  found  that 
relied  in  moving  his  impeachment  of  the  earl  his  resolution  could  not  be  shaken,  he  wa^ 
of  StraflTord.  The  disclosure  of  this  fact  brought  speedily  released  from  confinement.    While  in 
on  a  collision  between  the  father  and  son,  and  prison  he  published  a  political  letter  to  Har- 
it  was  some  years  before  a  reconciliation  was  rington,  and  a  theological  work  entitled  ^'  Of 
effected.    The  younger  Yane  was  a  zealous  op-  the  Love  of  God,  and  Union  with  God."     Sab- 
ponent  of  the  royalist  party,  and  after  war  had  sequently  other  means  were  employed  to  iu- 
broken  out  between  the  kiug  and  parliament,  duce  him  to  support  the  protector,  but  he  ^was 
he  gave  up  to  the  latter  the  fees  of  his  office  neither  to  be  won  nqr  intimidated.    From  first 
of  treasurer  of  the  navy,  which  amounted  to  to  last  he  remained  an  inflexible  republican. 
£80,000  a  year,  as  he  deemed  such  a  revenue  After  the  death  of  Cromwell  he  was  elected  to 
too  great  for  a  subject.    In  June,  1648,  he  was  the  parliament  of  1659,  and  was  there  the  leader 


24                   VAN  LENNEP  VAN  008T 

one  argimient  agaixMt  yorions  fonns  of  atheism,  of  his  two  nephews,  Louis  Michel  and  Charles 

which  however  caused  him  to  he  snspeoted  of  Amdd6e  Philippe,  the   former   hecamo   first 

a  desire  to  spread  atheistic  doctrines.    While  painter  to  the  inng  of  Spain,  and  the  latter  to 

Erofessing  orthodoxy,  he  showed  in  the  work  the  king  of  Pmssia. 
is  fluniliarity  with  ancient  philosophy,  his  taste  VANMANDER,  Oabsl,  a  Flemish  painter 
for  ^e  astrolomcal  and  magical  specnlationa  and  author,  horn  in  Menleheke,  near  Oonrtraj,  in 
of  Oardan  and  romponazzi,  and  his  preference  1548,  died  in  Amsterdam  In  1606.  After  sev- 
for  Aristotle  as  interpreted  hy  Averroes  to  the  end  years*  stndy  in  Rome,  he  settled  ahont  1576 
sdiolastio  Aristotelianiam.  He  went  to  Paris,  in  his  native  place,  hut  was  compelled  hy  the 
where  in  1616  he  nnhlished  a  volume  of  dia-  hreaking  out  of  the  religions  wars  of  the  Neth- 
logaea  entitled  De  Admirandu  Ndiurof J  Beginm  erlands  to  take  refuge  in  Bruges,  whence  in 
Ikaque  Mortalium^  Areanu,  This  work,  which  1588  he  removed  to  Haarlem,  where  he  remain- 
appeared  with  the  sanction  and  was  afterward  ed  upward  of  20  years.  He  established  there 
bnmed  by  the  order  of  the  Sorbonne,  is  scepti-  a  flourishing  academy  of  painting,  and  occupied 
oal  and  satirical  in  tone,  and  of  a  pantheistic  himself  also  with  literary  labors,  prominent 
character.  He  soon  after  removed  to  Toulouse,  among  which  were  translations  from  Homer, 
where  his  vivacity,  amiability,  erndition,  and  Virgil,  and  Ovid,  and  the  preparation  of  ffet 
eloquence  attracted  numerous  pupils  and  gave  Schilder  Both  Q*'  The  Book  of  IPainters,**  1604), 
him  great  success.  The  president  of  the  par-  which  is  a  standard  authority  with  reference 
liament  received  him  into  his  house,  and  in-  to  the  Dutch  and  Flemish  schools.  A  mod- 
tmsted  to  him  the  education  of  his  children,  emized  edition  of  this  branch  of  the  work, 
But,  accused  by  public  rumor  of  atheism,  he  with  additions,  was  published  in  Amsterdam 
was  arraigned  for  this  crime  before  the  parlia-  in  1764.  He  painted  both  history  and  land- 
ment,  and  although  strenuously  denying  the  scape,  but  was  most  esteemed  in  the  latter  de- 
charge,  after  a  tri^  of  6  months,  he  was  con-  partment,  and  throughout  his  life  produced 
demned  to  have  his  tongue  cut  out  and  to  many  lyrics,  songs,  and  dramatic  pieces. 
be  burned  alive. — See  Fuhrmann,  Leben  and  VAN  NESS,  Oobksliub  P.,  LL.I).,  an  Amer- 
Sehiektaley  Geist^  CharaTct&r  und  Meinungen  de%  ican  Jurist  and  diplomatist,  bom  in  Vermont  in 
L.  Yanini  (Leipsic,  1800),  and  Rousselot,  (Eu^  1781,  died  in  Philadelphia,  Dec.  15,  1852.  He 
«fVf  phil(ftophique$  de  Vanini  (Paris,  1841).  was  educated  for  the  law,  and  practised  his 
VAN  LENl^EP.  See  Lbkvbp.  profession  with  great  success  for  some  years  at 
VANLOO,  Jean  Baptists,  a  French  painter,  Turlington,  Vt.  At  the  close  of  the  war  of 
bom  in  Aix,  Provence,  in  1684,  died  there  in  1812-45  he  was  appointed  collector  of  the  port 
1746.  His  great-grandfather,  grandfather  (a  of  Burlington,  and  in  1818  was  elected  chief 
native  of  Sluis,  Zealand),  and  father  were  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  tiie  state.  In 
painters.  When  about  the  age  of  80  he  es-  1822  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Vermont,  and 
tablished  himself  in  Turin,  and  was  taken  into  rejected  in  1828  and  1824,  the  last  time  almost 
the  service  of  the  prince  of  Carignano,  son-in-  unanimously.  In  1828  the  university  of  Ver- 
law  of  the  duke  of  Savoy,  whom  in  1719  he  ac-  mont  conferred  on  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
eompanied  to  Paris.  He  here  rose  into  great  LL.D.  In  1829  President  Jackson  appointed 
repute  as  a  portrait  painter,  and  was  in  1785  him  minister  to  Spain,  which  office  he  nlled  till 
elected  professor  in  the  academy.  He  was  also  1888 ;  and  on  his  return  he  was  appointed  col- 
distinguished  for  his  historical  pictures.  In  1 788  lector  of  the  port  of  New  YorL  Alter  1 841  he 
he  visited  London,  and  soon,  according  to  Wal-  lived  in  retirement. 

pole,  '*  bore  away  the  chief  business  from  every  VANNI,  Fbanoksco,  an  Italian  painter,  bom 
other  painter."  He  painted  with  extraordinary  in  Sienna  in  1565,  died  there  in  1610.  At 
facility,  but  in  the  maturity  of  his  powers  and  Rome  he  acquired  the  style  of  Federigo  Ba- 
fiime  executed  little  of  his  portrait  pieces  beside  roccio,  which  he  imitated  so  closely  that  it  is 
the  heads,  leaving  the  bodies  and  draperies  to  be  frequently  difficult  to  distinguish  the  works  of 
fimahed  by  his  assistants.  The  best  of  his  his-  the  two  masters.  He  brought  himself  into  gen- 
torical  pictures,  as  ^*  Ohrist  entering  Jemsa-  eral  notice  by  a  picture  of  St.  Peter  rebuking 
lem,"  *^  St.  Peter  delivered  from  Prison,"  ^.,  Simon  Magus,  for  which  he  was  knighted  by 
are  in  Paris. — Oharlbs  AxDBfi,  better  known  Pope  Clement  VIII. ;  and  thenceforth  he  lived 
as  Carle  Vanloo,  brother  of  the  preceding,  bom  in  great  repute  at  Sienna,  where  his  best  works 
in  Nice  in  1705,  died  in  Paris  in  1765.  He  ac-  are  still  to  be  found, 
oompanied  his  brother  to  Paris  in  1719,  and  VAN  OORT,  Adam.  See  Oost. 
subsequently  became  one  of  the*  most  distin-  VAN  OOST,  Jacob,  the  elder,  a  Flemish 
guiahed  pupils  of  the  academy.  In  1727-^84  painter,  born  in  Bmges  about  1600,  died  there 
ho  was  absent  in  Italy,  but  the  remainder  of  m  1671.  He  studied  his  art  in  Italy,  where 
his  life  was  passed  in  Paris,  where  he  enjoyed  he  became  an  imitator  of  Annibale  Carracci. 
a  great  reputation  as  a  painter  of  history  and  He  was  a  fkcile  worker  and  a  good  color- 
portraits.  In  1761  he  was  appointed  director  ist,  and  executed  for  the  churches  of  Bruges, 
of  the  academy,  and  in  1762  painter  to  the  where  he  passed  the  greater  part  of  his  life, 
king.  He  is  considered  by  some  the  last  of  the  an  immense  number  of  pictures,  prominent 
old  school  of  French  painters.  His  son  C^sar  among  which  is  his  ^*  Descent  from  the  Crosa^' 
sQoceededhimasdirectorof  the  academy ;  and  in  the  church  of  the  Jesuits,  conndered  hit 


26  VAN  SAimrOORD  YAFEBEAU 

of  education  he  wm  very  laborione  and  ener-  aels  in  1684.    He  received  hh  art  education  in 

Setio,  and  brought  it  to  a  high  degree  of  ef-  Italy')  and,  after  executing  a  number  of  workB 

ciencj.    He  published  seTeraf  essays,  sermona,  for  the  emperor  at  Vienna  and  for  the  elector 

and  addresses,  mostly  on  ministerial  education ;  of  Bavaria,  entered  the  service  of  Alessandro 

and  since  his  death  a  Tolume  of  his  "  Essays  Famese,  governor-general  of  the  Netherlands, 

and  Discourses,  Historical  and  Practical,'*  has  at  Brussels.     Subsequently  he  established  an 

appeared  (12mo.,  Philadelphia,  1861).  academy  at  Antwerp,  at  which  Rubens  reoeiv- 

VAN  SANTVOOBD,  Gborob,  an  American  ed  his  earliest  instruction  in  painting.    He 

lawyer  and  author,  bom  in  Belleville,  N.  J.,  passed  the  latter  part  of  his  life  in  Brussels. 

Dec.  8,  1819.    He  was  graduated  at  Union  col-  His  chief  works,  in  the  style  of  the  later  Roman 

lege  in  1841,  studied  law  at  Kinderhook,  N.  T.,  school,  are  to  be  found  in  the  churches  of  Ant- 

for  8  years,  removed  to  the  state  of  Indiana,  werp  and  Brussels.    He  published  a  *^  EUstory 

and  returning  thence  practised  his  profession  of  the  War  of  the  Batavians*' from  Tacitus,  illus- 

at  Kinderhook  from  1846  to  1852.    He  has  trated  with  engravings  from  his  own  designs, 
since  resided  at  Troy,  N.  Y.    In  1863  and  1856        VANVITELLI,  Lvioi,  an  Italian  architect, 

he  was  elected  to  the  assembly  of  New  York,  bom  in  Naples  in  1700,  died  there,  March  1, 

and  in  1859  was  elected  district  attorney  of  1778.    He  was  of  Flemish  origin,  his  father,  a 

Rensselaer  co.    He  has  published,  beside  con-  native  of  Utrecht,  having  Italianized  his  name 

tributions  to  periodicar  literature,  a  ^*  Life  of  Van  Witel  into  Vanvitelii.    At  the  age  of  26 

Algernon  Sidney'^  (12mo.,  New  York,  1851):  young  Vanvitelii  was  appointed  architect  of 

*<  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices  of  the  United  St.  Peter's  in  Rome.    His  chief  work  is  the 

States"  (8vo.,  New  York,  1854) ;  ^^  Principles  royal  palace  at  Oaserta,  Naples,  a  parallelogram 

of  Pleading  in  Civil  Actions  under  the  New  780  by  570  feet,  in  the  richest  style  of  Italian 

York  Code"  (8vo.,  Albany,  1852 ;  enlarged  ed.,  architecture.    It  was  commenced  in  1752,  and 

1855) ;  ''  Precedents  of  Pleading"  (1858) ;  and  in  1757  Vanvitelii  published  a  folio  volume  of 

^'Practice  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  the  plans  under  tlie  title  iJi  DiehiaraeioM  de* 

of  New  York  in  Equity  Actions"  (1860).  disegni  d^l  reale  palaao  di  Caaerta. 

VAN  SCHENDEL,  ParBtrs,  a  Belgian  paint-  VAN  WERT,  a  N.  W.  oo.  of  Ohio,  border- 
er, bom  in  Breda  in  1806.  He  studied  at  the  ing  on  Indiana,  drained  by  the  St  diary's  and 
academy  of  Antwerp  under  Van  Br66,  and  tributaries  of  the  Auglaize  river;  area,  890  sq. 
subsequently  established  himself  at  Brussels,  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 10,288.  The  surface  is  level 
where  he  is  well  known  as  a  painter  of  history,  and  mostly  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of 
genre,  and  portrdts.  Among  his  best  works  valuable  timber.  The  soil  is  a  rich  loam  rest- 
are  market  scenes  and  interiors,  in  which  the  ing  on  a  substratum  of  blue  marl.  The  pro- 
effects  of  moonlight  and  fire  light  or  lamp  light  ductions  in  1850  were  67,175  bush^  of  Indian 
are  contrasted  with  great  skill.  He  exhibits  com,  81,900  of  wheat,  12,257  of  oats,  and  2,371 
annually  at  Brussels  and  Paris,  and  has  received  tons  of  hay.    There  were  5  churches,  2  news- 

Erizes  in  both  cities.    Several  of  his  pictures  paper  offices,  and  1,762  pupUs  attending  public 
ave  also  been  exhibited  in  New  York.  schools.    The  Miami  canal  passes  along  the  £. 
VANSITTART,  Nicholas.    See  Brxlst.  border  of  the  county,  and  it  is  intersected  by 
VANSOMER,  Paul,  a  Flemish  painter,  bom  the  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne,  and  Chicago  rail- 
in  Antwerp  about  1576,  died  in  London,  Jan.  road.    Capital,  Van  Wert 
6, 1621.    He  visited  England  in  the  early  part        VAN  ZANDT,  a  N.  £.  co.  of  Texas,  bounded 
of  the  17th  century,  and  rose  to  great  celebrity  N.  E.  by  the  Sabine  river,  and  drained  by  af- 
as  a  portrait  painter,  being  one  of  the  most  fluents  of  the  Sabine,  Neches,  and  Trinity ; 
eminent  masters  in  that  department  previous  area,  about  620  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  8,778,  of 
to  the  arrival  of  Vandyke.  whom  822  were  slaTes.    The  surface  is  iuidu> 
VAN  SPAENDONCK,  Oerabd,  a  Flemish  lating  and  the  soil  fertile.    The  productiona  in 

Siinter  of  flowers,  bom  at  Tilburg  in  1752,  1850  were  80,920  bushels  of  Indian  com,  8,480 

ed  in  Paris,  Aug.  11, 1822.    He  was  a  pupil  of  sweet  potatoes,  16,040  lbs.  of  butter,  and 

of  Herrejns,  a  flower  painter  of  Antwerp.    He  1,646  of  wool.    Capital,  CanUm. 
became  a  member  of  the  academy  of  painting        VAPEREAIJ,  Louis  Gustayb,  a  French  an- 

in  Paris  in  1781,  and  in  1798  professor  of  vege-  thor,  born   in   Orleans,  April  4,   1819.      He 

table  iconography  at  the  jardin  dee  plantee.  studied  at  the  normal  school,  and  in  1842  was 

He  was  the  author  of  an  admired  work  in  secretary  to  Victor  Cousin,  whom  he  assisted 

folio  entitled  Fleure  deseinees  d'apr^  nature.  in  his  labors  on  PascaVs  Peneeee,    About  the 

VAN  SWIETEN.    See  Swibtbn.  same  time  he  became  professor  of  philosophy  at 

VANUCCl.    See  Peruoino.  the  college  of  Tours,  retaining  that  office  for  10 

VAN  UTRECHT,  Adbian,  a  Flemish  paint-  years,  and  beiiig  for  half  that  time  also  profes- 

er,  born  in  Antwerp  in  1599,  died  there  in  sor  of  Grerman.    On  the  reorganization  of  the 

1651.    Pe  was  one  of  the  greatest  masters  of  system  of  public  instraction  in  1852,  he  went 

still  life  of  his  time.    His  works,  of  which  to  Paris,  and  soon  afterward  was  admitted  as 

many  of  the  best  were  painted  for  Philip  IV.  an  advocate,  devoting  most  of  his  time  how- 

*of  Spain,  now  command  high  prices.  ever  to  various  literary  enterprises.    One  of 

VAN  VEEN,  or  Vbnius,  Otho,  ^  Flemish  the  most  important  of  these  was  the  Dietian" 

painter,  bom  in  Leyden  in  1556,  died  in  Bros-  noire  unioereel  dee  eontemparaine  (8vo.,  Paria, 


28                          VABI  VARNA 

death,  and  left  a  very  complete  collection  of  animals,  a  few  deny  that  there  is  any  such 
hair  shirts,  scourges,  and  otner  instruments  of  thing  in  nature  as  a  variety  outside  the  circle 
mortification  and  torture.  of  domesticated  species,  except  as  a  manifesta- 
VABI.  See  Lemur,  vol.  x.  p.  459.  tion  of  different  stages  of  growth  or  of  sexual 
VARICX)S£  VEINS,  veins  in  a  state  of  per-  distinction.  Permanent  varieties  transmit  con- 
manent  and  preternatural  dUatation.  The  cause  stantly  their  peculiarities  to  their  offspring, 
of  the  disease  is  to  be  looked  for  in  some  ob-  and  differ  from  species,  according  to  Prichard, 
struction  to  the  return  of  blood  through  the  in  these  peculiarities  not  being  coeval  with  the 
affected  veins.  In  some  cases  the  obstruction  race,  but  having  sprung  up  since  the  commence- 
may  be  in  the  heart  itself;  old  cases  of  heart  ment  of  its  existence,  constituting  a  deviation 
disease,  when  the  right  side  of  the  heart  be-  from  its  original  character.  There  can  be  little 
comes  involved,  are  apt  to  be  attended  with  a  doubt  that  many  groups,  now  considered  as  dis- 
varicose  condition  of  the  veins  of  the  neck,  tinct  species,  are  in  this  sense  only  permanent 
The  pressure  of  tumors,  aneurisms,  &o.,  upon  varieties.  According  to  DaiTwin,  these  varieties 
a  large  venous  trunk,  causes  a  varicose  con-  would  be  permanent  only  until  the  develop- 
dition  of  its  superficial  branches ;  the  pressure  ment  of  some  part  should,  by  a  process  of  nat- 
of  the  enlarged  uterus  in  pregnancy  is  a  fertile  ural  selection,  elevate  the  species  in  the  animal 
source  of  varicose  veins  of  the  lower  extremi-  scale,  if  to  its  advantage  in  the  struggle  for  life, 
ties ;  a  varicose  condition  of  the  hsBmorrhoidal  or  tend  to  extinguish  it  if  to  its  disadvantage, 
veins  constitutes  piles,  of  those  of  the  testicle  Varieties  are  best  studied  in  the  domestic  ani- 
varicocele.  A  varicose  condition  of  the  veins  mals,  as  the  dog,  horse,  sheep,  goat,  ox,  hog, 
of  the  lower  extremity,  arising  from  certain  poultry;  and  pigeons,  and  in  cultivated  plants ; 
occupations  which  demand  the  long  continued  they  have  been  sufficiently  detailed  in  the  arti- 
maintenance  of  the  upright  posture,  from  re-  cles  treating  of  these  animals  and  plants  respec- 
peated  pregnancies,  and  sometimes  from  weak-  tively,  and  show  that  in  many  instances  the 
ness  of  the  coats  of  the  veins  themselves,  is  an  variation  produced  by  changes  of  external  con- 
exceedingly  common  complaint.  The  disease  ditions  is  greater  than  often  exists  between  ac- 
affects  principally  the  internal  and  external  sa-  knowledged  different  species.    (See  Species.) 

Ehenao  veins,  especially  the  former.    The  veins  VARIOLOID,  a  mild  form  of  small  pox, 

ecome  dilated,  sometimes  equably,  sometimes  sometimes  occurring  in  persons  who  have  been 

with  knots  and  protuberances  distributed  along  previously  vaccinated  or  inoculated,  and  the 

their  course.    They  are  lengthened  as  well  as  virus  of  which  will  produce  small  pox  in  those 

dilated,  their  course  becoming  more  tortuous,  not  thus  protected.    (See  Siiall  Pox,  and  Vao- 

Bometimes  the  coats  of  the  vein  are  thicker,  cination!) 

sometimes  thinner  than  natural,  or  both  states  VARNA,  a  seaport  town  of  European  Tur- 
may  be  present  in  the  same  vein.  They  are  key,  in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  shore  of  the 
apt  to  cause  more  or  less  cedema  of  the  affected  Black  sea,  160  m.  N.  N.  W.  from  Constantino- 
limb,  with  a  feeling  of  weight  and  fblness;  pie,  in  lat.  43°  12'  N.,  long.  27°  66^  E. ;  pop. 
sometimes  they  give  rise  to  or  are  accompanied  about  15,000,  of  whom  one  half  ore  Christians, 
by  ulcerations  which  are  very  hard  to  heal ;  It  occupies  an  elevated  position  on  the  N.  W. 
oooasionally,  from  gradual  thinning  of  this  side  of  a  bay  formed  by  two  rocky  promonto- 
ooat  or  from  accident,  they  burst  and  give  rise  ries,  and  is  defended  by  a  stone  wall,  batteries^ 
to  copious  hiemorrhage,  which  may  even  prove  and  outworks.  The  houses  are  nearly  all  of 
fiitaL — ^The  annoyance  and  suffering  attending  wood  and  of  very  irregular  appearance,  being 
varicose  veins  may  be  very  much  alleviated  by  of  various  colors  with  red-tiled  roofs.  There 
the  application  of  a  firm  roller,  or  better  still,  are  several  mosques,  but  no  other  buildings  that 
an  elastic  stocking,  to  the  affected  limb,  thus  deserve  particular  notice.  The  bay  is  sheltered 
affording  equable  support  to  the  distended  on  the  N.  and  N.  E.  from  the  most  dangerous 
veins;  the  patient  at  the  same  time  should  be  winds  of  the  Black  sea ;  and  the  trade  carried 
cautioned  not  to  maintain  too  long  the  upright  on  is  very  considerable.  The  exports  consist 
posture.  Various  operative  proceedings  have  of  grain,  hides,  tallow,  and  other  produce ;  in 
been  tried  with  a  view  of  obliterating  the  dis-  1859  the  imports  amounted  to  $1,420,000,  and 
eased  veins  and  thus  curing  the  disease.  These  the  exports  to  $1 ,552,800.  From  5,000  to  6,000 
are  not  always  successful,  nor  are  they  unat-  vessels  enter  the  port  every  year,  including 
tended  with  danger.  The  best  perhaps  is  that  French,  Austrian,  and  Russian*  steamers.  To 
of  M.  Velpeau.  He  passes  a  needle  beneath  the  W.  of  the  town  is  situated  a  lake  about  12 
the  trunk  of  the  affected  vein,  and  applies  a  m.  long  and  2  m.  brood,  which  it  has  been  pro- 
twisted  suture  around  it ;  if  sufficient  inflam-  posed  to  connect  with  the  bay  by  a  ship  canal, 
mation  ensue  to  cause  the  occlnsion  of  the  vein,  and  thus  supply  Varna  with  one  of  tne  best 
the  needle  may  be  withdrawn  in  a  few  days;  if  harbors  in  the  Black  sea. — ^Eing  Ladislos  of 
not,  it  is  permitted  to  ulcerate  its  way  through.  Poland  and  Hungary  lost  here  a  large  part  of 
VARIETY,  a  group  of  animals  or  plants  ap-  his  army  and  his  life,  in  a  battle  against  Sultan 
proaching  very  near,  but  subordinate,  to  species,  Amurath  II.,  in  1444.  The  Russians  captured 
and,  when  permanent,  with  difficulty  distin-  the  town  in  1828.  On  Aug.  10,  1854,  about 
guished  from  them.  While  most  i^turalists  one  quarter  of  the  houses  were  destroyed  by 
admit  the  existence  of  varieties,  even  in  wild  fire,  together  with  a  large  quantity  of  military 


YARNHAGEN  YON  EKSE  29 

iSofes  prepared  for  the  expedition  against  the  sociated  with  Neumann,  Foaqn6,  and  others  in 

Crimea.    In  September  of  the  same  year  the  minor  pnblioatlons,  and  had  published  ^0tttwA« 

Brid^  and  French  fleet  sailed  from  Yarna  with  Endhtungen  (1816)  and  Vermuchte  Oedichtt 

the  troops  destined  for  the  invasion  of  that  (1816),  few  of  which  he  subsequently  deemed 

part  of  the  Russian  empire.  worthy  of  a  place  in  his  collected  works.    In 

VA£NHAG£N  YON  ENSE,  Klbl  August  1822  appeared  Geistliehe  SprHche  ds$  Angelus 

Ltdwio  PmuFP,  a  German  author,  bom  in  Silssitu^  with  an  introduction,  reproduced  in 

Dutteldoif;  Feb.  2i;  1785,  died  Oct  10, 1858.  1849  with  selections  also  from  Saint  Martin, 

Hifl  father  was  established  as  a  physician  at  and  with  annotations  on  bot^  by  Rahel ;  and 

Strasbonrg  on  the  outbreak  of  the  French  rey-  in  1828  a  collection  of  characterizations  of 

oIotioD,  and  was  obliged  to  emigrate  on  account  Goethe,  entitled  Odthe  in  den  Zieugnissm  der 

of  ilia  fTZDpathy  witn  the  revolutionary  ideas.  Mitlebenden,    His  next  work  was  a  series  of 

Intended  for  the  medical  profession,  the  son  biographies  of  German  adventurers,  soldiers, 

began  at  the  age  of.  12  to  study  anatomy  in  con-  poets,  and  mystics,  the  Biographmhe  Denh- 

Dection  with  the  classics  and  literature,  read  male  (5  vols.,  Berlin,  1824-^80).    These  were 

tbe  Ckriitue  Patient  of  Grotius  while  making  followed  by  a  memorial  of  his  friend,  thephilo- 

dinical  observations,  and  in  1800  entered  the  sophio  physician  Erhard  (1880),  and  by  a  col- 

Pepini^re,  a  medical  school  in  Berlin.    He  de-  lection  of  his  contributions  to  Uterary  periodic 

voted  hiniself  equally  to  medicine,  poetry,  and  cals.  entitl^  Zur  Oeechichtechreibung  und  Lite- 

obOoeophy ;  was  for  a  time  private  tutor  in  a  no-  ratur  (1833).    After  the  death  of  his  wife  he 

tie  family,  where  he  became  intimate  with  Oha-  published  two  memorials  of  her,  entitled  Ba- 

BD9S0,  with  whom  he  began  to  publish  in  1804  nely  ein  Buck  dee  Andenkene  fAr  ihre  Frevnde 

\  MMrnnalmanaeh :  abandoned  professional  for  (3  vols.,  1884),  containing  selections  from  her 

literary  studies ;  listened  to  A.  W.  von  Schlegel  correspondence,  and  OaUrie  von  Bildnissen  tnis 

lad  Fichte  at  Berlin,  and  to  Wolf  and  Schleier-  Bahels  Umgang  (2  vols.,  1836),  a  series  of  de- 

macher  at  HaDe ;  and  returned  to  Berlin  when  lineations  of  the  distinguished  members  of  her 

the  nniversty  of  Halle  was  dosed  by  the  inva-  circle.    Renewing  his  biographical  labors,  in 

QOD  of  Napoleon.    He  there  became  acquainted  which  he  especially  excell^,  he  produced  suc- 

vith  Rahel  Levin,  whom  he  afterward  mar-  eeaaWelyLeOen  der  KdniginvonPreuuen  Sophie 

ried,  the  centre  of  a  distinguished  circle,  exert-  Charlotte  (1837),  Lehen  dee  FeldmarechtilU  Ora-^ 

iaar  by  the  vigor  and  freshness  of  her  intellect  fen  von  Sehwerin  (1841),  Zeben  dee  Feldmar* 

a  singnbr  influence  alike  over  the  prince  Lud-  echalle  Keith  (1844),  Hane  von  Held  (1845),  Dae 

vig  Ferdinand,  the  architect  Gtenelli,  the  states-  Leben  Karl  liUllere  (1847),  and  Leben  dee  Gra- 

mi&  Gentz,  the  Schlegela,  the  Humboldts,  and  fen  BtUoio  von  Dennewitz  (1853).   He  collected, 

Schleiermacher.     He  pursued  his  studies  at  under  the  title  of  DenkwH/rdigheiten  und  Ver- 

Tabin^en,  but  left  them  in  1809  to  Join  the  mieehte  Sehriften  (7  vols.,  1837-46),  numerous 

Aastrian  army  as   ensign,  was  wounded  at  studies  on  the  most  prominent  men  and  events 

Wagram,  taken  prisoner  by  the  French,  and  of  his  time,  memorials  of  hb  life,  tales,  criti- 

exchanged  at  Yienna,  and  in  1810  accompanied  cisms,  and  poems.   A  Schlickter  Vortrag  an  die 

Coont  von  Benthdm  to  Paris.    He  was  present  Deutechen  appeared  from  him  during  the  revo- 

at  tbe  f(»tiva]  given  by  the  Austrian  ambassa-  lutionary  events  of  1848.    He  holds  high  rank 

dor.  Prince  Schwartzenberg,  to  the  emperor  among  the  masters  of  German  prose,  and  his 

and  empress  (July  1,  I8I0T,  attended  by  the  writings  are  particularly  valuable  for  their  sa- 

xost  illastrions  persons  in  Paris,  which  dosed  gacious  characterizations  of  the  statesmen  and 

rith  a  conflagration  in   which  the  princess  thinkers  with  whom  he  was  associated.    He 

^iivartxenberg  perished.    He  afterward  lived  pictured  his  own  age  as  a  critical  and  revolu- 

ia  atodions  retirement,  chiefly  at  Prague,  Yi-  tionary  epoch,  in  which  religion,  government, 

«f^  and  Berlin,  enjoying  the  friendBhip  of  society,  and  all  modes  of  life  and  thought  were 

the  ndoister  Stein,  and  of  Justus  von  Gruner ;  gradually  assuming  new  and  unexpected  forms, 

joioed  the  Russian  army  as  captain  under  Fet-  He  was  buried,  at  his  request,  without  priestly 

terbom  m  1813 ;  accompanied  that  general  first  attendance ;  but  a  vast  procession,  with  Alex- 

d)  Hambm,  and  then  in  the  advance  to  Paris ;  ander  von  Humboldt  at  its  head,  followed  him 

aad  published  a  narrative  of  each  campaign,  to  the  tomb.    Of  his  7b^e&ik;A^  4  volumes  have 

He  married  in  1814  Rahel  Le^in,  whom  nearly  been  published  (Leipsic,  1861-2). — Rahbl  As- 

^  yean  later  he  declared  ^*  still  the  freshest  tonik  Fbiedsbiks,  wife  of  the  preceding,  bom 

nd  brightest  feature  in  my  life ;"  was  chosen  in  Berlin  in  June,  1771,  died  there,  March  7, 

to  aid  the  chancellor  Hardenberg  at  the  con-  1833.   She  was  of  a  Jewish  family,  which  bore 

PMi  of  Yienna;  again  entered  Paris  with  the  the  name  either  of  Levin  or  Robert,  and  a 

■Diea  in  1815 ;  was  for  three  years  minister  sister  of  the  poet  Ludwig  Robert    She  early 

s^^ident  at  Carlsruhe ;  declined  in  1819  the  ap-  displayed  extraordinary  talent,  and,  though  not 

pomtmeot  of  minister  resident  at  Washington ;  carefully  educated,  became  the  centre  of  a  cir- 

lod  from  that  time  lived  chiefly  at  Berlin,  en-  de  of  distinguished  authors  and  artists.    With- 

Md  in  literary  pursuits,  active  and  influen-  out  rank,  b^uty.  or  wealth,  or,  as  Oarlyle  says, 

^  in  political  affiiirs,  but  without  official  em-  any  artiflcialnimDus  whatever,  she  charmed  Uie 

aioymeat.  except  an  extraordinary  mission  to  most  intellectual  by  her  lively  and  intelligent 

Hcse-CMselin  1829.    He  had  already  been  as-  sympathy,  and  by  her  habit  of  speaking  her 


80  YABNISH 

thooghts  with  little  regard  to  conventionalimDB.  oring  materials  above  ennmerated,  as  well  as 
Bhe  became  a  Chriatian  before  her  marriage  many  others,  are  used  in  the  great  variety  of 
with  Vamhagen  von  Enae  in  1814,  aocoropa-  spirit  varnishes,  differing  according  to  the  spe- 
nied  hhn  on  his  miasions,  and  in  every  capital  cial  purpose  to  which  they  are  to  be  applied, 
maintained  her  high  social  reputation.  She  the  price  at  which  they  must  be  sold,  and  the 
did  not  aspire  to  authorship,  though  she  is  said  fsntj  of  the  manufacturers,  of  whom  hardly 
to  have  aided  her  husband  in  his  labors ;  and  two  use  the  same  receipt ;  which  is  also  true 
her  letters  and  aphorisms,  which  he  published,  of  all  the  other  kinds.  The  alcohol  should  not 
do  not  reveal  the  talent  and  charms  traditionally  be  of  less  strength  than  40°  to  86°  Baum6  (sp. 
attributed  to  her  conversation.  gr.  0.830  to  0.849),  as  otherwise  the  resins  dia- 
VARNI8H,  a  fluid  which,  when  applied  to  solve  with  much  more  difficulty,  and  the  var- 
the  snrfiiee  of  wood  and  other  substances,  by  nish  will  neither  be  so  brilliant  nor  so  drying, 
the  evaporation  or  chemical  change  of  a  por-  Three  ways  of  making  the  solution  are  em- 
tion,  leaves  upon  it  a  shining  coating,  imper-  ployed,  viz. :  1,  by  simply  digesting  the  resins, 
vious,  or  nearly  so,  to  air  or  moisture.  Var-  &c.,  in  the  proper  quantity  of  alcohol,  either  in 
niflhes  are  almost  invariably  solutions  of  one  or  the  shade  or  exposed  to  the  sun,  occasionally 
more  resinous  substances  in  a  liquid,  which  shaking  the  bottle ;  this  takes  a  long  time,  and 
will  either  completely  volatUize  or  dry  and  many  substances  cannot  be  dissolved  in  this 
harden  in  the  air ;  and  when  good,  they  &ould  way,  but  the  product  has  the  least  possible 
present  the  following  characters:  1,  after  dry-  amount  of  color;  2,  by  heating  over  a  water 
mg,  they  should  remain  brilliant,  not  presenting  bath,  which  is  a  much  more  rapid  process,  but 
a  greasy  or  tarnished  surface ;  2,  they  shoula  produces  more  highly  colored  varnishes ;  8,  by 
adhere  closely  to  the  surfaces  to  which  they  heating  over  an  open  fire,  which  still  more 
maybe  applied,  so  as  n6t  to  scale  off  even  after  changes  the  color  of  the  resins,  and  conse- 
considerable  time ;  8,  their  drying  should  be  quently  of  the  varnish,  but  it  is  so  much  more 
rapid,  and  their  hardness  when  dry  as  great  as  rapid  that  it  Is  employed  almost  exclusively  for 
possible  without  rendering  them  too  brittle,  manufacturing  purposes. — Oil  of  turpentine  is 
The  principal  substances  entering  into  their  almost  the  only  volatile  oil  employed  in  var- 
composition  are :  as  solvents,  the  oils  of  linseed,  nishes,  and  the  most  important  one  into  which 
poppy,  and  turpentine,  alcohol,  ether,  wood  it  enters  is  copal  varnish.  (See  Copal.)  The 
naphtha,  and  pyroacetic  spirit ;  as  solid  constit-  ingredients  and  modes  of  preparation  are  nearly 
uents,  copal,  amber,  mastic,  sandarach,  lac,  ele-  the  same  as  for  spirit  varnishes.  An  impor- 
mi,  dammar,  benzoin,  rosin,  anim^,  and  caout-  tant  difference  between  the  two  kinds  is,  that 
chonc ;  as  coloring  materials,  gamboge,  dragons'  spirit  varnishes  are  injured  in  quality  by  keep- 
blood,  aloes,  and  saf&on.  They  may  all  be  re-  ing,  while  those  with  oil  of  turpentine  are  very 
ferred  to  one  of  4  classes,  viz. :  ether  varnishes,  much  improved  by  it,  from  the  more  intimate 
spirit  varnishes,  volatile  oil  varnishes,  and  fixed  union  which  takes  place  between  the  resins  and 
oil  varnishes. — Of  the  first  class,  only  one  kind  the  oil.  When  a  picture  is  covered  with  newly 
appears  to  be  employed,  which  serves  to  re-  made  varnish,  a  portion  of  the  oil  abandons  the 
pair  the  glazing  of  the  colored  enamels  used  in  resins  and  combines  with  the  paints ;  but  this 
Jewelry  where  this  is  accidentally  iiyured,  and  effect  does  not  take  place  when  it  is  5  or  6 
is  made  by  putting  (in  smiill  portions  at  a  time)  months  old,  and  as  the  durability  is  almost  in 
5  parts  by  weight  of  the  best  finely  pulverized  direct  proportion  to  the  amount  of  fatty  residue 
copal  into  a  flask  containing  2  parts  of  pure  from  the  oil,  any  cause  which  removes  the  oil 
sulphuric  ether,  corking  the  bottle,  shaking  will  naturally  impair  it. — ^Fixed  oil  varnishes 
for  half  an  hour,  and  leaving  at  rest  until  the  are  almost  entirely  made  with  linseed  oil,  for 
next  day,  when,  if  the  solution  is  not  perfectly  which  poppy  oil  is  however  sometimes  substi- 
clear,  more  etiier  must  be  added,  and  the  mix-  tuted,  and  Uiey  generally  contain  also  a  large 
ture  again  shaken.  This  dries  so  rapidly  as  to  proportion  of  oil  of  turpentine.  The  resins 
bubble  up  imder  the  brush  from  the  too  rapid  used  are  almost  exclusively  the  different  kinds 
evaporation  of  the  eliier ;  and  it  is  dierefore  of  copal,  and  amber.  In  consequence  of  the 
necessary  to  previously  moisten  the  surface  to  slow  evaporation  of  the  solvent,  and  the  large 
be  varnished  with  oil  of  rosemary,  lavender,  or  amount  of  residue  from  it,  they  are,  of  all  var- 
even  turpentine,  which  is  immediately  wiped  nishes,  the  slowest  in  drying,  but  the  most  du- 
off  again  with  a  cloth,  tlie  trace  which  remains  rable ;  they  are  therefore  employed  for  all  the 
sufficing  to  retard  the  evaporation  and  so  allow  purposes  to  which  spirit  and  turpentine  var- 
the  varnish  to  be  spread.— Spirit  varnishes,  nishes  are  not  suited,  on  account  of  the  feeble 
made  with  alcohol,  are  in  general  easily  pre-  resistance  that  they  offer  to  the  action  of  the 
pared  and  applied,  soon  dry,  and  have  no  dis-  solar  light  and  heat  and  of  inclement  weather ; 
agreeable  smell ;  they  are,  however,  liable  to  especially  for  doors  and  windows,  the  fittings 
>  acalo  off  or  crack,  and  are  incapable  of  resisting  of  shops,  carriages  of  all  kinds,  ^.  For  int«- 
friotion  or  blows.  To  diminish  this  tendency,  rior  work  they  are  the  best  wherever  a  trifling 
small  quantities  of  oil  of  turpentine  are  often  degree  of  color  is  not  objectionable,  as  they  are 
added  to  them,  or  some  of  the  softer  and  more  both  more  durable  and  will  easily  wash,  espe- 
adhesive  resins  are  employed  in  their  composi-  cially  as  the  time  of  drying  can  be  much  re- 
tion.    Nearly  all  the  aoUd  ingredienta  and  col-  dnoed  by  a  previous  preparation  of  the  oil  (see 


32                       YABNI8H  YABNUH 

nish;  6,  white  spirit  yarnish  for  violiiui;  7,  per,  to  remoye  all  traces  of  moisture  and  grease; 
brown  nard  spirit  yamish ;  8,  turpentine  yar-  and  in  stopping  any  minute  holes,  wax  or  some 
ni^ ;  9,  crystal  yarnish ;  10,  amber  yamish ;  of  the  gums  should  be  used,  but  nothing  of  a 
11,  paper  yarnish;  12,  sealing  wax  yarnish;  greasy  nature.  Much  tact  and  expedition  are 
18  ana  14,  black  yarnishes.  For  other  notes  required  in  properly  yamishing  large  surfaces 
on  yarqishes,  see  Copal,  Fbenoh  Polish,  Ja-  with  spirit  yarnish,  so  as  to  obtain  a  uniform 
PAKBiNO,  and  Lacquer. — ^Beside  all  these  com-  smooth  coat  before  it  becomes  too  much  thick- 
pound  yarnishes,  the  liquid  resins  which  exude  ened  by  eyaporation.  Wood  and  other  porous 
from  many  species  of  trees,  especially  in  China,  surfaces  absorb  a  considerable  part  of  the  first 
Japan,  Burmah,  and  India,  are  used  as  yarnishes,  coat,  which  sinks  in  deeper  at  the  soft  parts 
either  crude  or  with  slight  preparation.  (See  and  raises  the  grain  of  the  wood.  A  second 
Japanning.)  The  Chinese  yamish  is  said  to  be  or  eyen  third  coat  is  sometimes  reauired  to 
produced  by  the  au^ia  SinennSy  and  is  black  completely  fill  the  pores,  and  the  work  should 
when  simply  dried,  but  is  colored  by  yarious  then  be  smoothed  with  fine  glass  paper,  and 
pigments.  The  Japan  yamish  of  K&mpfer  and  the  final  coats  applied.  In  order  to  econo- 
Thunberg  is  rhus  vemix^  and  that  of  the  Malayan  mize  the  yamish,  wood  and  paper  are  frequently 
islands  Btagmaria  vemiciflua.  The  juice  of  holir'  sized  oyer  to  prevent  the  varnish  from  sinking 
gama  longifolia  is  used  in  Malabar  for  yarnish-  in ;  and  for  this  purpose,  thin  size  made  from 
ing  shields ;  the  Burmese  yarnish  tree  is  a  mela"  good  glue  is  used  for  dark-colored  surfaces, 
norrhoMy  and  a  fine  liquid  yarnish  is  yielded  by  and  for  light  surfaces  a  size  prepared  by  boiling 
Valeria  Indica  and  F.  lanceafolia,  A  resinous  cuttings  of  white  leather  <ft  parchment  in  wa- 
juice  is  also  employed  by  the  Feejeeans  as  a  yar-  ter  for  a  few  hours,  until  they  form  a  thin 
nish  or  glaze  for  their  pottery. — Varnishes  are  jelly,  which  is  used  rather  warm ;  or  some* 
applied  to  flat  surfaces  in  the  same  manner  as  times  solutions  of  isinglass  or  gum  tragaoantli 
paints,  with  brushes,  which  should  be  soft  and  are  substituted.  The  finest  varnished  works, 
perfectly  clean.  For  spirit  varnishes  cameFs  hair  such  as  the  woodwork  of  harps,  first  receive 
pencils  and  brushes  are  used ;  and  for  turpen-  about  6  layers  of  white  hard  varnish  to  fill  the 
tine  and  oil  varnishes,  which  require  less  deli-  pores,  and  are  then  rubbed  quite  smooth  with 
oacy,  flat  brushes,  made  of  flne  soft  bristles,  are  fine  glass  paper ;  any  ornamental  painting  is 
generally  employed,  or  sometimes  even  ordi-  then  done,  after  which  8  or  10  more  coats  are 
nary  painting  brushes,  but  these  are  rather  too  put  on,  the  surface  being  rubbed  with  glass 
harsh.  The  varnishes  should  all  be  uniformly  paper  at  every  third  coat  to  remove  the  bradi 
applied,  in  very  thin  coats,  sparingly  upon  the  marks.  When  hard,  the  surface  is  rubbed 
edges  and  angles,  where  they  are  liable  to  ao-  with  fine  pumice  stone  and  water,  allowed  to 
cumulate ;  and  sufi&cient  time  should  elapse  stand  for  a  few  days,  then  polished  with  yellow 
between  the  application  of  the  coats  for  the  tripoli  and  water,  washed  with  a  sponge,  and 
perfect  evaporation  of  the  solvent.  This  va-  wiped  with  dean  wash  leather.  It  is  then 
ries  according  to  the  kind  of  varnish  and  the  rubbed  all  over  by  the  fingers  with  fine  tal- 
state  of  the  atmosphere ;  but  in  general  spirit  low,  wheat  fiour  is  dusted  on,  and  after  the 
varnishes  require  2  to  J3  hours,  turpentine  var-  removal  of  this  the  final  polish  is  given  with 
ni^es  6  or  8,  and  oil  varnishes  sometimes  as  a  piece  of  silk.  Turpentine  and  oil  varnishes 
much  as  24  hours.  If  a  second  layer  is  added  are  applied  nearly  in  the  same  way  as  spirit 
before  the  first  is  completely  hardened,  this  is  varnishes  ;  from  their  slower  drying  there  is 
protected  from  the  air  by  it,  can  never  dry  not  the  same  diflSculty  in  uniformly  covering 
perfectly,  and  remains  soft  and  adhesive.  In  large  surfaces,  but  the  same  precaution  with 
using  any  spirit  varnish,  the  operation  should  regard  to  heat  and  dryness  should  be  observed, 
be  conducted  in  a  dry  atmosphere,  as  all  solu-  YARNUM,  James  Mitchell,  on  American 
tions  of  resins  in  alcohol  are  precipitated  by  general,  bom  in  Dracut,  Mass.,  in  1749,  died  in 
water,  even  in  the  state  of  vapor ;  so  that  not  Marietta,  Ohio,  Jan.  10,  1789.  He  was  edu- 
only  in  damp  weather,  but  even  on  a  warm  cated  at  Rhode  Island  college,  now  Brown  uni- 
Bummer^s  day,  when  the  atmosphere  happens  versity,  where  he  was  graduated  with  the  first 
to  be  much  charged  with  moisture,  a  milky  or  class,  studied  law,  and  established  himself  in 
douded  appearance  is  often  given  to  the  sur-  that  profession  at  East  Greenwich,  R.  I.  When 
face  of  varnish,  which  is  then  said  to  be  the  revolution  broke  out,  he  was  appointed  bj- 
'^  chilled.^*  The  same  bad  effect  is  produced  the  general  assembly  colonel  of  a  regiment  to 
by  cold  currents  of  air,  so  that  the  varnishing  be  raised  in  the  counties  of  Kent  and  Eings^ 
room  should  not  only  be  kept  warm  and  dry,  and  he  afterward  received  a  commission  from 
but  free  from  draughts.  The  best  temperature  congress  when  Washington  was  appointed 
is  about  72""  F.  When  chilling  has  taken  place,  commander-in-chief.  In  Feb.^  1777,  ne  was 
the  brilliancy  and  clearness  may  frequently  be  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general ; 
restored  by  giving  the  surface  another  thin  and  he  commanded  all  the  body  of  troops  on 
coat,  and  immediately  holding  the  article  suffi-  the  Jersey  side  of  the  Delaware,  when  the  Brit- 
ciently  near  to  a  fire  to  partially  redissolve  the  ish  and  Hessians  took  possession  of  Philadel- 
chilled  coat,  taking  care  not  to  heat  it  so  much  phia.  He  continued  in  active  service  during 
as  to  raise  blisters.  The  surface  to  be  var-  the  year  1778,  and  conmaanded  a  brigade  in 
nished  should  be  smoothed  with  fine  glass  pa-  Sullivan's  expedition  on   Rhode   Island.    In 


34                          VASE  VATICAN 

YASE.    Bee  Pottbrt  and  Poboilaik.  left  mmmars  of  the  German,  Polish,  Bnauan, 

VASSAL  (low  Lat.  va9$aliii,  from  the  Welah  and  Hebrew  languages,  several  works  on  univer- 

fi0O«,  a  Tonng  man  or  pag^),  the  grantee  of  a  sal  grammar,  and  an  index  of  dictionaries  and 

fief,  fend,  or  fee,  or  one  owing  service  and  hom-  grammars  of  all  languages.    His  studies  were 

age  to  a  superior  lord  in  virtue  of  land  held  principallj  directed  to  the  Hebrew.    He  also 

of  him.    The  term  applies  strictly  to  a  land-  publisned  a  commentary  on  the  Pentateuch,  a 

holder,  but  is  frequently  applied  in  popular  critical  edition  of  the  New  Testament,  and  sev- 

knguage  to  a  servant  or  household  domestic,  eral  works  on  church  history. 

(See  Feudal  Stbtrm.)  VATICAN,  the  papal  palace  at  Rome,  so 

VASSAE,  Matthew,  founder  of  the  Vassar  called  from  its  situation  on  the  Mens  Vaticanus, 
todale  college,  born  in  the  county  of  Norfolk,  at  the  extreme  N.  W.  part  of  the  city.  It  ad- 
England,  in  1793.  His  father  removed  to  the  Joins  the  basilica  of  St.  Peter,  and  is  a  little 
United  States  in  1796,  setUed  in  1797  on  a  less  than  half  a  mile  from  the  castle  of  S.  An- 
ftrm  about  8  miles  from  the  present  city  of  gelo,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a  covered 
Ponghkeepsie,  and  in  1801,  in  company  with  gallery  built  by  Pope  John  XXHI.  about  the 
his  brother,  commenced  a  brewery  in  Pough-  beginning  of  the  16th  century.  The  palace, 
keepsie,  which  they  continued  till  1812,  when  it  which  now  ranks  as  one  of  the  most  interest- 
was  burned.  Young  Vassar,  who  had  been  for  ing  and  magnificent  in  the  world,  has  grown 
a  time  in  school  and  subsequently  an  assistant  up  by  degrees,  and  consequently  exhibits  a 
in  a  country  store,  began  the  brewery  business  great  want  of  harmony  in  its  architectural  pro- 
in  a  small  way,  and  by  steady  industry  acoumn-  portions.  There  was  a  palace  attached  to  St. 
lated  a  large  fortune.  In  Feb.  1861,  he  deliv-  Peter's  certainly  in  the  time  of  Charlemagne, 
ered  to  trustees  incorporated  for  the  purpose  and  probably  before  the  reign  of  Constantine. 
by  the  legislature  bonds,  stocks,  and  other  seen-  It  was  rebuilt  by  Innocent  HI.  (1198-1216), 
titles  to  the  amount  of  $408,000,  for  the  found-  and  enlarged  by  Nicholas  IH.  (1277-^81),  but 
ingof  the  Vassar  female  coUege,  accompanying  did  not  become  the  permanent  residence  of 
the  gift  with  a  statement  of  his  wishes  in  re-  the  popes  until  after  their  return  from  Avignon 
gard  t6  the  plan  of  the  college  and  the  extent  in  1878.  Very  little  of  the  present  edifice 
of  its  course  of  instruction.  About  one  half  b  older  than  the  time  of  Nicholas  V.  (1447). 
of  this  sum  was  to  be  expended  in  the  edifices  The  renovation  of  the  old  palace,  which  he 
and  grounds  for  the  college,  for  which  he  gave  commenced,  was  completed  by  Alexander  VL, 
a  beautiful  site  of  200  acres  about  one  mile  after  whom  that  part  of  the  building  is  now 
from  Ponghkeepsie,  and  tiie  remainder  to  form  called  the  appartamento  Borgia.  The  Sistine 
an  .endowment  for  the  partial  support  of  the  chapel  was  added  by  Sixtus  IV.  in  1474.  Inno- 
professorships.  It  was  not  his  purpose  to  make  cent  VIII.  (1484-^92)  constructed  the  Belve- 
it  a  charity  school,  but  to  offer  the  highest  edu-  dere  villa  a  short  distance  from  the  palace,  and 
oational  feusilities  to  females  at  a  moderate  ex*  Julius  H.  (1608-U8)  connected  it  wiui  the  Vati- 
penae,  and  to  admit  as  beneficiaries  those  who  can,  by  means  of  the  celebrated  logge  and  a  ter- 
were  unable  to  defray  even  this  expense.  His  raced  court.  To  Julius  H.  is  also  due  the  foun- 
plan  comprehended  an  art  gallery  and  a  good  dation  of  the  museum.  The  portion  of  the  Vati- 
and  gradually  increasing  library,  as  well  as  a  can  which  is  now  the  ordinary  residence  of  the 
corps  of  instructors  in  the  English  language  popes  lies  on  the  £.  of  the  logge,  and  was  built 
and  literature,  the  modem  languages  of  Europe  chiefiy  by  Sixtus  V.  (1685-^90)  and  Clement 
and  their  literature,  ancient  languages,  mathe*  VIH.  (1692-1605). — ^The  whole  palace,  which  is 
matics,  all  the  branches  of  natural  science,  in-  rather  a  collection  of  separate  buildings  than  one 
eluding  anatomy,  physiology,  and  hygiene,  in-  regular  edifice,  occupies  a  space  of  1,161  by  767 
tellectual  and  moral  philosophy,  political  econ-  feet,  and  has  over  200  staircases,  20  courts,  and 
omy  and  the  science  of  government,  lesthetica,  4,422  rooms.  The  Mcala  regia^  or  great  stair- 
domestic  economy,  and  the  reading  and  study  case,  is  a  masterpiece  of  Bernini,  and  chiefiy 
of  the  Scriptures.  All  sectarian  infiuencea  remarkable  for  its  perspective.  It  leads  to  the 
were  to  be  carefrlly  excluded.  The  buildings  iala  regioy  built  by  Antonio  di  Sangallo  as  an 
were  commenced  in  the  spring  of  1861,  and  it  audience  hall  for  the  reception  of  ambassadors, 
!a  expected  that  they  will  be  completed  and  and  decorated  with  frescoes  by  Vasari,  Marco 
thefirstclassorganizedin  the  autumn  of  1868.  da  Siena,  Taddeo,  and   Federigo   Zucchero, 

VAT£R,JoBAirKSivsBiK,  a  Gferman  linguist  Giuseppe  Porta,  and  others.    The  Sbtine  and 

and  theologian^  bom  in  Altenburg,  May  27,1771,  Pauline  chapels  open  into  this  hall,  the  for- 

died  in  Hiole,  March  16, 1826.    He  studied  phi-  mer  containing  Michel  Angelo^s  *^  Last  Judg- 

loBOphy  snd  theology  at  Jena  and  HaUe,  and  ment,"  beside  frescoes  by  Perugino,  Ghirlan- 

became  extraordinary  professor  of  theology  at  daio,  and  others,  representing  passages  in  the 

the  former  place  in  1796,  and  ordinary  profes-  lives  of  Christ  and  Moses ;  the  latter  possesaes 

sor  of  theology  and  oriental  literature  at  Halle  Michel  Angelo's  frescoes  of  the  ^^  Conversion 

in  1800.  He  was  appointed  in  1809  professor  of  of  St.  Paul"  and  "Crucifixion  of  St.  Peter.'* 

theology  and  librarian  in  the  university  of  Kd-  The  chapel  of  San  Lorenzo  has  a  series  of  re- 

sigaberg,  but  in  1880  returned  to  Halle.    His  markable  frescoes  by  Fra  Angelico  da  Fiesole. 

princip^  philological  labor  was  the  completion  The  stanu  of  Raphael  is  the  name  given  to  4 

of  the  Mithridataot  Adelung,  beside  which  he  chambers  decorated  by  the  hand  of  that  great 


86                    VAUCANSON  VAUD 

eiage  of  Dooay.    Duiinf^  the  war  against  Hoi*  Academj  of  soienoefl,  of  whioh  YanoaQaon  was 

laid,  he  diatinffaished  himself  by  the  taking  of  a  member,  and  they  were  in  oonseqaenoe  either 

Maeatricht  (1678),  and  Valenciennes  and  0am-  destroyed  or  scattered, 

bray  (1676),  by  means  of  a  new  system  of  YAuOLUSE,  a  8.  E.  department  of  France, 

attaok.    He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brig-  formed  from  parts  of  the  ancient  Comtat  Ve- 

adier-general  in  1674,  and  of  commissary-gen-  naissin,  ProTenoe,  and  principality  of  Orange, 

oral  of  fortifications  in  1677.    In  this  capacity  bounded  K.  by  Dr6me,  E.  by  Basses-Alpea,  8. 

he  was  enabled  to  remodel  old  fortifications,  by  Bouches-da-Bh6ne,  and  W.  by  Gard ;  area, 

and  to  oonstract  new  ones  in  accordance  with  1,826  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1862, 268,265.    The  chief 

hia  own  principles,  and  devised  and  nearly  towns  are  Avi^on,  the  capital.  Oarpentras, 

oompleted  that  strong  line  of  fortresses  which  Oavaillon,  Apt,  and  Orange.    Tlie  £.  part  is 

Koteots  the  frontiers  and  sea  coasts  of  France,  traversed  by  several  offsets  from  the  Alps,  the 
the  war  against  the  leagae  of  Augsburg  highest  point  being  6,670  feet  above  the  sea; 
(1688)  he  was  actively  engaged,  taking  a  num-  but  in  the  W.  the  surface  is  undulating,  and 
ber  of  towns  nnder  the  eye  of  the  king,  among  there  are  plains  of  considerable  extent  The 
which  were  Fhilippsburg,  Hannheim,  Mons,  principal  rivers  are  the  Rh6ne,  whioh  flows 
and  Namur.  In  1699  he  was  elected  an  hon-  upon  the  W.  boundary,  and  its  tributaries  the 
oimry  member  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  and  Durance,  Lez,  Aigues,  and  Sorgue.  Iron  ore, 
in  1708  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  marshal  coal,  and  potters^  clay  are  found,  and  there  are 
of  France,  and  conducted  the  siege  of  Brisach  several  mmeral  springs.  The  climate,  though 
under  the  duke  of  Burgundy.  His  military  healthy,  is  variable.  About  hidf  the  surface 
career  may  be  summed  up  as  follows :  He  im-  is  arable,  but  the  soil  is  not  naturally  fertile. 
proved  800  old  fortresses  and  built  88  new  Some  70,000  acres  are  occupied  by  vineyards, 
ones,  conducted  68  sieges^  and  took  part  in  140  which  yield  a  strong  red  wine  of  good  quality ; 
bathes.  As  a  dvil  engineer,  he  constructed  the  silkworm  is  extensively  reared,  and  large 
the  aqueduct  of  Maintenon,  the  mole  at  Hon-  numbers  of  cattle  and  sheep  are  fed.  Siliu, 
fleur,#nd  several  canals  in  the  north  and  east  velvet,  woollen  cloths,  linen,  paper,  iron,  and 
of  France,  beside  improving  the  seaports  of  St.  perfumery  are  manufactured. — ^The  name  Van- 
Yal6ry,  Ambleteuse,  Antibes,  &c.  He  devised  duse  ("enclosed  valley^')  is  derived  from  the 
a  new  system  of  taxation,  substituting  for  all  fountain  of  Yaucluse,  the  source  of  the  river 
kinds  of  taxes  a  single  one  which  he  styled  Sorgue,  in  a  rocky  cavern  about  16  m.  from  Avi- 
**  the  royal  tithe,"  to  be  paid  by  all,  nobles  and  gnon.  A  village  of  the  same  name  near  the  spot 
clergy  as  well  as  the  common  people.  The  is  celebrated  as  the  residence  of  Petrardi. 
book  in  which  he  presented  his  views  dis-  YAUD,  or  Pats  de  Yaud  (Qer.  Waadt\  a 
pleased  the  king,  and  was  condemned  by  the  canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded  N.  by  the  can- 
royal  council  in  1707.  Under  the  title  of  Met  ton  and  lake  of  Neufch&tel  and  Freyburg,  K  and 
omvetii,  he  left  12  MS.  volumes,  7  of  which  S.  £.  by  Bern  and  Yalais,  S.  by  Yalais  and  the 
were  lost ;  extracts  from  the  remaining  6  have  lake  and  canton  of  Geneva,  and  W.  by  France ; 
been  published  (3  vols.  8vo.,  Paris,  1841-'8).  area,  1,226  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 218,606.  The 
His  Imit^  wr  Vattaque  et  la  defense  deaplaeee^  a  chief  towns  are  Lausanne,  the  capital,  Yevay, 
standard  work  of  its  kind  (best  ed.,  2  vols.  8vo.,  Bex,  Yverdun,  Moudon,  and  Payeme.  The 
Paris,  1829),  Projet  cPune  dixme  royale^  and  an  canton  is  traversed  by  tiie  Jura  range  on  the 
essay  Stir  Vidit  de  Nantee^  in  which  he  proposed  W.,  forming  the  *  boundaiy  line  with  France ; 
that  the  toleration  edict  of  Henry  lY .  should  the  Alps,  which  attain  their  greatest  height  in 
be  reSnacted,  appeared  during  his  lifetime.  the  S.  £.;  and  the  Jorat,  which  extends  be- 
YAUOANSON,  Jacquxs  db,  a  French  mech-  tween  the  others,  and  toward  the  lake  of  Cre- 
anician,  bom  in  Grenoble,  Feb.  24, 1709,  died  neva.  There  are  many  valleys,  Uie  largest  be- 
in  Paris,  Not.  21, 1782.  He  early  manifested  a  ing  that  of  Broye.  The  N.  portion  is  drained 
strong  taste  for  the  mechanical  aits,  and  studied  by  tributaries  of  the  Bhine  or  of  Lake  Neuf- 
meohanics  and  anatomy  for  several  years  with  ch4tel,  and  the  S.  portion  belongs  to  the  basin 
great  zeal.  It  is  diiefly  to  his  automatons  that  of  the  Bh6ne,  its  drainage  flowing  either  to 
he  owes  his  fame.  (See  Automaton.)  In  1740  that  river  or  to  the  lake  of  Geneva.  The  prin- 
he  refiiaed  an  invitation  of  Frederic  the  Great  cipal  lakes  within  the  canton  are  Joux,  Brenet, 
to  tfl^  up  his  residence  in  Berlin.  Oardinal  Ter,  Bret,  Jaman,  Bond,  Kervaux,  and  Bret- 
Fleury  iq>pointed  him  inspector  of  silk  manu-  taye.  The  climate,  though  varying  much  in 
fJMturea,  and  in  consequence  of  some  improve-  different  parts,  is  generallr  healthy,  the  warm- 
ments  whi<^  he  made  in  the  machinery,  he  est  nart  being  in  the  neighborhood  and  on  the 
was  at  one  time  pelted  with  stones  by  the  work-  E.  snore  of  the  lake  of  Geneva.  Iron  and  salt 
men  of  Lyons,  who  feared  it  would  lessen  the  mines  are  worked,  but  not  extensively.  The 
profits  of  their  labor.  He  revenged  himself  S.  part  of  the  canton  is  considered  one  of  the 
by  constructing  an  automaton  ass  which  wove  finest  regions  of  central  Europe,  but  the  soil  in 
flowered  silks.  His  valuable  collection  of  ma-  other  parts  is  not  remarkably  fertile.  Grain  is 
ehinea  and  automatons  he  bequeathed  to  the  not  produced  in  sufllicient  quantity  for  home 
queen ;  and  aa  she  paid  no  attention  to  the  consumption^  but  fruit  trees  are  abundant,  and 
legacy,  a  strife  arose  for  their  possession  be-  the  vineyards  are  very  productive.  Horned 
tween  the  intendants  of  commerce  and  the  cattle,  horses,  sheep,  goats,  and  pigs  are  reared 


YAUNEB  TEDA 

PrMldant  Louis  Napoleon,  and  on  the  next  gen*  aom  of  all  that  is  worth  knowing.  It  both 
eral  election  lost  his  seat,  since  which  time  he  designates  collectively  the  whole  literature, 
has  taken  no  part  in  public  affairs.  His  principal  and  is  specifically  applied  to  the  foarcoUeo- 
work  is  a  HUtoire  ae»  deum  restoratumM  (8  toIs.  tions  of  poetical  material  which  constitute  the 
8ro.,  1844  et  ieg»).  He  has  also  written  a  J7if  *  nucleus  and  most  ancient  portion  of  that  liters- 
toire  da rj&ffyptemodemede  1801  disss  {2 vo\8,  ture,  viz.,  the  Rig- Veda,  Sama-Veda,  Yi^ur- 
8yo.,  1885),  and  is  understood  to  be  now  (1862)  Veda,  and  Atharva-Yeda.  These  together 
engaged  on  a  history  of  the  monarchy  of  July,  receive  in  the  Hindoo  classification  the  name 
the  second  republic,  and  the  second  empire.  of  mantra,  the  inunediately  religious  or  devo- 
YAUNKS.  Bee  Oapb  RrvEB.  tional  part,  as  distinguished  from  the  hrahma- 
YAUQUELIN,  Louis  Nioolas,  a  French  na,  the  ceremonial  and  theologico-philosophical 
chemist,  bom  near  Caen,  Normandy,  May  16,  part.  The  Atharva-Yeda  is  often  excluded  from 
1768,  died  Nov.  14, 1829.  He  was  the  son  of  the  number  of  the  Yedas,  and  nowhere  enjoyB 
a  fiurmer,  acquired  his  first  taste  for  chembtry  the  same  consideration  with  the  others,  as  being 
while  servant  to  an  apothecary  at  Rouen,  re-  of  later  date  and  lower  character. — ^The  Rig- 
moved  to  Paris  in  1781,  studied  pharmacy,  and  Yeda  is  the  most  extensive  and  important  of  the 
became  known  to  Fourcroy,  who,  struck  with  four.  It  is  entirely  made  up  of  religious  lyrics, 
his  2eal  and  proficiency,  made  him  an  inmate  of  devotional  hymns,  somewhat  over  1 ,000  in  num- 
Ua  own  house,  and  soon  after  his  assistant  in  ber,  and  containing  more  than  10,000  doable 
hia  philosophiciil  researches  and  lectures.  After  verses.  They  are  arranged  in  10  books,  chiefly 
being  for  a  while  chief  pharmaceutist  in  the  according  to  their  reputed  authorship,  or  rather 
military  hospital  at  Mdun  in  1798,  he  was  re-  medium  of  revelation ;  but  the  10th  is  a  kind 
called  to  Pans  in  1794,  and  appointed  inspector  of  apocrypha,  and  akin  in  character  with  the 
and  professor  of  docimacy  in  the  mining  school,  Atharvan.  The  hymns  are  ascriptions  of  praise 
and  then  assistant  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  and  prayers  for  blessings,  addressed  to  the  gods 
polytechnic  school,  and  a  member  of  the  French  of  the  Yedio  worship,  who  are  very  different 
mstitute.  On  being  nominated  the  successor  from  those  of  the  later  Hindoo  religions.  They 
of  Daroet  in  the  chair  of  chemistry  at  the  col-  are  the  earliest  poetical  utterances  of  the  Hm- 
lege  of  France,  he  resigned  his  inspectorship  doo  people,  produced  when  they  were  but  just 
of  mines,  and  became  director  of  the  school  of  across  tne  border  of  India,  in  and  near  the 
pharmacy  that  had  been  just  established  by  the  Pui^aub,  and  had  not  yet  taken  possession  of 
government.  On  the  death  of  Brongniui;  he  Hindostan  proper ;  and  they  illustrate  the  very 
received  the  professorship  of  chemistry  in  the  beginnings  of  Hindoo  civilization,  religioQf  and 
kurdin  des  ptantes,  and  succeeded  his  master  polity.  Their  period  it  is  impossible  to  fix 
Fourcroy  in  the  same  capacity  in  the  faculty  with  any  precbion ;  it  must  probably  have 
of  medicine.  He  had  remarkable  talents  for  been  rather  in  the  earlier  than  the  later  portion 
analysb ;  his  discoveries,  among  which  those  of  of  the  second  thousand  years  B.  0.  Their  Ian- 
ohrominm  and  glucina  deserve  special  notice,  guage  b  an  earlier  dialect  of  the  classical 
have  been  useful  in  various  branches  of  art  and  Sanscrit,  differing  from  it  very  slightly  in  pho- 
aoienoe.  His  Manuel  de  Vessayeur  (SvCj  1812)  netical  character,  more  notably  in  grammatical, 
has  been  superseded  by  more  recent  works  on  and  most  of  all  in  lexical.  Their  metrical  form 
the  subject ;  but  hb  MemoireB,  amounting  to  b  prevailingly  iambic,  and  the  verse  b  simple, 
more  than  250  in  number,  and  printed  in  the  and  even  somewhat  loose,  in  construction. 
AnnaU$  de  ehimie,  the  Journal  dee  minee,  the  Their  style  b  rather  monotonous ;  they  lack 
Annalee  du  mueeum,  and  the  Beeueil  de  Vacadi'  the  interest  of  a  varied  and  fanciful  mythology ; 
mie  dee  eeieneee^  are  still  valuable.  and  their  absolute  poetic  value  is  not  very  high. 
YAUYENARGUES,  Luc  db  Olafisrs,  mar-  The  collection  b  clearly  a  historical  one,  a  sys- 

2w  of,  a  French  philosopher  and  author,  bom  tematic  assemblage  and  record  of  those  sacred 

1  Aiz,  Provence,  Aug.  6,  1716,  died  in  Paris,  songs  which  the  nation  had  brought  from  its 

May  28,  1747.    He  entered  the  army  in  hb  earliest  seats  in  India  as  its  most  precions  in- 

youth,  served  in  Italy  (1784)  and  Germany  tellectual  possession,  and  had  long  handed  down 

(1741),  and  after  the  dbastrous  retreat  from-  by  oral  tradition.    The  time  of  collection  is 

raigue,  hb  health  being  ruined,  retired  from  very  uncertain,  but  was  undoubtedly  several 

the  service  with  the  rank  of  captain.    He  was  a  centuries  B.  0.    The  Sama-Yeda  is  a  liturgical 

IHend  and  correspondent  of  Voltaire,  and  on  collection,  an  assemblage  of  those  passages  of 

intimate  terms  with  most  of  the  philosophers  the  sacred  lyrics,  single  verses  and  longer  ex- 

of  the  age,  without  sharing  all  their  opinions,  tracts,  which  were  employed  in  certain  ceremo- 

Hb  principal  works  are :  Introduction  d  la  eon-  nies  and  chanted  by  the  priests.    It  has  but 

fudeeanee  de  Peaprit  humain  (1746),  Reflexume  about  one  sixth  the  contents  of  the  Rig-Veda, 

mr  dieere  auteure,  Maximee^  FeneSee,  &o.    The  and  most  of  its  material  is  identical  with  Uiat 

most  complete  edition  of  his  writings  b  that  of  presented  by  the  latter.    The  Yigur-Yeda  is  a 

Gilbert  (2  vob.  8vo.,  Paris,  1857).  yet  more  distinctly  liturgical  work ;  it  b  made 

YEDA,  the  scriptures  of  the  Brahminic  re-  up  of  the  utterances  of  the  priests  during  the 

ligion,  the  sacred  literature  of  the  Hindoos,  performance  of  the  principal  ceremonies  of  the 

T&e  word  means  literally  *^  knowledge,*'  the  Hindoo  religion ;  in  part  derived  from  the  same 

Yeda  being  considered  as  the  fount  and  the  mass  of  poetical  material  which  composes  the 


40                         YEDA  VEGA 

oeivioff  elnddadon  from  wliatever  sovroe,  as  selves.    A  German  translatioii  of  the  Sama- 

from  ttie^oAmanotf  themselves  and  from  odier  Veda  aooompanies  Benfey^s  edition  (LeipBio, 

works  or  classes  of  works  of  mixed  character.  1846).    Of  the  hrahmana  and  mtra  literature 

A  more  convenient  division  for  ns  is  into  8  de-  only  small  portions  are  published.    The  most 

partments :  that  which  concerns  the  tradition  Important  Upanishads,  with  commentary  and 

of  the  texts,  their  due  preservation  and  right  translation,  have  appeared  in  the  Bibliotheea 

utterance ;  that  which  deals  with  their  inter-  Indiea  at  Calcutta.    For  the  Yedas  in  general, 

pretation;  and  that  which  teaches  their  use  see  Golebrooke^s  essay  in  the  "Asiatic  Re- 

and  application.    To  the  first  department  be-  searches,"  vol.  viii.,  and  in  his  collected  essays ; 

long  the  anukramanis,  lists  of  the  hjrmns,  witii  Roth,  Zur  Literatur  und  Ouchichte  de$  Weda 

notice  of  their  length,  and  of  the  author,  metre,  ^Stuttgart,  1846) ;  "  Journal  of  the  American 

and  divinityofeach  verse,  and  the  jE>raf»aibAya«,  Oriental  Society,'*  vols.  iiL  and  iv. ;  Weber, 

which  teadi  a  system  of  theoretical  phonetics  IndiieheLiteraturgetchichte  (Berlm,  1852) ;  and 

and  its  application  to  the  proper  pronunciation  Max  Muller,  "  ^story  of  Ancient  Sanscrit 

of  the  hymns,  and  which  note  all  their  anoma-  literature*'  (London,  1859). 

lies  and  peculiarities  of  form  in  a  way  that  VEGA,  Gabcilasso  ds  la.   See  Gaboilasso 

makes  them  a  valuable  and  efficient  control  de  la  Yeoa. 

upon  their  readings.  With  these  are  to  be  YEGA,  Gbobo  von,  baron,  a  Grerman  math- 
mentioned  the  different  methods  of  writing  the  ematician,  bom  at  Sagoritza,  a  village  of  Car- 
texts  themselves,  most  ingeniously  contrived  to  niola,  Austria,  in  1754,  killed  in  Sept.  1802.  He 
secure  them  against  changes  and  to  preserve  was  the  son  of  poor  parents,  whose  name 
their  purity.    The  conseauence  of  all  these  ap-  Yeha  he  exchanged  for  Yega,  studied  at  the 

Sliances  is  that  the  Yeoio  texts  are  handed  lyceum  of  Laybach,  and  on  the  close  of  his 

own  to  us  with  almost  perfect  exactness,  as  studies  was  appointed  an  ^^  engineer  of  naviga- 

originally  established  by  the  schools,  with  hard-  tion."    Having  distinguished  himself  as  an  an- 

ly  a  corrupt  passage  or  doubtful  reading ;  a  thor,  he  was  made  military  professor  of  math- 

ghenomenon  scarcely  to  be  paralleled  elsewhere  ematics  in  the  Austrian  artillery,  rising  by  de- 

1  the  history  of  literature.    Of  the  second  de-  grees  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  par- 

partment,  works  treating  of  the  use  and  mean-  taking  in  several  campaigns  against  the  Turks 

ug  of  words  and  of  the  interpretation  of  the  and  fVench.    In  1800  he  was  created  a  baron, 

texts,  there  is  but  little  specially  Yedic  and  of  and  shortly  before  his  death  a  member  of  the 

ancient  date;  the  general  grammars  and  lexi-  provincial  assembly  of  nobles  in  his  native  coun- 

oons  of  the  language,  with  the  NiruJcta  of  try.    On  Sept.  26,  1802,  his  body  was  found  in 

Yaska,  a  summary  exposition  of  certain  parts  the  Danube,  and  many  years  later  it  was  dis- 

and  passages  in  the  Kig-Yeda,  are  all  we  have  covered  that  he  had  been  thrown  into  that  riT- 

of  earlier  date  than  the  Idth  or  14th  century  er,  while  walking  on  its  bank,  by  a  miller, 

after  Christ,  the  era  of  the  commentaries.  YEGA,  Lope   de    (Lops  Fnix   de  Yeoa 

These  are  elaborate  and  voluminous  works,  .  Cakpio),  a  Spanish  dramatist  and  miscellaneous 

which  gather  in  to  themselves  the  results  of  all  author,  born  in  Madrid,  Nov.  26,  1562,  died 

the  different  departments  of  Yedic  exposition,  tiiere,  Aug.  26, 1685.    He  early  manifested  ex- 

and  accompany  all  the  principal  texts,  mantra  traordinary  ability,  and  it  is  said  that  when  5 

and  Ircthmana  ;  but  their  interpretation  of  the  years  old  he  could  read  Latin  as  well  as  Spanish, 

former  especidly  is  very  untrustworthy,  and  and  that  before  he  could  write  he  would  share 

for  our  understanding  of  the  hymns  we  must  his  meals  with  his  more  advanced  schoolfel- 

rely  much  more  upon  an  independent  and  pene-  lows  in  order  to  get  them  to  take  down  the 

trating  study  of  them,  as  illustrated  by  one  an-  verses  he  dictated.    His  father  died  while  he 

o^er  and  by  Indian  and  Indo-European  Ian-  was  still  young,  and  the  family  was  scattered. 

gnage  and  archsBology.    The  third  department,  Lope  was  sent  to  the  imperial  college  at  Madrid, 

ceremonial,  is  most  fhlly  represented  of  all,  where  he  made  great  progress  in  ethics,  the 

containing  a  great  mass  of  works,  chiefly  tiie  belles-lettres,  and  the  accomplishments  of  the 

so  called  tutrM^  treating  in  detail  of  the  great  time ;  but  at  the  age  of  14,  under  the  influence 

public  ceremonies,  of  the  private  and  domestic  of  a  sudden  pique,  he  ran  away  from  school 

religious  rites,  and  of  the  moral,  social,  and  with  a  companion,  and  travelled  as  far  north  as 

Solitical  duties  of  men.    Out  of  works  which  Astorga.     An  actual  acquaintance  with  the 

eal  with  the  latter  subject  have  arisen  the  privations  of  the  world  soon  drove  away  sll 

more  modem  law  books,  as  that  of  Manu,  &c.  aesire  of  seeing  more  of  it,  and  the  two  truants. 

Astronomy  comes  in  as  an  assistant  in  this  de-  having  been  arrested  at  Segovia  as  suspicious 

partment,  so  far  as  concerns  the  regulation  of  characters.«were  sent  back  to  Madrid  to  their 

the  calendar,  and  the  fixing  of  the  times  of  sacri-  friends.    At  the  age  of  15,  as  he  tells  us  him- 

fice. — ^The  four  hymn  texts  of  the  Yedas  have  self,  he  was  serving  in  Terceira  as  a  soldier 

all  been  published  or  are  in  process  of  publica-  against  the  Portuguese ;  but  a  little  later,  hav- 

tion.    Of  the  Rig-Yeda,  Langlois  has  published  ing  come  into  the  favor  of  Geronimo  Manrique, 

^aris,  1848-^51)  a  verypoor  French  translation;  bishop  of  Avila,  he  was  sent  by  that  prelate 

Wilson^s  (Ijondon,  1860-57;  incomplete,  but  probably  to  the  university  of  Alcala,  where  he 

to  be  continued)  is  better,  but  represents  the  remained  several  years,  and  took  his  degree, 

commentators  rather  than  the  hymns  them-  Here,  he  say  a  in  one  of  his  epistles:  ^*  I  was  on 


42                 LOPE  DE  VEGA  VEHMIO  CfOUBTS 

fevised  and  received  numerous  additions. — ^It  do  even  from  snch  dumb  volnmes ;  for  I  write 

was  however  by  his  contributions  to  the  drama  according  to  the  art  invented  by  those  wiib 

that  Lope  gained  that  morvelloas  popularity  sought  the  applause  of  the  multitude,  whom  it 

which  eclipsed  that  of  any  other  author  of  his  is  but  just  to  humor  in  their  folly,  since  it  is 

time.    He  seems  to  have  begun  his  theatrical  they  who  pay  for  it^'    In  spite  of  the  large 

career  at  Valencia  during  his  exile  from  Ma-  income  received  from  these  dramas,  owing  to 

drid,  but  at  Madrid  he  laid  the  foundations  of  his  prodigality  and  liberality,  he  was  general- 

a  fame  which  enabled  him  to  form  the  charao-  ly  in  embarrassed  circumstances. — ^As  his  life 

ter  of  the  Spanish  national  theatre^  at  the  head  dre#  near  its  close,  his  religions  feelings,  which 

of  the  writers  for  which  he  remained  for  more  during  his  latter  years  had  been  growing  upon 

than  40  years  without  a  rival.    His  fertility  of  him,  deepened  into  a  kind  of  ^*  continued  mefan- 

m-oduction  approached  almost  to  the  fabulous,  choly  passion,*^  which  Montalvan  savs  was  then 

He  himself  tells  us  that  one  of  his  plays  was  beginning  to  be  called  hypochondria.    He  not 

written  and  acted  in  5  days,  and  his  biographer  only  fiisted  constantly,  but  at  one  time  inflicted 

Montalvan  states  that  ho  composed  at  Toledo  upon  himself  so  cruel  a  penance  that  the  walls 

6  fiilMength  dramas  in  16  days.    In  1608  Lope  of  the  room  were  subsequently  discovered  to 

mentions  the  titles  of  841  pieces  written  by  be  sprinkled  with  blood.    The  severity  of  these 

him;  in  1609  he  gives  the  number  as  483,  in  self-imposed  punishments  is  said  to  have  cost 

1618  as  800,  in  1619  about  900,  and  in  1624  as  him  his  life.    His  ftineral,  which  lasted  for  9 

1,070.    After  his  death  his  executor  reckoned  days,  was  attended  by  an  immense  concourse 

the  number  at  1,800  plays  and  400  autc$;  but  of  P^ple,  and  the  highest  dignitaries  of  the 

of  this  vast  amount  only  516  have  been  pub-  land  officiated  on  the  occasion.    Eulogies  and 

lished.     They  embrace  all  kinds  of  subjects,  poems  were  published  upon  the  event  to  such 

ranging  from   the  deepest  tragedies   to  the  an  extent  that  those  in  Spanish  fiU  a  respect* 

broadest  farces.    Of  these  dramas,  those  called  able  volume,  and  those  in  Italian  mi^e  one  of 

comedioi  de  capa  y  e^pada^  or  dramas  of  the  nearly  the  same  size. — ^There  is  no  complete 

cloak  and  sword,  were  and  still  contmue  to  be  edition  of  Lope^s  works.    The  fullest  is  one 

the  most  popular  in  Spain.    The  best  of  this  published  by  lY.  Oerda  y  Rioo  under  the  title 

class  are  '^  The  Ugly  Beauty,"  "  Money  makes  of  Coleecum  de  las  obras  tfueUoB^  aui  en  proea 

the  Man,"  "The  Pruderies  of  Belisa,"  *^The  etmo  en  rereo,   &e,  (21  vols.  4to.,    Madrid, 

Slave  of  her  Lover,"  "The  Dog  in  the  Man-  1776-'9).    His  biography  was  written  by  Lord 

ger,"  "  The  Madrid  Steel,"  "  St.  John's  Eve,"  Holland  (London,  1817),  but  the  best  account  of 

"Fool  for  Others  and  Wise  for  Herself,"  and  his  life  and  writings  is  in  Tioknor's  "Historj 

"The  Reward  of  Sneaking  Well."     Of  the  of  Spanish  Literature." 

heroic  or  historical  dramas,  one  called  "  Pun-  VEGETABLE  IVORY  TREE.    See  Palm, 

ishment  not  Revenge"  is  founded  upon  the  vol.  xii.  p.  708. 

tragical  story  in  the  history  of  the  dukes  of  VEGETABLE  SILK.    See  Pulu. 

Ferrara  which  Lord  Byron  made  the  subject  VEGETABLES.    See  Plant. 

of  the  poem  of  "Parisina."    Of  the  dramas  VEGETIUS,  Flavius  Rbnatus,  a  Roman 

founded  upon  the  scenes  and  incidents  of  com-  author,  who  flourished  toward  the  close  of 

mon  life,  the  best  are  "The  Wise  Man  at  the  4th  century.    He  wrote  a  treatise  entitled 

Home,"   "The  Damsel  Theodora,"  and  "The  Bei  MilitarU  Inetituta,  or  EpiUme  Rei  Mili- 

Captives  in  Algiers."     His  autoe^  or  plays  torn,  which  was  dedicated  to  the  emperor  Val- 

founded  upon  biblical  or  religious  events,  were  entinian  II. ;  and  from  several  expressions  in 

written  partly  with  a  design  to  conciliate  the  his  writings  it  is  inferred  that  he  was  a  Chris- 

church,  which  did  not  look  any  too  favorably  tian.     His  work  was  taken  from  Cato  the 

upon  the  gross  perversions  of  morality  which  censor  De  Dieeiplina  MilitaH,  from  Come- 

abounded  in  the  secular  dramas;  and  in  his  lius  Celsus,  from  Frontinns,  from  Paternus, 

eclogues,  a  kind  of  drama,  the  pastoral  and  re-  and  from  the  imperial  constitutions  of  Augua- 

ligious  elements  are  singularly  blended.    The  tus,  Tn\)an,  and  Hadrian.    It  is  in  5  books,  of 

reputation  of  Lope  was  fully  as  remarkable  as  which  the  1st  treats  of  the  training  of  sol- 

his  extraordinary  facility  of  production.    Dur-  diers,  the  2d  of  the  organization  of  an  army, 

ing  his  lifetime  his  plays  were  acted  at  Rome,  the  8d  of  military  operations  in  the  field,  the 

Naples,  and  Milan  in  their  ori^nal  language ;  4th  of  sieges  and  defences,  and  the  5th  of 

once  certainly  one  of  them  was  represented  in  naval  warfare.    The  8  earliest  editions  were 

the  seraglio  at  Constantinople;  and  in  Italy  printed  somewhere  between  1478  and  1478; 

and  France  it  was  customary  to  announce  a  the  best  edition  is  that  of  Schwebelius  (4to., 

drama  of  his  to  be  performed,  although  none  Nuremberg,  1767).     There  are  French  and 

had  been  written.    His  popularity  was  due  in  German  versions  of  the  work,  and  an  English 

great  measure  to  the  sweetness  of  his  versifica-  one  by  lieut.  John  Clarke  (8vo.,  London,  1767). 

tion,  &nd  his  making  every  thing  bend  to  the  VEHMIC  COURTS  (Ger.  Vehmfferiehte  or 

idea  of  rendering  the  play  an  object  of  interest.  Femgerichte^  from  Fem^  old  Ger.,  punishment, 

"  When  I  am  going  to  write  a  play,"  he  says  and  Oerieht^  tribunal),  secret  tribunals  which 

candidly,  "I  lock  up  all  precepts  and  cast  flourished  chiefly  in  Westphalia  during  the 

Terence  and  Plautus  out  of  my  study,  lest  they  middle  ages.    Their  origin  is  wrapped  in  ob- 

ahould  cry  out  against  me,  as  truth  is  wont  to  aonri^.    They  are  not  mentioned  by  nnne  be- 


44                        TBHSE  VEINS 

ariUunetic,  snrveying,  men8iiration»  meohaiuos,  umbOical,  the  first  two  circolating  iraporo  or 
natural  philosophy  and  astronomy,  music  and  venous,  and  the  last  two  pure  or  arterial  blood. 
singing,  with  the  elements  of  moral  and  Intel-  As  to  the  special  anatomy  of  the  general  vcnouB 
lectual  science,  and  pedagogy,  in  which  they  circulation,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  say  here  that 
tHeo  obtain  practical  instruction  in  the  adjacent  all  the  veins  from  the  lower  limbs  and  the  pel- 
village  schools.  All  the  training  schools  of  vie  and  abdominal  organs  carry  their  contents 
Switzerland  are  organized  on  Yehrli^s  plan,  into  the  inferior  vena  cava,  and  those  of  the 
and  most  of  them  are  taught  by  his  pupils,  as  head,  upper  limbs,  and  thorax  into  the  superior 
are  many  others  in  Germany,  France,  and  £ng-  vena  cava ;  that  these  two  great  vessels  pour 
land.  It  was  from  his  school  at  Hofwyl  that  their  blood  into  the  right  auricle  of  the  heart, 
Wichem  derived  the  first  idea  of  his  famous  whence  it  enters  the  right  ventricle,  to  be  sent 
Eauhs  Hans  at  Horn,  near  Hamburg.  by  this  through  the  pulmonary  artery  to  the 

VE^E,  Kabl  Eduabd,  a  German  historian^  lungs  for  purification,  returning  arterial  by  the 
bom  in  Freiberg,  Dec.  18, 1802.  He  was  edu-  pulmonary  veins  to  the  left  auride,  and  thence 
cated  at  Leipsio  and  Gdttingen,  and  filled  va-  by  the  left  ventricle  and  aorta  over  the  body.— 
rions  positions  in  the  Dresden  state  archive  The  principal  superficial  vein  of  the  side  of  the 
ofl&oe,  but  resigned  in  order  to  accompany  the  neck  is  the  external  jugular,  in  which  venesec- 
separatist  Stephan  and  his  followers  to  Amer-  tion  is  occasionally  performed ;  it  Is  very  con- 
lea.  Early  in  1839  he  went  to  Missouri,  but  at  spicuous  in  some  persons  during  violent  agita- 
the  end  of  that  year  returned  to  Europe.  In  tion  of  body  or  mind.  The  deep-seated  internal 
1861  he  began  a  series  of  journeys  in  Germany,  jugular,  by  the  side  of  the  carotid  artery,  re- 
France,  and  England,  and  in  1858  took  up  his  ceives  the  blood  from  the  sinuses  of  the  brain ; 
residence  in  Berlin.  His  chief  work  is  the  the  median  basilic  at  the  bend  ofthe  elbow  is  the 
GescKuJite  der  J)eut9chen  Mqfe  sett  der  Beforma-  classical  one  for  venesection,  being  very  acces- 
tion  (Hamburg,  1861),  which  now  comprises  sible  and  of  considerable  size;  the  longest  vein 
more  tiian  40  volumes,  and  is  still  unfinished,  in  the  body  is  the  internal  saphena,  extending 
It  has  already  been  translated  into  Swedish  and  from  below  the  ankle  joint  to  within  about  an 
partly  into  English.  Of  the  other  works  of  inch  of  the  groin ;  the  other  veins  as  to  their 
Vehse  may  be  mentioned  Oesekiehte  Kaiser  course  generally  follow  the  arteries ;  the  heart 
Ott0*9  de$  Qrouen  (Zittau,  1828)  ;  Tafeln  der  has  its  own  system  of  veins,  not  communicat- 
WeU-  und  Culturgesehiehte  (Dresden,  1834) ;  ing  with  the  venss  cav®,  but  opening  directly 
Varletungen  iih&r  Weltgetchiehte  (2  vols.,  Dres-  into  the  right  auricle.  These  systemic  veins, 
den,  1842) ;  and  Shdkipeare  ale  Politiker,  Pey-  as  they  are  called,  correspond  to  the  branches 
ekoUg  und  Diehter  (2  vols.,*  Hamburg,  1861).  of  the  aorta,  and  grow  larger  and  larger  toward 

YEII,  one  of  the  12  cities  of  the  Etruscan  the  heart.  The  portal  veins  collect  the  blood 
confederation,  probably  the  largest  and  most  from  the  small  vessels  of  the  abdominal  viscera 
powerful  of  all,  situated  on  the  Oremera,  a  into  one,  the  vena  porUe,  which  subdivides  like 
small  affluent  of  the  Tiber. '  Its  site  has  lately  an  artery  within  the  liver.  In  the  pulmonary 
been  ascertained  in  the  neighborhood  of  Isola  circulation,  by  a  contradiction  in  terms,  the 
Famese,  about  12  m.  N.  N.  W.  from  Rome,  vessel  called  the  artery  carries  venous  blood, 
where  a  cemetery  and  other  interesting  re-  and  the  veins  arterial  blood. — ^Velns  are  gen- 
mains  have  been  discovered.  Its  territory  erally  thinner,  less  elastic,  and  of  larger  caliber 
seems  to  have  extended  from  the  mouth  of  than  the  corresponding  arteries,  and  are  pro- 
the  Oremera  to  the  Oiminian  forest,  and  from  vided  with  membranous  folds  or  valves  to  pre- 
Mt.  Soraote  to  the  Tyrrhenian  sea.  One  of  vent  a  backward  fiow  of  the  blood.  In  verte- 
the  most  ancient  cities  of  Etruria,  Veil  was  for  brates  generally  they  consist  of  an  external 
centuries  the  great  rival  of  Rome,  succumb-  fibrous  and  areolar  coat,  a  middle  or  muscular, 
ing  to  the  laUer  only  after  very  numerous  and  an  internal  fibrous  lined  with  fenestrated 
wars  and  a  siege,  it  is  said,  of  10  years.  At  the  or  striated  membrane  and  epithelium.  Venous 
time  of  its  fall  (896  B.  0.)  it  surpassed  Rome  in  capillaries  do  not  essentially  differ  from  arte- 
extent  and  splendor.  It  was  captured  and  de-  rial,  consistmg  of  tubes  of  homogeneous  mezn- 
stroyed  by  the  dictator  Oamillus,  who  soon  brane,  with  a  few  oval  nuclei ;  the  veins  of 
after,  Rome  having  in  its  turn  been  taken  and  the  brain  have  no  muscular  coat ;  at  their  juno- 
destroyed  by  the  Gauls  under  Brennus,  by  his  tion  with  the  heart  they  are  more  muscular, 
eloquence  prevented  the  Roman  people  from  thicker,  and  red,  from  a  prolongation  into  their 
removing  to  Veil.  Abandoned  for  4  centuries,  structure  of  the  muscle  of  the  auricle,  and  they 
it  was  repeopled  under  Augustus,  but  not  long  have  also  a  partial  investment  of  the  serous 
after  relapsed  into  decay,  and  eventually  disap-  layer  ofthe  pericardium;  where  the  vena  cava 
])6ared  from  history.  pierces  the  diaphragm  it  has  a  covering  of 

VEIN,  in  geology.    See  Minsbal  Ybin.  fibrous  tissue ;  the  cerebral  veins  or  sinuses  are 

VEINS,  the  name  applied  to  four  systems  of  tubular  excavations  in  the  substance  of  the  dura 

blood  vessels,  differing  m  structure,  course,  and  mater,  lined  with  the  usual  internal  membrane ; 

Amotion,  and  having  in  common  only  the  char-  the  umbilical  vein  is  smooth,  without  valves, 

acter  of  conveying  blood  toward  and  not  from  lined  with  epithelium,  and  composed  of  a  thick 

the  heart.     These  systems  are  the  common  fibrous  mass.    Veins  have  their  nutrient  vcs- 

^Btemio,  the  portal,  the  pulmonary,  and  the  sels,  and  a  very  few  nerves.    The  venous  sys- 


46  VELASQUEZ 

master^s  "  HofiS  befbre  the  Cknmdl  of  Oon-  a  picture  of  the  **  Expnlnon  of  the  Morisoos 
stance^'  for  the  institute,  he  resigned  his  office,  from  Spain,"  which  gained  him  the  appoint- 
and  transferred  his  studio  to  Sachsenhausen  in  ment  of  usher  of  the  chamber,  with  a  salary 
Hesse^Oassel.  Among  his  subsequent  produc-  and  allowance ;  and  in  the  succeeding  year  he 
tions  are  an  '*  Assumption  of  the  Virgin"  for  eigojed  for  several  months  the  society  of  Bn- 
the  Frankfort  cathedral,  and  ^^  The  Marys  at  the  bens,  then  on  a  diplomatic  visit  to  Spain,  with 
Sepulchre,"  '*  The  Parable  of  the  Good  Samari-  whom  he  visited  the  EscuriaL  The  intercourse 
tan,"  and  ^^  The  Egyptian  Darkness,"  for  the  between  the  two  artists  was  however  prodnc- 
king  of  Prussia.  tive  of  no  change  in  the  style  of  Velasquez, 
VELASQUEZ,  Diboo  Rodbiottkz  db  Silva  and  this  may  be  generally  said  of  his  visit  in 
T,  a  Spanish  painter,  bom  in  Seville  in  1699,  1629  to  Italy,  where  he  remained  until  1631. 
died  in  Madrid,  Aug.  9, 1660.  He  was  of  Por-  At  Venice,  Rome,  and  elsewhere,  he  was  re- 
tnguese  origin  on  the  &ther^s  side,  and  while  a  ceived  with  flattering  marks  of  attention,  and 
duld  was  placed  in  the  school  of  the  elder  studied  diligently  the  works  of  Raphael,  Mi- 
Herrera,  a  harsh  and  rough  master,  whose  chel  Angelo,  and  the  great  Italian  masters,  but 
style,  full  of  coarse  power  and  originality,  was  without  losing  a  particle  of  his  individuality, 
not  unlike  his  character.  Disgusted  by  Her-  "  Velasquez,"  says  Mr.  Ford,  **  like  his  friend 
rera^s  brutality,  he  entered  the  school  of  Fran-  Lope  de  Vega,  held  up  the  mirror  to  his  owb 
Cisco  Pacheco,  from  whom  he  learned  little  age  alone;  he  called  up  no  recollections  of  the 
beside  formal  academic  rules  and  the  code  of  past,  borrowed  from  no  other  period  or  coun- 
the  inquisition  for  the  guidance  of  painters,  in  try,  and  none  can  claim  any  thing  back  from 
which  Pacheco  was  thoroughly  informed.  At  him;  all  was  his  own,  original,  national,  and 
the  end  of  6  years  he  married  his  master^s  idiosyncratic ;  and  he  shrunk  from  any  change 
daughter  Juana,  the  father's  consent  being  won  by  which  loss  might  be  risked."  The  two 
by  his  pupiVs  ^*  virtue,  his  purity,  and  his  good  works  which  he  sent  home  from  Rome,  '^  Ja- 
parts,  as  well  as  by  the  hopes  derived  from  his  cob  with  the  Garment  of  Joseph"  and  ^  Apollo 
great  natural  genius."  Velasquez,  whose  style,  at  the  Forge  of  Vulcan,"  exhibit  no  trace  of 
under  the  influence  of  Herrera^s  instructions,  his  studies  in  the  Vatican  or  of  the  influence 
had  assumed  a  decided  naturalistic  character,  of  the  antique,  to  which  he  is  known  to  have 
immediately  entered  upon  a  course  of  self-in-  given  much  attention.  At  Naples  he  lived  in 
atruction,  taking  nature  only  for  his  guide,  and  close  intimacy  with  his  countryman  Spagnoletto. 
following  her  faithfrilly  to  the  end.  His  chief  Returning  to  Spain,  he  was  received  with  re- 
model was  a  peasant  boy,  whom  he  painted  in  newed  expressions  of  favor  by  Philip,  who 
his  native  rags  in  every  variety  of  expression  gave  him  a  painting  room  in  the  palace,  and 
and  attitude ;  and  he  also  acquired  great  facil-  soon  after  sat  to  him  for  a  celebrated  equestrian 
ity  in  the  representation  of  fruit,  fish,  and  portrait,  from  which  was  executed  in  the  first 
other  common  objects  of  still  life,  classed  under  place  a  model  in  wood  by  the  carver  Monta- 
the  generic  name  of  lodegonet.  His  works  of  fiez,  and  subsequently  a  bronze  statue  by  Pedro 
this  period  are  apparently  imitations  of  Oara-  Tacca,  now  in  the  gardena  of  Buen  Retire  in 
▼aggio  and  Spa^oletto,  and  exhibit  great  Madrid.  It  was  for  this  portrdt,  Pacheco  in- 
breadth  and  force  of  truth,  with  no  attempt  at  forms  us,  that  the  king  condescended  on  one 
ideal  or  poetical  expression.  A  well  known  occasion  to  sit  for  8  hours  continuously.  In 
specimen  is  that  called  '^  The  Water  Carrier"  in  1648-*60  he  made  a  second  journey  to  Italy  for 
the  ooUection  at  Apsley  house.  At  28  years  the  purpose  of  collecting  pictures  and  statuary 
of  age  Velasquez  visited  Madrid,  where  he  re-  for  the  king,  and  while  in  Rome  painted  a  fa- 
oeived  a  warm  welcome  from  his  townsman  mous  portrait  of  Innocent  X.,  the  only  real  speci- 
Don  Juan  Fonseca,  through  whose  instrumen-  men  of  his  art  now  in  that  city.  Subsequent  to 
tality  he  was  employed  m  1628  to  paint  the  his  return  to  Madrid  he  produced  some  of  his 
portrait  of  the  count  duke  of  Olivarez,  the  finest  works,  including  the  celebrated  Menin<u 
chief  favorite  of  Philip  IV.  and  the  actual  (maids  of  honor),  which  represents  the  artist 
ruler  of  Spain.  The  king  himself  was  his  next  painting  the  portrait  of  the  infanta  Margarita 
sitter,  and  the  picture,  upon  which  the  artist  surrounded  by  her  attendants.  Luca  Giordano 
had  expended  all  his  power,  was  exhibited  on  called  this  picture  the  '*  theology  of  painting," 
the  steps  of  the  church  of  San  Felipe,  and  view-  meaning  that  it  was  the  noblest  proauction  of 
ed  with  wonder  and  delight  by  the  populace,  the  art;  and  in  respect  to  aerial  and  linear  per- 
Velasquez  was  immediately  appointed  court  spective.localcolor,  and  animal  and  human  life, 
painter,  with  a  regular  salary  in  addition  to  it  is  hela  to  be  almost  unrivalled.  Philip  was 
the  payments  for  his  works,  and  is  said  to  have  so  well  pleased  with  it,  that  immediately  upon 
received  the  exclusive  privilege  of  portraying  its  completion  he  painted  with  his  own  hands 
the  king  on  canvas.  In  1628  he  also  made  a  the  cross  of  Santiago  upon  the  breast  of  the  fig- 
sketch,  since  lost,  of  Oharles  I.  of  England,  who  ure  of  Velasquez.  Honors  gradually  accumu- 
was  then  in  Madrid  on  his  romantic  expedition  lated  upon  the  painter,  who  in  1652  received 
of  wooing  the  infiinta.  A  picture  has  recently  the  much  coveted  court  ulace  of  apotantadtyr 
been  exhibited  in  England  and  the  United  States,  mayor,  the  duties  of  whicn,  however,  required 
which  is  asserted  to  be  identical  with  this,  him  to  be  so  constantly  in  attendance  on  the 
la  1627  he  further  increased  hia  reputation  by  king,  that  many  predoua  hours  were  taken 


48  VELOOITY  VENANGO 

bar  abont  6  feet  long  and  6  inches  wide  sup-  derived  from  the  close  textnre  of  the  under 

Sorted  at  each  end  upon  a  single  wheel,  that  side,  and  also  from  the  thick  nap  of  the  upper, 
esigned  for  the  front  being  arranged  so  as  to  which  opposes  great  resistance  to  external  n^ic- 
tarn  obliquely  to  the  line  of  the  carriage.  The  tion.  It  is  moreover  a  verj  warm  material, 
rider  sat  astride  of  the  bar  and  propelled  the  and  a  suitable  fabric  for  rich  ornamental  fig- 
machine  bj  the  action  of  his  feet  upon  the  nred  work.  Its  peculiar  character  is  derived 
ground.  The  vehicle  never  came  into  general  from  the  insertion  of  short  pieces  of  silk  thread, 
use,  but  has  been  modified  so  as  to  serve  as  a  secured  under  the  shoot,  weft,  or  cross  threads, 
toy  for  children.  It  is  now  made  with  two  their  ends  standing  upright  and  so  closely  to- 
wheels  behind,  over  which  is  a  seat,  and  mo-  gether  as  to  conceal  the  interlacing  of  the 
tion  is  given  by  the  action  of  a  crank  connected  threads  beneath.  They  are  fumbhed  in  an 
with  one  or  both  of  the  wheels  and  worked  by  extra  set  of  threads,  called  pile  threads,  ar- 
hand.  The  carriage  is  ^ided  by  turning  the  ranged  in  the  loom  parallel  to  the  warp 
forward  wheel  in  either  direction.  threads,  and  much  longer  than  these,  which  in 
VELOOITT.  See  Mechanics,  vol.  xi.  p.  321.  the  progress  of  the  weaving  are  passed,  after 
VELPEAU,  Alfbed  Abmand  Loins  Marib,  every  third  throw  of  the  shuttle,  over  a  thin, 
a  French  surgeon,  born  at  Br^he,  department  semi-cylindrical,  straight  brass  wire,  which  is 
of  Indre-et-Loire,  May  18,  1795.  He  was  laid  across  the  whole  fabric  over  the  warp 
brought  up  to  assist  his  fiather,  who  was  a  far-  threads.  The  next  working  of  the  treadle 
rier.  Having  taught  himself^  almost  without  carries  the  pile  threads  down  over  the  brass, 
assistance,  reading,  writing,  and  some  of  the  when  they  are  covered  and  fastened  by  the 
rudiments  of  medicine,  and  acquired  a  consid-  next  throw  of  the  shuttle.  Another  wire  is 
arable  reputation  among  the  peasantry  by  sev-  placed  in  the  same  position  for  the  next  row 
eral  fortunate  cures,  he  was  enabled  by  a  be-  of  loops  across  the  fabric,  and  these  are  pro- 
nevolent  neighbor  to  study  in  the  hospital  of  dnced,  as  already  observed,  with  every  third 
Tours.  By  strict  economy  and  the  proceeds  throw  of  the  shuttle.  Two  wires  only  are 
of  certain  prizes,  he  obtained  money  enough  to  used,  and  these  are  freed  in  turns  by  the  same 
support  himself  in  the  humblest  way  at  raris,  process  which  converts  the  loops  into  a  pile. 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1823.  In  1880  he  Each  of  them  has  a  groove  along  its  upper 
became  surgeon  to  the  hospital  da  la  pitie,  in  surface,  and  on  this  is  run  a  sharp-edged 
1882  a  member  of  the  academy  of  medicine,  knife,  thus  severing  die  loops  and  leaving  two 
in  1885  professor  of  clinical  surgery,  and  in  ends  of  each  one  projecting  above  the  fabric. 
1842  successor  of  Larrey  in  the  institute.  In  These  are  brushed  up  and  dressed  to  produce 
Ang.  1859,'  he  was  made  a  commander  of  the  the  velvety  nap.  If  some  of  the  pUe  threads 
legion  of  honor.  His  clinical  lectures  at  the  are  left  uncut,  the  velvet  is  then  of  the  striped 
Charite  hospital  are  among  the  most  remark-  kind.  Fine  velvets  contain  40  to  60  rows  of 
able  of  his  claims  to  distinction,  and  8  volumes  loops  in  an  inch  length  of  the  fabric,  and  their 
of  his  Legons  orales  have  been  published  by  production  is  therefore  exceedingly  slow  and 
his  pupils  MM.  Jeanselme  and  Pavilion.  He  laborious.  The  process  is  moreover  complicat- 
is  also  the  author  of  numerous  professional  ed  by  the  use  of  two  shuttles,  a  stouter  thread 
works,  the  most  important  of  which  are:  TVaiU  being  used  after  the  wire  than  the  two  which 
de  Vanatomie  ehirurgicaU  (2  vols.,  1825) ;  succeed.  Hence  the  production  of  a  yard  of 
Anatamie  des  regions  (1825-6 ;  revised  and  re-  plain  velvet  is  considered  a  good  day^s  work. 
published  under  the  title  Anatcmie  ehirurgicale  — Various  modifications  have  recently  been  in- 
generaU  et  topographique^  2  vols.  8vo.,  1886) ;  troduced  in  the  manufacture  of  velvet,  among 
Memoire  $ur  les  po$itumB  vieietuet  du  fattu  which  is  that  of  Mr.  Gratrix,  who  produces 
(1880) ;  Heehereh^  iur  la  eeasatum  sjptmtanie  the  pile  by  the  weft,  the  cut  being  then  made 
de9  hemarragies  traumatiques  primitives  et  la  in.  the  direction  of  the  warp.  The  pile  threads 
torsion  des  arises  (1880);  Nouveaux  elements  are  woven  over  a  series  of  fine  longitudinal 
de  medecine  operatoire  (1882),  a  work  of  the  knives,  over  the  points  of  which  the  portions 
highest  authority;  and  Embryologie  ou  ovoUh  of  the  weft  intended  to  form  the  pile  slide  suc- 
gie  humaine  (1888).  cessively  as  the  cloth  is  woven;  and  the  weft 
VELVET  (Lat.  TelluSy  a  fleece),  a  textile  fab-  is  severed  in  passing  over  the  cutting  portion 
no  woven  wholly  of  silk  or  of  silk  and  cotton  of  these  knives,  which  are  fixed.  By  some  of 
mixed,  having  a  loose  pile  or  short  shag  of  the  new  methods  the  velvet  is  cat  and  emboss- 
threads  on  the  surface,  which  give  to  it  a  fine  ed  at  the  same  time. 

soft  nap.  Cotton  stuflTs  manufactured  in  the  VENANGO,  a  N.  W.  co.  of  Pennsylvania, 
same  way  are  commonly  called  velveteens,  drained  by  Uie  Alleghany  river,  French  creek  or 
(See  FusTiAN.J  This  manufacture  appears  to  Venango  river,  and  Teonesta,  Oil,  Sugar,  and 
have  been  introduced  about  the  18th  century,  Sandy  creeks ;  area,  850  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 
and  was  limited  for  a  long  time  to  the  Italian  25,044.  .The  surface  is  very  hOly,  a  large  part 
cities.  It  thence  passed  into  France,  where  it  of  the  county  being  traversed  by  spurs  of  the 
was  greatly  improved,  and  in  1685  was  intro-  Alleghany  mountains.  The  soil  along  the 
dnced  into  England  by  French  reftigees.  Be-  streams  is  fertile.  The  productions  in  1850 
side  its  pleasing  softness,  velvet  possesses  in  a  were  98,189  bushels  of  wheat,  109,042  of  In- 
high  degree  the  valuable  quality  of  durability,  dian  com,  255,146  of  oats,  819,8T0  lbs.  of  but- 


60  VENDOICE  VENEDEY 

the  oonspiraoj  of  Chalais  against  Richelieu  through  the  Tyrol,  he  returned  to  Piedmont, 
(1626),  was  incarcerated  atVincennes  and  Am*  worsted  the  duke  of  Savoy,  who  had  played 
boise^  and  after  4  years'  confinement  released  on  false  to  France,  took  several  of  his  strongholds, 
condition  of  giving  up  his  governorship  and  and  defeated  Prince  Eugene  at  Oassano  (1706), 
living  abroad.  At  the  end  of  a  few  years  he  and  the  imperialists  in  their  winter  quarters  at 
was  allowed  to  return  to  France,  but  kept  Oalcinato  (1706).  After  the  battle  of  Ramil- 
under  strict  watch  by  the  cardinal,  who  was  lies  he  was  called  to  Flanders,  to  command  the 
anjcious  to  ruin  him.  In  1641  he  was  charged  French  army  under  the  grandson  of  the  king, 
with  an  attempt  to  poison  Richelieu,  escaped  the  duke  of  Burgundy ;  hampered  in  his  move- 
to  England,  and  was  sentenced  to  death  by  de-  ments  by  those  who  surrounded  the  young 
fault.  After  the  demise  of  Richelieu  he  return-  prince,  he  could  not  prevent  the  junction  of 
ed  home  and  had  the  sentence  reversed.  He  Karlborough  and  Eugene,  failed  to  effect  a  June- 
was  treated  with  great  favor  by  Anne  of  Aus-  tion  with  Berwick,  and  was  defeated  at  Oude- 
tria  on  her  accession  to  the  regency ;  but  he  narde  (1708).  Disgusted  with  the  treatment 
nevertheless  took  an  active  part  in  the  Fronde,  he  received,  and  feeling  that  he  had  lost  the 
and  was  disgraced.  Having  made  his  peace  confidence  of  the  kin^p  and  was  hated  by  Mme. 
with  the  government  in  1660,  he  was  appointed  de  Maintenbn,  he  retired  from  active  service  to 
governor  of  Burgundy  and  general  superinten-  his  country  seat  of  Anet.  He  did  not  long  en- 
dent  of  navigation.  In  1663  he  took  Bordeaux  joy  the  pleasure  of  idleness,  for  Philip  V.  of 
from  the  Frondeurs,  and  in  1666,  in  the  oapa-  Spain,  deserted  by  his  grandfather,  who  was 
city  of  grand  admiral  of  France,  defeated  the  now  scarcely  able  to  defend  himself,  asked  as  a 
Spanish  fleet  off  Barcelona.  He  left  two  sons,  last  favor  that  yend6me  should  be  sent  to  his 
Louis  and  Francois,  the  latter  of  whom  was  assistance.  The  old  warrior  repaired  at  once 
the  celebrated  duke  of  Beaufort.  (See  Bbau-  to  Yalladolid,  gathered  around  him  crowds  of 
FOBT,  FalNgois  db  Yesd6us.)  II.  Louis,  duke  yolunteers,  inspired  the  Spaniards  with  new 
de,  known  as  the  duke  de  Mercosur  during  his  confidence  in  their  fortune,  and  brought  Philip 
father ^s  life,  born  in  1612,  died  in  1699.  He  back  to  his  capital;  then  following  up  his  sue- 
served  abroad,  returned  to  France  after  Riche-  cess,  he  defeated  and  captured  at  Bnhnega  an 
lien's  death,  and  became  in  1649  viceroy  and  English  corps  under  Stanhope,  and  finally  won 
commander  of  the  French  troops  in  Catalonia,  at  Yillaviciosa,  Dec.  9, 1710,  a  decisive  victory 
He  married  in  1662  Laura  Mancini,  a  niece  of  over  the  imperialistgeneralStahremberg,  which 
Cardinal  Mazarin,  was  appointed  governor  of  firmly  established  Philip  on  his  throne.  He 
Provence,  and  placed  in  1666  at  the  head  of  was  completing  the  conquest  of  Catalonia, 
the  French  army  in  Lombardy.  On  his  wife's  when  he  died  suddenly.  His  death  was  con- 
death  he  became  a  priest,  was  promoted  to  a  sidered  a  national  calamity ;  and  by  Phili[>*a 
oardinalship,  and  held  the  office  of  papal  legate  orders  his  remains  were  deposited  in  the  royal 
in   France.     lU.  Louis  Joseph,  duke  de,  a  vaults  of  the  Escurial. 

French  general,  son  of  the  preceding,  bom  in  VENEDET,  Jakob,  a  German  writer  and 
Provence  in  1664,  died  at  Tinaroz,  Catalonia,  political  reformer,  born  in  Cologne,  May  24, 
June  11, 1712.  He  was  first  known  as  the  duke  1806.  He  was  educated  at  Bonn  and  Heidel- 
de  Penthi^vre,  entered  the  army  in  1672,  dis-  berg,  and  occupied  himself  for  some  years  in 
tinguished  himself  in  Alsace  under  Tureune  the  practice  of  law  and  in  trade.  A  work  from 
and  in  Flanders  under  Crdgin,  was  appointed  his  pen  on  juries,  Ueber  das  OeKhiMrenenge- 
m^jor-general  in  1678,  and  succeeded  his  father  richt  (Cologne,  1882),  and  his  known  affiliation 
as  governor  of  Provence  in  1681.  He  was  with  secret  societies,  led  the  Prussian  authori- 
maoe  lieutenant-general  in  1688,  assisted  in  the  ties  to  determine  to  arrest  hun  at  Mannheim  in 
sieges  of  Mons  and  Namur,  and  won  great  rep-  1882 ;  but  he  managed  to  escape  into  France, 
utation  at  the  battles  of  Steinkerk,  Aug.  8,  at  first  to  Strasbourg  and  afterward  to  Paris. 
1692,  under  Luxembourg,  and  Marsaglia,  Oct.  He  was  for  a  time  much  harassed  by  the  police ; 
4,  1698,  under  Catinat.  In  1696  he  became  but  receiving  the  protection  of  Arago,  Mignet, 
"  general  of  galleys^'  and  chief  commander  of  and  other  members  of  the  institute,  he  contin- 
the  French  army  in  Catalonia,  and  besieged  ued  in  Paris  untU  1848,  when  he  returned  to 
Barcelona,  which  was  defended  by  the  prince  Germany.  He  was  a  member  of  the  prepara- 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  defeated  the  Spanish  array  tory  parliament  at  Frankfort,  of  the  commission 
which  attempted  to  relieve  the  city,  and  forced  of  seventeen,  and  finally  of  the  German  national 
it  to  surrender,  Aug.  10, 1697.  This  success  con-  assembly,  and  in  each  occupied  the  position  of 
tributed  to  bring  about  the  peace  of  Ryswick.  a  moderate  partisan  of  democracy.  He  ro- 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  of  the  Spanish  tained  his  seat  in  the  national  assembly  during 
succession,  he  was,  after  the  capture  of  Marshal  its  last  sittings  at  Stuttgart.  He  was  ex- 
ViUeroy  in  Cremona,  placed  in  command  of  pelled  from  Berlin  and  afterward  from  Brea- 
the French  army  in  Italy,  and  stopped  the  prog-  lau  on  the  failure  of  the  revolution,  and  after 
ressof  Prince  Eugene;  but  he  was  overtaken  by  residing  for  two  years  at  Bonn  removed  into 
his  opponent  at  Luzzara,  Aug.  1702,  and  saved  Switzerland,  where  he  now  (1862)  occupies  the 
himseff  from  a  disastrous  defeat  only  by  remark-  chair  of  history  in  the  university  of  Zurich, 
ably  skilful  generalship  and  personal  intrepidity.  He  has  published  many  works,  principally  of  a 
Aft;er  a  fruitless  attempt  to  reach  Germany  historical  character. 


52 


VENETIA 


VENEZUELA 


the  inner  layers,  while  the  onter  msj  be  of 
rosewood  or  other  highly  ornamental  wood, 
llie  tops  of  tables  thus  made  are  not  liable  to 
warp,  and  the  method  has  been  snccessfolly 
applied  to  the  construction  of  tables  for  sewing 
machines.  Dished  or  spheroidal  pressed  work 
may  be  made  in  any  desired  carves  by  cutting 
the  yeneers  into  strips  of  varying  width  ao- 
ooi;ding  to  the  part  of  the  mould  into  which 
they  are  to  be  pressed. — Ornamental  surface 
in  relief  has  been  given  to  veneers  by  pressing 
tiiem  between  two  moulds  or  dies,  ana  filling 
the  concavities  on  the  hollow  side  with  mastio 
or  some  plastic  substance.  Before  pressing 
them,  the  surface  to  be  in  relief  is  smoothed 
and  polished,  and  paper  is  pasted  over  the 
other.  The  dampness  of  the  paste  &vors  the 
adjustment  of  the  wood  to  the  irregularities  of 
the  die,  from  which  the  veneer  is  not  removed 
ontil  flJl  moisture  has  disappeared. 

VEKETIA,  in  ancient  geography,  a  district 
of  Gisalpine  Gaul,  and  after  the  division  by  Au- 
gustus a  separate  region  of  Italy,  bounded  by 
the  Oamic  Alps,  the  Timavus  (now  Timavo), 
the  Adriatic,  and  the  Athesis  (Adige).  It  was 
a  fertile  territory,  the  principal  productions  of 
which  were  wool,  sweet  wine,  and  race  horses. 
The  inhabitants,  the  Yeneti  or  Heneti,  were 
reputed  to  be  descendants  of  the  Paphlagonian 
Heneti,  brought  to  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic  by 
Antenor,  a  Trojan  hero,  the  legendary  founder 
of  Patavium  (Padoa).  Others  supposed  them 
to  be  kindrea  to  the  Celtic  Yeneti  in  Gallia 
Lugdunensis ;  but  they  not  only  spoke  a  differ- 
ent language  from  that  of  the  Celts,  but  also 
lived  in  continual  hostility  to  the  GaUic  tribes 
in  their  neighborhood.  According  to  Herodotus, 
they  inhabited  Illyrio.  Modern  critics  are  in- 
clined to  regard  them  as  Slavi,  of  the  same 
branch  as  the  Yends  or  Yindes  in  the  neigh- 
boring niyrian  provinces  of  Austria.  They 
early  entered  into  an  alliance  with  Rome,  and 
subsequently  became  her  subjects  without  re- 
sistance. Under  the  early  emperors  they  en- 
Joyed  great  prosperity,  but  during  the  8d,  4th, 
and  5th  centuries  their  territory  was  frequently 
devastated  by  the  invading  barbarians.  The 
invasion  of  the  Huns,  under  Attila,  drove  many 
of  them  to  the  islands  and  lagoons  of  the  Adri- 
atic, where  they  became  the  founders  of  Yen- 
ice.    (For  modem  Yenetia,  see  Yknioe.) 

VEInEZI  ANO.  I.  Antonio,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  in  Yenice  about  1309,  died  in  Florence  in 
1884.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Angdo  Gaddi,  and 
enjoyed  a  distinguished  reputation  throughout 
Italy,  in  the  chief  cities  of  which  he  painted. 
Among  his  most  remarkable  works  were  his 
frescoes  in  the  Oampo  Santo  at  Pisa,  the  best, 
according  to  Yasari,  executed  there.  Late  in 
life  he  became  a  physician,  and  died  through 
devotion  to  his  professional  duties  while  the 
plague  was  racing  in  Florence.  II.  Domenioo, 
an  Italian  painter,  bom  in  Yenice  in  1406, 
killed  in  Florence  in  1462.  He  was  instracted 
In  oil  painting  by  Antonello  of  Messina,  and 
was  one  of  me  first  to  practise  that  branch 


of  the  art  in  Itlftly.    Having  acquired  consider- 
able reputation  in  Peragia  and  elsewhere,  be 
was  invited  in  coig  unction  with  Andrea  Casta- 
gno  to  paint  a  chapel  in  the  churdi  of  8ta. 
Maria  Novella  in  Florence.   The  latter  painter, 
inflamed  with  Jealousy  at  the  superior  effects 
produced  by  Domenico's  method,  and  by  the 
admiration  which  his  works  excited,  succeeded 
in  acquiring  from  him  his  secret,  and  tiien  as- 
sassinated him.    Domenico  was  buried  in  the 
church  which  had  been  the  scene  of  his  last 
labors,  but  the  works  executed  by  him  there 
have  long  since  perished.    III.  Agostino  (De 
Musis  or  Mnzi),  an  Italian  engraver,  bom  in 
Yenice  probably  in  the  latter  part  of  the  16th 
century,  died  subsequent  to  1686.    He  was  a 
pupil  of  Marc*  Antonio  Raimondi,  whom  be  aid- 
ed in  many  of  his  plates  from  BaphaeVs  designs, 
and  whose  style  he  followed.    Subsequent  to 
the  death  of  Raphael  he  worked  alone,  prodn- 
cingmany  admirable  portraits,  beside  prints  af- 
ter Raphael,  Giulio  Romano,  and  other  masters. 
His  *^  Skeletons,  or  Burying  Place,"  after  a  de- 
sign by  the  sculptor  Bandlnelli,  is  considered 
his  masterpiece.    He  also  made  spirited  copies 
on  copper  of  several  of  Albert  DGr^r's  wood- 
cuts.   He  is  said  by  Strutt  to  have  been  the 
first  engraver  who  practised  stippling. 

YENEZUELA  (It.  diminutive  of  Venaia),  a 
republic  of  South  America,  occupying  the  N. 
E.  portion  of  the  continent,  extending  from  lat 
1**  12'  to  12**  26'  N.  and  from  long.  59**  45'  to 
78°  ir  W.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  the  Caribbean 
sea.  E.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  British  Guiana, 
ana  Brazil,  S.  by  Brazil,  and  W.  and  S.  W.  bj 
New  Granada.  Its  area  is  426,712  sq.  m.  It 
is  divided  into  the  following  21  provinces: 


PrOTtneea. 


Apnie 

Baroelona . . . . 
^Matnrin..... 

Tsrinas 

*Portugues» ., 
Barqolaimeto. 

*Ta,ncnj 

Carabobo 

•Cojedes 

Caracas 

^Oaarfco 

^Aragna 

Coro 

Cnmana 

Oua  jana 

'Amazonas. . . 
Maraeajbo . . . 
Margarite.... 

Merida 

^Tacbira 

TniJiUa. 


f 


f 


::f 


} 


Pop.  In  1854. 


1M79 
68,168 

109,497 

112.7S5 

0e,967 

S4S,68S 

40,476 
60,671 

66,471 

49,8S2 
18,806 

62,116 

44,788 


Capitals. 


Aehagnas. 
Barcelona. 


Varlnas 

Barqniaimeto 
Yalonola 


Caracas. 


Total I     9A403 


Coro 

Cumaoa 

aadad  Bolivar  I 
or  Angostura.  ) 

Maracaybo 

Asuncion 

Merida 

Tn^ino 


Pfp, 


15.000 

4,000 

12,000 

16,000 

eo,ooo 

4.000 
12,000 

6,000 

14.000 
8,500 

6^000 

4,W0 


According  to  the  latest  enumeration,  the  total 
population  is  1,664,438.  The  principal  towns 
are  Oaracas,  the  capital,  on  the  Guaire,  an  afflu- 
ent of  the  Chico ;  Valencia,  near  the  lake  of  tlie 
same  name;  Barcelona,  on  the  coast  of  the 
Caribbean  sea;  Maracaybo,  on  the  lake  of  the 
same  name;  Cumana,  near  the  gulf  of  Cariaco. 
Barquisimeto,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Portugiiesa 

*  Formed  since  1854  by  the  subdlTiaioa  of  the  proriiMcs 
to  which  tbej  are  Joined  m  the  table. 


64  VENEZUELA 

the  Oarapo  mountains ;  while  below  the  6th  period,  *however,  about  midsummer,  in  which 
parallel  a  confused  mass,  known  as  the  Maigua-  no  rain  falls  for  about  80  dajs ;  this  is  called 
lida,  Maravaco,  and  TJnturan  ranges^  fill  up  the  the  little  summer  of  St.  John.    Dming  the  dry 
whole  region.   The  peaks  of  this  region  are  less  season  the  wind  is  generally  from  the  N.  £.— 
elevated  than  those  of  the  Andes,  Maravaco,  Venezuela  is  rich  in  minerals,  though,  owing 
the  loftiest,  attaining  an  altitude  of  only  10,500  to  the  influence  of  the  climate  and  the  unsettled 
feet,  while  no  other  much  exceeds  8,000,  and  condition  of  the  country,  they  have  not  been  so 
the  table  lands  are  from  8,000  to  4,000  feet  largely  brought  into  market  as  in  some  of  the 
high. — The  face  of  the  country  presents  mainly  other  South  American  states.    At  the  first  dis- 
but  two  aspects:   the  extensive  table  lands,  covery  of  the  country  it  yielded  great  quantities 
which  according  to  their  elevation  are  named  of  gold ;  but  the  surface  diggings  af^r  a  time 
Uanotj  paramos,  mesas,  and  punos,  dotted  here  were  exhausted,  and  now  but  little  gold  is  mined. 
and  there  with  peaks  of  considerable  elevation ;  The  mines  of  Los  Tcques,  Apa,  and  Carapa 
and  the  low,  flat,  marshy  lands  of  the  coast  and  have  been  abandoned  for  200  years.    Silver 
river  and  lake  basins,  overflowed  during  a  part  of  was  also  abundant  in  the  early  history  of  the 
the  year,  but  some  of  them,  especially  in  the  in-  country ;  the  silver  mine  of  Guanita  was  once 
terior,  abundantly  fertile  during  the  remainder,  famous,  and  in  the  present  century  there  have 
The  Andes  in  the  N.W.,  like  most  of  that  chain,  been  found  rich  silver  ores  in  the  mountains 
are  granitic,  and  wherb  they  subside  in  the  N.  of  Merida  and  at  Carupano,  but  they  have  not 
into  the  coast  range,  metamorphic.    Along  the  been  worked  to  any  great  extent.    The  copper 
coast  near  Ooro,  and  westward  to  the  gulf,  the  mines  of  Aroa,  70  m.  S.  W.  from  Puerto  Cahello, 
aur&ce  rocks  are  of  the  carboniferous  era,  and  are  very  productive,  and  the  ore  yields  a  large 
coal  of  good  quality,  asphaltum,  and  petroleum  percentage  of  pure  metal.    The  tin  mines  of 
are  to  be  obtained  in  abundance.    The  basin  Barquisimeto,  once  the  property  of  the  Spanish 
of  the  Orinoco  and  its  principal  affluent,  the  crown,  and  a  source  of  great  revenue,  have 
Apure,  are  entirely  secondary,  and  the  mesas  been  abandoned.    Good  iron  and  lead  ores  are 
are  mainly  underlaid  with  calcareous  rock.  The  found.    Coal  is  abundant  and  of  good  quality 
mountains  of  the  S.  E.  exhibit  the  rounded  at  several  points  on  and  near  the  coast,  par- 
forms  of  the  tertiary  strata.    The  delta  of  the  ticularly  in  Goro.    On  the  Barcelona  river,  9 
Orinoco  is  wholly  of  alluvial  and  diluvial  for-  m.  from  the  city  of  Barcelona,  are  mines  of 
mation. — The  soil  of  Venezuela  is  for  the  most  cannel  coal,  said  to  be  equal  to  the  best  Eng- 

Sart  fertile.  The  mesas  are  too  arid  to  be  pro-  lish.  Salt  is  produced  in  large  quantities  from 
uctive,  and  some  portions  of  the  coast  are  the  salt  mines  of  the  peninsula  of  Araya  and 
sandy  and  sterile.  The  llanos,  in  the  dry  sea-  the  salines  of  Paraguana  and  the  gulf  of  Mara- 
8on,  present  the  appearance  of  a  desert,  but  caybo.  Sesquicarbonate  of  soda,  the  trona  of 
the  first  fall  of  the  tropical  rains  changes  them  commerce,  is  yielded  abundantly  by  a  small  h- 
into  verdant  plains.  Many  of  them  are  for  a  goon  at  Lagunillas  in  Merida.  Asphaltum  and 
part  of  the  rainy  season  overflowed,  and  form  petroleum  are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake 
temporary  lakes.  The  portions  too  high  to  be  Maracaybo.  There  are  also  numerous  mineral 
thus  submerged  yield  a  rich  pasture  for  vast  and  thermal  springs,  some  of  them  of  a  tempera- 
herds  of  cattle  and  horses.  The  mountainous  ture  of  212''  P.«— The  climate  and  soil  are  well 
district  of  the  S.  E.  is  well  adapted  to  grain,  suited  to  the  growth  of  a  most  luxuriant  vege- 
It  is  divided  into  3  climatic  regions.  The  low-  tation.  The  region  below  the  level  of  3,000  feet 
lands,  those  which  do  not  rise  more  than  2,000  is  the  country  of  palms,  and  nowhere  on  the 
feet  above  the  sea  level,  are  called  tierras  call-  American  continent  do  they  attain  a  more  co- 
dasj  or  hot  regions ;  these  comprise  the  greater  lossal  size,  or  yield  more  desirable  products. 
part  of  the  inhabited  portion  of  the  country,  The  Indian  sago  palm  flourishes  on  the  low- 
and  have  a  uniform  temperature,  ranging  from  lands ;  the  chiquichiqui  furnishes  the  material 
W*  to  90*^  F.,  the  average  of  the  year  being  for  cordage  from  its  fibrous  tufts;  the  yagua 
82''.  The  dry  season  is  comparatively  healthy,  provides  an  abundant  oil ;  the  chaguarama 
and  epidemic  diseases  are  rare.  The  rainy  sea-  yields  material  for  thatch  and  excellent  laths: 
son  is  unhealthy,  especially  to  strangers.  The  the  royal  palm  attains  its  vast  size  even  in  the 
lands  between  2,000  and  7,000  feet  high  are  temperate  region,  where  are  found  also  the 
called  tierras  templadas,  or  temperate  regions,  wax  palm  and  one  or  two  other  species.  The 
and  have  a  uniform  temperature  of  70°  to  SO'*  cocoa  palm  is  very  abundant,  and  considerable 
F.,  the  annud  average  being  71^.  This  region,  quantities  of  its  oil  are  exported.  The  varie- 
except  where  inundated,  is  usually  healthy,  ties  of  the  cactus  are  almost  innumerable,  and 
The  punos  or  lofty  table  lands  constitute  the  often  of  great  beauty.  The  sensitive  plant  and 
tierras  frias,  or  cold  regions,  and  are  mostly  the  pineapple  also  abound ;  and  among  the 
uninhabited.  The  average  annual  temperature  fruit-bearing  trees  are  the  pah  de  taca  or  cow 
is  49°  F.  The  dry  season  or  smnmer  com-  tree,  the  tamarind,  and  the  various  species  of 
mences  when  the  sun  enters  the  southern  hemi-  anana  and  laurus.  Of  the  forest  trees,  the 
sphere,  and  the  rainy  on  his  return  to  the  colossal  hauhinia,  the  homhax  eeiba  or  silk- 
northern.  During  the  latter  period  the  winds  cotton  tree,  the  mahogany,  eurare,  satinwood, 
are  south-easterly,  and  the  ram  falls  daily  and  rosewood,  black  and  white  ebony,  the  various 
with  tropical  violence  for  months.    There  is  a  oaoutchouo-yielding  trees,  the  copaiba,  a  spe- 


66                     VENEZUELA  ,  VENICE 

has  been  put  under  oontract  from  Paerto  Ca-  pncci  in  1499.  On  entering  Lake  Maracaybo, 
bello  to  San  Felipe,  a  distance  of  50  m.  An  they  foand  an  Indian  village  conBtmcted  on 
American  companj  with  exclofiive  privileges  has  piles  over  the  water  (a  common  occnrreDce  in 
a  number  of  steamboats  plying  on  the  Orinoco,  those  portions  of  the  country  liable  to  inunda- 
There  are  also  steamboats  running  on  the  lake  tion),  and  thence  called  it  Venezuela  (little 
of  Valencia,  and  a  line  along  the  coast  from  Venice),  from  its  fancied  resemblance  in  fiitna- 
La  Guajra  to  Maracaybo,  touching  at  interme-  tion  to  Venice.  This  name,  originally  applied 
diate  points. — Caracas  has  a  university,  and  only  to  the  region  near  the  lake,  was  eventa- 
there  are  18  provincial  colleges,  to  which  the  ally  extended  to  the  whole  country.  The  Span- 
government  allows  an  annual  subsidy  of  about  ish  conquerors  at  first  gave  it  .the  name  of 
$10,000.  A  military  school  has  also  been  re-  Tierra  Firme,  and  included  under  this  name 
cently  establiBhed  at  Caracas.  The  religion  of  New  Granada  and  Ecuador  also ;  at  the  present 
the  republic  is  Roman  Catholic,  but  other  reli-  day  only  the  E.  coast  of  Venezuela  is  known  as 
gions  are  tolerated.  The  clergy  are  strictly  Tierra  Firme.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
subordinate  to  the  civil  power  in  Venezuela ;  in  1520,  at  Cumana.  Coro  was  founded  in 
the  government  exercises  the  patronage  of  the  1527.  About  1540  indications  of  gold  were 
church,  and  the  papal  sanction,  when  required,  discovered  at  several  points  along  the  coast 
is  transmitted  through  it.  The  archiepiscopal  range,  and  in  1545  Tocuyo  was  founded,  Bar- 
see  is  at  Caracas,  and  there  are  two  bishoprics,  quisimeto  in  1552,  Valencia  in  1555,  and  Cars- 
one  at  Merida  and  the  other  at  Angostura.  The  cas  in  1567.  The  demand  for  cacao,  which 
government  is  a  republican  democracy.  Its  was  largely  produced  in  the  Dutch  settlement 
constitution  was  adopted  in  1630,  when  it  be-  at  Cura^oa,  led  to  the  formation  in  1778  of  the 
came  an  independent  republic.  The  president,  Guipuscoa  company  in  Spain,  which  sent  out 
vice-president,  ministers,  governors  of  prov-  emigrants  to  cultivate  cacao  and  indigo.  Ibis 
inces,  senators,  representatives,  and  deputies  company  was  dissolved  in  1778.  When  Xapo- 
to  the  provincial  assemblies  are  elected  for  a  leon  made  his  brother  Joseph  king  of  Spain, 
term  of  4  years,  by  the  cantonal  electors.  The  Venezuela  was  in  1810  the  first  of  the  Spanish 
cantonal  electors  are  themselves  elected  by  colonies  to  declare  for  the  ancient  dynasty ;  but 
the  parish  assemblies,  composed  of  the  voters  becoming  dissatisfied  with  the  regency,  it  pro- 
of each  parish,  for  a  term  of  2  years.  Foreign-  claimed  its  independence  in  1811.  In  1812,  by 
ers  of  whatever  nation  are  admitted  into  Ven-  the  treaty  of  Victoria,  it  returned  to  the  sway 
ezuela,  and  are  subject  to  the  same  laws  and  of  Spain ;  but  in  1818  it  again  revolted  under 
e^joy  the  same  privileges  as  native  citizens.  Gen.  Bolivar,  and  after  a  protracted  conflict, 
The  legislative  department  comprises  a  senate  with  varying  success,  the  republic  of  Colom- 
of  2  members  from  each  province,  and  a  house  bia,  embracing  New  Granada,  Venezuela,  and 
of  deputies  consisting  of  one  member  for  each  Ecuador,  was  declared  independent  in  1819. 
canton  of  25,000  inhabitants.  The  judicial  The  contest  with  Spain  did  not  entirely  cease  till 
power  is  confided  to  the  supreme  court,  8  su-  1828,  though  the  Spanish  force  had  been  for 
perior  courts,  and  the  courts  of  first  instance,  some  time  confined  to  a  small  territory.  In 
of  which  there  is  one  to  each  canton.  Themu-  1821  a  congress  was  called,  and  a  constitution 
nicipal  government  is  conducted  by  the  council  adopted  for  the  new  republic.  In  1881  the  3 
of  each  canton.  The  other  provisions  of  the  states  separated  amicably,  and  a  new  constita- 
constitution  are  generally  similar  to  those  of  the  tion  was  adopted  by  Venezuela.  For  nearly 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  The  revenue  20  years  the  presidency  was  held  successively 
from  all  sources  in  1852-'8  was  $2,705,055,  the  by  Gens.  Paez  and  Soublette  and  Dr.  Vargas. 
expenditures  $8,248,081,  showing  a  deficit  of  In  1848  Gen.  Jos6  Tadeo  Monagas,  who  bad 
$5,542,976  for  that  year.  The  national  debt  been  elected  president,  assumed  dictatorial 
in  July,  1849,  was  $22,865,620,  and  it  has  since  powers,  and  ruled  the  country  for  11  years. 
been  considerably  augmented.  The  active  force  He  was  overthrown  by  a  revolution  in  1859, 
of  the  army  is  stated  at  10,000  men.  In  1850  but  the  country  still  remains  in  a  very  unset- 
there  were  19  generals,  28  colonels,  and  over  tied  condition.  (See  Paez.) 
60  officers  ranking  above  the  grade  of  captain.  VENICE,  a  government  of  Austrian  Italy, 
There  is  also  an  organization  of  national  militia,  generally  known  under  the  name  of  Venetia, 
The  navy  consists  of  2  steamships  and  4  war  bounded  N.  W.,  N.,  and  N.  £.  by  the  Tyrol 
schooners.  Great  exertions  have  been  made  and  Carinthia,  £.  and  S.  £.  by  Goritz  and 
within  a  few  years  past  to  attract  emigrants  to  Gradisca  and  the  Adriatic,  S.  by  the  Po,  sepa- 
Venezuela;  they  are  provided  with  the  neces-  rating  it  from  Ferrara,  and  W.  by  Lombardy; 
sary  lodgings  and  assistance  at  the  seaports,  area,  9,216  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1857, 2,166,477.  It 
and  a  fanega  (500  square  fathoms)  of  land  is  is  divided  into  the  8  delegations  or  provinces 
given  to  each  one  who  labors  in  the  country ;  of  Belluno,  Padua,  Polesina,  Treviso,  Udine, 
they  receive  naturalization  papers  on  their  ar-  Venice,  Verona,  and  Vicenza.  It  has  a  moun- 
rival,  and  are  protected  in  the  contracts  they  tainous  surface  in  the  K.,  broken  by  ramifica- 
make  with  fanners  or  landed  proprietors. — ^The  tions  of  the  Alps.  Elsewhere  there  are  Urge 
island  of  Margarita  and  the  K  part  of  the  coast  fertile  plains,  and  in  the  S.  £.  lagoons  and 
of  Venezuela  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  marshes.  The  Po,  Adige,  Bacchiglione,  Bren- 
1498,  and  the  whole  coast  by  OJeda  and  Ves-  ta,  Piave,  livenza,  and  Tagliamento  are  the 


68  VEOTOE 

of  San  GioTanni  e  Paolo,  in  which  are  bnried  and  forming  nearly  the  whole  N.  side  of  the 
a  large  number  of  the  illustrious  dead  of  the  Piazza,  is  the  old  Procuratie  Vecchie,  conTert- 
republic.  Among  the  paintings  with  which  it  ed  into  a  palace  by  Eugene  BeauharnaU,  and 
is  adorned  is  the  celebrated  *^  Peter  Martyr"  of  continued  along  the  W.  side  of  the  Piazza. 
Titian.  Of  the  other  churches,  the  most  noted  The  Palazzo  Grimani,  one  of  the  finest  of  the 
are  La  Madonna  deirOrto.  a  Gothic  edifice,  built  more  modern  palaces,  is  now  used  as  a  p(st 
about  1350 ;  San  Pietro  di  Oastello,  the  cathe-  office.  The  Palazzo  Yendramin  Calergi,  bnilt 
dral  of  Venice  from  the  earliest  times  until  1817;  in  1488,  was  reckoned  in  the  16th  century  the 
San  Zaccaria,  built  in  the  renaissance  style  finest  palace  in  Venice.  The  Palazzo  Manfrioi 
about  1460,  but  not  finished  until  about  a  cen-  is  a  modern  building,  and  contains  one  of  the 
tury  later ;  Santa  Maria  de'  Miracoli,  built  to-  best  collections  of  paintings  in  Venice.  The 
ward  the  close  of  the  16th  century ;  San  Fran-  past  greatness  of  the  republic  is  most  conspico- 
cesco  della  Vigna,  a  magnificent  building,  be-  ously  shown  in  the  arsenal,  which  is  a  large 
gun  in  1664,  but  still  unfinished ;  II  Santissimo  building  situated  on  an  island  near  the  £.  end 
Kedentore,  situated  on  the  island  of  Gindecca,  of  the  city.  It  is  surrounded  by  ramparts 
begun  by  Palladio  in  1678,  and  considered  by  nearly  2  m.  in  circuit,  and  contains  4  ba.«iri» 
architects  to  be  the  finest  of  his  structures ;  or  wet  docks,  as  well  as  seyeral  dry  dock$ 
Santa  Maria  della  Salute,  decorated  with  many  and  slips.  Near  the  principal  entrance  are 
works  of  art  by  Titian,  Salviati,  Tintoretto,  and  the  4  marble  lions  brought  from  Greece  in 
others;  and  the  church  of  the  Jesuits,  built  by  1685,  one  of  which,  of  very  ancient  workman- 
Rossi  in  1728,  containing  the  ashes  of  Manini,  ship,  stood  at  the  entrance  of  the  Pineus. 
the  last  doge  of  Venice,  with  the  simple  in-  The  arsenal  atone  time  employed  16,000  work- 
scription:  jEtemitati  ma  Manini  eineres.  One  men,  but  in  the  18th  century  their  number 
of  the  most  imposing  public  buildings  is  the  was  reduced  to  8,000,  and  subsequently  a  ^tiU 
ducal  palace,  which  was  first  built  in  820,  and  smaller  force  was  employed.  At  the  close  of 
has  since  that  time  been  once  demolished  by  a  the  last  century  the  revolutionists  destroyed 
mob,  and  twice  totally  and  8  times  partially  many  of  the  curious  articles  in  the  model  room 
destroyed  by  fire.  It  stands  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  arsenal,  and  among  other  things  the 
of  the  Piazzetta,  and  is  built  in  the  form  of  an  Bucentoro,  the  vessel  in  which  the  doge  anna- 
irregular  square  in  the  Gothic  style,  but  in  ally  espoused  the  sea.  The  ceremony,  whicb 
many  of  the  repairs  and  alterations  the  later  was  intended  to  assert  the  dominion  of  the  re- 
Italian  style  is  introduced.  Among  the  more  public  over  the  Adriatic,  was  celebrated  each 
modem  additions  is  the  beautiful  entrance  call-  year  on  the  feast  of  the  Ascension,  and  maybe 
ed  porta  della  earta^  opening  from  the  Piazzet-  traced  back  to  the  year  1246.  The  doge,  in 
ta  into  the  great  court.  Opposite  to  this  en-  presence  of  the  nobles  and  people,  dropped  a 
trance  is  the  celebrated  giants^  staircase,  which  nuptial  ring  into  the  deep  off  the  Lido  port,  re- 
derives  its  name  from  the  colossal  statues  of  posting  at  the  same  time  the  formula:  Ik- 
Mars  and  Neptune  by  Sansovino  standing  at  spomatntts  te^  mare,  in  signum  veri  perpetuique 
the  head  of  it ;  upon  this  landing  the  newly  aominii.  On  the  right  of  the  cathedral  of  St. 
elected  doge  received  the  herettn  of  his  office.  Mark  is  the  Torre  delF  Orologio,  a  lofty  tower 
Tlie  palace  contains  many  magnificent  rooms,  built  by  Pietro  Loinbardi  in  1494,  containing  a 
one  of  which,  the  »ala  del  maggiar  consiglio,  is  curious  clock,  above  the  dial  of  which  are  two 
175^  feet  long,  84  J  broad,  and  51^  high;  it  is  large  bronze  figures  called  by  the  people  Moors 
enriched  with  splendid  paintings,  some  of  which  which  strike  tlie  hours  upon  a  bell.  The  P<> 
are  among  the  earliest  large  specimens  of  oil  gana  or  custom  house  is  a  large  structure  bnilt 
paintings  upon  canvas.  Other  apartments  are  early  in  the  16th  century.  The  BibliotecA 
the  mla  delle  quatre  parte,  so  called  from  the  Antica,  in  which  the  library  of  St.  Mark  w&^ 
4  doors  designed  by  Palladio ;  the  sala  del  eoU  kept  until  1812,  now  forms  part  of  the  Palazzo 
legio,  in  which  the  doge  and  his  council  re-  Reale.  The  library,  which  was  founded  hj  u 
ceived  foreign  embassies;  and  the  eala  del  con-  legacy  left  by  Petrarch,  now  consists  of  abont 
tiglio  dei  dieei,  in  which  the  tribunal  of  that  60,000  volumes,  and  is  kept  in  the  mla  dd 
nAme  held  its  sittings.  In  the  two  lower  sto-  maggior  cansiglio  in  the  ducal  palace.  Ad* 
ries  are  the  poezi,  the  cells  described  by  Hob-  loining  the  Biblioteca  is  the  Zeooa  or  mint,  a 
house  in  the  notes  to  the  4th  canto  of  **  Childe  fine  specimen  of  Italian  rustic  work  by  Sanso- 
Harold  ;^^  and  the  celebrated  aof  to  piomhi  (^^  un-  vino.  At  the  southern  end  of  the  Piazzetta  are 
der  the  leads^^)  are  at  the  top  of  the  building,  the  two  celebrated  granite  columns,  one  of 
and  necessarily  intensely  hot  in  summer  and  which  was  surmounted  by  St.  Theodore  stand- 
cold  in  winter.  Silvio  Pellico  was  one  of  the  ing  on  a  crocodile,  carrying  a  shield  on  hl^ 
last  prisoners  confined  in  these  prisons,  which  right  arm  and  wielding  a  sword  in  his  left 
have  now  been  fitted  up  as  dwelling  apart-  hand ;  on  the  other  was  the  winged  lion  of  St. 
ments  or  converted  into  lumber  rooms.  Oppo-  Mark,  the  ancient  emblem  of  the  republic.  Be- 
site  the  ducal  palace,  and  connected  with  it  by  side  these  buildings,  Venice  has  an  academy  of 
the  bridge  of  sighs,  are  the  earceri  or  public  the  fine  arts,  with  one  of  the  richest  collections 
prisons,  built  in  1589  by  Antonio  da  route,  of  paintings  in  Italy;  a  lyceum,  with  a  libran't 
and  capable  of  containing  about  500  persons,  a  museum  of  the  national  sciences,  and  a  bo- 
The  Palazzo  Reale,  standing  upon  50  arches,  tanic  garden ;  tlu-ee  gymnasia,  a  seminary,  an 


60  VENICE 

into  empty  negotiations,  a  pestilence  broke  out  alliance  with  Pedro  lY.  of  Aragcm  and  the 
in  the  armament,  which  lost  them  the  fruit  of  Greek  emperor.    On  Feb.  13,  1852,  Paganino 
their  efforts.    Previously  Venice  had  of  its  own  Doria  with  64  galleys  attacked  the  allied  squad- 
accord  joined  the  league  of  Lombardy  against  ron  of  78  vessels  under  command  of  Nicola  Pi- 
Frederic  Barbarossa,  but,  being  acknowledged  sani.  During  the  engagement,  which  took  pkc« 
to  be  foreign  to  the  western  empire,  withdrew  its  in  sight  of  Constantinople,  a  violent  storm  arose, 
adherence  some  time  afterward,  and  in  1177  was  and  the  losses  on  both  sides  were  tremendous. 
chosen  by  the  pope  and  the  emperor  as  a  place  The  Venetians  were  finally  worsted ;  but  on 
for  holding  a  congress.    On  this  occasion  the  Aug.  29, 1858,  the  defeat  was  amply  revenged 
former,  out  of  gratitude  to  the  doge  Ziani,  is  in  a  battle  off  the  coastof  Loierain  Sardiiiift,in 
said  to  have  presented  him  with  a  ring,  saying :  which  the  naval  power  of  Genoa  was  so  tLor- 
^*'  Take  this  as  a  pledge  of  authority  over  the  oughly  broken  that  ^e  was  obliged  to  seek  the 
sea,  and  marry  her  every  year,  you  and  your  protection  of  Giovanni  Visconti,  lord  of  Milan. 
successors  for  ever,  in  order  that  all  may  know  With  his  assistance  the  Genoese  navy  was  reor- 
she  is  under  your  jurisdiction,  and  that  I  have  ganized,  and  Paganino  Doria  attacked  and  de- 
placed  her  under  your  dominion  as  a  wife  under  stroyed  the  Venetian  fleet  in  the  gulf  of  Sapi- 
the  dominion  of  her  husband;"  and  from  this  enza  in  the  Morea,  Kov.  8,  1854.    In  1355  Uie 
time  the  annual  custom  of  wedding  the  Adri-  exhausted  republic  made  peace.    Disorder  and 
atic  was  observed.    In  1198  Fulk  de  Neuilly  calamity  had  done  their  work ;  the  nobles  were 
preached  a  crusade  in  France,  and  the  crusaders  violent,  the  people  were  discontented,  and  the 
borrowed  vessels  of  the  republic.     Finding  laws  were  unobserved,  and  the  unsettled  state 
themselves  unable  to  pay  the  freight,  they  of-  of  affairs  was  aggravated  by  the  conspiracy  of 
fered  instead  their  military  services;  and  under  Harino  Falieri.    (See  Falisbi.)    In  1377  be- 
the  guidance  of  the  almost  blind  old  doge,  £n-  gan  the  4th  and  most  desperate  war  with 
rico  Dandolo,  they  recaptured  the  revolted  city  Genoa.    Venice  was  surrounded  by  cnemioss 
of  Zara,  and  undertook  an  expedition  against  but  in  May,  1378,  her  fleet  defeated  Ihe  Gcd- 
Oonstantinople,  which  ended  in  the  storming  oese  off  Antium.    Lucian  Doria  organized  an 
of  that  city  in  April,  1 204.   For  their  share  the  armament  for  revenge,  and  entering  the  Admtic 
Venetians  received  one  half  of  the  spoil  of  Con-  the  year  following,  met  on  May  29  the  Yene- 
stantinople,  and  nearly  one  half  of  the  empire,  tian  fleet  off  Pola,  under  command  of  Vettor 
although  their  real  conquests  were  limited  to  Pisani,  the  greatest  admiral  the  republic  ever 
the  Morea,  and  Oandia  and  some  other  islands,  had.    Doria  was  killed,  but  the  Genoese  gainfil 
The  doge  assumed  the  title  of  despot  of  Roma-  a  great  victory.    Pisani,  who  had  fought  the 
nia,  which  continued  to  be  used  until  the  mid-  battle  by  express  orders  and  against  his  own 
die  of  the  14th  century.    Governors  were  sent  judgment,  was  thrown  into  prison.    On  Anp. 
to  these  possessions  under  the  names  of  baili  16  the  Genoese  fleet  forced  the  port  of  Chioggid, 
eantiglieri  and  eamerlenghi,  and  many  of  the  25  miles  S.  of  Venice,  tiius  leaving  the  canals 
patrician  families  were  invested  with  the  rule  open  to  the  city.  Never  before  had  the  republic 
of  some  of  the  islands  on  condition  of  doing  been  in  such  peril,  never  before  had  she  asked 
homage  to  the  republic.    Under  the  doge  Pietro  for  peace  on  terms  so  humiliating.    Her  offers 
Ziani  (1205-'29)  the  first  war  between  Venice  were  contemptuously  rejected,  however,  by  the 
and  Genoa  broke  out,  which  was  ended  in  Genoese,  Louis  the  Great  of  Hungary,  and  the 

1288  through  the  mediation  of  the  pope.  Oc-  lord  of  Padua ;  and  Pietro  Doria  declared  that 
oupied  with  their  eastern  possessions,  Venice  he  would  not  make  peace  until  he  had  bridled 
paid  little  attention  to  the  affairs  of  Italy,  but  with  his  own  hand  the  bronze  horses  in  the 
through  the  influence  of  Gregory  IX.  formed  in  square  of  St.  Mark.    The  republic  now  fonght 

1289  an  alliance  with  the  remaining  cities  of  the  with  the  determination  of  despair.  Vettor 
Lombard  league  against  the  emperor  Frederic  Pisani  was  released  and  placed  in  conmiand  of 
II.  In  1258  war  again  broke  out  between  the  the  navy ;  Carlo  Zeno  was  sent  for  with  the 
republic  and  Genoa,  which  lasted  with  inter-  fleet  in  the  eastern  seas;  and  in  1880  the  Gen- 
ruptions  until  1299.  In  1296  Lamba  Doria,  the  oese  were  blockaded  in  the  lagoon  of  Chioggia, 
Genoeseadmiral,  with  78  galleys,  inflicted  a  ter-  and  on  June  24  were  obliged  to  surrender  at 
rible  defeat  upon  the  Venetian  squadron  of  97  discretion.  The  following  year  peace  was  con- 
galleys  off  Curzola  under  Andrea  Dandolo,  burn-  eluded  between  the  rival  cities.  During  the  next 
ing  66  vessels  and  capturing  18  with  7,000  pris-  40  yeai's  Venice  was  employed  in  extending  her 
oners.  In  June,  1886,  an  alliance  was  formed  possessions  on  the  mainland,  and  in  1420  had 
between  Venice  and  Florence,  at  that  time  en-  established  her  power  over  a  large  portion  of 
gaged  in  a  war  with  Martino  della  Scala.  The  northern  Italy  from  the  Julian  Alps  to  the 
republic  conquered  Treviso,  Castel  Franco,  and  Adige  and  Mincio.  This  was  the  period  of  lior 
Ceneda,  her  first  possessions  on  the  mainland ;  greatest  prosperity.  In  1428  the  doge  Tom- 
but  in  Dec.  1888,  in  accordance  with  her  usual  masoMocenigo  said  to  the  senators  on  hiscleiith 
selfish  policy,  she  made  peace  without  having  bed :  "  I  leave  the  country  in  peace  and  pros- 
secured  to  Florence  Lucca,  the  real  object  of  the  perity ;  our  merchants  have  a  capital  of  10,- 
war.  In  1346,  in  consequence  of  quarrels  in  the  000,000  golden  ducats  in  circulation,  npon 
East,  a  third  war  sprang  up  with  the  rival  re-  which  they  make  an  annual  profit  of  4,000.000. 
public  of  Genoa,  in  which  Venice  formed  an  I  have  reduced  the  pnbUo  debt  by  4,000,0(H) 


62                        VENICE  VENTRILOQUISM 

early  period  the  power  was  vested  in  the  peo-  including  "Medea,"  "  Hippolytus,"  "Iphig^ 

pie,  who  elected  their  doge.    The  latter  exer-  nia,"  "  Lady  Jane  Grey,"  "  Romeo  and  Juliet," 

cised  at  first  great  aathority,  and  nntil  1032  and  **  Mohammed,"  subsequently  called  ^'T^e 

was  not  oblig^  to  consult  a  council.    In  that  8iege  of  Oorinth,"  and  to  which  Rossini  adapt- 

year  he  designated  such  an  assembly,  selected  ed  music.    In  1880  he  took  up  the  study  of 

from  the'  most  illustrious  citizens,  who  were  political  economy,  and  during  the  next  12  yean 

called  pregadi  (invited)  from  this  circumstance,  published  a  number  of  works  on  that  subject. 

The  frequent  tumults  and  the  constant  disor-  In  1843  he  returned  to  poetry  and  belles-lettres, 

ders  tiiat  prevailed  led  in  1172  to  the  formation  and  became  a  voluminous  writer  of  articles  for 

of  a  grand  council  of  480  members,  elected  the  daily  press.    In  1848  appeared  his  ^*  Essay 

annually  on  Sept.  30,  by  12  tribunes,  two  from  on  the  Education  of  the  Aristocracy  and  the 

each  of  the  6  districts  of  the  city.    Six  minor  Laboring  Glasses."    He  has  also  written  18  or 

councils  {ngnorie)  were  soon  after  established,  20  comedies,  directed  generally  against  tbo 

and  with  these  was  united,  in  the  12th  century,  aristocratic  order  to  which  he  belongs,  and  in 

the  council  of  40,  originally  a  criminal  court.  1861  published  a  complete  edition  of  his  lyrical 

The  greatest  influence,  however,  continued  to  poems.    One  of  his  latest  works  of  importance 

be  exercised  by  the  grand  council,  which  ap-  is  the  "  Philosophic  View  of  the  History  of  the 

pointed  the  various  magisterial  officers  of  the  Human  Race"  (1853). 

republic.    This  moderately  aristocratic  form  VENTILATION.  See  Wabmiko  and  Vikti- 

of  government  was  altered  in  1297  into  an  oli-  lation. 

garchy  by  the  doge  Pietro  Gradenigo,  when  a  VENTRILOQUISM  (Lat.  venter,  the  belly, 
ereditary  nobility,  consisting  of  families  whose  and  lo^uor,  to  speak),  a  kind  of  vocal  mimicry, 
names  were  entered  in  the  '*  golden  book,"  by  which  an  illusion  is  produced  in  the  mind 
took  the  place  of  the  annually  elected  members  of  the  hearer  in  relation  to  the  source  or  di- 
of  the  grand  council.  The  establishment  in  rection  from  which  the  sound  proceeds.  The 
1310  of  the  council  of  ten,  caused  by  the  con-  name,  or  at  least  its  cognate  terms  in  Greek 
spiracy  of  Tiepolo,  completed  the  centralization  and  Hebrew,  originated  from  the  practice  of 
of  power  in  the  hand  of  the  oligarchy.  The  the  witches  and  persons  supposed  to  have  a 
council  of  ten  was  almost  absolute ;  the  power  familiar  spirit  among  the  Pnoenician  nations 
of  the  doges,  who,  though  elected  for  life,  gen-  and  the  efews,  and  the  diviners  or  prophesy- 
crally  ruled  but  a  few  years  on  account  of  l^eir  ing  priests  and  priestesses  of  the  Greeks, 
age,  was  ^larrowly  circumscribed  and  jealously  causing  the  answers  to  the  questions  asked  by 
watched,  and  that  of  the  people  was  almost  those  who  consulted  them  to  proceed  apparent- 
naught.  The  state  inquisition,  a  secret  tribu-  ly  from  the  abdomen,  in  which,  as  they  alleged, 
nal  of  three,  became  about  the  middle  of  the  resided  their  familiar  spirit  or  demon.  The  first 
16th  century  the  dreaded  and  terrible  instru-  attempts  at  ventriloquism  were  probably  made 
ment  of  the  justice  and  vengeance  of  the  coun-  in  Egypt  or  India,  in  both  of  which  countries 
cil  of  ten.  Only  nobles  were  appointed  to  it  has  been  known  from  the  earliest  periods. 
offices.  The  provinces  were  governed  by  pro-  That  it  was  commonly  practised  in  Egypt  dur- 
fieditori,  the  cities  by  podestas. — The  archives  ing  the  residence  of  the  Israelites  there  is  evi- 
of  Venice  are  the  most  extensive  in  Europe,  dent  from  the  prohibitions  of  the  Jewish  law- 
and  have  afibrded  materials  for  many  impor-  giver' against  it  after  the  exodus,  in  Lev.  xix. 
tant  historical  works,  the  latest  of  which  is  81,  and  xx.  6,  2T,  and  Deut.  zviii.  10-U.  The 
"  History  of  the  Venetian  Republic,  her  Rise,  early  inhabitants  of  Canaan  had  also  practised 
Greatness,  and  Civilization,*^  by  W.  C.  Hazlitt  it,  as  appears  from  the  last  passage  named.  In 
(4  vols.,  Loudon,  1860).  The  architectural  an-  all  these  cases  the  term  translated  "having a 
tiquities  of  Venice  and  her  artistic  glories  are  familiar  spirit,'*  is  literally  ^*  speaking  from  the 
depicted  by  the  vivid  pen  and  pencil  of  John  belly."  Notwithstanding  the  death  penalty  pro- 
Ruskin  in  his  "  Stones  of  Venice"  (3  vols.,  nounced  against  it,  the  practice  of  divination 
London,  1853).  or  ventriloquism  continued  among  the  Jews,  as 

VENICE,  Gulf  of,  the  name  given  to  the  the  references  to  it  in  Isaiah  and  the  other  proph- 
N.  W.  part  of  the  Adriatic  sea,  where  it  forms  ets  fully  demonstrate.  Nor  did  it  cease  as  a 
an  indentation  in  the  coast  of  Austrian  Italy  pretended  means  of  revelation  in  the  early 
(government  of  Venice),  extending  from  the  centuries  of  the  Christian  era,  as  the  case  in 
mouth  of  the  Tagliamento  to  the  delta  of  the  Acts  xvi.  16,  the  well  known  practice  of  gas- 
Po,  a  distance  of  about  56  m. ;  its  depth  is  not  tromancy  among  the  later  Greeks,  and  the  re- 
more  than  12  m.  It  receives  the  waters  of  the  peated  references  of  St.  Chrysostom  and  other 
Livenza,  Piave,  Brenta,  Bacchiglione,  Adige,  ofthe  early  Christian  fathers,  sufficiently  prove. 
Po  di  Levante,  and  Po  della  Maestra.  Its  use  for  such  purposes  was  finally  abandoned 

VENTIGNANO,  Cesare  Della  Valle,  duke  during  the  middle  ages.  In  the  early  part  ofthe 

of,  an  Italian  author,  born  in  Naples,  Feb.  9,  16th  century  Louis  Brabant,  vsJet  de  chambrc 

1777.    His  literary  career  commenced  with  the  of  Francis  I.,  employed  it  to  secure  the  consent 

publication  in  1810  of  *^  Vesuvius,"  a  poem  in  ofthe  mother  of  his  betrothed  to  his  marriage 

5  cantos,  composed  in  his  childhood  ;   after  with  her  daughter,  and  also  to  extort  from  a  rich 

which  he  produced  ^^Lalage  in  the  Studio  of  miser  a  large  sum  of  money.    In  1772  the  abb^ 

Canova"  (1812),  and  a  number  of  tragedies,  de  la  Ohai>elle  published  an  account  of  two 


64                       VENUS  YEBA  OBUZ 

of  the  charoh.    In  1889  appeared  his  worl^  on  whence  it  took  its  name,  was  about  1680  ca^ 

"  The  Beauty  of  the  Faith"  (3  vols.  8vo.),  and  ried  by  Cosmo  in.  to  Florence,  where,  with 

also  a  Bibliothsea  Paroa^  containing  extracts  the  exception  of  the  period  between  1796  and 

from  the  fathers  and  the  sacred  poets.   During  1816,  when  it  was  deposited  in  the  Lourre  at 

this  period  also  he  preached  his  finest  sermons  Paris,  it  has  since  remained.    It  is  a  nnde 

in  the  church  of  S.  Andrea  della  Yalie  and  statue,  4  feet  Hi  inches  in  height  without  the 

at  St.  Peter^s,  and  his  published  homilies  fill  plinth,  and  from  its  exquisita  proportions  and 

6  vols.  8vo.    In  1847  he  preached  the  funeral  perfection  of  contour  has  become  the  most 

sermon  of  O'Connell,  the  liberal  opinions  ad-  celebrated  standard  of  female  form  extant. 

Tancod  in  which  gave  him  great  influence  The  face  has  little  expression  and  not  mucli 

with  the  people.    At  the  beginning  of  1848  beauty,  the  value  of  tne  work  consisting  al- 

the  popular  government  of  Sicily  made  him  most  entirely  in  its  proportions.    It  is  antique 

minister  plenipotentiary  and  commissioner  ex-  with  the  exception  of  the  right  arm  and  the 

traordinary  to  the  court  of  Rome,  and  with  lower  half  of  the  left  arm,  restored  by  Ban- 

the  assent  of  the  pope  he  accepted  the  office,  dinelli,  and  some  small  piecings  in  other  parts 

Occupying  himself  with  the  affairs  of  Sicily  of  the  body.    The  left  leg  of  tbe  statue  is  snp- 

and  Rome,  he  published  a  treatise  **  On  the  ported  by  a  dolphin,  on  which  are  seated  two 

Independence  of  Sicily,"  another   "  On  the  cupids  called  Eros  and  Anteros.    The  plinth  is 

Legitimacy  of  the  Acts  of  the  Sicilian  Par*  modern,  and   contains  an  inscription  ooi)icd 

liament,"  and  subsequently  an  octavo  volume,  from  the  old  one,  recording  the   name  and 

entitled   Memonge$  diphmatiquea.     In  May,  country  of  the  artist  who  made  the  statue, 

1848,  he  favored  the  idea  of  a  confederation  Oleomenes,  the  Athenian,  the  son  of  Apollo- 

of  the  Italian  states  with  the  pope  at  their  dorus.    He  flourished  between  200  and  150  B. 

head  ;  a  scheme  supported  by  many  promi-  0.,  and  in  designing  his  statue  probably  Lad  in 

nent  Italians,  but  prevented  from  being  car-  view  the  Onidian  Venus  of  Praxiteles,  althou{:h 

ried  into  effect  by  several  causes.    After  the  the  Yenua  de^  Medici  is  in  no  respect  a  copy 

flight  of  Pius  IX.  he  remained  at  Rome,  and  of  that  work,  as  has  been  asserted  by  Winckei* 

was  offered  the  presidency  of  the  constituent  mann  and  other  critics. — The  Venus  of  Mile,  so 

assembly,  which  ne  declined.    Though  disbe-  called  from  the  island  of  Milo  (the  ancient  Me- 

lieving  in  the  durability  of  the  Roman  republic,  los),  where  it  was  discovered  in  1820,  is  %\x\h 

he  was  strongly  opposed  to  the  attack  of  Gen.  posed  to  be  a  copy  of  the  Venus  of  Cos  by  Prox- 

Oudinot.    On  May  4  he  left  the  city  and  re-  iteles.  It  was  purchased  in  1834  for  tlie  Louvre, 

tired  under  the  protection  of  the  fVench  to  in  which  it  is  now  deposited. 

Oivita  Vecchia,  and  afterward  to  Montpellier  VENUS'S  FLY-TRAP.    See  Dion.ka. 

in  France.    Here,  finding  that  the  opinions  V£RA  CRUZ,  a  state  of  Mexico,  bounded  by 

advanced  by  him  in   a  funeral  sermon   on  San  Luis  Potosi,  Tamaulipas,  the  gulf  of  Mci- 

those  who  had  fallen  in  the  defence  of  Vienna  ico,  Tehuantepeo,  Oigaca,  Puebla,  and  Mexico; 

had  been  condemned  by  a  decree  of  the  con-  extreme  length  450  m.,  breadth  100  m. ;  area, 

gregation  of  the  Index,  he  retracted  the  offen-  26,498  sq.  m. ;   pop.  in  1867,  888,859.     The 

sive  passages.    At  Montpellier  he  wrote  ^^Let-  coast  is  low  and  sandy,  and  has  several  lagoons, 

ters  to  a  Protestant  Minister"  (12mo.,  1849),  the  largest  of  which  is  the  lake  of  Tamiagua 

in  answer  to  a  clergyman  of  Geneva,  who  in  the  N.,  55  m.  long  by  20  broad.    After  the 

maintained  that  the  apostle  Peter  had  never  sandy  tract  upon  the  coast  is  passed,  the  sur- 

been  in  Rome.    In  that  place  he  remained  two  face  begins  gradually  to  rise  into  a  rich  table 

years,  preaching  in  the  French  language,  and  land,  and  about  the  W.  and  S.  W.  it  becomes 

then  went  to  Paris,  where  his  reputation  had  mountainous,  the  peak  of  Orizaba  attaining  a 

preceded  him.    Here  he  drew  crowds  to  the  height  of  17,907  feet  above  the  sea,  and  that  of 

churches  of  the  Madeleine  and  St.  Louis  d'An-  Goffre  de  Perote  14,008  feet.    There  are  nn- 

tin  by  the  eloquence  and  originality  of  his  dis-  merous  streams,  but  the  rivers  are  of  little  im- 

courses.    At  Paris  also  he  published  HUtoire  portance  for  navigation,  as  their  mouths  are 

de  Virginie  Bruni  (12mo.,  1850) ;  Les  femmu  obstructed  by  sand  bars.    The  climate  of  the 

de  VJivangile  (12mo.,  1858) ;  La  raison  phiUh  low  tract  on  the  coast  is  unhealthy,  and  from 

9ophique  et  la  raison  eatholique  (Svo.,  1852);  May  till  November  yellow  fever  is  prevalent; 

msai  $ur  Vorigine  des  idees  (8vo,,  1853);   La  but  in  the  more  elevated  districts  it  is  agreeable 

femme  catholigue  (8  vols.  8vo.,  1854) ;  LecoU  and  salubrious.    Mines  of  the  precious  metals 

des  miracles^  ou  les  auvres  de  la  puissance  et  de  are  worked  in  the  mountains.    There  are  large 

la  grandeur  de  Jesus  Christ  (2  vols.   18mo.,  tracts  of  arable  land  in  the  interior,  excellent 

1854-'6);  and  Le  pouvoir  Chretien  (Svo.,  1857).  p>astures,  and  forests  which,  according  to  eleva- 

V£N  US,  in  mythology.    See  Aphrodite.  tion,  contain  trees  and  plants  that  range  thron^^ii 

VENUS,  The  Planet.     See  Astbosomt.  the  whole  scale  from  tropical  to  arctic  vegeta- 

VENUS  DE'  MEDICI,  the  name  applied  to  tion.    Wheat,  maize,  barley,  coffee,  sugar,  cot- 

a  celebrated  antique  statue  of  Venus  now  in  ton,  tobacco,  sarsapariUa,  vanilla,  pineapples, 

the  Tribune  at  Florence.    It  was  exhumed  at  bananas,  oranges,  and  many  fruits  and  vegeta- 

the  vUla  of  Hadrian  near  Tivoli  in  the  17th  bles  oonmion  in  both  tropicd  and  temperate 

century,  in  11  pieces,  and  after  remaining  for  regions,  are  produced  in  great  abundance.  Dye 

some  time  in  the  Medici  palace   at  Home,  woods  and  much  valuable  timber  are  procured 


VERA  OBUZ  YEBATBINE  65 

m  the  forests.   Hones,  horned  cattle,  and  sheep  poptilation  was  about  20,000,  and  the  town  was 

ire  very  ninneroiis. — ^Vkba  Cbuz,  or  Villa,  one  of  the  most  important  places  in  the  Span- 

Bici  DB  LA  YsRA  Cbuz,  the  capital,  is  situated  ish  possessions ;  hnt  the  inconvenience  of  the 

OS  A  minfaT'  plain  on  the  shore  of  the  gulf  of  port,  the  nnhealthiness  of  the  climate,  and  had 

Xako,  in  hL  IS"*  11'  54"  K,  long.  W  8'  86"  water  have  caused  it  to  decline,  and  a  good  deal 

T.  190  m.  £.  S.  £.  firom  Mexico ;  pop.  in  1864,  of  the  trade  has  been  attracted  to  Tampica 

9,647.   It  is  bnih  in  a  semicircle  fronting  the  The  castle  of  San  Juan  de  Ulloa  was  the  last  foot- 

tea.  and  is  endoeed  bj  a  waU  6  feet  high  and  hold  of  the  Spaniards  on  the  American  continent, 

t  feet  thick,  and  defeiMied  by  2  redoubts  on  the  and  surrendered  to  the  patriots  in  1825  after  a 

Aon  and  the  strong  castle  of  San  Juan  de  long  siege.    It  was  bombarded  and  captured  by 

mot,  which  stands  upon  the  island  of  the  same  the  French  in  1829,  but  was  shortly  afterward 

Bame  about  hiJf  a  mile  fit>m  the  shore.    There  restored  to  the  Mexicans.    BoUi  the  citr  and 

iR  seTeral  squares,  and  the  streets  are  regular  castle  were  invested  by  the  United  States  forces 

lod  dean.    The  houses  are  well  built  of  coral  under  €^n.  Bcott  in  1847,  and  capitulated  i^er 

Smestoiie,  generallj  with  flat  roofs  and  some  being  bombarded  for  5  days.    They  also  sur-. 

of  them  S  stories  h^gh,  in  the  old  Spanish  style,  rendered  without  resistance  to  the  allied  Brit- 

ocloang  a  square  court  with  covered  gidle-  ish-  French,  and  Spanish  fleet  in  Deo.  1861. 
Ties.   Only  6  churches  are  now  in  use,  but  10        vERATBINE,  or  Ybsatbia,  a  vegetable  al- 

otbers  and  several  monasteries  are  standing,  kaloid,  of  composition  represented  by  the  for- 

tboo^  in  a  dilapidated  state.    The  harbor  is  mula  CMHtsNsOit,  obtain^  from  the  roota  and 

ooeedingly  insecure,  and  is  merely  a  roadstead  seeds  of  different  species  of  the  plant  veratrum, 

Wtween  the  town  and  the  castle.    The  anchor-  (See  Hkllkbobk.)    It  was  discovered  in  1818 

ifr  is  so  bad  that  vessels  are  not  considered  hy  Meissner,  and  the  next  year  was  separated 

life  nnleas  made  fast  to  rings  fixed  for  the  pur-  hj  Pelletier  and  Oaventou  from  cevadilla,  the 

pose  in  the  castle  waEs ;  but  the  N.  gales  are  seeds  of  the  veratrum  sabadilla.     This  and 

unethnes  so  heavy  that  even  this  precaution  other  Mexican  plants  of  kindred  nature  supply 

9  Da  sufficient  to  prevent  ships  from  being  the  cevadilla,  which  is  still  depended  upon  as 

tuea  ashore.     The  surrounding  country  is  the  source  of  the  veratrine  used  in  medicine, 

egopletely  barren,  and  there  is  not  a  garden  In  this  it  occurs  united  with  veratric  acid 

lit  any  appearance  of  vegetation  near  the  (OiJIi«0»)i  and  the  alkaloid  is  also  found  com- 

tfiiu   Water  is  found  about  9  feet  below  the  bined  with  gallic  acid,  and  in  the  teratrum 

nrfice,  but  it  is  unwholesome,  and  drinking  aUmm  or  white  hellebore  it  is  associated  with 

<stcr  is  only  procured  from  the  roofs  of  the  3  other  poisonous  bases,  gabadiUia^  colehieia^ 

looses  during  the  rainy  season  and  preserved  and  jervia  ;  the  last  of  which,  represented 

Q  links  for  use.    The  clinuUe  is  almost  pestf-  by  Ot«H4ftNiO»,  4Aq,  is  white,  ciystalline,  and 

fcuial ;  from  May  till  November  yellow  fever  fusible.    Veratrine  is  uncrysUillizable,  except 

isilvajs  present,  and  the  stagnant  water  of  in  its  salts  produced  by  combination  with 

KTtnl  small  lakes  and  marshes  occaltions  in-  some  of  the  acids.    When  pure  it  is  white, 

tmntteat  fevers.    The  principal  exports  are  easily  pulverized,  and  without  odorj  but  pro- 

the  precious  metals,  cochineal,  sugar,  flour,  duces  long  continued  and  dangerous  fits  of 

>i^,  l^ovisiona,   sarsaparilla,   leather,  va-  sneezing  by  contact  of  a  very  minute  quan- 

(Sa,  Jaupt,  soap,  logwood,  and  pimento ;  and  tity  with  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nose. 

tl«  imports  cotton,  woollen,  linen,  and  silk  It  is  bitter  and  acrid,  and  dissolves  in  boiling 

|Md%  brandy,  iron,  steel,  wax,  quicksilver,  water,  and  freely  in  alcohol,  but  scarcely  at  all 

Hfcr,  hardware    and   cutlery,  earthenware,  in  cold  water,  and  with  difficulty  in  ether.   Its 

^  The  total  commerce  of  Vera  Cruz  in-  solutions  have  an  alkaline  reaction  in  restoring 

otMed  from  about  $14,500,000  in   1880  to  the  blue  color  of  reddened  litmus,  and  when 

A^ij  137,000,000  in  1856,  since  which  it  has  evaporated  deposit  the  veratrine  in  transparent 

cMiiderably  declined.     The  imports  in  1856  lammsB.    At  a  moderate  heat  veratrine  fuses, 

inoQDted  to  $17,720,582,  of  which  $6,708,208  and  at  a  red  heat  is  entirely  dissipated.-— The 

vere  from  Great   Britain,  $4,966,295   from  pharmaoopodias  give  different  methods  of  pre- 

Fnace,  and  $2,444^805 from  the  United  States;  paring  veratrine,  but  that  employed  by  Mr. 

nd  the  exports  amounted  to  $8,942,988,  of  James  Beatson  of  the  IT.  S.  naval  laboratory  at 

^^  about  $8,000,000  consisted  of  the  pre-  New  York  is  reoonmiended  as  a  simple  and 

Ms  metals. — ^Vera  Oruz  is  the  spot  where  satis&ctory  process.    By  this  method  73  lbs. 

Gnrbea  fint  landed.    The  town  was  founded  avoirdupois  of  cevadilla  are  separated  from  the 

^onri  the  end  of  the  16th  century,  and  receiv-  capsules  by  rubbing  upon  a  coarse  wire  sieve, 

^  the  title  andprivileges  of  a  city  from  Philip  and  are  then  reduced  to  a  coarse  powder  in  a 

fn.  in  1615.    "^en  the  foreign  trade  of  Mex-  drug  mill.    The  capsules  are  also  ground,  and 

b  was  carried  on  by  the  Jhta  which  sailed  the  finer  portion  is  mixed  with  the  ground 

fitxn  Cadiz  at  stated  periods,  a  fair  was  held  at  seeds.    The  mixture,  moistened  with  alcohol, 

Tcfi  Cmz  upon  the  arrival  of  the  ships,  and  is  left  to  stand  12  hours,  and  is  then  introduced 

^  (lace  was  then  crowded  with  merchants  into  a  displacement  apparatus,  and  80  gallons 

^  dcalera  from  Mexico  and  other  parts  of  of  alcohol  are  poured  upon  it.    The  liqmd  as  it 

f^viuah  America;  but  this  system  was  abol-  passes  through  is  distilled  and  returned  to  the 

■^ia  1778.    Previous  to  the  revolution,  the  displacement  apparatus  until  the  cevadilla  is 

TOU  XVL— 5 


VEBB  YEBBOEOKHOYEN 

thorough]  J  exhansted.    The  alooholio  liquor  is  hena  should  exhihit  aa  man  j  as  7  florets  ar- 

ftirUier  distilled  until  the  tincture  has  a  sirupjr  ranged  in  the  form  of  a  corymh ;  the  centre  or 

oonsistence.    This  while  hot  is  poured  into  8  eye  of  each  floret  should  he  prominent,  if  pos- 

times  its  volume  of  cold  water,  and  the  whole  sihle  of  a  distinct  tint  of  white  or  yellowish, 

is  thrown  on  a  calico  filter  and  washed  until  the  edges  of  the  floret  large,  round,  and  free 

the  washings  cease  to  indicate  the  presence  of  from  indentations,  the  corolla  either  dense  or 

veratrine.    The  washings  are  then  mixed  with  hright  in  hue.    Yerhenas  are  used  chiefly  for 

what  first  paa^d  through  the  filter,  and  ahout  planting  in  large  masses  or  in  long  helts,  after 

4  lbs.  of  aqua  ammonia  are  added.    The  pre-  a  mode  technically  called  "  bedding,"  in  order 

cipitated  veratrine  is  then  washed  with  cold  to  produce  striking  effect  by  a  umform  color 

water  and  dried  at  a  very  gentle  heat.    By  or  by  well  contrasted  tints.    Their  culture  is 

this  process  78  lbs.  of  cevadiUa  have  produced  simple,  requiring  full  exposed  situations,  free 

Hi  oz.  of  pure  veratrine,  only  slightly  tinged  air  and  sun,  and  a  light  friable  soil ;  they  grow 

with  coloring  matter. — ^Veratrine  has  a  power-  readily  from  seeds,  layers,  or  cuttings.— Some 

fallv  irritating  action  upon  the  system,  espe-  very  renuirkable  species,  such  as  the  leafless, 

cially  when  applied  upon  spots  denuded  of  the  the  broom-like,  and  the  hedgehog  verbena  (7. 

cutis,  or  when  it  reaches  the  mucous  membrane,  aphylla^  icoparia,  and  erinacea),  are  described 

Its  use  as  a  medicine  depends  on  its  peculiar  among  24  species  by  Dr.  Gillies  in  Hooker*s 

influence  upon  the  nervous  system.    Applied  |*BotfmicalMiscellany,"vol.i.,  asfoundbyhim 

externally,  either  in  its  alcoholic  solution  or  in  in  the  extra-tropical  parts  of  South  America. 

an  ointment  of  lard  containing  20  grains  or  The  genus  indeed  seems  to  abound  in  that 

more  to  the  ounce,  it  is  found  to  have  a  most  country,  Sprengel  mentioning  82  as  indigenous, 

beneficial  effect  in  cases  of  gout,  rheumatism,  and  Gillies  18  species  never  before  noticed. 

and  neuralgia.  It  is  also  administered  internally  Two  distinct  species  found  in  the  western  United 

in  dropsy,  diseases  of  the  heart,  and  various  States  are  very  pretty  and  well  adapted  to  the 

nervous   affections,    as    paralysis,    whooping  flowerborder, viz.: the 71  ^ui^c^ui (Linn.), with 

cough,  epilepsy,  hysteria,  and  disorders  arising  spikes  of  showy  purple  flowers,  and  cleft  or 

from  spinsl  irritation.    The  tartrate,  sulphate,  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  the  F.  braete(>ta  (Mi.), 

and  acetate,  used  internally,  are  prepared  by  with  smaller  purple  flowers,  sprinnng  from 

neutralizing  the  veratrine  with  a  weak  solution  the  axils  of  large  leafy  bracts.     The  same 

of  the  acid,  and  evaporating  to  dryness.    In  character  of  deeply  divided  foliage  belongs  to 

large  doses  veratrine  is  a  violent  poison.    It  sever^  foreign  garden  species  and  varieties. 

has  no  narcotic  effects.  The   common  vervain  ( V,  officinalis,  Linn.) 

VERB.    See  Languaoe,  vol.  x.  p.  295.  occurs  sparingly  by  roadsides  in  the  United 

VERBENA,  a  classical  word  of  uncertain  States,  being  adventitious  from  Europe ;  it  was 

etymology,  applied  by  the  ancients  to  any  herb  once  of  medical  repute,  but  is  now  useless.— 

used  for  religious  purposes,  but  now  familiar  The  natural  order  wrbenacea  comprises  a  num- 

in  floriculture  as  designating  a  genus  of  oma-  her  of  distinct  genera  of  herbs,  shrubs,  and 

mental  plants  with  vivid-colored  flowers,  form-  even  trees,  with  opposite  leaves,  the  flowers 

ing  the  type  of  the  natural  order  verbenaeeoe,  very  seldom  axillary  and  solitary,  their  corollas 

For  a  long  time  the  verbenas,  also  called  ver-  irregular,  stamens  usually  4,  didynamous,  and 

vains,  were  only  known  as  composing  a  genus  the  fruit  nut-like  or  berry-like,  composed  of  2 

of  weeds,  2  or  3  species  being  exceptions,  to  4  nucules  adhering  to  each  other  laterallr. 

About  80  years  since  the  verbena  melindrea,  a  The  species  mostly  abound  in  the  tropics  of 

low,  creeping  plant,  sending  out  rootlets  at  both  hemispheres,  becoming  shrubs  or  even 

every  Joint,  and  having  opposite,  crenate-edged  large  timber  trees,  of  which  the  teak  (tecUma 

leaves,  was  introduced  from  Brazil,  and  soon  grandis)  may  be  cited  as  an  example.    Some  of 

became  a  favorite.    Shortly  afterward  the  F.  the  order  possess  reputed  medical  properties, 

TtMedianay  of  freer  growth  and  more  upright  the  bark  of  ealUcarpa  lanata  being  considered 

habit,  larger  umbels,  florets  more  profuse  and  diuretic   among  the  Malays.      A  species  of 

of  a  less  vivid  scarlet  color,  became  known,  ttachytarpheta  is  used  in  Brazil  in  infusion  for 

NewTarieties  of  various-colored  blossoms  were  tea,  and  the  expressed  Juice  of  its  leaves  is  a 

raised  from  seeds  of  Sooth  American  species,  cooling  purgative  and  an  anthelmintic.    Tlie 

bearing  the  same  general  type.    A  coarser  and  aromatic  foliage  of  various  lantanas  are  esteem- 

tiJler  kind,  with  pure  white  and  fragrant  flow-  ed,  and  their  berries  are  edible.    The  leaves  of 

era  in  narrow-pointed  spikes,  was  designated  the  teak  tree  supply  a  red  dye. 
F.ttfuer/oiies;  and  from  this  sub- varieties  were        YERBOEOKHOVEN,  EugIins,   a  Belgian 

ndsed,  all  distingnlshed  for  their  fragrance,  painter,  born  in  Warneton,  West  Flanders  in 

Innumerable  hyMds  and  sub-varieties  have  1799.    He  early  devoted  himself  especially  to 

been  produced  by  cultivation,  extinguishing  in  animal  painting.    He  has  also  painted  portraits 

gardens  the  old  and  original  kinds.    Florists  with  success,  including  those  of  Horace  Yemet 

nave  also  brought  the  character  and  shape  of  and  Solyman  Pasha,  and  of  late  years  has  at- 

the  flowers  to  great  artistic  perfection,  and  origi-  tempted  sculpture.    Oreditable  speoimeos  of 

nated  every  shade  of  color  in  scarlet,  oran^  his  animal  pieces  are  owned  in  New  York.— 

•oarlet,  crimson,  purple,  rosy,  lavender,  bluish  Ohablbs  Louis,  brother  of  the  preceding,  born 

lOao,  white,  and  even  striped.    A  perfect  ver-  in  Wameton  in  1602,  studied  with  hia  brother, 


eg                       VERGIL  TERMEGU 

ITlT,  died  Feb.  18,  llTST.  In  1750  he  was  ap*  Perfeeta^  and  D$  MetkdaeiUy  kc  Certain  pas- 
pointed  French  minister  at  the  electoral  oonrt  sages  in  his  De  J20fvm/nMfitonto  were  placed 
of  Treves,  and  in  1776  ambassador  to  Constan-  on  the  Index  at  Rome, 
tinople.  He  succeeded  in  baffling  there  the  in-  Y ERGNIAUD,  Pixbbs  YioruRsmnr,  a  French 
trigues  of  England  and  Prussia  against  his  own  orator  and  reyolutionlst,  bom  in  limoges^  May 
country,  and  in  keeping  the  Porte  in  a  state  of  81, 1769,  executed  in  Paris,  Oct  81, 1793.  He 
neutrality  during  the  7  years*  war.  In  1768,  was  educated  at  Paris,  and  in  1781  entered  the 
under  the  advice  of  Ohoiseul,  he  prevailed  upon  legal  profession  at  Bordeaux.  In  1791  he  was 
the  sultan  to  declare  war  against  Russia,  but  sent  as  a  deputy  to  the  legislative  assemblj^ 
about  this  time  he  was  recalled  upon  some  and  he  soon  took  a  oonspicuouB  part  there,  io 
frivolous  pretence.  He  spent  two  years  in  re-  conjunction  with  those  who  wished  to  estah- 
tirement  on  his  estates  in  Burgundy,  and  after  lish  a  republic.  He  advocated  the  dedaration 
thefallof  Ohoiseul  became  ambassador  to  Swe-  of  war  against  Austria  and  severe  measares 
den  (1771),  where  he  is  said  to  have  assisted  against  emigrants;  when  the  so  called  **Gi* 
Gustavus  III.  in  the  revolution  that  made  him  rondist  ministry"  was  dismissed,  he  supported 
an  absolute  sovereign.  On  the  accession  of  the  disbanding  of  the  constitutional  guard  of 
Louis  XVI.  (1774)  he  was  made  minister  of  Louis  XVI.,  and  the  formation  of  an  arroj 
foreign  affairs.  By  the  treaty  of  Soleure  (1777)  in  the  vicinity  of  Paris;  he  contributed  io 
he  secured  an  alliance  with  all  the  cantons  of  bringing  about  the  popidar  manifestation  of 
Switzerland ;  then  negotiated  and  settled  the  June  20,  1792,  and  did  not  oppose  the  more 
much  more  important  treaties  of  commerce  formidable  insurrection  of  Aug.  10.  Being 
(Deo.  8,  1777)  and  of  alliance  (Feb.  6,  1778)  reelected  to  the  convention,  he  opposed  the 
wiUi  the  United  States  of  America ;  and  when  monta^nardB^  and  insisted  vainly  that  the  ao- 
the  fortune  of  war  had  decided  the  question  of  thors  of  the  massacres  of  September  shoald  be 
American  independence,  he  was  instrumental  punished.  When  the  king  was  arraigned  be- 
in  negotiations  which  ended  in  the  peace  of  fore  the  convention,  he  delivered  an  eloquent 
Versailles,  Nov.  80, 1782,  and  Jan.  20, 1783.  He  speech  in  favor  of  allowing  him  an  appeal  to 
had  meanwhile  interfered  in  the  affairs  con-  the  people,  in  case  of  a  capital  conviction.  He 
ceming  the  succession  of  Bavaria,  and  aided  finally  voted  for  his  execution,  and  as  president 
in  bringing  about  the  pacification  of  Teschen  pronounced  the  sentence.  When  the  convention 
(1779) ;  and  he  reconciled  the  difficulties  that  ordered  the  arrest  of  the  Girondists,  May  31 
had  sprung  up  between  the  emperor  Joseph  and  June  2,  1793,  he  concealed  himself,  bnt 
II.  and  the  Netherlands  by  the  treaty  of  Fon-  was  discovered  and  taken  to  the  Luxembourg 
tainebleau,  Nov.  10, 1785.  As  chairman  of  the  prison.  He  appeared  with  his  friends  before 
council  of  finance,  he  gave  particular  attention  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  Oct.  24,  and  deliv- 
to  manufactures  and  commerce,  and  concluded  ered  an  eloquent  vindication  of  himself  and  \\\* 
a  treaty  with  England  in  1786,  which  greatly  party,  but  was  nevertheless  condemned  to  the 
lessened  the  duties  on  imports.  guillotine,  and  went  to  the  scaffold  with  21  of 
y£RGIL,  PoLTDORB,  an  English  historian,  his  colleagues  singing  the  Mar^eiUaite.  IW^ 
bom  in  Urbino,  Italy,  about  1470,  died  there  in  most  important  speeches  are  found  in  Chcii  <'/ 
1665.  Being  in  holy  orders,  he  was  sent  to  Eng-  rapjnn'U^  opinioM  et  diacaun,  published  by  Lal- 
land  in  1501  by  Pope  Alexander  VI.  as  collector  lemant  (24  vols.  8vo.,  Paris,  1818-'26). 
of  the  tax  called  Peter^s  oence,  which  office  he  VERMICELLI.  See  Maoaboni. 
was  the  last  to  hold ;  and  he  remained  in  Eng-  VERMIGLI,  Pibtbo  MARnsi,  commonlr 
land  many  years  after  his  functions  as  collector  called  Peter  Mabttb,  an  Italian  reformer, 
had  been  discontinued.  Soon  after  his  arrival  born  in  Florence  in  1500,  died  in  Zorich  io 
he  obtained  die  rectory  of  Ohurch-Langton  in  1562.  At  an  early  age  he  entered  the  order 
Leicestershire,  and  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  of  regular  canons  of  St.  Augustine,  and  bj  hi« 
Wells  in  1607,  and  a  prebendary  successively  in  learning  and  eloquence  soon  became  famous 
the  cathedrals  of  Hereford  and  Lincoln.  The  throughout  Italy.  Becoming  acquainted  with 
latter  prebend  he  exchanged  in  1518  for  one  in  a  Protestant  convert  at  Naples,  he  was  led  to 
St.  PauFs.  When  ho  had  been  nearly  50  years  adopt  the  views  of  the  reformers,  but  for  some 
in  England,  he  *^  desired  leave  to  go  nearer  the  time  concealed  the  fact.  Having,  howeyer, 
sun,*^  which  was  granted ;  and  he  returned  to  been  sent  to  Lucca  as  prior  of  Stm  Frediano, 
Italy  with  a  present  of  800  crowns,  and  leave  he  there  made  a  public  confession  of  fiuth,  wo? 
to  hold  his  archdeaconary  of  Wells  and  his  in  1542  compelled  to  fly  to  Switzerland,  and 
prebend  at  Hereford  during  life.  His  principal  was  soon  after  made  professor  of  divinity  at 
work  is  his  Historia  Anglica  (1538),  a  history  Strasbourg.  In  1547  he  accompanied  Bncer, 
of  England  from  the  earliest  time  to  the  end  of  Fagius,  and  other  reformers  to  England  on  the 
the  reign  of  Henry  YII.  Two  portions  of  an  invitation  of  Oranmer,  and  was  appointed  by 
old  English  version  of  it  have  been  printed  by  Edward  VI.  lecturer  upon  the  Holy  Scriptures 
the  Oamden  society.  He  also  published  a  col-  at  Oxford.  On  the  accession  of  Queen  Mary 
lection  of  Adagia  or  proverbs  (1488) ;  a  work  he  returned  to  Strasbourg,  where  he  received 
De  Berum  Inventoribtu  (1409) ;  8  books  of  dia-  his  former  professorship,  as  well  as  that  of 
logues  against  divination,  euiitlod  DeProdigiit  Aristotelian  philosophy.  In  1656  he  went  to 
(Baael)  1581) ;  treatises  De  PeUientiaf  De  Vita  Zurich  to  assume  the  position  of  professor  of 


70  YEBMONT 

which  are  Lakes  Willoaghby,  Maidstone,  Sej-  t^Is.  4to.,  with  a  geological  map  of  the  afeato 
moar,  Danmore,  Austin,  and  Bombazine.  Long  and  other  illustrations,  among  which  are  14 
pond,  or  as  it  is  now  commonly  called  "  Bun-  sections  crossing  the  state  and  the  range  of  the 
away  pond,*'  was  formerly  situated  on  the  formations  from  E.  to  W.  8iz  of  these  sections 
summit  of  a  hill  in  the  towns  of  Glover  and  exhibit  the  anticlinal  structure,  and  in  four 
Greensborough,  and  was  one  of  the  sources  of  othera  the  strata  all  dip  toward  the  £.  None 
the  Lamoille  river.  In  June,  1810,  an  attempt  appear  to  indicate  a  synclinal  structure.  Along 
was  made  to  open  an  outlet  from  it  to  Barton  the  W.  base  of  the  Green  mountains  extendi^  a 
river  on  the  north,  when  the  whole  waters  of  great  belt  of  quartz  rock,  which  in  the  opinion 
the  pond,  which  was  li  m.  long  and  i  m.  of  the  surveyors  rests  upon  the  gneiss,  and 
wide,  tore  their  way  through  the  quicksand,  which  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  equivalent 
which  was  only  separated  by  a  thin  stratum  of  the  Potsdam  sandstone,  though  now  regard- 
of  clay  from  fJie  pond,  and  advanced  in  a  wall  ed  by  the.  Vermont  surveyors  as  of  the  age  of 
from  60  to  70  feet  high  aud  20  rods  wide,  car-  the  Medina  sandstone  of  the  Clinton  group  of 
rying  before  them  mills,  houses,  bams,  fences,  New  York.  Apparently  overlying  this  is  a 
forests,  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep,  levelling  the  great  bed  of  crystalline  limestone  2,000  feet  thick 
hills  and  filling  up  the  valleys,  till  they  reached  called  the  Eolian  limestone,  from  Mt.  Eolus  in 
Lake  Memphremagog,  27  m.  distant,  in  about  6  the  8.  W.  part  of  the  state.  This  has  been 
hours  from  the  time  they  left  the  pond.  The  generally  referred  to  the  lower  silurian  group, 
inhabitants  hadjust  sufficient  notice  to  escape  but  its  true  position  in  the  geological  series  is 
with  their  lives'.  A  small  brook  now  flows  very  doubtful.  The  rock  constitutes  the  prin- 
through  the  valley  formerly  occupied  by  the  cipal  portion  of  several  ranses  of  mountains  in 
pond,  and  a  farm  occupies  a  part  of  its  ancient  the  S.  part  of  the  state.  Along  Lake  Cham- 
bed.  There  are  a  number  of  islands  in  Lake  plain  the  rocks  are  lower  silurian  and  primer- 
Ghamplain  and  one  or  two  in  Lake  Memphre-  dial,  slates  found  in  the  town  of  Greorgia  being 
magog  belonging  to  the  state ;  the  largest  are  lately  referred  to  the  latter*  system  by  the 
North  and  South  Hero  and  Isle  la  Motte  in  Lake  Austrian  geolo^st  H.  Barrande,  on  the  evi- 
Champlain,  which  with  the  peninsula  of  Al-  dence  of  trilobites  discovered  in  them.  The 
burg  constitute  Grand  Isle  co.  The  only  con-  laurentian  group  is  represented  in  a  small  ex- 
siderable  harbor  is  that  of  Burlington,  on  Lake  posure  near  Whitehall  at  the  S.  extremity  of 
Chaniplain,  which  is  a  very  commodious  one,  Lake  Champlain. — ^Various  mineral  prodnc- 
and  protected  by  a  breakwater.  It  is  a  port  tions  of  value  are  found  in  connection  with  the 
of  entry,  and  the  point  of  a  considerable  trade  ancient  formations  of  this  state.  The  talcose 
with  Canada. — The  geological  formations  of  slates  and  quartz  rocks,  as  throughout  the 
Vermont  consist  chiefly  of  the  lower  groups  whole  range  of  the  Appalachian  chain,  present 
of  the  geological  column  comprised  in  the  azoic  numerous  deposits  of  hematite  iron  ore,  which 
and  silurian  divisions.  The  devonian  formation  have  heretofore  given  support  to  10  blast  fdr- 
is  represented  by  a  band  of  limestone  about  a  naces.  (See  Ibon  Manufactukb.)  The  aame 
mile  wide  and  20  or  80  miles  long  on  the  E.  side  formation  has  also  furnished  productive  mines 
of  the  Green  mountains.  The  drift  formation  of  manganese  at  Chittenden ;  and  at  Plymouth 
overspreads  the  whole  state,  and  alluvial  de-  it  has  been  productive  of  gold  to  such  an  extent 
posits  of  limited  extent  are  met  with  along  the  as  to  lead  within  a  few  years  past  to  consider- 
banks  of  the  rivers.  The  lower  formations  are  able  exploration.  Lead  ores,  more  or  less 
all  of  uncertain  age,  owing  to  the  metamorphic  argentiferous,  have  been  found  at  several  local- 
character  of  the  rocks,  their  doubtful  strati-  ities  along  this  range,  but  have  not  proved 
graphical  relations,  and  their  dearth  of  fossils,  profltable  to  work.  At  Vershire  and  Corinth, 
Their  determination  has  for  several  years  past  Orange  co.,  is  a  large  vein  of  pyritous  copper 
been  an  interesting  subject  of  investigation  by  ore  of  considerable  promise.  (See  Coppkr.) 
the  geologists  of  the  United  States,  Canada,  and  In  the  serpentine  rocks  about  Troy,  in  the  ex- 
Europe.  The  Green  mountain  range  passes  treme  northern  part  of  the  state,  chromic  iron 
through  the  state  N.  and  S.,  t)ie  mass  of  these  has  been  met  with  in  considerable  quantity, 
mountains  lying  nearer  the  western  than  the  The  rocks  themselves  are  in  many  places  found 
eastern  boundary,  and  is  composed  chiefly  of  .  to  be  well  adapted  to  a  variety  of  useful  pur- 
gneiss,  which  may  be  the  oldest  rock  in  the  poses.  The  argillaceous  slates  of  Rutland  and 
state,  or  may  prove  to  be  of  silurian  or  devo-  Windham  counties  have  already  been  noticed 
nian  age,  or  both  in  a  metamorphic  condition,  in  the  article  Slate,  vol.  xiv.  p.  694;  the 
Should  this  prove  to  be  anticlinal  in  its  struc-  variegated  marbles  found  near  Burlington^  the 
ture,  the  group  will  then  pass  on  each  side  statuary  marble  of  Rutland,  and  the  serpentine 
under  rocks  of  later  age ;  but  if  its  structure  is  of  Roxbury,  are  noticed  in  the  article  Marble. 
synclinal,  it  then  overlies  the  rocks  on  either  Excellent  clay  for  white  stone  ware  has  been 
side ;  so  far  it  has  been  found  impracticable  to  worked  for  the  pottery  at  Bennington,  and  beds 
determine  this  question.  The  most  extensive  of  soapstone  are  found  in  many  towns  along 
investigations  have  been  lately  made  by  Messrs.  the  central  N.  and  S.  line  of  the  state. — ^The 
Edwara  Hitehcock,  sr.,  Edward  Hitehcock,  jr.,  climate  of  Vermont  is  severe,  and  the  win- 
Charles  H.  Hitehcock,  and  Albert  D.  Uager,  the  ters  are  cold ;  but  there  are  not  many  sudden 
results  of  which  were  published  in  1861  in  2  changes,  and  the  state  is  remarkably  healthful 


712 


YSBMONT 


1821,000  capital  and  142  male  and  226  female 
operatives,  using  raw  material  worth  $188,000, 
and  prodacing  goods  valued  at  $357,400 ;  and  50 
woollen  factories,  employing  $1,781,650  capital 
and  830  male  and  1,065  female  hands,  using 
raw  material  worth  $1,679,594,  and  producing 
goods  valued  at  $2,550,000.  The  production 
of  sawed  and  planed  lumber  was  valued  at 
$1,060,000;  flour,  $1,660,000;  steam  engines 
and  machinery,  $498,886;  agricultural  imple- 
ments, $167,647;  tanned  leather,  $1,000,053; 
bar  iron,  $63,000;  pig  iron,  $92,910.>-The  com- 
merce of  Vermont,  except  that  which  passes 
over  its  railroads,  of  which  thus  far  there  is 
no  published  record,  is  entirely  conducted  on 
Lake  Champlain,  and  mainly  through  the 
port  of  Burlington.  In  1860  the  enrolled  and 
licensed  tonnage  of  the  state  was  7,744.  The 
entries  and  clearances  of  the  year  (all  from  or 
to  Canada)  were  as  follows : 


Vcs- 
■eU. 

t 

457 
347 

804 

Ton*. 

Men. 

Amer- 
ican 

VM- 

seU. 

227 
188 

Tone. 

For- 
eign 
▼«•- 
■eta. 

Toai. 

Entered 
Cleared. 

29,282 
28,460 

1374 
1,147 

12,059 
9,929 

2S0 
184 

17,178 
18,681 

Total. 

52,892 

2,521 

410 

21,9S8 

894 

80,804 

The  exports  of  the  state  in  1860  were  $783,702, 
of  which  $257,083  was  American  produce,  and 
$526,619  foreign  produce.  The  imports  were 
$2,731,857,  a  large  proportion  of  which  was 
British  goods  admitted  through  Canada.  The 
growth  of  this  importing  trade,  the  result  of 
tne  reciprocity  treaty  with  Canada,  will  appear 
upon  a  comparison  with  the  returns  of  1854, 
when  the  exports  were  $1,445,244,  and  the  im- 
ports $337,279.  The  number  of  banks  in  the 
state,  July  1,  1860,  was  42,  whose  condition 
was  as  follows :  Capital  paid  in,  $4,004,000 ; 
circulation,  $3,390,874;  due  depodtors,  $834,- 
616;  total  liabilities,  $8,205,013.  Notes  and 
bills  discounted,  $6,340,047 ;  deposited  in  city 
banks,  $891,005;  specie,  $170,572;  total  re- 
sources, $8,488,350.  The  net  decrease  of  bank 
capital  during  the  year  was  $25,000 ;  of  cir- 
culation, $157,800.  The  average  dividend  of 
the  year  was  about  7  per  cent,  on  the  capital. 
On  Sept.  14,  1860,  there  were  in  the  state  14 
savings  banks,  of  which  2  were  in  the  hands  of 
receivers  in  chancery,  2  were  winding  up  their 
aflfairs,  and  10  were  doing  business ;  the  depos- 
its in  the  12  banks  were  $1,145,263;  increase 
during  the  year,  $174,103. — ^The  number  of 
churches  of  all  religious  denominations  in  1850 
was  699,  of  which  102  were  Baptist,  9  Chris- 
tian, 175  Congregational,  26  Episcopal,  1  Free, 
7  Friends^  140  Methodist,  11  Presbyterian,  8 
Roman  Catholic,  76  Union,  2  Unitarian,  38 
Universalist,  and  4  Second  Advent.  There  was 
1  church  to  every  524  inhabitants.  Tho  value 
of  church  property  was  $1,216,125.  Vermont 
has  8  collegiate  institutions,  viz. :  the  uni- 
versity of  Vermont,  at  Burlington,  founded 
in  1791 ;  Middlebury  college,  at  Middlebury, 
founded  in  1800;  And  Norwich  university,  a 
classical  institution  with  a  military  organiza- 


tion, founded  in  1884.  In  1860  these  colleges 
had  17  professors,  287  students,  and  about  ^,- 
000  volumes  in  their  libraries.  There  are  8 
medical  schools,  at  Castleton,  Woodstock,  and 
Burlington;  a  theological  seminary  (Baptist) 
at  Fairfax,  and  a  theological  institute  (Episco- 
pal) at  Burlington;  118  academies  and  high 
schools,  149  select  schools,  and  2,987  school  d^ 
tricts.  The  number  of  children  between  the 
ages  of  4  and  18  years  is  85,892.  The  provisions 
for  popular  education  have  been  at  a  very  low 
ebb.  In  1845  the  school  fund,  amounting  to  a 
little  more  than  $200,000,  was  abolished,  and 
the  money  used  to  pay  the  state  debt.  From 
1851  to  1856  there  was  no  superintendent  of 
schoob.  In  1856  a  board  of  education  was 
established,  consisting  of  the  governor  and 
lieutenant-governor  ex  officiU^  and  8  mem* 
hers  appointed  by  the  governor  and  senate. 
This  board  appoints  a  secretary  for  a  year, 
to  whom  the  town  superintendents  are  to  re- 
port on  or  before  Sept.  1  in  each  year.  Un- 
der the  active  efforts  of  the  secretary  and  the 
board  of  education,  an  improvement  has  taken 
place  in  the  condition  of  the  public  schools. 
The  state  makes  provision  for  the  education 
of  its  indigent  deaf  apd  dumb  children  at  the 
American  asylum,  Hartford,  Conn.  The  Ver- 
mont asylum  for  the  insane  at  Brattleborough 
is  partiflJly  a  state  institution,  and  the  indigent 
insane  of  the  state  are  provided  for  there. 
A  commissioner  is  annually  appointed  by  the 
state  to  visit  the  institution  and  secure  the 
admission  of  worthy  applicants.  In  the  year 
ending  Aug.  1,  1860,  the  whole  number  of 
patients  was  674  (290  males  and  284  females), 
of  whom  169  were  state  beneficiaries.  The 
whole  number  remaining  in  the  asylum  at  that 
date  was  436,  of  whom  128  were  state  patients. 
Its  income  during  the  year  was  $59,270.28; 
expenditures,  $57,809.68.  The  state  prison  is 
at  Windsor,  and  the  superintendent  is  a  state 
officer  annually  appointed.  The  whole  num- 
ber of  convicts  for  the  year  was  122,  of  whom 
24  were  discharged,  13  by  expiration  of  sen- 
tence, 9  by  pardon,  and  2  died,  leaving  98  in 
the  prison  Sept.  1,  1860,  92  males  and  6  fe- 
males. Tlie  labor  of  the  prisoners  is  let  to 
contractors.  The  income  for  the  year  was 
$7,990.22;  expenditures,  $9,195.39.  In  1862 
there  were  in  the  state  36  weekly  and  6  daily- 
newspapers. — ^The  government  of  Vermont  ap- 
proaches much  more  nearly  than  that  of  some 
of  the  other  states  to  a  pure  democracy.  Its 
original  state  constitution  was  adopted  in 
1777,  and  was  modelled  on  that  of  Pennsylva- 
nia. It  was  revised  by  the  council  of  13  cen- 
sors, for  whose  election  by  the  people  once  in  7 
years  it  provided,  in  1786,  and  again  in  1793, 
when,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  particulars, 
it  assumed  its  present  form.  No  alterations 
were  made  till  1828,  when  the  elective  fran- 
chise was  somewhat  restricted.  In  1836,  for 
the  first  time,  a  senate  was  established,  there 
having  previously  been  only  a  house  of  repre- 
aentativesand  a  governor's  coancil  of  12,  whidi 


74                     VERMONT  YERNirr 

Beth  Warner,  aod  otber  bold  and  fearless  men,  battles  near  Bennington,  which  were  the  pii- 

an  armed  resistance  to  the  oppression  of  Uie  mary  causes  of  Bargoyne^s  defeat  and  sorren- 

New  York  government ;  every  offioer  who  un-  der,  immortalized  the  desperate  bravery  of  tho 
dertook  to  enforce  a  process  of  ejection  was    Oreen  mountain  boys.   After  the  admission  of 

•tripped,  tied  to  a  tree,  and  whipped  with  the  state  into  the  federal  Union,  Vermont 

beechen  rods  without  mercy.    This  application  prospered  beyond  most  of  the  other  states.    In 

of  the  *^  beech  seal,*^  as  it  was  called,  was  so  the  war  of  1612  her  sons  took  an  active  part  in 

effectual,  that  no  officers  could  be  procured  to  the  battle  of  Plattsburg  and  the  naval  conflict 

serve  writs.    The  strife  continued  for  10  years,  on  Lake  Ohamplain,  and  added  to  their  old  re- 

and  after  trying  various  expedients,  Gov.  Tryon  nown  for  valor.    In  1887,  at  the  time  of  the 

issued  a  proclamation  commanding  Ethan  Al-  Oanadian  rebellion,  a  considerable  body  of  the 

len,  Seth  Warner,  Remember  Baker,  Robert  inhabitants  of  northern  Vermont  sympathized 

Cochran,  Peleg  Sunderland,  Silvanus  Brown,  *  with  the  insurgents,  and  to  the  number  of  600 

James  Breakenridge,  and  John  Smith  to  surren-  or  600  crossed  the  line  into  Canada.    A  well 

der  themselves  within  80  days  under  pain  of  armed  and  well  disciplined  British  military 

conviction  of  felony  and  death  without  benefit  force  was  despatched  to  drive  them  off,  and 

of  clergy,  and  offering  a  bounty  of  £160  for  Gen.  Wool,  then  in  comnuind  on  the  frontier, 

the  capture  of  Allen  and  £50  for  each  of  the  gave  them  the  alternative  of  returning  and  snr- 

others.    The  Vermont  leaders  retorted  by  of-  rendering  their  arms  to  him,  or,  if  they  per- 

fering  a  reward  for  the  apprehension  of  the  sisted  and  were  compelled  to  retreat  into  Ver* 

attorney-general  of  New  York.     The  com-  mont,  of  being  shot  when  they  came  over.    At 

mencement  of  the  revolution  caused  a  suspen-  first  they  were  obstinate,  but  the  approach  of 

aion  of  the  controversy.    In  1776  the  Vermont  the  British  soldiers  made  them  reconsider  their 

settlers  petitioned  the  provincial  congress,  then  determination,  and  they  laid  down  their  arms 

in  session  in  Philadelphia,  for  admission  into  and  dispersed. 

the  confederacy ;  but  New  York  opposed,  and  VERMONT,  UinvxBSiTT  of.    Bee  Bcsukq- 

they  withdrew.    In  1777  Vermont  declared  tok. 

her  independence,  and  in  July  of  the  same  VERNET.  I.  Clattdb  Joseph,  a  French 
year  agam  applied  to  be  admitted  into  the  painter,  bom  in  Avignon,  Aug.  17. 1714,  died 
confederacy.  Congress  hesitated  and  tempo-  m  Paris  in  1789.  He  received  his  nrst  instrac- 
rized,  and  the  people  became  indignant.  Mean-  tions  in  painting  from  his  father,  Antoine  Ver- 
time  the  British  generals  endeavored  to  seduce  net,  and  in  1782  went  to  Italy  to  study  the 
the  Vermonters  to  allegiance  to  Great  Britain,  great  masters  of  history;  but,  charmed  by  the 
Aware  of  the  importance  of  gaining  time,  and  beauties  of  the  Mediterranean  coast,  he  soon  de- 
avoiding  the  troubles  which  would  follow  a  voted  himself  chiefly  to  marine  views  and  land- 
bold  decision  in  favor  of  the  congress  which  scapes,  in  which  he  acquired  uncommon  facility, 
had  twice  repulsed  them,  Allen  and  his  coad-  His  early  residence  in  Italy  was  marked  hy 
Jutors  amused  the  British  officers  and  kept  great  hardships,  and  he  was  sometimes  obliged 
them  inactive  till  the  theatre  of  the  war  was  to  procure  money  by  painting  coach  panels, 
changed.  In  1781  congress  offered  to  admit  some  of  which  were  afterward  taken  out  and 
Vermont  with  a  considerable  curtailment  of  framed  as  works  of  great  value.  After  an  ab- 
her  boundaries ;  but  the  people  refused  to  sence  of  20  years  he  returned  to  fVance  with 
come  in  on  such  terms,  and  for  8  years  she  re-  the  reputation  of  the  first  marine  painter  of 
mained  outside  the  Union.  In  1790  New  York  Europe,  and  in  1763  was  commissioned  by  the 
revived  the  old  question,  but  with  evident  de-  French  government  to  paint  the  principal  sea- 
sire  for  its  settlement ;  and  having  offered  to  ports  of  France.  For  10  or  12  years  he  was 
relinquish  all  claims  to  lands  in  or  jurisdiction  chiefly  occupied  with  this  undertiUcing,  and  the 
over  the  state  on  the  payment  of  $80,000,  piotures,  16  in  number,  are  now  in  the  Lonvre. 
Vermont  acceded  to  the  proposition,  and  on  During  the  remainder  of  his  life  he  produced 
March  4,  1791,  was  admitted  into  the  Union,  about  200  pictures,  and  was  held  to  be  nnri- 
But  though  not  one  of  the  confederated  colo-  vailed  in  landscape  by  any  contemporary  but 
nies,  and  having  no  voice  in  their  councils,  the  Wilson.  Most  of  his  important  works  have  been 
*^  Green  mountain  boys"  had  distinguished  engraved.  II.  Antoine  Chables  Hokagb,  gen- 
themselves  during  the  revolution  in  some  of  erally  known  as  Oarle  Vernet,  a  French  painter, 
the  hardest  fought  and  most  successful  battles  son  of  the  preceding,  born  in  Bordeaux,  Aug. 
and  expeditions  of  the  war.  Allen  and  his  14,  1768,  died  Nov.  27,  1886.  He  was  first 
little  company  of  83  men  took  Fort  Ticonde-  instructed  by  his  father,  and  subsequently  be- 
roga,  May  1,  1776.  Allen  and  Warner  partici-  came  a  student  at  the  French  academy,  where 
pated  in  the  invasion  of  Canada,  and  the  for-  in  his  24th  year  he  gained  the  grand  prize, 
mer  was  taken  prisoner  and  sent  to  England,  which  entitled  him  to  Uie  privilege  of  going  to 
while  the  latter  with  his  regiment  protected  Bome  with  a  pension.  He  soon  rose  into  em- 
the  retreat  from  Quebec,  and  adopted  the  meas-  inence,  and  during  the  Napoleonic  wars  exe> 
ures  which  led  to  the  capitulation  of  the  British  outed  a  celebrated  series  of  battle  pieces,  in- 
garrison  at  St.  John's.  In  the  battles  on  Lake  eluding  ^^The  Battle  of  Marengo,^  *^  A  Battle 
Ohamplain,  though  disastrous,  their  obstinate  with  the  Mamelukes,^*  *^The  Morning  of  the 
reaiaUuioe  gained  them  credit ;   and  the  two  Battle  of  Austerlitz,"  *'  The  Bombardment  of 


76  VERNON 

In  the  case  of  the  vernier  scale  of  10  parts,  without  respect  of  persons,  and  somethneawidi- 
eqaal  to  ^jf  of  an  inch,  being  set  so  that  the  0  oat  any  regard  to  decoram/'  Once,  in  a  de- 
line  of  the  vernier  coincides  with  an  inch  line  bate  upon  the  depredations  of  the  Spaniards, 
of  the  fixed  scale,  it  is  obvious  that  the  moving  he  dedared  that  Porto  Bello  could  be  taken 
of  the  vernier  jV  ^^  ^^®  ^^  ^^^  divisions  of  the  with  6  ships ;  and  so  much  favor  did  the  remark 
fixed  scale  will  bring  the  division  of  the  ver-  meet  with  fi*om  the  people  that  Vernon  was 
nier  marked  1  into  coincidence  with  a  line  of  extolled  all  over  the  langdom.  To  silence  the 
the  fixed  scale;  and  the  same  if  the  vernier  is  general  clamor,  the  ministry,  glad  perhaps  to 
moved  ^^%,  ^^i  or  an  j  number  of  tenths  of  an  be  relieved  from  a  troublesome  member  of  par- 
inch,  plus  fjf  of  one  of  the  divisions  of  the  fixed  Uament,  and  possibly  desirous  that  the  new 
scale.  So  if  the  movement  be  f|^,  f-J^,  or  f f  if ,  commander  might  disgrace  himself  and  his 
&c.,  of  an  inch  beyond  the  coincidence  of  the  party,  sent  him  to  the  West  Indies  with  the 
0  of  the  vernier  with  any  divisional  line  of  the  rank  of  vice-admiral  of  the  blue.  In  Nov.  1739, 
fixed  scale,  the  division  2,  8,  or  4,  &c.,  of  the  he  appeared  off  Porto  Bello  with  6  men-of-war, 
vernier  will  be  found  to  coincide  with  some  and  the  city  was  taken  the  day  after  the  attack 
line  of  the  fixed  scale,  thus  indicating  the  num-  b^an,  the  English  losing  only  7  men.  Although 
ber  of  hundredths  of  an  inch  to  be  read  in  ad-  this  expedition  had  no  important  result,  Vernon 
dition  to  the  inches  and  tenths  of  the  fixed  became  the  idol  of  England,  and  his  birthday 
scale.  In  the  other  form  of  the  vernier,  in  was  celebrated  with  lights  and  bonfires.  He 
which  its  10  parts  correspond  to  11  of  the  fixed  next  took  and  destroyed  Fort  Ohagres  on  the 
scale,  the  necessity  for  numbering  in  the  oppo-  isthmus  of  Darien ;  and  in  Jan.  1741,  he  sailed 
site  direction  to  that  of  the  scale  is  perceived  ftom  Jamaica  with  29  ships  of  the  line  and  SO 
on  setting  the  0  of  the  vernier  to  coincide  with  smaller  vessels,  having  on  board  15,000  sailors 
an  inch  line  of  the  fixed  scale,  when  the  push-  and  12,000  land  forces,  4  battalions  of  which 
ing  forward  of  the  vernier  jj^g  of  an  inch  will  were  from  the  American  colonies  north  of  Oar- 
bring  the  first  line  from  the  forward  end  of  the  olina.  After  cruising  in  search  of  the  French 
vernier  instead  t>f  the  backward  end  to  coin-  and  Spanish  fieets,  Vernon  resolved  to  attack 
cide  with  the  line  of  the  fixed  scale,  and  so  on.  Oarthagena,  the  strongest  place  in  South  Amer- 
The  latter  form  may  be  preferred  on  account  ica,  and  on  March  4  appeared  before  the  town, 
of  increased  clearness  arising  from  the  greater  The  assailants  were  repulsed,  and  sickness  de- 
size  of  the  vernier  divisions ;  while  the  former  stroyed  those  whom  the  sword  spared.  Ver- 
has  tlie  advantage  in  both  scales  being  read  in  non  attributed  the  disastrous  failure  of  this 
Uie  same  direction.  Important  astronomical  expedition  to  his  not  having  the  sole  command, 
and  geodetical  instruments,  as  theodolites,  are  and  the  result  did  not  seem  to  diminish  hb  pop- 
provided  with  2  or  8  verniers  at  equal  divisions  ularity  in  England.  In  1742  he  planned  an  ex- 
of  the  circle,  all  of  which  are  read  and  noted  pedition  against  Panama.  He  had  been  elected 
with  each  observation  in  order  to  serve  as  cor-  to  the  parliament  of  1741  from  Penryn,  from 
rections  upon  each  other,  the  mean  of  the  sev-  Rochester,  and  fVom  Ipswich.  He  accepted  the 
eral  readings  being  the  true  result.  representation  of  the  last  named  place,  and  waa 

VERNON,  a  W.  county  of  Missouri,  border-  returned  from  it  to  the  parliaments  of  1747  and 
ing  on  Kansas,  and  drained  by  the  Osage  river  1754.  During  the  invasion  of  the  pretender  in 
and  its  affluents ;  area,  about  700  sq.  m. ;  pop.  1745,  he  was  employed  to  guard  the  coast  of 
in  1860,  4,779,  of  )vhom  136  were  slaves.  The  Kent  and  Sussex.  In  this  he  gave  satisfaction, 
surface  is  undulating  and  the  soil  fertile.  It  but,  in  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  the  ad- 
has  been  formed  out  of  parts  of  Bates  and  Oass  miralty  in  regard  to  the  appointment  of  a  gun- 
oounties  since  1850.    Oapital,  Nevada  Oity.  ner,  his  name  was  struck  from  the  list  of  ad- 

VERNON,  Edward,  an  English  admiral,  mirals.  It  is  said  that  in  the  controversy  on 
born  in  Westminster,  Nov.  12, 1684,  died  at  his  this  subject  he  wrote  several  pamphlets  in  de- 
seat  of  Nactoain  Suffolk,  Oct.  29, 1757.  He  was  fence  of  himself.  During  the  last  years  of  his 
descended  from  an  ancient  family  of  Stafford-  life  he  lived  in  great  measure  in  retirement, 
shire,  and  his  father,  James  Vernon,  had  been  He  was  a  brave  man,  but  his  Impetuous  temper 
secretary  of  state  from  1697  to  1700.  The  son  rendered  it  hardly  possible  for  him  to  endure 
entered  the  navy,  and  first  served  in  the  expe-  even  an  associate. 

dition  of  Admiral  Hopson,  which,  in  Oct.  1702,  VERNON,  Robert,  an  English  collector  of 
destroyed  the  French  and  Spanish  fieets  off  paintings,  born  in  1774,  died  May  22, 1^9.  He 
Vigo ;  and  he  was  present  the  following  year  commenced  life  in  humble  drcumstances,  but 
at  the  sea  fight  off  Malaga  between  the  French  by  industry  and  sagacity  in  commercial  pnr- 
and  English.  He  attained  the  rank  of  rear  ad-  suits  amassed  a  handsome  fortune,  a  great  por- 
miral  in  1708,  and  remained  in  active  service  tion  of  which  was  devoted  to  the  puroliase  of 
till  1727,  when  he  was  elected  a  member  of  pictures,  principally  by  British  artists.  His  col- 
parliament  for  Penryn,  and  in  the  succeeding  lection  gradually  growing  beyond  the  capacity 
parliament,  which  lasted  from  1734  to  1741,  he  of  his  house  to  contain  it,  he  presented  the  most 
sat  for  Portsmouth.  In  the  house  he  attracted  valuable  portion  to  the  government,  which 
attention,  says  Smollett,  *^  by  loudly  condemn-  thus,  in  Dec.  1847,  became  possessed  of  157 
ing  all  the  measures  of  the  ministry,  and  bluntly  works  of  merit,  all  but  two  by  British,  and  a 
speaking  his  sentiments,  whatever  they  were,  large  proportion  by  living  artists.    The  British 


T8  VEBONA  VEBPLAKOE 

gate  410  feet,  and  is  said  to  have  been  120  feet  in  trarelling  in  Europe.  Retoming  to  America, 
high.  It  is  supposed  that  it  might  have  ao*  he  interested  himselfin  politics,  and  in  1814  was 
oommodated  22,000  persons  at  one  time,  and  a  candidate  of  the  *^  Malcontents**  for  the  New- 
it  is  still  in  a  good  state  of  preservation,  having  York  assembly.  In  1818  he  delivered  a  dis* 
been  repaired  in  the  16th  century.  Among  course  before  the  New  York  historical  society 
the  many  other  remarkable  edifices  which  the  on  **  The  Early  European  Friends  of  America," 
city  contains  may  be  mentioned  tlie  palaces  of  which  excited  great  attention  at  the  time,  and 
Oanossa  and  Guasta  Yerza,  both  built  by  San  passed  through  several  editions.  In  the  fo)- 
Michel! ;  the  palace  d^Ua  gran  guardia  in  the  lowing  year,  while  the  contest  between  the 
Piazza  Bra ;  that  of  Ridolfi ;  the  palaces  in  the  '^  Bucktails*'  and  ^*  Olintonians**  was  raging  in 
Piazza  del  Signori,  one  of  which  has  a  square  the  state,  he  published  anonymously  a  volume 
tower  800  feet  high;  the  palace  del  eonnglio^  containing poutical  satires  entitled  **The  State 
built  after  a  design  of  Sansovino,  but  with  Triumvirate,  a  Political  Tale,"  another  entitled 
additions  by  Era  Giocondo,  the  commentator  ^*  Bucktail  Bards,*' and  *^  The  Epistles  of  Brevet 
of  Vitruvius;  and  ih^pdUvko  publico  opposite  Migor  Pindar  Puff,"  chiefly  aimed  at  De  Witt 
the  amphitheatre.  The  library  of  the  chapter  Olinton  and  his  literary  pretensions.  In  1820 
of  Verona  contains  upward  of  12,000  volumes  Mr.  Verplanck  was  a  promhient  member  of 
and  about  540  MSS.,  some  of  which  are  of  great  the  New  York  legislature,  where  he  acted  as 
antiquity.  It  was  in  this  library  that  Petrarch  chairman  of  the  committee  on  education.  Not 
discovered  Oicero*s  epistles  Ad  Ihmiliares.  long  afterward  he  accepted  the  professorship 
Verona  has  a  lyoeum,  a  gymnasium,  a  school  of  the  evidence  of  Ohnstianity  in  the  general 
of  painting,  a  female  college,  a  clerical  semi-  Protestant  Episcopal  seminary  in  New  York 
nary,  an  academy  of  agriculture  and  commerce,  city,  and  in  1824  published  a  volume  of  •  *^  Ea- 
a  theatre,  and  numerous  chariteble  institutions,  says  on  the  Nature  and  Uses  of  the  Various 
The  houses  have  mostly  a  good  appearance.  Evidences  of  Revealed  Religion.*'  In  1825 
marble  being  largely  used  in  their  construction,  he  published  ^'  An  Essay  on  the  Doctrine  of 
but  the  style  of  architecture  is  antiquated.  Contracts:  being  an  Inquiry  how  Contracts 
The  manufactures  consist  principally  of  silk,  are  affected  in  Law  and  Morals  by  Conceal* 
woollen,  and  linen  goods,  leather,  soap,  and  ment.  Error,  or  Inadequate  Price**  (8vo.).  In 
earthenware ;  and  a  considerable  trade  is  car-  the  same  year  he  was  elected  member  of  con- 
ried  on  in  these  articles,  together  with  grain,  gress  from  the  city  of  New  York,  and  he  held 
oil,  and  sumach.  Verona  is  the  seat  of  one  of  that  oflSce  for  8  years.  iLe  was  a  warm  advo- 
the  6  sections  of  the  Ibiperial  and  royal  insti-  cato  of  the  extension  of  the  term  of  copyright 
tute  of  Austrian  Italy ;  the  residence  of  a  gov-  from  28  to  42  years,  a  measure  which  was 
emor ;  the  head-quarters  of  the  Austrian  army  passed  in  the  session  of  1880-*dl.  At  the  close 
in  Italy ;  and  the  see  of  a  bishop. — ^The  date  of  the  session  Mr.  Verplanck  accepted  a  public 
of  the  foundation  of  the  town  is  unknown,  but  dinner  fi'om  a  number  of  citizens,  at  which  he 
Julius  GsBsar  established  a  colony  here,  and  delivered  a  speech  on  '*  The  Law  of  Literary 
under  the  Romans  it  became  a  flourishing  city.  Property.**  In  conjunction  with  W.  C.  Bryant 
On  the  decline  of  that  empire  it  experienced  and  R.  C.  Sands,  he  published  *^  The  Talisman,** 
the  fate  of  other  towns  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  and  an  annual  in  prose  and  verse  (8  vols.  8vo., 
was  taken  by  the  Goths.  Theodoric  made  it  1827^*80;  new  edition  under  the  title  of  **Mi^ 
the  capital  of  his  empfre.  Charlemagne  cap-  ceUanics,*'  1888).  Nearly  one  half  of  thia 
tured  it  774,  and  it  subsequently  became  a  free  work  was  written  by  Mr.  Verplanck.  After 
town.  In  1405  it  was  annexed  to  the  posses-  the  death  of  Sands,  Mr.  Verplanck  wrote  the 
sions  of  Venice,  and  ei^oyed  peace  till  the  in-  memoir  of  his  friend  prefixed  to  the  collection 
vasion  of  Italy  by  the  French  in  1796,  when  it  of  his  writings.  In  1888  appeared  a  volume  of 
was  captured  and  ceded  to  Austria  the  follow-  his  ^^  Discourses  and  Addresses  on  Subjects  of 
ing  year,  but  added  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  American  History,  Arts,  and  Literature.*'  In 
1805.  The  ramparts  and  bastions,  which  had  August  he  delivered  at  the  commencement  of 
been  constructed  in  the  early  part  of  the  16th  Geneva  college  an  oration  on  **  The  right  Moral 
century  by  the  architect  and  engineer  San  Influence  and  Use  of  Liberal  Studies;**  in  1834 
Micheli,  were  almost  entirely  destroyed  in  ful-  an  oration  at  Union  college  on  "  The  influence 
filment  of  the  terms  of  the  peace  of  Lun^ville  of  Moral  Causes  upon  Opinion,  Science,  and 
in  1801 ;  but  the  gates  were  spared,  and  one  Literature;**  and  in  1836  a  discourse  at  Union 
of  them,  the  Porte  del  Palio,  has  been  termed  college  on  **  The  American  Scholar.**  In  1844 
a  *^  miracle  of  architecture.**  In  1814  it  be-  the  first  number  of  an  edition  of  Shakespeare 
came  again  subject  to  the  Austrians,  who  have  appeared  under  his  supervision,  and  in  1847 
constructed  walls  and  ramparts  and  made  Ve-  the  work  was  finished  in  8  vols.  8vo.  Since 
rona  one  of  the  strongest  places  in  Europe.  the  close  of  his  congressional  career  Mr.  Ver- 
VER0NE8E,  Paul.  See  Caoliabi.  planck  has  several  times  been  a  member  of  the 
VERPLANCK,  Guuax  Crommelin,  an  senate  of  the  state  of  New  York.  The  senate 
American  author,  born  in  the  city  of  New  York  of  New  York  at  that  time  composed,  with  the 
in  Aug.  1786.  He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  Judges  of  the  higher  courts,  the  **  court  for  the 
college  in  1801,  studied  law,  and  after  having  correction  of  errors,"  or  the  court  of  appeal  in 
been  admitted  to  the  bar  passed  several  years  the  laat  resort  from  the  supreme  court  and 


80                   YEBTEBRATA  VERTOT 

for  Mme.  X>a  Bairj.    This  was  also  a  favorite  or  flesh  animals ;  Ehrenherg,  mf^eloneura ;  De 
residence  of  Marie  Antoinette,  who  erected  a  BlainvillejOiteozoaria;  BxidOweii,  myelencephala. 
Swiss  village  within  the  famous  English  gar-  These  various  terms  describe  very  accuratelj 
den  attached  to  it.    In  1681  Louis  XIV.,  ao-  therelationsoftheskeleton,  red  blood,  muscles 
oompanied  by  all  his  court,  took  up  his  resi-  '  and  cerebro-spinal  nervous  centres,  character- 
dence  at  Versailles ;  and  about  that  time  were  istic  of  fishes,  reptiles,  birds,  and  mammak. 
erected  most  of  the  dependencies  connected  The  essential  character  of  the  spinal  column  i.« 
with  the  palace,  such  as  the  grand  commun^  a  to  have  a  distinct  cavity  above  the  axis  for  the 
vast  square  building  which  had  1,000  sleeping  nervous  centres,  and  another  below  for  the 
rooms  and  could  lodge  upward  of  2,000  per-  organs  of  vegetative  life,  bot^  circumscribed 
sons ;  the  tennis  court,  famous  for  the  oath  by  complicated  bony  arches.    Vertebrates  are 
taken  in  it  by  the  national  assembly,  June  20,  the  doubly  symmetrical  type  of  Von  Baer,  their 
1789,  and  which  of  late  years  has  been  used  as  embryological  development  producing  identi* 
a  studio  by  Horace  Vernet ;  the  gards  mettble,  cal  parts  arising  on  both  sides  of  an  axis,  grov- 
and  other  buildings,  now  occupied  by  various  ing  upward  and  downward  and  slmtting  op 
public  functionaries  of  the  city  of  VersaiUes.  along  two  lines,  the  inner  layer  of  the  genn 
The  expense  of  all  these  undertakings  is  esti-  being  enclosed  below  and  the  upper  above: 
mated  at  1,000,000,000  francs.    At  the  same  Van  Beneden  calls  them  hypocotyledones  or 
time  every  encouragement  was  given  to  per-  hypovitellians,  from  the  vitellus  or  yolk  enter- 
sons  desirous  of  building  houses  in  the  town,  ing  the  body  from  the  under  or  ventral  side. 
and  during  the  18th  century  a  large  and  ele-  De  Lamarck  also  styles  them  intelligent  ani- 
gant  city  rose  around  the  royal  palace,  which  mals,  but  comparative  psychology  is  not  suf!i- 
at  one  period  numbered  upward  of  70,000  in-  ciently  advanced  to  enable  us  to  distinguish  in 
habitants.    It  is  divided  into  two  nearly  equal  this  way  between  the  sensationsof  a  fish  and  a 
parts  by  a  noble  avenue  800  feet  broad,  running  cephalopod  or  an  insect.    In  vertebrates  repro- 
£.  and  W.,  called  the  avenue  of  Paris,  and  duction  is  sexual,  without  normal  hermaphru- 
which,*w]th  the  avenues  of  St.  Cloud  and  ditism,  and  the  jaws  move  vertically  and  not 
Soeaux,  terminates  in  the  Place  d'Armes,  or  laterally.    Ehrenberg  divides  vertebrates  into 
parade  ground,  a  large  open  space  800  feet  nutrientia,  or  warm-blooded,  and  taking  caro 
broad,  into  which  project  the  outer  gates  of  of  their  young,  like  mammals  and  birds ;  and 
the  E.  or  town  front  of  the  palace.    The  city  orphanozoa,  cold-blooded,  taking  no  care  of 
is  built  with  the  greatest  regularity,  the  streets  their  young,  like  reptiles  and  fishes ;  some  of 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  the  the  latter,  however,  do  take  care  of  their  young, 
houses  being  of  a  uniform  height  and  an  ele-  in  a  difierent  or  in  the  same  way  as  the  former 
gant  style  of  architecture.     The  removal  of  division.    The  classes  of  vertebrates,  accord- 
the  court  to  Paris  in  1789  materially  affected  ing   to  Agassiz,  are:  1,  myzonts  (myxinoids 
the  prosperity  of  Versailles,  which  for  upward  and  cyclostomes)  ;  2,  fishes  proper ;  8,  ganoids 
of  100  years  had  been  the  royal  residence,  and  (sturgeons,  &c.) ;    4,  selachians  (sharks  and 
which  thenceforth  declined  almost  as  rapidly  rays) ;  5,  amphibians  (frogs,  salamanders,  &c.) ; 
as  it  had  risen.    At  the  present  day,  the  mag-  6,  reptiles ;  7,  birds ;  and  8,  mammals.  In  this 
nitude  of  the  houses  and  the  great  extent  of  type,  to  use  his  words  Q^  Atlantic  Monthly/ 
space  occupied  by  them,  compared  with  the  Jan.  1862,  p.  12),  "  the  head  is  the  prominent 
population,  give  the  place  a  monotonous  and  feature ;  it  is,  as  it  were,  the  loaded  end  of  the 
h^-deserted  appearance.     Napoleon  I.  and  longitudinal  axis,  so  charged  with  vitality  as  to 
his  successors  nave,  however,  done  much  to  form  an  intelligent  brain,  and  rising  in  man  to 
restore  and  enlarge  the  palace,  which,  if  not  such  predominance  as  to  command  and  control 
destined  to  become  agam  the  residence  of  the  whole  organism." 
French  sovereigns  and  their  courts,  has  been  VERTIGO  (Lat.  rerto,  to  turn),  a  comraoo 
transformed  into  a  vast  and  splendid  museum  symptom  of  cerebral  disturbance,  with  or  with- 
oontaininff  immense  series  of  paintings,  sculp-  out  obscurity  of  vision,  in  which  objects  ap- 
tures,  and  works  of  art  illustrative  of  "every  pear  to  turn  round;  beside  the  abnormal  sub- 
thing  that  has  reflected  honor  on  the  annals  of  jective  sensations,  there  may  be  disordered 
France,  from  the  cradle  of  the  monarchy  down  movements  prompted  thereby.    It  may  arise 
to  the  present  day."  from  too  much  or  too  little  blood  sent  to  the 
VERTEBRATA,  a  name  applied  by  De  La-  brain ;  from  poisons  in  the  circulation,  as  in 
marck  to  the  highest  branch  of  the  animal  alcoholic  and  other  intoxication;   and  from 
kingdom,  from  its  being  characterized  by  a  lesions  of  the  sensorial  centres  or  the  nerves 
bony  or  cartilaginous  internal   skeleton,  of  therewith  connected.    The  effect  is  that  the 
which  the  most  essential  and  persistent  portion  intelligence  is  not  able  to  correct  the  erroneotiB 
is  the  vertebral  column  or  spine.    (See  Com-  suggestions  of  tlie  senses.  It  is  most  commonly 
PARATIVB  Anatomy,  Philosophical  Anatomy,  a  symptom  of  congestion  of  the  brain,  and  often 
and  Skeleton.)  Aristotle  had  long  before  made  indicates  an  approaching  attack  of  apopie^X 
the  distinction  of  tvama  (blood  animals)  and  arat-  epilepsy,  or  paralysis. 
na  ^bloodless  animals),  corresponding  respeo-  VERTOT,  Ren£  Aubest  de,  a  French  his- 
tively  to  the  vertebrata  and  invertebrata  of  De  torian,  bom  at  the  chateau  of  Benetot,  Nor- 
Lamarck,  Oken  called  the  vertebrates  wrcozoa  mandy,  Nov.  25, 1655,  died  in  Paris,  June  15, 


82                    YESPAJSIAN  VE8PEBS 

to  the  inquisition  as  guilty  of  murder  and  ini-  East.    His  son  Titns  was  lelt  to  pat  fin  end  to 

piety,  ana  it  was  only  through  the  personal  in-  the  Jewish  war,  while  one  of  his  generals,  An- 

terest  of  the  king  that  he  was  enahled  to  save  tonins  Primus,  marched  at  once  into  Italy,  de- 

himself  by  promising  to  perform  a  pilgrimage  feated  the  troops  of  Yitellius,  and  put  Vitellias 

to  Jerusalem.    Whether  this  account  is  true  or  himself  to  death.    In  the  mean  time  Vespasian 

not,  he  certainly  sailed  from  Venice  for  Pales-  had  gone  to  Alexandria  to  cat  off  the  supply 

tine ;  but  no  sooner  had  he  readied  Jerusalem  of  grain  from  Rome,  but  his  recognition  by  the 

than  he  received  an  invitation  from  the  Vene-  senate  made  any  such  step  unnecessary.   From 

tian  senate  to  accept  the  Paduan  professorship  Egypt  he  sent  to  Rome  an  edict  repealing  the 

of  anatomy.     On  the  voyage  back  he  was  laws  of  Nero  and  his  successors  in  regiml  to 

wrecked  on  the  island  of  Zante,  where  he  is  the  orime  of  Icesa  majestas,  and  also  bonbliiDg 

said  to  have  died  of  starvation.    Beside  his  astrologers.    Not  long  afterward  he  arrived  in 

ffreat  work,  he  wrote  De  Radieis  China  Uini  Italy,  where  his  coming  was  hailed  with  great 

ISpistola  (I54&i ;  Anatomieamm  OoMdisFal-  joy  by  the  people.    His  accession  worked  a 

l^i  Ohservatumum  BsDomen  (Venice,  1664) ;  great  change  in  the  condition  of  the  empire. 

Eramen  Apologim  Fr,  Putm  pro  Qaleno  (Ven-  He  maintamed  firm  discipline  among  the  sol- 

ice,  1564) ;  and  a  paraphrase  and  translation  diers,  removed  many  unworthy  senators  and 

of  some  of  the  works  of  the  Arabic  physician  knights,  restored  order  to  the  finances,  and  re- 

Rhazes.    His  writings  are  especially  remark-  paired  the  devastations  which  had  been  inflict* 

able  for  the  audacity  with  which  he  speaks  ed  upon  Rome  during  the  recent  civil  commo- 

of  Galen,  whose  authority  all  his  predecessors  tions.    He  rebuilt  many  edifices,  one  of  which 

had  slavislily  recogni£ed.    His  complete  works,  was  the  capitol,  erected  a  temple  to  Peace,  and 

together  with  a  life,  were  published  at  Leyden  began  the  building  of  the  Flavian  amphithea- 

in  1725  (2  vols.  foL),  edited  by  Boerhaave  and  tre,  which  was  afterward  called  the  Colosseum. 

Albinus.  The  foreign  wars  of  his  reign  were  as  success- 

VESPASIAN  (Titus  Flaviub  Sabiihtb  Ves-  ful  as  the  internal  condition  of  the  empire  was 

PABIA.NUS),  a  Roman  emperor,  born  near  Reate  prosperous.    The  rebellion  of  the  Batavi  under 

in  the  Sabine  country,  Nov.  17,  A.D.  9,  di^  Claudius  Civilis  was  put  down;  Titus  completed 

there,  June  24,  79.    He  was  of  low  origin,  his  the  conquest  of  Judeea;  the  governor  of  ^>vna 

father  being  a  petty  officer  of  the  revenue,  took  possession  of  Commagene;  and  a  war  was 

who  died  while  the  son  was  still  young.    Ves-  carried  on  in  Britain  with  great  success  bv 

pasian  began  his  career  by  serving  in  Thrace  Petilius  Cerealis,  Julius  Frontinus,  and  Julius 

as  military  tribune,  became  queestor  in  Crete  Agricola,  the  father-in-law  of  Tacitus.    In  71 

and  Cyrene,  and  subsequently  passed  through  the  temple  of  Janus  was  closed,  and  in  74  tl  i 

the  gradations  of  mdile  and  prsQtor.    In  the  last  census  of  Roman  citizens  ever  made  wa> 

reign  of  Claudius,  through  the  influence  of  taken.    In  79  a  conspiracy  formed  by  Alieni]!< 

Narcissus,  the  freedman  of  that  monarch,  he  Cfficina  and  Marcellus  was  discovered,  and 

went  to  Germany  as  legaUia  legionis,  and  in  of  the  two  leaders,  the  former  was  stun- 

43  held  the  same  command  in  Britain,*  where  manly  put  to  deaths  while  Marcellus  escaped 

he  served  under  Aulus  Plautius  and  under  the  the  same  fate  by  suicide.     In  the  summer 

emperor  himself,  and  reduced  the  Isle  of  Wight  of  the  same  year  Vespasian  on  account  of 

He  gained  so  much  reputation  in  these  cam-  failing  health  retired  to  his  early  home  in  the 

paigns  that  triumphal  honors  were  granted  Sabine  country.    When  he  felt  the  apprcicli 

him,  and  during  the  last  two  months  of  51  he  of  death  he  caused  himself  to  be  placed  upon 

was  made  eantul  tuffectua.    Subsequently  he  his  feet,  saying  it  was  the  duty  of  an  emptror 

governed  Africa  as  proconsul,  and  while  there  to  die  standing.    He  was  one  of  the  best  and 

was  charged  with  obtaining  money  in  a  dis-  wisest  of  the  Roman  emperortf,  although  his 

honorable  manner.     In   67  he  accompanied  personal  character  was  disfigured  by  certdn 

Nero  in  his  journey  through  Greece,  but  gave  mean  traits,  the  most  conspicuous  of  which 

such  offence  to  the  emperor  by  once  falling  was  an  avarice  which  displayed  itself  in  a  t»^te 

asleep  while  the  monarch  was  displaying  his  for  little  savings.    His  simple  style  of  living 

Tocal  powers,  that  Nero  forbade  him  his  pres-  furnished  a  strong  and  elevating  contrast  to  the 

ence.    At  the  end  of  66  he  was  sent  to  the  luxury  and  debauchery  in  which  his  immedi&te 

East  to  take  command  of  the  army  in  the  Jew-  predecessors  had  passed  their  lives.   The  chief 

ish  war.    In  two  years  be  reduced  all  Judasa  authorities  for  his  life  are  Suetonius,  Dion  Cas- 

except  Jerusalem  and  some  minor  strongholds,  sius,  and  Tacitus.    The  two  succeeding  einpe- 

His  reputation  in  consequence  of  his  military  rors  were  his  sons  Titus  and  Domitian. 

conduct  rose  so  high,  that  an  opportunity  was  VESPERS  (Lat.  vesper,  evening),  in  the  Ro- 

offered  him  of  ascending  the  throne.    "Hie  civil  man  Catholic  chnrch,  a  portion  of  the  divine 

war  between  Otho  andVitellius  had  but  just  ofiice  recited  daily  by  priests,  and  geuerallj 

broken  out  after  the  death  of  Galba,  when,  on  sung  publicly,  as  the  afternoon  service,  on 

July  1,  69,  Tiberius  Alexander,  the  prefect  of  Sundays  and  other  high  festivals.    It  consist.^ 

Egypt,  proclaimed  Vespasian  emperor  at  Alex-  of  6  of  the  psalms  of  David,  a  hymn,  the  J/eiy* 

andria.    The  choice  was  ratified  on  the  8d  of  nificaty  or  canticle  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  from 

the  same  month  by  the  legions  of  JudsQa,  and  the  let  chapter  of  St.  Lnke,  and  several  praj- 

not  long  afterward  by  the  entire  army  of  the  ers,  anthems,  ^c. 


VESPUOOI  VESTAL  VIBQINB                83 

VESFTTOCI,  AvERioo,  an  Italian  navigator  lie  was  conoerned  sailed  from  Cadiz  May  20, 
from  whom  the  name  of  America  has  been  de-  1497,  and  retarned  in  Oct.  1498.  It  is  this  re- 
rired,  bom  in  Florence,  March  9, 1451,  died  in  mark  which  has  been  the  sonrce  of  a  fierce 
Grille,  Feb.  2, 1612.  He  came  of  a  noble  but  controversy  as  to  the  first  discovery  of  the 
not  w^thy  family,  and  received  his  education  mainland  of  America,  and  as  to  the  tme  char- 
under  his  nnde  the  friar  Giorgio  Antonio  Yes-  acter  of  Yespacci,  against  whom  it  has  been 
pood  Later  in  life  he  engaged  in  commerce  charged  that  after  the  return  from  his  first 
It  Seville,  as  an  agent  of  the  Medici  family  of  voyage  to  Brazil  he  made  a  maritime  chart, 
Florence^  He  was  in  that  city  when  Columbus  in  which  he  gave  his  name  to  that  part  of  the 
Rtoned  from  his  first  voyage ;  and  in  1496,  mainland.  The  statement  in  the  letter  is  nn- 
while  engaged  in  fitting  out  4  caravels  for  the  questionably  false.  The  name  Americi  Terra 
Spaoish  Bervioa  in  the  countries  lately  ^iscov-  was  applied  to  this  continent  as  early  as  1507, 
ered,  he  occasionally  met  with  Columbus,  and  by  Waldsee-Mtlller  (Martinus  Hylacomylus),  a 
▼IS  indoeed  to  prepare  for  a  career  of  nautical  geographer  of  Freiburg  in  the  Breisgau,  in  a 
idreotore.  In  1499  he  sailed  from  Spain  in  an  small  work  entitled  Couno^raphioB  Introduction 
expedition  fitted  out  under  command  of  Alonso  insuper  quatuor  Americi  Vetpucei  Nacigationes, 
de  Ojeda,  which  visited  Paria  and  several  hun-  It  does  not  appear  that  Yespucci  himself  had 
dredmfles  of  coast,  and  returned  in  Jtine,  1500.  any  intention  of  taking  the  honor  of  the  dis- 
h  the  following  month  Yespucci  wrote  to  Lo-  covery  from  Columbus,  with  whom  he  was  on 
KDzo  de  Pier  ^^ncesco  de*  Medici  of  Florence  friendly  terms ;  and  it  was  not  until  the  appear- 
in  account  of  the  voyage,  which  lay  hid  in  ance  of  the  OpttMculum  Geographieum  of  boho- 
nanoscript  until  1745,  when  it  was  Dublished  ner  in  1588,  and  of  the  attact  of  8ervetns  in 
br  Ban^i.  In  May,  1501,  he  enterea  the  ser-  the  Lyons  edition  of  Ptolemy^s  geography  in 
lice  of  Emanuel,  lan^  of  Portugal,  and  par-  1585,  that  charges  were  brought  against  him. — 
tidpated  in  an  expedition  which  visited  the  See  **Life  and  Yoyages  of  Americus  Yespu- 
coast  of  BraziL  Of  this  voyage  he  also  wrote  cius,"  by  C.  E.  Lester  (New  York,  1846),  and 
m  account  to  the  same  member  of  the  Medici  "  Yespucius  and  his  Yoyages,"  by  Santarem, 
£imOr,  which  was  first  brought  to  light  by  translated  by  E.  Y.  Childe  (Boston,  1850). 
Birtolozzi  in  1789.  In  1504  he  sent  to  the  YE8TA,  the  Roman  name  of  the  goddess  of 
ttme  person  a  fuller  narrative  of  this  ezpe-  the  earth,  identical  wiUi  the  Greek  Hestia. 
didon,  which  was  published  at  Strasbourg  in  According  to  the  Hesiodic  theogony,  she  was 
1S05,  under  the  title,  ^mert^  Vemitius  de  the  daughter  of  Cronos  (Saturn)  and  Bhea.  Her 
(He  Antarttieo  per  Begem  PortugaUuB  pridem  brother  Jupiter  allowed  her  to  assume  a  vow  of 
\%faita.  From  thia  voyage  he  acquired  the  perpetual  celibacy,  and  granted  her  the  first 
npQtation  of  being  tlie  discoverer  of  the  main-  oblations  in  all  sacrifices.  She  was  not  repre- 
Und.  In  May,  1503,  he  commanded  a  caravel  sented  by  any  statue  in  thtf  temple  devoted  to  her 
13  a  squadron  that  sailed  for  the  discovery  of  honor,  but  by  the  symbolic  fire  which  was  kept 
Miboci,  but  parted  company  from  the  rest,  and  perpetually  burning  on  the  hearth  or  altar  by 
fiittUy  made  his  way  to  the  coast  of  Brazil,  the  vestals,  her  virgm  priestesses.  From  her  coa* 
vhere  he  discovered  the  bay  of  All  Saints,  re-  nection  with  tiie  domestic  hearth,  every  house 
ruined  there  two  months,  then  ran  260  leagues  was  regarded  in  a  certain  sense  as  consecrated 
futber  S.,  where  he  landed,  built  a  fort,  took  to  her  worship ;  and  in  the  Boman  religion  she 
ia  ft  cargo  of  Brazil  wood,  and  after  a  stay  of  5  was  connected  with  the  Penates.  In  Greece 
owths  stood  for  Dsbon,  which  he  reached  in  her  priestesses  were  widows ;  in  Bome  they 
^UM,  1501.  His  services  apparentlv  did  not  were  maidens,  and  denominated  vestal  virgins. 
Q^  with  their  full  reward,  for  early  in  1505  In  I(ome,  on  March  1  of  every  year,  the  sacred 
^  KQgfat  emplojinent  from  the  Spanish  courts  fire  and  the  laurel  tree  shading  her  hearth 
■ad  frma  King  Ferdinand  received  letters  of  were  renewed ;  on  June  9,  the  festival  called 
vs£ardization.  Heand  YincenteYaflezPinzon  Vestalia  was  celebrated;  and  on  June  15  her 
vere  appointed  captains  of  an  armada  to  be  temple  was  cleansed  and  purified. 
Mst  oQt  in  the  spice  trade  and  to  make  disoov-  YESTAL  YIBGINS  (Lat  ffeitaled),  the 
<^  bat  the  voyage  was  finally  abandoned.  On  priestesses  who  served  in  the  temple  of  Vesta, 
^tvch  S3, 1508,  he  was  made  principal  pilot  and  guarded  the  sacred  fire.  The  earliest  tra- 
^T^  a  salary  of  10,000  maravedis.  He  was  ditions  ascribe  their. origin  to  a  period  before 
Placed  over  a  deporito  hydrograjko^  and  was  the  foundation  of  Bome,  because  Bhea  Sylvia, 
^sf^^  with  the  preparation  for  the  caea  de  the  mother  of  Bomulns,  belonged  to  their  num- 
<*«'rafatiM»  of  a  general  description  of  coasts  her;  but  their  establishment  as  a  part  of  the 
od  accounts  of  expeditions,  in  which  every  Boman  religious  worship  is  usually  attributed 
T^tf  oev  discoveries  were  to  be  entered,  be-  to  Numa.  He  selected  4  for  this  office,  which 
^*^  the  construction  of  charts  and  the  ezami-  number  was  afterward  increased  to  6,  aceording 
^*^  of  pilots  and  other  duties.  After  his  to  some  accounts  by  Servius  Tullus,  according 
^tvn  from  his  Brazil  expedition  in  1504,  he  to  others  by  Tarquinius  Prbcus.  At  first  they 
^TQCe  from  Lisbon  a  letter  to  Ben6,  duke  of  were  selected  by  the  king,  but  during  the  re- 
I^^Tsiae,  containing  an  account  of  4  voyages  public  and  empire  by  the  ponti/a  maximus. 
*°i^  he  says  be  had  made  to  the  new  world.  Originally  none  but  the  daughters  of  freeborn 
'^dttates  that  the  first  expedition  in  which  parents  could  be  chosen;  but  so  great  was  the 


84  VESTMS  VESUVIUS 

reluctance  of  fathers  to  part  with  the  control  bly  the  most  celebrated  member  of  his  proft«- 
of  their  children,  that  in  the  time  of  Angostas  aion  in  Europe  during  the  latter  half  of  the  IBUi 
libertiruB  were  also  taken.    The  persons  select-  century,  and  was  popularly  known  as  the  "  god 
ed  were  obliged  to  be  from  6  to  10  years  of  of  dancing/'    His  talent  was,  howeyer,  execu- 
age,  without  physical  blemish;  their  parents  tive  rather  than  inventive;  and  notwithstandiDg 
must  be  residents  of  Italy  who  had  never  pur-  his  instrumentality  in  perfecting  the  ballet  or 
sued  any  dishonorable  profession.    Whenever  dance  of  action,  first  conceived  by  NoTerre,  he 
there  was  a  vacancy,  it  was  the  custom  for  the  left  little  worthy  of  his  reputation,  bis  chief 
ponti/ex  maaimus  to  name  20  damsels  from  compositions  being  the  ballets  of  JSipu^ymum  and 
whom  one  was  selected  by  lot,  although  this  Lenidd'oiseaux,   He  was  exceedingly  ignorant, 
was  not  necessary  if  a  qualified  person  was  not  knowing,  it  is  said,  how  to  read  or  write, 
offered  voluntarily.    Their  chief  duty  was  to  and  vain  to  excess.    "There  are  but  three  great 
watch  by  turns  night  and  day  the  sacred  fire  men  in  Europe,"  he  once  observed,  ^*  tiie  king 
on  the  altar  of  Vesta,  the  extinction  of  which,  of  Prussia,  M.  Voltaire,  and  myself."    His  Tan- 
whether  happening  from  carelessness  or  design,  ity  was  however  so  original  and  amusiug  as  to 
was  regarded  as  an  omen  of  terrible  evil  to  the  offend  no  one,  and  rather  added  to  his  repnta- 
Btate.    The  term  of  service  lasted  80  years,  the  tion.    In  other  respects  he  was  a  man  of  great 
first  10  of  which  the  priestess  passed  in  learn-  honesty  and  amiability,  and  devoted  to  his  film- 
ing her  duties,  the  next  10  in  performing  them,  ily.    IIL  Vbstbis  Aixahd,  or  Vestbxb  II.,  nat- 
and  the  remaining  10  in  instructing  others,  uralsonofthepreceding,  bom  in  Paris  in  1760, 
After  that  time  she  might  return  to  the  world,  died  there,  Dec.  6, 1842.    He  made  his  dehnt 
and  even  marry;  but  the  privilege  was  rarely  in  1772,  and  from  1780  to  1818  was  first  dancer 
taken  advantage  of.    The  greatest  importance  at  the  opera.    He  appeared  for  the  last  time  st 
was  attached  to  the  chastity  of  a  vestal ;  and  the  age  of  76,  at  a  benefit  given  to  Mme.  Taglio- 
when  she  violated  her  vow  in  this  respect,  she  ni,  and  won  great  applause  by  the  grace  and 
was,  according  to  the  law  of  Numa,  stoned  to  agility  of  his  movements.    Inferior  in  dignity 
death,  but  according  to  the  practice  from  the  to  his  father,  he  surpassed  him  in  agility;  and 
time  of  Tarquinius  IMscus,  she  was  buried  alive  the  latter  once  remarked,  that  he  would  have 
in  a  place  called  the  Oampus  Sceleratus  near  remained  always  in  the  air  had  he  not  beon 
the  Colline  gate.    Her  paramour  was  scourged  afraid  of  humiliating  his  companions.  IV.  Ar- 
to  death  in  public  in  the  forum.    For  their  ousts  Abmaih),  natural  son  of  the  preceding, 
labors  and  the  deprivation  of  the  usual  privi-  made  his  debut  in  1800  in  a  ballet  in  which  hi? 
leges  the  vestals  enjoyed  compensating  honors,  father  and  grandfather  also  took  part.    He  had 
They  were  supported  at  the  public  expense,  a  great  reputation  throughout  Europe  in  the 
completely  released  from  the  control  of  their  early  part  of  the  present  century,  and  in  182^9 
parents,  could  bear  testimony  in  a  court  of  appearedin  the  chiefcities  of  the  United  States, 
justice  without  taking  an  oath,  and  could  make  v .  Madams  (Bartolozzi),  wife  of  the  precediDfr, 
wills;  whenever  they  went  abroad,  they  were  bom  in  London  in  1797,  died  in  1858.    She 
preceded  by  a  lictor,  and  consuls  and  preBtors  was  the  daughter  of  Bartolozzi  the  engraver, 
made  way  for  them,  and  lowered  their  fasces;  was  married  in  1818,  and  in  1815  made  her 
a  criminal  whom  they  accidentally  met  was  first   appearance   upon  the    Italian  stage  bs 
spared  from  punishment  if  they  demanded  it ;  Proserpina  in  the  opera  of  that  name.    Sub- 
and  their  intercession  in  behalf  of  accused  sequently  she  became  one  of  the  mostpopn* 
persons  had  great  weight.    Wills  and  solemn  lar  English  actresses  of  the  day,  particularly 
treaties  were  intrusted  to  their  care,  and  con-  in  male  parts,  like  "  Don  Giovanni  in  Lon- 
spicuous  places  were  given  them  at  the  shows,  don,'^  which  admitted  of  a  display  of  her  figure, 
and  by  Augustus  at  the  theatres  also.    The  As  a  vocalist  she  was  distingubhed  by  her  ex- 
oldest  of  the  vestals  was  called  veatalis  maxima  ecution  of  ballad  music,  in  which  her  voice. 
or  tirgo  maxima.  a  sweet  and  powerful  contralto,  appeared  to 
YESTRIS,  the  name  of  a  family  of  dancers  great  advantage.    Late  in  life  she  was  mar- 
of  Italian  extraction,  who  emigrated  from  Flor-  ried  to  Charles  Mathews  the  younger,  and  had 
ence  to  Paris  about  1740,  and  stood  at  the  head  the  management  successively  of  several  of  the 
of  their  profession  in  Europe  during  the  latter  chief  London  theatres, 
half  of  the  18th  century.    The  following  are       VESTRY,  aroom  attached  to  a  church  where 
its  most  distinguished  members.    I.  Anoiolo  the  ecclesiastical  vestments  and  the  sacred  ve^- 
Mabie  Gaspabd,   born  in  Florence  in  1780,  sels  are  kept;  also,  in  the  church  of  England, 
died  in  France  in  1809.    After  a  long  sojourn  the  body  of  the  parishioners  or  their  represen- 
in  Germany,  he  made  his  debut  in  1769  at  the  tatives  organized  for  the  transaction  of  parish 
Italian  theatre  in  Paris,  in  which  he  performed  afiSedrs,  who  are  so  called  because  their  sessions 
with  great  success  until  his  retirement  on  a  are  usually  held  in  that  room.    Their  functions 
pension  ii^  1 780.    II.  Gastano  Apollins  Bal-  are  to  provide  for  the  maintenance  of  the  chnrch 
DASARB,  brother  of  the  precedincc,  bom  in  1729,  edifice  and  the  due  administration  of  public 
died  in  Paris,  Sept.  23, 1808.    His  career  at  the  worship,  to  elect  chnrch  wardens,  and  to  ad- 
theatre  extended  from  1751  to  1781,  durins  minister  parish  property, 
'most  of  which  time  he  held  the  portions  of        VESUVIUS,  a  volcano  of  southern  Italy,  on 
ballet  master  and  first  dancer.    He  was  prob»-  the  E.  shore  of  the  bay  of  Naples,  and  about 


86  VEUILLOT  VIAKDOT 

language  of  modern  nations  to  signify  the  act  he  returned  to  France  a  zealons  Oatholic,  and 
by  which  the  executive  power  refuses  its  sane-  published  several  religions  works.  In  1842  he 
tion  to  a  measure  proceeding  from  the  legisla-  went  to  Algeria  as  secretary  to  Gen.  Bugeaud, 
tive.  The  first  instance  of  the  use  of  this  and  on  his  return  became  chief  clerk  in  the 
power  was  by  the  tribunes  of  the  people  in  ministry  of  the  interior.  After  holding  that 
Borne,  who,  by  pronouncing  the  word  vetOy  position  18  months  he  quitted  it  for  the  ^itor- 
could  render  of  no  avail  the  decrees  of  the  ship  of  the  Universe  of  which  in  1848  he  became 
senate  or  the  proceedings  of  the  magistrates,  the  editor-in-chief.  In  his  management  of  this 
The  ancient  Polish  constitution  had  an  abuse  organ  of  the  ultramontane  party,  he  assailed 
of  this  in  the  shape  of  the  liberum  veto,  by  with  extreme  bitterness  universities,  philoso- 
which  any  single  member  of  the  diet  by  his  phers,  socialists,  and  revolutionary  leaders,  and 
J^ie  poztoalam  (I  do  not  allow)  could  hinder  for  his  course  was  censured  by  the  archbishop 
the  xiSBsage  of  any  measure.  At  the  begin-  of  Paris.  His  journal  was  interdicted  in  many 
ning  of  the  French  revolution  a  great  discus-  dioceses,  and  in  1858  the  bishop  of  Orleans 
sion  arose  in  the  national  assembly  during  the  expressly  forbade  his  clergy  to  read  it.  In 
formation  of  the  constitution,  as  to  whether  1860,  the  opinions  of  the  Univers  and  the  lan- 
the  king  sliould  be  invested  with  an  absolute  guage  in  which  they  were  expressed  being 
or  conditional  veto.  In  this  debate  the  popu-  deemed  dangerous,  the  journal  was  suppressed 
lace  exerted  much  influence  on  the  proceed-  by  the  emperor.  Veuillot  has  written  nunaer- 
iugs,  and  the  motion  for  the  conditional  veto,  ous  works,  relating  principally  to  the  tenets 
or  veto  suspensif,  was  carried  by  a  vote  of  684  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  and  often  bit- 
to  825 ;  but  the  absolute  veto  was  restored  to  terly  attacking  every  thing  that  came  in  con- 
the  monarchy  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon.  The  fiict  w^ith  the  views  of  the  ultramontane  party, 
sovereign  of  England  has  theoretically  a  veto  Among  his  productions  may  be  mentioned 
upon  the  measures  of  parliament,  but  it  is  a  L'honnite  femme  (2  vols.  12mo.,  1844) ;  Ze$ 
power  which  has  not  been  used  for  a  long  libreg  penseur»  (1848) ;  Veselave  Vindex  (1849) ; 
period.  In  Norway  the  king  has  a  veto ;  but  Le  lenaemain  de  la  victoire  (1849)  ;  Corhin  et 
if  3  successive  storthings  pass  the  samemeas-  d^Aubeeourt  (1850);  Melanges  religieux^  histo- 
ure,  it  becomes  a  law  in  spite  of  the  veto.  Wj'ttMef  ?i7^eratr«  (8vo.,  vols,  i.-vi.,  1857-'9) ; 
Something  similar  was  aimed  at  in  Germany  jla  et  Id  (2  vols.  18mo.,  1859);  and  Le  par- 
in  the  ephemeral  constitution  of  the  empire  in  fum  de  Home  (2  vols.  8vo.,. Paris,  1862). — His 
1849.  The  same  rule  was  adopted  in  the  con-  brother  EugIine,  bom  at  Boynes  in  1818, 
stitution  of  the  Spanish  cortes  in  1812.  The  was  in  the  bureau  of  the  ministry  of  the  in- 
president  of  the  United  States  has  a  veto  pow-  terior,  and  in  1844  became  an  assistant  to  bis 
er,  which  has  very  frequently  been  exercised ;  brother  in  editing  the  ITriiters.  During  the 
but  a  mtgority  of  two  thirds  in  both'  houses  of  Sonderbund  war  he  carried  to  the  Catholics  of 
congress  is  sufficient  to  pass  any  measure  over  Switzerland  the  sum  of  100,000  francs  collected 
the  veto.  The  same  conditional  power  over  for  them  by  that  journal ;  and  on  his  return  he 
the  acts  of  their  respective  legislatures  belongs  wrote  a  Eistoire  des  guerres  de  la  Vendee  et  de 
to  the  governors  of  the  several  states,  and  to  la  Bretagne^  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  the 
the  mayors  of  cities.  insurgents.  In  1850  he  was  charged  to  carry 
VEUILLOT,  Louis,  9  French  author  and  to  the  archbishop  of  Turin  the  golden  cross 
journalist^  born  at  Boynes,  in  the  department  purchased  by  another  subscription,  and  in  tliis 
of  Loiret,  in  1818.  lie  is  the  son  of  a  poor  journey  went  to  Rome,  where  the  pone  made 
coopeK,  and  by  his  own  exertions  picked  up  him  knight  of  the  holy  order  of  St.  Sylvester, 
knowledge  enough  to  obtain  a  place  in  an  at-  YIARDOT,  Louis,  a  French  author,  born  at 
torney^s  office  in  Paris.  At  the  age  of  19  he  Dijon,  July  81, 1800,  studied  law,  but  abandon- 
appeared  in  print  as  a  contributor  to  a  pro-  ed  that  profession  for  literature.  He  wrote  for 
vincial  ministerial  journal  called  the  ik!h4>  de  la  liberal  journals,  and  in  1841,  in  conjunction 
Seine- Injerienre  ;  and  his  articles  were  signal-  with  Pierre  Leroux  and  Mme.  Dudevant,  found- 
ized  by  so  much  vigor  and  power  of  invective  ed  the  Eevue  independante.  In  1838  he  became 
as  to  involve  him  in  two  duels,  one  with  an  manager  of  the  Italian  opera  at  Paris,  but  on 
actor  on  account  of  a  theatrical  criticism,  and  occasion  of  his  marriage  with  Pauline  Garcia 
another  with  the  editor  of  the  republican  in  1840  he  left  that  position  to  accompany  his 
Journal  de  Rotten,  At  the  end  of  1832  he  be-  wife  in  her  professional  journeys  through  £n- 
oame  the  editor-in-chief  of  the  Memorial  de  la  rope.  Among  his  works  are :  E9»ai  sur  This- 
Dordogne^  at  Pdrigueux,  where  he  was  again  toire  des  Arahes  etd€$Mauresd*Bn>agne  (2  vols. 
engaged  in  affairs  of  honor.  In  1837  he  went  8vo.,  1832) ;  £tude  sur  Vhistoire  aes  institutions 
to  Paris  as  editor  of  the  Charte  de  1830,  found-  et  de  la  litterature  d^Espagne  (1839) ;  and  Le» 
ed  by  the  ministry;  and  when  that  journal  Jemitesjvges  paries  rois,lesevSques  et  lespapet 
failed,  he  became  principal  editor  of  Za  |7a/:r.  (1857).  He  has  also  written  extensively  on 
Hitherto  he  had  been  distinguished  for  the  the  great  collections  of  pictures  in  England, 
boldness  and  scepticism  of  his  writings ;  but  Spain,  France,  Belgium,  Germany,  and  Russia, 
having  in  1888  made  a  visit  to  Rome  during  has  made  valuable  translations  from  the  Span- 
Iloly  Week,  so  great  an  impression  was  made  ish  and  Russian,  and  has  contributed  mndi  to 
upon  his  mind  by  the  scenes  of  that  period  that  reviews. 


88                     VIGE3!rZA  YlOO 

de  plays,  comedtos,  tra^-oomedies,  and  farces,  pleasant  residenoea  and  hoteU  for  the  acoom- 
and  ta&en  together  are  the  best  works  in  the  modation  of  visitors.    There  are  8  principal 
dramatic  literature  of  Portugal.    Of  the  num-  springs,  discharging  in  the  aggregate  about  2Ti 
ber,  however,  10  are  written  wholly  and  16  g^ons  of  water  a  minute,  and  ranging  in  tern- 
partly  in  the  Oastilian  language.    In  1662  his  peratnre  from  66°  to  111°  F.    The  waters  are 
youngest  son  published  his  works  at  Lisbon  acidulous  and  alkaline,  their  principal  ingredi- 
in  folio,  and  a  reprint,  much  mutilated  by  the  ents  being  carbonate  of  soda  and  carbonic  add 
inquisition,  appeared  in  4to.  in  1586.    In  1884  gas,  and  the  quantity  of  the  resulting  bicarbon- 
Barreto  Feio  and  Monteiro  published  an  edi-  ate  of  soda  to  a  pint  varies  from  39  to  50 
tion  of  his  works  at  Hamburg  in  8  vols.    Yi-  grains  in  the  different  springs.    They  are  con- 
cente  has  been  called  the  Plautus  of  Portugal,  sidered  particularly  efficacious  in  chronic  dis- 
VIOENZA,  a  province  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  orders  of  the  liver  and  digestive  organs,  ob- 
the  government  of  Venice,  bounded  N.  by  the  structions  of  the  spleen,  diseases  of  the  kidneys, 
Tyrol,  N.  E.  by  Belluno,  E.  by  Treviso,  8.  E.  and  gravel  produced  by  uric  acid,  and  gont.  There 
8.  by  Padua,  and  W.  by  Verona;  area,  1,083  sq.  is  a  large  and  magnificent  bath  house  or  Ha- 
m. ;  pop.  about  300,000.    The  principal  towns  hlisaement  thermal^  which  belongs  to  the  gov- 
are  Vicenza  and  Bassano.    In  the  N.  the  sur-  emment.    The  number  of  visitors  at  Vichy 
face  is  traversed  by  several  offsets  from  the  Alps,  during  the  season,  which  lasts  from  the  end  of 
but  in  the  8.  it  is  level  or  undulating.    The  May  to  the  end  of  August,  is  about  8,000. 
most  important  rivers  are  the  Bacchiglione  and  VI0K8BUEG,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of 
its  affluent  the  Brenta.    There  are  consider-  Warren  co..  Miss.,  situated  on  the  Mssi^sippi 
able  tracts  of  forest  with  much  valuable  tim-  river,  408  m.  above  New  Orleans,  and  44J  m. 
ber;  abundant  chestnut  trees  furnish  food  for  a  W.  from  Jackson,  with  which  it  is  connected 
great  part  of  the  population.   The  level  country  by  the  southern  Mississippi  railroad ;  pop.  in 
IS  remarkably  fertile.    A  large  quantity  of  silk  1860,  4,591.     The  site  of  the  city  is  elevated 
is  produced.     Oattle  and  sheep  are  numerous,  and  uneven,  the  residences  being  on  the  bluff, 
Several  coal  mines  are  worked,  and  silk,  linen,  and  the  business  portion  of  the  town  on  the 
and  woollen  goods,  hardware,  porcelain,  paper,  river  bank  below.    It  is  connected  with  the 
gold  and  silver  articles,  and  leather  are  man-  New  Orleans  and  Mississippi  central  railroad 
ufactured.    The  railway  which  connects  Ven-  (from  New  Orleans  to  Cairo)  by  the  railroad 
ice  and*Milan  crosses  the  province. — ^Vioenza  to  Jackson,  and  with  Shreveport,  La.,  and  Mar- 
(anc.    Vieentia)j  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a  shall,  Texas,  by  another  railroad,  partly  finish- 
plain  at  the  junction  of  the  Retrone  and  Bac-  ed.    It  is  the  chief  commercial  town  between 
chiglione,  49  m.  W.  from  Venice ;  pop.  about  Memphis  and  New  Orleans,  and  exported  before 
88,000.    The  rivers  are  crossed  by  9  bridges,  the  civil  war  from  100,000  to  180,000  bales  of 
and   the  city  is  surrounded   by  dilapidated  cotton  annually.    Beside  the  county  buildings, 
walls  and  dry  moats,  about  3  m.  in  circum-  it  has  5  churches  and  several  schools  and  semi- 
ferenoe  and  defended  by  a  fort.    The  cathedral  naries.    Three  newspapers  were  published  here 
and  several  other  churches  contain  valuable  in  1860. — Vicksburg  was  fortified  by  the  con- 
paintings.    The  Teatro  Olimpico,  begun  by  Pal-  federates  at  an  early  period  of  tlie  war  of  seces- 
Jadio,  is  built  in  imitation  of  the  ancient  Roman  sion ;  and  soon  after  the  occupation  of  New  Or* 
theatres,  with  the  seats  rising  one  above  an-  leans  by  the  federal  forces,  an  attack  was  made 
other   in  semicircles.    (See  Theatre.)     The  upon  it  by  Oapt.  Farragut's  fleet  and  Capt.  Por- 
Piazza  dei  8ignori  contains  two  fine  columns  in  ter's  mortar  flotilla.    The  bombardment  was 
imitation  of  those  in  the  Piazza  San  Marco  in  commenced  June  28,  1862,  and  a  day  or  two 
Venice,  and  a  campanile  about  20  feet  square  afterward  the  gunboat  fleet  under  Capt.  C.  11. 
at  the  base  and  800  feet  high.     There  are  Davis  arrived  from  tho  upper  Mississippi  to 
manufactories  of  silk  and  woollen  goods,  gold  participate  in  the  attack.    After  being  contin* 
and    silver  articles,    hardware,  earthenware,  ued  with  varying  energy  at  intervals  for  some 
and  leather. — Vicenza  was  founded  about  a  four  weeks,  it  was  finally  suspended  about  Aug. 
century  B.  0.,  and  became  a  Roman  muniep-  1,  it  being  found  impracticable  to  carry  and 
pium.    It  was  sacked  by  Alaric  in  401,  and  hold  the  town  without  the  cooperation  of  more 
subsequently  by  Attila,  the  Lombards,  and  the  considerable  land  forces  than  were  then  at  tho 
emperor  Frederic  II.    In  the  early  part  of  the  disposal  of  the  federal  commanders.    On  the 
ISth  century  it  came  into  the  possession  of  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river  a  peninsula  3  re. 
Venetians,  who  held  it  till  the  fall  of  the  re-  long  and  about  1  m.  wide  is  formed  by  the  Mis- 
public  in  1797.    It  afterward  formed  part  of  sissippi  doubling  upon  its  own  course.    To  fa- 
the  kingdom  of  Italy,  and  it  was  united  to  Ans-  cilitate  his  operations,  Oapt.  Farragut  dug  a 
tria  at  the  peace  of  1815.  new  channel  for  the  stream  across  the  head  of 
VICENzA,  Duke  op.    See  Catjlainootjbt.  this  peninsula,  but  there  was  not  a  suflBcient 
VIOHY,  or  MouTiERS  les  Bains,  a  town  of  height  of  water  in  the  river  to  render  this 
Frunce,  in  the  department  of  Allier,  on  the  method  of  converting  Vicksburg  into  an  inland 
right  bank  of  the  river  Allier,  which  is  here  town  successful  at  that  time, 
crossed  by  a  suspension  bridge,  1  m.  W.  from  VICO,  Francesco  db,  an  Italian  astronomer, 
Gusset;  pop.  1,500.    It  has  long  been  famous  born  in  Macerata,  May  19,  1806,  died  in  Lon- 
f6r  its  thermal   springs,  and   has  nnmerons  don,  Nov.  15, 1848.  He  entered  the  society  of 


90  VICTOR  VICTOR  EMANUEL  H. 

hiniBelf  in  Lombardj  under  Bonaparte,  and  was       VICTOR,  Sxxrus  Avreliits,  a  Latin  histo- 

promoted  to  the  rank  of  general  of  division  in  rian,  who  flourished  about  the  middle  of  the  4th 

1797.    After  serving  in  La  Vendue  for  about  a  century.    The  emperor  Julian  made  him  gov- 

year,  he  returned  to  Italy  in  1799,  worsted  the  ernor  of  a  division  of  Pannonia,  and  Theodo- 

Kussians  on  the  Po,  and  participated  in  nearly  sius  appointed  him  city  prefect.  He  was  consul 

all  the  battles  of  that  disastrous  campaign.    He  with  Yalentinian  in  A.  D.  878.    He  wrote  De 

adhered  to  Bonaparte  on  the  18th  Brumaire,  CiBsaribuBj  a  series  of  short  biographies  of  the 

accompanied  him  in  1800,  displayed  great  in-  emperors  from  Augustus  to  Constantino  (Eng- 

trepidity  in  the  battle  of  Marengo,  and  received  lish  translation,  London,  1698) ;  and  other  worb 

a  sword  of  honor  as  his  reward.    In  1805  he  are  ascribed  to  him  upon  doubtful  authority. 
was  sent  as  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Copen-        VICTOR  AMADEUS,  dukes  of  Savoy  and 

hagen.    He  resumed  active  service  in  the  cam-  kings  of  Sardinia.    See  Savot,  and  Sasdinun 

paign  again  St  Prussia  (1 806),  gained  new  laurels  States. 

at  Jena  and  Pultusk,  was  for  a  while  a  prisoner  VICTOR  EMANUEL  I.,  king  of  Sardinia, 
in  the  hands  of  Schill,  the  celebrated  partisan  born  in  1759,  died  at  Moncalieri,  near  Turin, 
leader,  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  against  Jan.  10, 1824.  He  was  the  second  son  of  Vic- 
the  town  of  Graudenz,  and  behaved  so  brilliant-  tor  Amadeus  III.,  and  succeeded  his  brother 
ly  in  the  battle  of  Friedland  (1807)  as  to  win  Charles  Emanuel  IV.,  who  abdicated  in  his 
the  baton  of  marshal  of  the  empire  and  the  favor  in  March,  1802.  The  Frendi  were  then 
title  of  duke  of  Belluno.  From  1808  to  1812  masters  of  all  the  continental  part  of  the  Sar* 
he  served  in  Spain,  where  he  won  the  victo-  dinian  states,  and  Victor  Emanuel,  after  a  rm- 
nes  of  Ucles  and  Medellin,  but  was  defeated  dence  of  4  years  in  Naples,  in  the  vain  hope  of 
by  Wellington  at  Talavera;  expelled  the  Span-  recovering  them,  retired  in  1806  to  the  island 
iards  from  tlieir  strong  position  at  Pefia-Perros,  of  Sardinia,  where  he  remained  under  the  pro- 
invaded  Andalusia,  and  laid  siege  to  Cadiz.  In  tection  of  Great  Britain.  It  was  not  until  181 4 
1812  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  9th  that  he  was  enabled  to  return  to  Turin.  6j 
corps  in  the  army  that  invaded  Russia,  and  the  treaty  of  Vienna  he  ceded  to  Geneva  tlie 
evinced  great  firmness  during  the  retreat,  es-  circles  of  Carouge  and  Chesne,  and  obtained 
pecially  at  the  crossing  of  the  Beresina.  In  the  territory  of  Genoa.  He  pursued  an  extreme 
the  following  years  he  led  the  2d  corps,  which  reactionary  policy,  established  a  strict  censor- 
greatly  contributed  to  the  victory  of  Dresden,  ship  of  the  press,  and  laid  various  restrictions 
and  participated  in  the  battles  at  Wachau,  upon  education ;  but  the  people  had  been  too 
Leipsic,  and  Hanau.  During  the  campaign  of  long  accustomed  to  liber^  ideas  under  the 
1814  in  France,  he  fought  at  St.  Dizier  and  French  rule  to  be  willing  to  see  the  old  order 
Brienne ;  but  having  permitted  the  enemy  to  of  things  restored,  and  in  March,  1821,  rose  and 
cross  the  Seine  at  Montereau-sault-Yonne,  his  demanded  a  constitution.  Unable  to  resist  and 
command  was  taken  from  him ;  he  neverthe-  unwilling  to  grant  the  demand,  he  abdicated. 
less  participated  in  most  of  the  battles  that  fol-  March  18,  in  favor  of  his  brother  Charles  Felii, 
lowed,  and  was  severely  wounded  at  Craonne.  and  passed  the  rest  of  his  life  in  retirement. 
He  was  among  the  first  to  desert  the  fallen  em-  VICTOR  EMANUEL  IL  (Virroiao  Emma- 
peror,  and  on  the  return  of  Napoleon  from  ktelb  Maria  Albkbto  Ecobnio  Febdivando 
Elba  followed  Louis  XV HI.  to  Ghent.  After  Tommaso),  king  of  Italy,  formerly  king  of  Sar- 
the  battle  of  Waterloo,  he  was  made  a  peer  and  dinia,  born  March  14,  1820.  He  is  the  elde^>t 
appointed  one  of  the  4  m^uor-generals  of  the  son  of  Charles  Albert  and  Theresa,  daughter 
royal  guard.  Being  placed  at  the  head  of  a  of  the  late  grand  duke  Ferdinand  of  Tuscany. 
committee  of  investigation,  he  displayed  great  He  received  a  careful  education  both  in  books 
severity  against  such  of  his  colleagues  as  had  and  in  the  art  of  war,  and  in  1842,  being  then 
served  Napoleon  during  the  Hundred  Days,  duke  of  Savoy,  was  married  to  the  archduchess 
In  1821  he  was  appointed  minister  of  war,  and  Adelaide  of  Austria.  When  the  revolution 
in  1823  accompanied  the  duke  of  Angoul6me  broke  out  in  1848,  he  took  command  of  the 
in  the  invasion  of  Spain,  in  the  capacity  of  brigade  of  Savoy,  and  followed  his  father  to  the 
migor-generaL  He  lost  this  post  and  his  seat  field,  participating  in  the  battle  of  Goito,  where 
in  the  cabinet  on  account  of  his  alleged  con-  he  received  a  ball  in  the  thigh,  and  winniug  tlie 
nivance  with  Ouvrard,  the  celebrated  contrac-  admiration  of  the  army  by  his  personal  valor 
tor,  but  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Vienna,  at  the  disastrous  battle  of  Novara,  March  23, 
where  the  emperor  refused  to  receive  him.  1849.  Immediately  after  the  defeat  of  tliis 
After  his  return  home  he  lived  in  comparative  day,  Charles  Albert  abdicated  in  favor  of  his 
retirement,  but  kept  his  rank  of  mi^or-gen-  son,  who  thus  came  to  the  throne  with  a  peace 
eral  in  the  royal  guard  until  the  fall  of  Charles  to  make  with  a  victorious  enemy  and  a  fierce 
X.  in  1830.  He  mingled  in  some  political  conflict  of  factions  to  appease  at  home,  and  sus- 
intrigues  under  Louis  Philippe,  and  passed  his  pected  by  a  large  part  of  his  subjects,  who  sav 
latter  years  in  oblivion.  He  left  Memoires^  one  m  him  nothing  but  the  husband  of  an  Austrian 
volume  of  which  was  published  (8vo.,  Paris,  princess.  The  selection  of  his  first  cabinet 
1847)  by  his  son,  Vioros  Fran<;ois,  who  was  under  D^Azeglio  tended  to  reassure  the  liberals, 
for  a  while  senator  under  Napoleon  IIL,  and  He  soon  effected  a  reorganization  of  the  finances 
died  in  1853.  and  of  the  army,  signed  a  peace  with  Austria, 


02  YIOTOBIA 

S.  there  \b  a  remarkable  Bammit  called  Monnl  uuporting  the  best  song  birda  of  Great  Brit> 
Abrnpt,  1,700  feet  in  perpendicular  height,  ain.    Cattle  and  sheep  are  here  larger  and  fat^ 
containing  a  crater  446  feet  broad  and  60  feet  ter  than  in  any  of  the  neighboring  Aiutraliim 
deep.    The  Australian  Alps  and  the  Grampians  colonies. — ^The  aborigines  of  Victoria  differ 
together  form  the  watershed  of  the  colony,  the  little  from  those  of  other  parts  of  the  S.  por- 
drainage  of  the  country  to  the  N.  flowing  to  the  tion  of  Australia.    Their  numbers  are  fast  de> 
Murray,  and  that  of  the  S.  to  the  ocean.    The  creasing,  and  they  have  disappeared  from  many 
Murray  forms  the  whole  of  the  N.  boundary  parts  of  the  country  where  they  were  formerly 
line,  and   is   navigable  for  several  hundred  numerous.    Among  the  colonists,  the  Englidh 
miles  during  the  winter.     The  chief  tribu-  and  Scotch  and  their  descendants  largely  pre* 
taries  which  it  receives   from  Victoria  are  dominate ;  about  20  per  cent,  are  Iribh,  and  7 
the  Loddon  and  Goulbum,  its  principal  feed-  per  cent,  belong  to  other  countries.    In  June, 
ers  joining  it  from  New  South  Wales.    The  1855,  the  population  of  the  gold  fields  amount- 
rivers  which  flow  to  the  sea,  though  numer-  ed  to  151,684,  of  whom  102,644  were  men, 
ous,  are  all  small,  with  the  exception  of  the  21,855  women,  27,165  children,  and  21,515 
Glenelg,  which  forms  part  of  the  W.  boundary  Ohinese,  who  had  only  8  women  and  2  children. 
line.    Nearly  all  the  streams  dry  up  in  sum-  In  June,  1857,  the  population  of  the  gold  tields 
mer,  leaving  a  chain  of  ponds  along  their  beds,  was  176,685. — The  manufactures  of  Uie  colony 
Ldces  are  remarkably  numerous,  but  many  of  are  unimportant.    The  exports  consist  chiefly 
them  are  also  dry  in  sununer.    Lake  Coran-  of  gold,  wool,  tallow,  hides,  and  a  few  otker 
gamite,  about  50  m.  W.  from  Geelong,  is  90  articles  of  raw  produce.    The  exports  of  gold 
m.  in  circumference,  and  very  salt.     Lake  since  its  first  dbcovery  have  been  as  follows: 
Golar,  8  m.  £.  from  this,  is  10  m.  in  circumfer-  1851,  £488,777 ;  1852,  £6,185,728 ;  1858,  £S,- 
ence,  and  the  water  is  fresh  and  good.— The  664,529;  1854,  £6,255,660;  1855,£ll,863,9sO; 
interior  of  the  country  is  generally  diversified,  1856,  £12,105,224;  1857,  £10,918,620  ;  l^'A 
and  so  fertile  that  the  first  explorer  gave  to  it  the  £10,147,932  ;  1659,  £9,122,100.    The  total  val- 
name  of  Australia  Felix.    There  are  numerous  ue  of  the  exports  amounted  to  £14,863,250  in 
open  grassy  plains  dotted  like  parks  with  trees.  1656;  and  in  1857  the  value  of  both  the  ei- 
In  some  parts  of  the  country  and  on  the  hills  port  and  import  trade  amounted  to  £31,000,000. 
there  are  thick  forests  of  eucalypti,  Bankna^  Melbourne  is  connected  with  the  capitals  of  tl)e 
easuarince,  and  other  trees  peculiar  to  Austra-  colonies  both  to  the  £.  and  W.  of  it  by  tele- 
lia.    The  prevailing  rocks  are  granite,  syenite,  graph,  and  with  Hobson^s  bay  and  Geelong  by 
quartz,  mica  schists,  sandstone,  clay  slate,  and  railways,  and  others  are  in  course  of  con$>trnc' 
ironstone.    Rich  copper  ore  is  found  on  the  tion  to  the  frontiers  of  New  South  Wales  and 
banks  of  the  Yarra  Yarra,  and  coal,  traces  of  the  gold  fields.    Good  roads  extend  to  diilVrent 
lead,  and  manganese  near  Cape  Otway.    The  parts  of  the  colony. — Port  Phillip  was  first  dis- 
great  mineral  wealth  of  Victoria,  however,  is  covered  by  Lieut.  Murray  in  Jan.  1802,  and  was 
in  gold,  which  was  discovered  in  1851.    It  is  shortly  afterward  entered  by  Oapt.  Flinders, 
found  chiefly  in  the  hilly  and  mountain  regions  who  named  it  in  honor  of  the  first  governor  ot' 
lying  W.  and  N.  W.  from  Melbourne,  and  about  New  South  Wales.    For  many  years  it  was  only 
the  head  streams  of  the  Murray  in  the  Austra-  occasionally  visited.    At  length,  a  settler  from 
Han  Alps.    At  Ballarat,  40  m.  K.  N.  W.  from  Tasmania  having  purchased  an  extensive  tract 
Geelong,  it  is  found  in  the  ranges  and  flats  and  of  land  from  the  aborigines,  the  British  ^ut- 
the  beds  of  water  courses. — The  climate  is  emment  refused  to  recognize  his  title,  and  the 
mild,    the  average   temperature  of  summer  entire  district  was  taken  possession  of  by  the 
being  65°,  and  that  of  winter  48^.    Hot  N.  crown.    In  1835  many  colonists  from  Tasmania 
winds  are  more  frequent  than  in  any  other  brought  over  flocks  and  herds  to  the  pasture 
of  the  Australian  colonies ;  but  they  seldom  lands  of  Port  Phillip ;   and  large  numbers  of 
last  more  than  from  20  to  80  hours,  and  are  the  squatters  of  New  South  WfJes  drove  tbeir 
succeeded   by  cool  breezes  from  the  S.  W.  cattle  into  the  country  from  the  north.   In 
and  8.    The  average  fall  of  rain  is  80  inch-  1839  a  civil  8ui)erintendent  was  appointed,  and 
es,  and  there  are   occasional  falls  of  snow,  the  district  became  a  dependency  of  New  South 
Though  the  soil  is  generally  light,  there  are  Wales.    In  1650  it  was  constituted  a  distinct 
tracts  in  all  parts  of  Victoria  well  suited  for  the  province  under  the  name  of  Victoria,  with  a 
growth  of  ditfereut  kinds  of  grain  and  potatoes,  government  after  the  same  model  as  that  of  the 
All  the  ordinary  fruits  and  vegetables  of  tern-  parent  colony. 

perate  climates  have  been  introduced  and  sue-        VICTORIA,  Alexandrina,  queen  regnant 

oeed  well.     The  vine  is  cultivated  to  some  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  6th  sovereign  of 

extent.    The  native  animals  and  birds  are  the  the  house  of  Hanover,  and  oneen  of  Hindustan, 

same  as  those  in  other  parts  of  Australia.    A  bom  at  Eensingtonpalace,  May  24, 1819.    Sh« 

species  of  codfish  of  a  large  size  is  found  in  is  the  daughter  of  Edward,  duke  of  Kent^  4th 

the  rivers  in  the  N.  part  of  the  colony,  and  son  of  George  III.,  and  the  princess  Victoria 

fish  are  remarkably  abundant  on  the  coasts,  Mary  Louisa  of  Saxe-Ooburg-Saalfeld,  relict  of 

more  particularly  in  Bass's  strait.    All  the  do-  the  hercHitary  prince  of  Leiningen.   Her  tuther 

mestic  animals  and  fowls  have  been  introdaoed,  died  in  Jan.  1820,  and  aa  neither  George  l\  • 

and  a  society  has  been  formed  at  Melbourne  for  nor  hia  next  brothers,  the  dokes  of  York  and 


94  YIDAUSBI  YIDOOQ 

chanicfl.  Soon  afterward  he  became  editor  of  1776,  died  in  Paris,  Maj  10, 1857.  He  wu  the 
the  Demoeratie  paeifique  newspaper,  in  which  son  of  a  baker,  and  his  athletic  fignre  and  ro- 
he  exhibited  his  preference  for  socialism  and  bnst  constitution  gave  sach  power  to  the  nata- 
the  intervention  of  the  state  in  the  relations  ral  turbulence  of  his  disposition,  that  at  an 
of  labor  and  capital,  and  opposed  many  of  early  period  he  had  gained  an  unenviable  repa- 
the  doctrines  of  the  Fourierists.  In  1846  he  tation  bj  thrashing  all  his  comrades  and  tem> 
published  his  most  elaborate  work,  De  la  re-  fyihg  all  the  animds  and  children  in  the  neigh- 
partitian  des  richeases^  ou  de  la  justiee  dUtri-  borhood.  At  18  he  was  apprenticed  to  his 
outiv€  en  economie  aociaU^  in  whicn  he  examines  father^s  business,  and  in  tliis  position  was  in  the 
and  compares  the  theories  of  the  political  econ-  habit  of  replenishing  his  pockets  by  stealing 
omists  and  those  of  the  socialists.  Louis  Blanc  money  from  the  till ;  and  for  one  of  his  ex- 
appointed  him  secretary  of  the  commission  of  ploits  in  carrying  off  some  of  tha  plate  he  was 
the  Luxembourg  in  1848,  and  in  the  same  year  placed  in  a  prison  for  10  days.  In  consequence 
appeared  his  Vivre  en  trataillant :  projetB,,  tues  of  a  subseouent  robbery  to  the  extent  of  2,000 
et  moyens  de  re/ormeB  eociales.  In  1840  he  francs  he  ned  to  Ostend,  where  the  ingenuity 
associated  himself  with  M.  A.  Toussenel  in  the  of  a  benevolent-looking  stranger  relieved  him 
publication  of  a  weekly  Journal,  Le  travail  of  this  money.  Left  penniless  and  ragged,  he 
affranchi.  Having  been  elected  to  the  legisla-  got  employment  in  a  merry-andrew  show  and 
lative  assembly  by  the  departments  of  the  Seine  itinerant  menagerie,  where  he  was  obliged  to 
and  Bos-Rhin  in  March,  1850,  he  sat  for  the  perform  the  most  menial  and  disgusting  duties. 
former  constituency  until  the  coup  d'etat  of  Onaccountof  ill  treatment  he  left  this  plaee  for 
Dec.  1851,  when  he  retired  from  public  life,  that  of  assistant  to  a  street  theatre ;  but  tn  in- 
Beside  the  above  named  works,  he  has  pub-  trigue  with  the  wife  of  the  manager  threw  him 
lished  Organieation  du  credit  pereonnel  et  reel^  again  upon  the  world,  and  he  returned  to  Arras, 
mMlier  et  immohilier  (8\'o.,  1861),  and  TheO"  where  ne  was  pardoned  by  his  parents.  Soon 
hgie  de  la  religion  naturelle  (18mo.,  1860).  afterward  he  joined  the  army,  and  became  a 

YIDAURRI,  Santiaoo,  a  Mexican  political  member  of  a  company  of  chasseurs  in  the  Bour* 
and  military  leader,  born  in  the  north-eastern  bon  regiment,  and  in  the  space  of  6  months 
part  of  Mexico  about  1810,  first  became  distin-  had  fought  16  duels  and  killed  two  men.  He 
guislied  in  the  revolution  which  resulted  in  the  participated  in  th*e  compaign  of  1792,  and  was 
overthrow  of  Santa  Anna  in  1866.  While  Al-  present  at  the  battle  fought  against  the  Frus- 
varez  was  contending  against  that  dictator  in  sians  by  Kellermann  on  Oct.  80,  when  be  was 
the  south-west,  Yidaurri  issued  a  pronunciO'  made  corporal  of  grenadiers.  A  quarrel  with 
miento  and  took  the  field  in  the  north.  In  the  the  sergeant-m^jor  of  the  regiment  he  had  left 
junta  of  Ouemavaca,  Oct.  4, 1865,  Yidaurri  was  led  to  his  arrest,  and  in  consequence  he  desert- 
a  candidate  for  the  presidency,  but  was  not  ed,  fled  to  Yitry-le-Fran^is,  and  joined  the 
chosen,  that  body  preferring  Alvarez  for  the  11th  chasseurs.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
oflSce.  Yidaurri  now  took  up  a  semi-indepen-  Jenunapes,  but  his  desertion  having  been  dis- 
dent  position,  decreed  tlie  confiscation  of  the  coverea  he  fled  to  the  Austrians,  and  frave 
church  property  in  the  north-eastern  states,  lessons  in  fencing  to  the  oflScers  of  the  garrifion 
and  disbanded  the  armed  force.  It  was  long  of  Louvain.  He  soon  returned  to  the  French 
believed  that  he  contemplated  the  secession  of  army,  and  nnder  protection  of  an  amnesty  re- 
the  states  of  New  Leon,  Tamaulipas,  and  Coa-  joined  the  11th  chasseurs,  and  at  one  period,  in 
huila  from  the  republic,  which  suspicion  was  consequence  of  an  unjust  suspicion  of  baring 
strengthened  by  his  refusal  to  recognize  Co-  been  engaged  in  a  robbery,  fought  6  duels  in  6 
monfort  as  the  successor  of  President  Alvarez  days.  Subsequently,  while  serving  on  the  banks 
(Dec  8, 1855) ;  and  in  Feb.  1866,  he  decreed  of  the  Meuse,  he  received  a  severe  wound,  and 
the  union  of  Ooahuila  and  New  Leon,  pro-  returned  on  furlough  to  Arraa,  where  he  fonnd 
claiming  himself  their  governor  and  command-  the  guillotine  in  active  operation  under  the  no- 
ing  general.  The  congress  at  Mexico  annulled  torious  Joseph  Lebon.  Here  he  plunged  into 
the  decree,  and  an  armed  conflict  seemed  in-  numerous  amours,  and  as  the  result  of  a 
evitable.  It  was  however  avoided,  and  on  quarrel  with  a  rival  was  thrown  into  a  prison, 
Nov.  18,  1656,  a  treaty  was  made  by  which  where  he  remained  several  days  in  constant 
Yidaurri  acknowledged  the  government  of  expectation  of  death.  Through  the  influence 
Oomonfort  and  remained  in  control  of  the  two  of  the  sister  of  Chevalier,  a  furious  Jacobin  tor- 
combined  states,  which  authority  he  still  exer-  rorist,  he  was  released^and  employed  to  drill 
cises.  In  the  succeeding  internal  conflicts  of  the  2d  battalion  of  ras-de-Calais,  and  was 
Mexico  he  has  taken  no  prominent  part.  In  afterward  made  sub-lieutenant  Disabled  for 
the  summer  of  1861  he  entered  into  firiendly  two  months  by  a  wound  received  in  a  skirmiah 
relations  with  the  secessionists  of  Texas ;  and  with  the  Austrians,  he  entered  after  his  re- 
on  the  invasion  of  Mexico  by  the  allied  French,  covery  the  28th  battalion  of  volunteers  quarter- 
Spanish,  and  English  forces  in  1861-^2,  he  de-  ed  at  Fresnes,  had  two  fingers  broken  by  a 
dared  his  adhesion  to  the  national  cause.  musket  ball  in  an  efibrt  to  recover  the  goods 

YIDOCQ,  Euo^B  Francois,  a  French  ad-  taken  from  a  destitute  family  by  the  Austrisna, 

veiiturer,  chief  of  the  detective  police  in  the  spent  his  furlough  at  lille  engaged  in  oflairs 

prefecture  of  Paris,  bom  in  Arras,  July  23,  of  gallantry,  and  instead  of  rejoining  his  corps 


90  VIEN  VIENNA 

ments  used  by  French  burglars,  bnt  reaped  no  subarbs  to  the  outer  lines,  and  being  intersected 

profit  from  the  speculation.     Afterward  he  by  numerous  minor  streets  and  alleys.    Con* 

uved  in  Belgium,  trary  to  the  general  rule  in  modem  cities,  the 

VI£N,  Joseph  Marie,  a  French  painter,  born  old  part  of  the  town  is  the  more  fashionable 

in  Montpellier  June  18,  1716,  died  in  Paris  of  the  two.    It  has  narrow  streets  mostly  lined 

March  27,  1809.    His  first  success  was  his  pic-  with  lofty  houses,  but  also  some  splendid  sqn&rcs, 

ture  of  "The  Plague  of  the  Israelites  in  the  and  contains  the  palaces  of  the  emperor  and  the 

Time  of  David,^^  which  gained  him  the  grand  highest  nobility,  and  the  oldest  churches.    Tho 

prize  of  the  French  academy  in  1748,  and  a  Hofplatz  (court  square)  has  a  colossal  statue  of 

pension  from  the  government  to  enable  him  to  the  Virgin  and  two  fountains ;  the  Josepbsplatz 

study  at  Rome,  where  he  passed  6  years.  In  1754  an  equestrian  statue  of  the  emperor  Joseph  P. 

he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  French  acad-  by  Zauner,  bearing  the  inscription :  Salutipuh 

emy,  and  in  1775  was  decorated  with  the  order  lica  vixit^  non  diu,  Bed  totus;  the  Franzen^platz 

of  St.  Michael,  and  appointed  director  of  the  (formerly  Burgplatz,  or  palace  square)  a  bronze 

French  school  of  art  at  Rome.    After  his  re-  statue  of  Francis  II  fl.)  in  the  act  of  blei^sing 

turn  to  Paris  in  1781  he  became  director  and  his  people,  which  is  little  admired ;  the  place 

one  of  the  rectors  of  the  academy.     Louis  called  Freiung,  a  beautiful  fountain  with  5 

XVI.  made  him  nrincipal  painter  to  the  king  bronze  figures  by  Schwanthaler,  representing 

in  1788.    Under  Napoleon  1.  he  was  a  senator,  Austria  and  her  4  principal  rivers,  the  Danube, 

count  of  the  empire,  and  commander  of  the  Vistula,  Elbe,  and  Po ;  and  the  Qraben,  near 

legion  of  honor.    He  was  regarded  as  the  first  the  centre  of  the  city,  among  other  ornaments, 

historical  painter  of  his  time,  and  the  regen-  a  column  in  honor  of  the  Trinity.    TheGraben, 

erator  of  painting  in  France.    His  veneration  and  the  Eohlmarkt,  a  street  leading  from  it  to 

for  the  antique  had  a  decided  influence  upon  the  imperial  palace,  contain  the  finest  shops; 

the  works  of  his  pupils  David,  Vincent,  and  and  the  neighboring  Herrengasse,  Schenken- 

others.    Among  his  best  paintings  are  *^6t.  strasse,  and  n  allnerstrasse  the  princely  dwell- 

Denis  Preaching  to  the  Gauls,"  **  The  Sleeping  ings  of  the  Liechtensteins,  Esterliazys,  Schon- 

Hermit,"  '^  St.  Louis  intrusting  the  Regency  borns,  and  other  German,  Hungarian,  or  Bohe^ 

to  Blanche  of  Castile,"  *^  Hector  inciting  Paris  mian  magnates.    The  imperial  palace  {Kaiser- 

to  arm  for  the  Defence  of  Troy,"  "  The  Partmg  Uch-kdnigliche  Burg)  is  an  ancient,  vast,  but 

of  Hector  and  Andromache,"  "Briseis  in  the  irregular  structure,  consisting  of  8  quadran^lar 

Tent  of  Achilles,"  "  Cupid  and  Psyche,"  "The  divisions  or  courts,  of  which  the  central  one  is 

Resurrection  of  Lazarus,"  and  "The  Virgin  at-  the  Burgplatz.    The  right  or  western  wing, 

tended  by  Angels."  which  is  the  oldest  part,  and  contains  the 

VIENNA  (Ger.  Wien  ;  anc.  FanioJtma),  the  apartments  of  the  imperial  family,  is  called  the 
capital  of  the  Austrian  empire  and  of  the  arch-  Schweizerhof  (Swiss  court),  the  left  or  eastern, 
duchy  of  Austria,  and  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  the  Amalienhof.  The  imperial  library,  a  hand- 
situated  in  a  fertile  plain  on  the  southernmost  some  building  on  the  Josephsplatz,  adjoining 
branch  of  the  Danube,  called  the  Danube  canal,  the  Burg,  contains  upward  of  850,000  volumes, 
which  here  receives  the  small  river  "Wien,  or  20,000  MSS.,  and  about  800,000  engravinjrss  the 
Wieden,  and  the  Alster  and  Ottakringer  creeks,  last  collection  being  one  of  the  largest  and  finest 
in  lat.  48**  12'  N.,  long.  16°  23' E.  ;  pop.  in  of  its  kind  in  the  world.  Among  the  numerous 
1857,  not  including  the  garrison,  476,222.  The  and  valuable  curiosities  of  this  vast  institntion, 
great  bulk  of  the  population  consists  of  German  which  dates  from  the  reign  of  the  emperor 
Koman  Catholics,  but  all  the  nationalities  and  Frederic  HI.  (IV.),  are  the  Tabula  Pentingt- 
religious  denominations  of  the  empire  are  well  riana^  a  map,  on  parchment,  of  the  Roman  em- 
represented  ;  the  number  of  Protestants  is  pire  in  the  4th  century,  copied  in  the  13th,  and 
about  12.000,  and  of  Jews  nearly  the  same.  Vi  the  MS.  psalter,  in  gold  letters,  of  Charle- 
enna  is  divided  into  the  old  city,  which  is  near-  magne.  The  musical  collection  contains  several 
ly  circular,  about  8  m.  in  circumference,  and  the  pieces  composed  by  various  emperors  of  the 
new  city,  consisting  of  34  suburbs.  The  old  house  of  Hapsburg.  In  the  Schweizerhof  is  the 
city  was  down  to  1858  surrounded  by  a  deep  jewel  oflSce  {Schatzhammer)^  containing,  among 
fosse  and  high  walls,  with  projecting  bastions,  other  precious  things,  the  German  imperial  re- 
which  in  later  times  servea  as  terrace  walks;  galia,  which  were  used  for  several  centuries  at 
but  these  fortifications  have  since  been,  in  great  the  coronation  of  the  German  emperors,  al- 
part,  filled  up  or  levelled,  thus  enlarging  the  leged  to  have  been  taken  from  the  tomb  of 
glacis,  a  broad  and  pleasant  esplanade  by  which  Charlemagne ;  the  holy  relics,  including  the 
they  were  encircled  and  separated  from  the  holy  spear  and  nails  of  the  cross,  also  formerly 
suburbs.  Of  the  numerous  gates  which  for-  used  at  the  imperial  coronations ;  the  Au>trian 
merly  led  from  the  old  city  to  the  suburbs,  Hie  regalia ;  the  sabre  of  Tamerlane ;  the  Floren- 
Borgthor  (castle  or  palace  gate)  is  justly  cele-  tine  diamond,  of  183  carats  weight,  worn  by 
brated.  In  the  arrangement  of  its  streets  Vien-  Charles  the  Bold  in  the  battle  of  Granson,  and 
na  has  been  compared  to  a  spider's  web,  the  sold  by  the  finder  for  5  florins ;  an  emerald 
principal  thoroughfares  radiating  from  a  central  weighing  2,080  carats;  and  the  splendid  col- 
point,  near  the  cathedral  of  St.  Stephen,  to  the  lection  of  chains,  collars,  and  other  ornaments 
bastions,  across  the  glacis,  and  through  the  belonging  to  the  aresses  of  the  various  Austrian 


98  VIENNA  VHNNET 

dijiU7  processes  of  printing,  as  well  as  in  Olmfttz.    The  city  was  subseqnentlj  besieged 

type  casting,  color  printing,  stereotyping,  &o.  and  taken  by  Windiscbgrutz,  a  Hungarian  army 

Among  the  principal  theatres  of  Vienna  are  which  had  crossed  the  frontier  to  relieTo  it  be- 

the  Burg  theatre,  attached  to   the  impend  ing  defeated  at  Schwechat  (Oct.  80).    Treaties 

palace,  for  the  regular  drama;  the  Oarinthian  concluded  there  in  1736  and  1788  regulated  the 

gate  theatre,  for  operas  and  hallets ;  the  Wien  affairs  of  Italy.    The  peace  of  Vienna  was  ne- 

or  Wieden  theatre,  for  melodramas ;  and  the  gotiated  at  the  palace  of  8chunbrnnn  in  1801^. 

Karl  theatre,  the  favorite  of  the  people,  for  The  great  congress  which  reorganized  the  po- 

vandevilles  and  farces.     The  dancing,  ball,  litic<u  system  of  Europe  after  the  fall  of  Napo- 

and  concert  rooms  of  Vienna,  as  well  as  other  leon  was  held  there  in  1814>^15,  and  a  comple- 

places  of  amusement,  are  very  numerous,  and  mentary  act  was  agreed  upon  by  a  conference 

well  attended,  the  inhabitants  being  distin-  of  German  ministers  in  1819>  20.    Other  con- 

guished  by  a  cheerftil  and  jovial  disposition  ferences  took  place  there  in  1853-^6  in  connec- 

above  those  of  all  other  capitals  of  Europe,  ion  with  the  warlike  affairs  in  the  East. 
Hie  coffee  houses  are  spacious  and  generally       VIENNE,  a  W.  department  of  France,  form- 

tlironged.     The   great   promenades   are   the  ed  chiefly  from  the  old  province  of  Poiton, 

glacis,  the  Volksgarten  (people^s  garden),  the  bounded  N.  W.  by  the  department  of  Main e-et« 

Augarten,  the  Brigittenau,  and  especially  the  Loire,  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Indre-et-Loirc,  C  by 

Prater,  a  natural  park  on  a  series  of  low  isl-  Indre,  S.  E.  by  Hante-Vienne,  S.  by  Charente, 

ands  formed  by  arms  of  the  Danube.    It  isdi-  and  W.  by  Deux-Sevres;  area,  2,574  sq.  m. ; 

Tided  into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Prater,  sep-  pop.  in  1862,  822,028.    Capitol,  Poitiers.      In 

arated  by  the  Prater  avenue,  the  main  approach  the  8.  part  the  surface  is  diversified  by  low 

to  which  from  the  inner  city  is  through  the  hills,  but  elsewhere  it  is  level.    The  principal 

Jilgerzeile.  The  Prater,  especially  on  f^te  days,  rivers  are  the  Vienne,  Oharente,  Dive,  Clain, 

with  its  coffee  houses,  panorama,  circus,  swings,  and  Creuse.    About  ^  of  the  area  is  arable, 

Jugglers,  rustic  kitchens,  long  rows  of  tables  i  covered   with    forests,  and   the  remainder 

and  benches,  amphitheatres,  trains  of  carriages,  waste.    The  vine  is  extensively  cultivated,  but 

and  its  laughing,  drinking,  or  dancing  mi^ti-  the  quality  of  the  wine  is  inferior.    Chestnuts 

tudes  in  all  the  various  national  costumes  of  form  an  important  part  of  the  food  of  the  pe&»- 

the  Austrian  empire,  is  the  most  characteristic  antry.    Sand  of  a  superior  quality  for  makini; 

part  of  the  capital.    Omnibuses  and  railways  glass  and  imitation  diamonds  is  procured  from 

carry  excursionists  to  the  various  summer  re-  Vienne ;  and  there  are  excellent  quarries  of 

sorts  of  the  picturesque  environs,  especially  to  lithographic  stone,  millstones,  dec.    Iron  ore  is 

BchOnbrunn,  Laxcnburg,  and  Baden.    Vienna  abundant.  Commonlace,  coarse  woollen  good :«, 

is  connected  by  railway  with  Prague,  Br&nn,  iron  ware,  saddlery,  firearms,  cutlery,  &c.,  are 

Cracow,    Pesth,  Trieste,  Venice,  and   other  manufactured. 

chief  cities  of  the  empire.    Steamboats  on  the       VIENNE  (anc.  Vienna  Allohrogum)^  a  town 

Danube  connect  it  with  Lintz,  Pesth,  Belgrade,  of  France,  department  of  Isere,  situated  on  t>»e 

and  other  towns  of  the  Austrian  and  Turkic  left  bank  of  the  Rh6ne,  at  the  mouth  of  tho 

empires,  for  both  of  which  it  is  a  chief  com-  G6re,  49  m.  W.  N.  W.  ftom  Grenoble;  pop.  in 

meroial  emporium.    Its  manufactures  are  very  1856, 18,4fi8.    It  contains  some  interesting  ohl 

considerable,  including  silks,  velvets,  shawls,  churches  and  Roman  antiquities.    It  was  the 

woollens,  cottons,  ribbons,  carpets,  gold  and  capital  of  the  first  and  second  kingdoms  of 

ulver  lace,  porcelain,  paper,  books,  maps,  and  Burgundy.    The  15th  general  council  was  held 

optical     and   musical    instruments. — ^Vienna,  here  in  1311. 

nnder  the  name  of  Vindobona,  was  a  station       VIENNE,  Hautb.    See  Hautb-Viexnh. 
of  the  Roman  legions  in  Upper  Pannonia.        VIENNET,  Jkan  Pons  Guillaumb,  a  French 

It  subsequently  became  a  chief  city  of  the  author  and  politician,  bom  in  Bdziers,  depart- 

liarchia  Orientalis  (east  territory;   Ger.  Oet-  ment  of  H^rault,  Nov.  18, 1777.    He  was  des- 

freichy  Austria)  of  the  Carlovingian  empire,  tined  for  the  church,  but  in  1796  entered  a^ 

in  the  12th  century  the  capital  of  the  Aus-  lieutenant  the  marine  artillery,  in  which,  in 

trian  margraviatc,  later  of  the  Austrian  arch-  consequence  of  his  votes  against  the  consniato 

duchy,  and  under  Ferdinand  I.  the  imperial  for  life  and  the  empire,  he  had  only  risen  to 

residence  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg.    Matthias  the  rank  of  captain,  when  in  1818  he  joined  tho 

Corvinus  of  Hungary  captured  it  in  1485;  Count  land  service.    At  the  battle  of  LOtzen  he  was 

Niklas  von  Salm  heroically  defended  it  against  decorated  by  the  emperor^s  own  hands,  and  at 

Sultan   Solyman   in  1529,  and   Stahremberg  that  of  Leipsic  was  taken  prisoner.    Set  at  lib- 

against  the  immense  hosts  of  Mohammed  IV.,  erty  after  the  restoration,  he  adhered  to  tlio 

mnder  Kara  Mustapfaa,  in  1G88,  when  it  was  new  government,  stood  aloof  during  tlie  Ilun- 

saved  chiefly  by  John  Sobieski ;  in  1 805  and  1 809  dred  Days,  and  afterward  engaged  in  journal  Ism 

it  was  taken  by  the  French.    In  March,  1848,  and  authorship.     In  1828  he  received  from 

its  inhabitants  by  a  sudden  movement  overthrew  Gouvion  St  Cyr  an  appointment  in  the  royal 

the  rule  of  Mctternich ;  another  movement  in  staff  corps,  which  he  lost  in  1827  by  his  poeti- 

May  caused  the  retirement  of  the  emperor  Fer-  cal  satire  against  the  laws  upon  the  press,  en« 

dinand  for  a  short  time  to  Innspruck,  and  an  in-  titled  £^tre  aux  chiffonnien  ntr  le$  crimes  tfe 

vorrection  in  October  compelled  him  to  flee  to  la  prene.    Thi8|  how^ver^  with  other  liberal 


102  VILLEQA8  YILLEKAIN 

lishment  of  the  eentral  schools  by  the  eonren*  derk  to  a  veaHhj  planter,  whose  daughter  ha 

tion,  he  was  appointed  to  a  professorship  in  married,  and  afterward  a  member  of  uie  colo- 

that  of  Grenoble,  and  was  an  original  member  nial  council.    In  1608  he  returned  to  his  nati¥e 

of  the  French  institute.    In  1806  he  was  caUed  city  with  a  large  fortnncb    A  royalist  at  heart, 

to  the  chair  of  botany  and  medicine  in  the  he  hailed  with  delight  the  restoration  of  the 

academy  at  Strasbourg,  where  two  years  later  Bourbons,  and  in  1815  was  nominated  mayor  of 

he  held  the  office  of  dean.    Among  his  works  Toulouse,  which  post  he  held  for  several  yeara, 

are :  HkUnre  naturelle  des  plantes  du  Dauphini  and  at  the  same  time  was  representative  of  the 

(4  vols.,  Grenoble,  1786);  Memaires  turla  to*  department  of  Haute-Garonne  in  the  chamber  of 

pographU  et  VhisUnre  naturelle  (Lyons,  1804) ;  deputies.    He  was  also  a  member  of  the  next 

and  Freeii  d'un  tayage  hotanique  fait  en  Suiuey  legislature,  and  the  recognized  leader  of  the  ul- 

dani  len  Grwms^  &c.  (Paris,  1812).  tra  royalists.  On  the  fall  of  the  Decazes  minis- 

VILLEGAS,  EsTXYAN  MAvrEL  de,  a  Spanish  try,  after  the  assassination  of  the  duke  of  Berry 

poet,  born  in  Ki\jera,  Old  Castile,  in  1696,  died  (1820),  he  was  appointed  minister  of  state,  and 

m  1669.     He  was  a  lawyer  by  profession,  but  in  the  following  year  minister  of  finance,  re- 

during  his  whole  life  remained  unfortunate  and  ceiving  soon  afterward  the  premiership  and  the 

poor.    Much  of  his  poetry  was  written  while  title  of  count.     He  held  power  for  7  years, 

lie  was  only  14,  and  nearly  all  of  it  was  pub-  during  which  he  won  a  reputation  for  shrewd* 

lished  before  he  was  21,  when  it  appeared  un-  ness  and  integrity,  but  he  proved  incapable  of 

der  the  title  of  uima^orkM  (N^era,  1617).    His  controlling  his  own  party.    He  opposed  the 

works  are  chiefly  lyrical.     He  published  in  Spanish  war,  which  was  mostly  devised  by 

1665  a  translation  in  excellent  Spanish  prose  Chateaubriand,  but  had  to  yield  to  the  mi\)or- 

of  Bo^thius,  and  began  several  other  works,  ity  of  the  cabinet.    Having  established  public 

which  were  not  printed  during  his  lifetime,  credit  upon  a  firm  basis,  he  introduced  a  bill 

Yillegas  is  considered  the  Anacreon  of  Spain,  to  convert  the  5  per  cent,  stocks  into  8  per 

YILLEHARDOUIN,  Gsoffrot  de,  a  French  cents. ;  but  the  measure  was  defeated  by  the 
historian,  bom  near  Arcis-sur-Aube  about  1 167,  votes  of  many  of  his  own  party.  He  was  more 
died  in  Thessaly  in  1218.  He  belonged  to  a  successful  with  his  bill  granting  an  indemnity 
distinguished  family  of  Champagne,  and  was  of  1,000,000,000  francs  to  the  emigrants  who 
mariehal  of  that  county  when  in  1201  Thibault,  had  lost  their  landed  property  during  the  revo- 
count  of  Champagne  and  Brie,  sent  him  to  lution  (1825).  About  the  same  time  he  con- 
Venice  to  secure  the  assistance  of  the  republic  eluded  a  convention  with  the  republic  of  Hay  ti, 
in  fitting  out  a  crusade.  He  succeeded  in  his  recognizing  its  independence  on  condition  that 
mission,  and  accompanied  the  expedition  when  150,000,000  francs  should  be  paid  to  the  plant- 
it  started  for  the  Holy  Land  under  the  leader-  ers  who  had  been  ruined  and  expelled  from  the 
ship  of  the  marquis  of  Hontferrat,  Thibault  island  by  the  negro  rebellion.  The  home  pol- 
having  meanwhile  died.  The  crusaders  stop-  icy  of  the  government,  however,  to  which  he 
ped  at  Constantinople  to  reinstate  the  emperor  was  generally  opposed,  rendered  the  cabinet 
Isaac  Angelus  on  his  throne ;  but  being  after-  more  and  more  unpopular.  The  expulsion  of 
ward  dissatisfied  with  the  treatment  they  re-  Manuel  from  the  chamber  of  deputies,  March 
eeived  from  him  and  his  son  Alexis,  they  cap-  8,  1828;  the  invasion  of  Spain ;  the  introdoc- 
tnred  the  city  in  1204  and  gave  the  crown  to  tion  of  a  bill  for  reestablishing  the  right  of 
Baldwin.  Villehardouin  wrote  a  graphic  and  primogeniture,  and  of  another,  known  as  lot 
minute  description  of  the  siege,  and  was  after-  d^amour,  for  restricting  the  freedom  of  the 
ward  appointed  by  Baldwin  marechal  of  Rou-  press ;  the  disbanding  of  the  nationaJ  guards, 
mania,  while  from  the  next  emperor,  Henry,  April  80,  1827;  and  the  severity  with  which 
he  received  a  free  gift  of  the  entire  city  of  the  Parisians  were  treated  on  account  of  some 
Messinopolls  in  Thessaly  with  all  its  dependen-  slight  disturbances  during  the  elections,  gave  so 
cies.  He  settled  on  his  grant,  and  for  nearly  strong  a  minority  to  the  opposition,  that  Vii- 
two  centuries  his  descendants  ruled  over  some  l^le  and  his  colleagues  were  obliged  to  rea^n, 
of  the  most  important  parts  of  Greece.  He  Jan.  4,  1828.  Yill^le  at  the  same  time  was 
was  equally  distinguished  as  a  soldier  and  a  raised  to  the  peerage.  After  the  revolution  of 
writer.  His  *^  History  of  the  Taking  of  Con-  1880  he  retired  to  private  life,  and  spent  his 
stantinople  by  the  French  and  Venetians"  is  latter  years  in  comparative  obscurity. — See 
remarkable  for  its  brevity  and  clearness,  and  is  D'Audiifret,  Notice  historique  $ur  M.  le  cosnU 
probably  the  oldest  history  in  French  prose,  de  VilUle  (Paris,  1855). 

it  was  first  published  at  Venice  in  1578,  and  VILLEMAIN,  Abel  Fbak^ols,  a  French  au- 
la included  in  the  Becueil  dee  historiem  dee  thor,  born  in  Paris,  June  11, 1791.  He  was 
Oaulee  etdela  France  (foL,  Paris,  1822).  educated  at  the  imperial  lyceum,  now  college 

VILLEIN.    See  Serf.  of  Louis  le  Grand,  and  at  the  age  of  19  appoint- 

VILL&LE,  Joseph,  count  de,  a  French  ed  assistant  professor  of  rhetoric  in  the  Char- 
statesman,  bom  inToulouse  in  1778,  died  there,  lemagne  college,  and  soon  after  instructor  in 
March  18,  1864.  He  early  entered  the  navy,  French  literature  at  the  normal  school.  In 
accompanied  to  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  a  relative  1812  his  eulogy  on  Montaigne  won  the  prixe  aft 
who  had  been  appointed  governor  of  that  col-  the  French  academy.  Having  been  appointed 
ony,  resigned  his  commission  in  1798,  became  assbtant  professor  of  modem  history  in  the 


104  VIMEIRA  VmOENT 

BcriptloiiB.    In  17T8  he  was  sent  by  the  gov-  the  Wabaah  river,  which  is  here  navigable  by 
ernmont  to  Venice  to  search  the  library  of  St.  steamboats,  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
Hark  for  unpublished   Greek  MSS.,  and  in  and  £vansville  and  CrawfordsviUe  railroada, 
1781  published  in  his  Anecdota  Oram  (2  vols.  110  m.  8.  W.  from  Indianapolis;  pop.  in  I860, 
4to.,  Venice)  several  grammatical  and  rhetori-  5,000.    It  is  the  seat  of  a  university  well  cn- 
cal  works  and  fragments  which  he  found  there,  dowed  with  public  lands,  of  a  Catholic  bishop- 
A  far  more  valuable  result  of  his  mission,  how-  ric  and  a  Catholic  theological  seminary,  and 
ever,  was  the  discovery  of  a  MS.  Iliad  of  the  has  a  large  cathedral  and  8  other  churches. 
lOtli  century  with  very  ancient  scholia  (now  The  city  has  also  a  high  school  and  numerous 
known  as  the  scholia  Veneta)^  which  he  printed  other  schools,  and  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
with  learned  prolegomena  in  1788.      Subse-  there  are  an  academy  for  young  ladies  and  male 
quent  explorations  in  the  library  of  Weimar  and  female  orphan  asylums  under  the  charge 
led  to  \\\B  EpUtohs  Vimaricnses  (4to.,  ZOrich,  of  the  sisters  of  providence.    There  arc  2  semi - 
1783),  and  in  1784  he  edited  at  Strasbourg  weekly  and  8  weekly  newspapers,  a  bank,  and 
a  Greek  translation  of  various  books  of  the  manufactories  of  flour,  casks  and  barrels,  shin- 
Old  Testament  made  by  a  Jew  of  the  9th  gles,  sash,  blinds,  and  doors,  cabinet  ware,  agrri- 
oentury.     He  travelled  about  8  years  in  the  cultural  implements,  &c. — ^Vincennes  is  the  old- 
Levant,  Greece,  and  the  archipelago,  in  a  fruit-  est  town  in  the  state.  A  French  trading  post  was 
less  search  for  inedited  MSS.,  and  on  his  re-  established  on  its  site  about  1710  under  Capt, 
turn  to  France  retired  to  Orleans  until  the  Morgan  de  Vinsenne,  and  a  colony  of  French 
revolution  had  passed,  when  having  lost  his  emigrants  settled  here  in  1785,  who  maintained 
property  he  began  a   course  of  lectures  on  friendly  intercourse  with  the  Indians,  and  were 
Greek  at  Paris,  in  which  he  met  with  little  for  a  long  period  the  only  white  inhabitants  of 
encouragement.    Just  before  his  death  he  was  the  Wabash  valley.    It  was  the  capital  of  the 
appointed  by  Napoleon  professor  of  ancient  territory  till  1818. 

and  modem  Greek  in  the  college  of  France.        VINOENllES,  a  town  of  France,  department 

Ho  left  in  MS.  unfinished  a  descriptive  work  of  Seine,  4  m.  E.  from  the  Barri^re-du-Tr6ne, 

on  ancient  and  modern  Greece.  Paris;  pop.  in  1852,  8,451.    It  has  a  celebrated 

VIMEIRA,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  castle,  begun  by  Philip  Augustus,  which  was  a 
Estremadura,  7  m.  N.  from  Torres  Vedras,  near  royal  residence  up  to  the  time  of  Louis  XIV. 
the  coast ;  pop.  1,800.  On  Aug.  21,  1808,  the  Louis  XL  converted  the  keep  into  a  state  prison, 
French,  having  made  an  attack  from  Torres  in  which  the  duke  of  Beaufort,  the  princes  of 
Vedras  upon  the  army  commanded  by  Sir  Ar-  Cond6  and  Conti,  Diderot,  Mirabeau,  and  other 
thur  "Wcllesley,  who  had  occupied  this  place  illustrious  persons  were  at  different  times  con- 
fer the  purpose  of  covering  the  landing  of  reen-  fined.  The  duke  d'Enghien  was  shot  in  tlie 
forcemenfc*,  were  defeated  with  considerable  ditch  of  the  castle,  March  21,  1804.  It  stands 
loss.  The  result  of  the  battle  was  the  conven-  in  the  midst  of  a  wood  or  park,  which  is  a  fa- 
tten of  Cintra.  vorite  resort  of  pleasure  seekers  from  Parirs. 

VINAGO.    See  Pigeon,  vol.  xiii.  p.  819.  The  castle  is  now  used  as  an  artillery  school 

VINCE,  Samuel,  an  English  mathematician,  and  depot  for  the  garrison  of  Paris,  and  is 

bom  at  Fressingfield,  Suffolk,  died  in  Dec.  1821.  strongly  fortified. 

He  was  of  poor  parents,  but  was  educated  at  VINCENT,  ALEXANnns  Joseph  HiDrLPnK,  a 
Caius  college,  Cambridge,  and  in  1796  was  made  French  mathematician,  born  in  Hesdin,  Nov. 
Plumian  professor  of  astronomy  and  experimen-  20, 1797.  He  studied  at  the  colleges  of  Douai 
tal  philosophy  in  that  university.  He  took  and  Amiens,  and  at  the  normal  school,  and  sub- 
orders, and  was  presented  in  succession  to  the  sequently  had  charge  of  the  classes  in  natural 
rectory  of  Kirkby  Bedon,  Norfolk,  the  vicarage  history,  chemistry,  and  natural  philosophy  in 
of  South  Creak,  Norfolk,  and  the  archdeaconry  the  royal  college  of  Rheims,  to  which  he  after- 
of  Bedford.  His  principal  work  is  a  "  Complete  ward  added  a  professorship  of  mathematics. 
System  of  Astronomy"  (3  vols.4to.,  Cambridge,  His  principal  mathematical  works  are  a  Ctmr^ 
1797-1808).  In  coiyunction  with  the  Rev.  de  geometrie  eUmentaire  (1826),  many  editions 
James  Wood  he  published  a  course  of  mathe-  of  which  have  appeared ;  Secherches  tt/r  Irs 
matics,  to  which  he  contributed  "  Elements  of  Jbnction8exponentiell€setlagarithfnique${lBS2); 
Conic  Sections,"  "  Principles  of  Fluxions,"  MSmoire  but  la  resolution  des  Sqnatitnu  nutne^ 
"  Principles  of  Hydrostatics,"  and  "  Elements  riques  (1 834-^5) ;  and  Theorie  du  parallelogram^ 
ot  Astronomy."  He  likewise  published,  in  re-  me  de  Watt  et  de  la  eourhe  d  longxie  injtexion 
ply  to  Hume,  an  "Essay  on  Miracles,"  a  pam-  (1887).  He  has  written  a  great  deal  upon  the 
phlet  entitled  "The  Credibility  of  Christianity  theory  and  history  of  music,  and  upon  miscel- 
vindicated,"  and  in  1806  "  Observations  on  the  laneous  subjects.  He  removed  to  Paris  in 
Hypotheses  which  have  been  assumed  to  ac-  1826,  and,  after  teaching  successively  in  the 
count  for  the  Cause  of  Gravitation  on  Mechan-  Rollin  and  Bourbon  colleges,  accepted  in  1881 
leal  Principles."  He  contributed  several  pa-  a  professorship  of  mathematics  in  the  Louis  le 
pers  to  the  "  Transactions  "  of  the  royal  society,  Grand  college.  He  is  a  member  of  the  institute 
of  which  he  became  a  member  in  1786.  of  France,  and  "keeper  of  the  collection  of 

VIN0ENNE8,  a  city  and  the  capital  of  memoirs  of  learned  societies." 
Knox  CO.,  Ind.,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of        VINCENT,  Eabl  Saimt.    See  Jervis. 


106  VINOI  , 

Christian  art.  The  dflmpnessof  the  apartment,  the  capacity  of  first  painter  to  the  eonrt,  with 
the  imperfect  vehicles  used  by  Leonardo,  and  a  salary  of  700  gold  crowns.  He  was  however 
the  yandalism  of  the  monks,  as  well  as  of  the  too  much  enfeebled  by  age  and  sickness  to 
French  soldiery  daring  the  occupation  of  the  practise  his  art  with  vigor,  and  during  the  to* 
city  by  Bonaparte  in  1796,  have  contributed  to  moinder  of  his  life,  which  was  passed  in 
the  destruction  of  this  remarkable  work,  of  France,  he  appears  to  have  accomplished  little 
which  nothing  but  the  composition  now  re-  or  nothing. — ^As  a  painter  he  was  distinguished 
mains.  It  has  been  twice  painted  over  by  in-  by  surpassing  excellence  of  design,  by  a  depth 
different  artists,  but  fortunately  several  excel-  of  chiaroscuro  never  previously  approached, 
lent  copies  of  the  original  were  made  by  pupils  and  which  might  almost  entitle  him  to  be  call- 
of  Leonardo  during  his  lifetime,  including  one  ed  the  inventor  of  that  art,  and  by  an  extreme 
by  Marco  da  Oggione  in  the  collection  of  the  softness  of  execution.  Owing  to  the  multiplici- 
royal  academy  of  £ngland.  Eleven  others  are  ty  of  occupations  which  he  followed,  he  paint- 
in  existence,  and  the  work  is  widely  known  by  ed  comparatively  few  pictures,  and  of  those 
the  engravings  of  Morghen,  Frey,  and  others,  now  attributed  to  him  probably  not  a  third  are 
Beside  executing  a  ^^  Nativity"  and  other  pic*  genuine  productions  of  his  hand.  His  practice 
tares,  and  founding  a  celebrated  school  of  paint-  was  to  intrust  the  execution  of  his  designs  to 
ing  in  Milan,  he  gave  much  time  to  the  study  his  favorite  pupils,  several  of  whom,  as  Luini 
of  anatomy  and  the  natural  sciences,  leavmg  and  Oggione,  followed  his  manner  so  closeljr 
numerous  treatises,  drawings,  and  designs  as  that  their  pictures  are  readily  mistaken  for  his. 
evidences  of  his  industry.  The  capture  of  The  *^ Christ  disputing  with  the  Doctors'*  in 
Milan  by  Louis  Xn.  of  France  in  1499,  and  the  the  British  national  gallery,  and  the  Herodias 
flight  of  Ludovico,  induced  Leonardo  to  return  in  the  Florentine  gallery,  long  attributed  to 
in  the  following  year  to  Florence,  where  he  was  Leonardo,  are  now  generidly  supposed  to  have 
fiftvorably  received  by  Pietro  Soderini,  the  gon-  been  painted  by  Luini  from  his  cartoons.  Of 
fidoniere  of  the  city,  and  appointed  a  painter  in  his  numerous  treatises,  the  greater  part  still  ra- 
the service  of  the  republic.  Here  he  was  brought  main  in  manuscript  in  the  Ambrosian  library 
into  rivalry  with  Michel  Angelo,  then  26  years  of  at  Milan,  where  are  12  large  volumes  on  the 
age  and  rapidly  rising  into  eminence ;  and  the  arts,  chemistry,  mathematics,  &c.,  written,  as 
sensitiveness  and  fastidiousness  of  the  one,  to-  are  all  his  manuscripts,  from  right  to  left,  so 
gether  with  the  haughty  bearing  of  the  other,  that  it  is  necessary  to  employ  a  looking  glass 
prevented  any  friendly  intercourse  between  in  order  to  decipher  them.  His  *^  Treatise  on 
them,  however  conscious  each  might  be  of  the  Painting,"  of  which  several  editions  have  been 
merits  of  the  other.  The  two  artists  competed  published  in  Italian,  English,  German,  and 
for  the  honor  of  painting  in  fresco  one  side  of  French,  is  pronounced  by  Mrs.  Jameson  ''  the 
the  council  hall  in  the  Palazzo  Vecchio ;  and  foundation  of  all  that  has  since  been  written 
the  cartoon  of  Leonardo,  called  the  ^*  Battle  of  on  the  subject,  whether  relating  to  the  theory 
the  Standard,"  and  representing  an  episode  in  or  to  the  practice  of  ^e  art;"  and  the  extracts 
the  wars  of  the  Florentines  with  the  Milanese,  from  his  manuscripts  published  at  Paris  in  1797, 
received  the  preference.  Political  changes  by  Yenturi,  are  said  by  Halkm  to  be  *^  more  liie 
prevented  the  execution  of  the  work,  but  Leo-  the  revelations  of  physicd  truths  vouchsafed 
nardo*s  cartoon  and  that  of  his  rival,  which  to  a  single  mind,  than  the  superstructure  of 
represented  a  party  of  Florentine  soldiers  sur-  its  reasoning  upon  any  established  basis."  Tlie 
prised  while  bathing  in  the  Amo  by  the  ap-  same  writer  adds :  ^^  The  discoveries  which 
proach  of  the  enemy,  remained  for  several  made  Galileo,  and  Kepler,  and  Maestlin,  and 
years  the  admiration  of  all  Italy.  Among  Maurolycus,  and  Castelli,  and  other  names  illus- 
other  works  produced  during  this  period  was  trious,  the  system  of  Copernicus,  the  very  the- 
the  cartoon  of  Sta.  Anna  for  the  convent  of  the  ories  of  recent  geologers,  are  anticipated  hy 
Kunziata  in  Florence,  which  excited  an  extra-  Da  Vinci  within  the  compass  of  a  few  pages, 
ordinary  sensation,  but  was  never  executed  in  not  perhaps  in  the  most  precise  language,  or 
colors,  and  the  portrait  of  Mona  Lisa  del  Gio-  on  the  most  conclusive  reasoning,  but  so  as  to 
condo,  now  in  the  Louvre,  for  which  Francis  strike  us  with  something  like  the  awe  of  pre- 
I.  gave  4,000  gold  crowns.  Leonardo  remain-  tematural  knowledge.  If  any  doubt  could  he 
ed  in  Florence,  making  occasional  visits  to  harbored,  not  as  to  the  right  of  Leonardo  da 
Milan,  until  1514,  when  he  went  to  Rome  in  Vinci  to  stand  as  the  first  name  of  the  15th 
the  train  of  Ginliano  de' Medici,  brother  of  Leo  century,  which  is  beyond  all  doubt,  but  as  to 
X.,  by  whom  he  was  introduced  to  the  pope,  his  originality  in  so  many  discoveries,  which 
The  latter  gave  him  several  commissions ;  but  probably  no  one  man,  especiadly  in  sach  cir- 
Leonardo,  long  accustomed  to  hold  the  first  cumstances,  has  ever  made,  it  must  be  on  an 
rank  among  artists  wherever  he  resided,  soon  hypothesis,  not  very  untenable,  tiiat  some  parts 
took  umbrage  at  some  disparaging  remarks  of  of  physical  science  had  already  attained  s 
the  pope,  and  left  Rome  for  Pavia,  where  Fran-  height  which  mere  books  do  not  record."  In 
CIS  I.  of  France  was  then  holding  his  court,  the  royal  library  at  Windsor  tliere  are  3  vol- 
The  French  monarch  received  him  with  many  umes  of  his  drawings,  studies  from  nature, 
flattering  marks  of  favor,  and  in  1516  Leonar-  models  of  machines,  maps  and  surveys,  &c^ 
do  accompanied  his  new  patron  to  France  in-  illustrated  by  elaborate  notes  and  explanations. 


VDTGKE  YIHEB                     lOT 

fnVOKE,  Esnwr  Fdbdbics  Giobo,  btfon,  a  oell-like  forma  of  extreme  mmntenefls.    If  a 

httnaa  itateemaii,  bom  at  Bach,  near  Hagen,  small  fragment  of  these  fibres  be  put  into  sngar 

Ihr  15, 1811.    He  atadied  law  at  G^Ottingen  and  water,  they  increase  rapidly,  and  by  lateral 

ttd  B^in,  and,  after  filling  sevend  judicial  growth  the  mass  conforms  itself  to  the  shape 

affiees  at  Berlin,  Jlinden,  and  MQnster,  waa  of  the  Tessel  which  contains  the  solution.    Suc- 

ehuen  provost  by  the  estates  of  the  circle  of  ceasive  layers  are  formed,  becoming  toagher 

Haf«Q  in  18S7.    He  was  a  deputy  of  the  nobil*  and  firmer  as  they  rise  upward,  and  these,  if 

itr  of  the  county  of  Mark  in  the  provincial  as-  undisturbed,  on  the  exhaustion  of  the  sacona- 

Mfflblias  of  Westphalia  in  1S43  and  1845,  and  rine  principle  are  covered  by  patches  of  a  blue, 

IB  1847  waa  a  member  of  the  Prussian  diet,  green,  or  yellow  mould,  and  known  as  penieU^ 

HsTing  resigned  his  office  of  provost  in  1848,  lium  glaueum.    There  is  an  intimate  oonneo- 

he  wii  elected  by  the  circle  of  Hagen  to  the  tion  of  the  branching  upright  threads  of  this 

mtioiul  assembly  of  Germany,  and  was  one  mould  with  the  fibres  of  the  horizontal  layers, 

of  the  principal  leaders  of  the  party  which  indicating  that  the  latter  are  the  myeelia  or 

desred  the  establishment  of  a  constitutional  vegetative  process  of  one  and  the  same  plant, 

beraditary  empire.    He  waa  a  member  of  the  which  at  first  had  produced  only  buds  or  and* 

Kcond  Prussian  chamber  in  1849,  1850-'53,  ^^ia  found  ao  abundantly  in  the  gelatinous  strata. 

ltt^'5,  and  1859-'61,  and  of  the  popular  The  primitive  development  of  all  fungi  recog- 

chamberin^eparliament  which  met  at  ifrfurt  sizes  the  mycelium,  and  in  some  species  this 

is  the  spring  of  1850.    He  is  regarded  as  one  filamentous  substance  completely  occupiea  the 

ofthe  first  parliamentary  orators  of  Grermany;  interstices  of  the  annual  rings  of  growth  in 

VIXDELIOI A^  a  province  of  the  Roman  em-  timber  trees,  or  permeates  the  ligneous  tissues 

pire,  boimded  N.  by  the  Danube,  which  aepa-  in  delicate  threads.    Other  fluids,  such  as  ink, 

nuditfrom  Germany;  £.  by  the  Glnu8(now  and  even  pharmaceutical  preparations,  are  in- 

InnK  which  separated  it  from  Noricum ;  S.  by  fe&ted  with  filamentous  growths  called  myco- 

Rhstia,  of  wlu(di  it  originally  ibrmed  a  part ;  derms,  but  which  are  traceable  to  auppreaaed 

aad  W.  by  the  territory  of  the  Helvetii.  It  thus  conditiona  of  penieillium. 

compriaed  parts  of  the  modem  countriea  of  Ba-  Y INEIS,  Petrus  de,  or  Pibtbo  dblu  Viohb, 

^  Wortemborg,  Bavaria,  the  Tyrol,  andSwit-  an  Italian  jurist  and  politician,  bom  in  Gapua, 

leHaad.  The  southern  part  is  mountainous,  be-  committed  suicide  in  Pisa  in  1249.    He  was  the 

iar  oeeopied  by  alopee  of  the  RhsBtian  Alps,  but  son  of  poor  parents,  was  educated  at  Bologna, 

th«  northern  forms  an  extensive  plain,  watered  and  became  known  by  accident  to  the  e]m>eror 

Vf  the  Danube  and  its  afilnents,  the  (Enus,  Isa-  Frederic  II.,  who  raised  him  from  one  ofioce  to 

rv  (lBu-),and  licus  (Leoh).  At  the  confluence  another,  and  at  last  made  him  his  chancellor, 

of  the  latter  river  with  the  Yindo  or  Yirdo  In  this  capacity  he  defended  his  master  both  in 

(Wfftacb)  waa  the  chief  town,  Augusta  Yinde-  writing  and  orally  against  Popes  Gregory  IX. 

iixnim  (Augsboi^).    The  eastem  part  of  the  and  Innocent  lY.,  and  it  was  in  great  measure 

UrasBriganttnos  (lake  of  Constance)  was  with-  owing  to  him  that  the  excommunications  with 

m  the  limits  of  the  province.    The  Yindelici,  a  which  the  emperor  was  visited  failed  of  their 

C^  people,  formed  the  principal  part  of  the  effect.    In  1245  he  was  probably  present  at  the 

iBhftlntants.    Yindelicia  was  conquered  by  Ti-  council  of  Lyona,  before  which  Frederic  waa 

Wrias  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  and  in  the  4th  cited,  but  seems  to  have  been  silent ;  and  ra- 

ttafory  was  ooeapied  by  the  Alemanni.  mors  were  spread  abroad  that  he  had  private 

VIXDHTA  MOUNTAINS,  a  range  extending  conferences  with  the  pope  and  had  betrayed  the 

•owi  the  penioaola  of  Hindostan  from  £.  N.  £.  emperor^a  interests.    In  regard  to  the  manner 

to  W.  8.  W.,  and  uniting  the  northem  extremities  of  his  disgrace  and  death  there  was  doubt  even 

«f  the  two  great  ooast  ranges,  the  Eastem  and  in  his  own  time.    The  popular  story  was  that 

▼e«eni  Ghauts.    They  stretch  firom  tiie  basin  he  either  attempted  or  was  accused  of  attempt- 

of  the  Ganges,  about  lat  25"*  N.,  to  Guzerat,  ing  to  poison  his  master  while  ill,  and,  having 

•tet  IsL  22"*  N.,  and  form  the  N.  boundary  of  been  blinded,  was  led  ignominiously  on  an  aas 

the  TiflsT  of  the  Nerbudda,  which  flows  close  through  the  streets  of  Pisa  and  oast  into  prison, 

to  th«r  baae.    Their  geological  formation  is  where  he  dashed  his  brains  out  against  the 

Ptaite  and  aandstone  underlying  trap  rock.  wall.    Dante  in  the  Ti\femo  (canto  xiiL)  has 

ihii  nnge  formed  unddf  the  Moguls  the  boon-  introduced  him  among  the  suicides  telling  his 

diry  between  tlie  Deccan  on  the  8.  and  Hindo-  mournful  story,  and  has  made  him  the  victim 

bumper  on  the  N.  of  Jealousy  and  craelty.    The  extant  writings 

VISx.    See  OwLPB.  of  Yineis  are  a  treatise  entitled  De  PoteUaU 

HHEGAR.    See  Aocno  Acid.  Imperiali,  and  6  books  of  letters,  often  publish- 

VIKfiGAB  PLANT,  a  tough  body  of  branch-  ed,  on  the  acta  of  Frederic  II.,  written  hi  very 

ttr  thrMds  appearing  in  fluids  rich  in  sngar,  bad  Latin,  but  of  great  importance  aa  regards 

^  vhieh  are  nndei^ing  fermentation  at  Tow  the  history  of  the  times. 

^■pcfaUtrea.    When  carefully  exanuned,  the  YINEB,  Chabub,  an  £n(^ish  lawyer,  who 

^t«r  soriaoo  will  be  found  to  be  oompactiy  lived  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  century.    He 

^Higid.  so  that  it  will  only  tear  into  thin  waa  the  compiler  of  a  atupendona  work  pub- 

isrerB.    Below  these  the  fibrea  are  looser  and  liahed  under  the  tide  of  '^  A  General  and  Oom- 

piiCiBoaa,  and  fflled  with  eircnlar  or  dliptical  plete  Abridgment  of  Law  and  Equity"  (24 


108                      YINET  VIOL 

vols.  foL,  1741-51),  the  preparation  of  wbicli  nated  with  high  honors  in  1830,  receiving  a 

occupied,  according  to  Blackstone,  the  space  commission  as  2d  lieutenant  in  the  8d  artiUerj. 

of  half  a  century.    By  his  will  he  bequeathed  While  stationed  at  Fort  Independence,  Boston 

£12,000  to  establish  a  professorship  of  common  harbor,  he  studied  at  the  Harvard  law  school, 

law  in  the  university  of  Oxford,  and  to  endow  and  also  for  2  or  3  years  served  as  civil  engineer 

fellowships  and  scholarships.    Blackstone  was  on  several  railroads  in  New  England.    He  was 

elected  the  first  Vinerian  professor.  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in 

VINET,  Alexandrs  Bodolphe,  a  Swiss  an-  1834;  was  on  duty  in  the  Creek  war  in  Georgia 

thor  and  Protestant  divine,  born  in  Lausanne  and  Alabama  in  1836 ;  left  the  army  in  1837 ; 

toward  the  end  of  the  last  century,  died  there  entered  the  general  theological  seminary  of  the 

in  1847.    At  the  age  of  20  he  was  appointed  Episcopal  church,  KewYorl^and  was  ordained 

professor  of  French  literature  at  Basel,  and  deacon  by  Bishop  Griswold  in  1838,  and  priest 

m  1819  was  admitted  to  the  ministry.     In  in  1839.     He  was  successively  rector  of  St. 

1837  be  returned  to  his  native  city,  where  Stephen's  church,  Providence,  R.  I.  (1840), 

he  held  the  chair  of  theology  in  the  acad-  Trinity  church,  Newport,  R.  I.  (1840),  Eman- 

emy,  and  from  1844  to  1846  delivered  lee-  uel  church,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  (1844),  and  Grace 

tures  upon  French  literature.     As  early  as  church  in  the  same  city  (1847).    He  was  eloct- 

1840  he  had  resigned  his  ecclesiastical  duties,  ed  bishop  of  Indiana  in  1848,  but  declined,  and 

Among  his  principal  works  are :  La  liberie  de$  was  a  prominent  candidate   for   provisional 

<;t/^^e»(Paris,  1826),  which  gained  a  prize  at  the  bishop  of  New  York  in  1847  and  1851.     He 

French  institute ;   Chrestamathie  IrangaUe  (8  was  elected  an  assistant  minister  of  Trinity 

vols.  8vo.,  1829-'30),  consisting  of  specimens  church.  New  York,  in  1855.    Dr.  Vinton  has 

of  French  authors  with  annotations  and  a  val-  published  a  number  of  occasional  sermons,  ad- 

uable  Biscoun  on  French  literature;   £tudes  dresses,  &o.    The  degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred 

§ur  Pascal  (1848);  and  litudes  $ur  la  littera-  upon  him  by  Columbia  college  in  1848. 

ture  Fran  false  au  18*  aiecle  and  au  17'  aiicle  VINTON,  Justus  Hatch,  an  American  mis- 

(8  vols.  8 vo.,  1849- 57).    Bib  Miditatiotis  evari'  sionary,  born  in  Willington,  Conn.,  in  1806, 

geliqua  (1849),  most  of  his  DUeours  (2  vols.,  died  at  Eemendine,  Burmah,  March  81, 1858. 

1831  and  1841),  and  some  controversial  papers  He  was  educated  at  the  Hamilton  literary  and 

have  been  translated  into  English.  theological  institution  (now  Madison  university), 

VINTON,  a  8.  co.  of  Ohio,  drained  by  Salt  and  in  Sept.  1832  was  appointed  a  missionary 

and  Raccoon  creeks ;  area,  414  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  to  Burmah  by  the  American  Baptist  board ;  bnt 

1860,  13,631.    The  surface  is  undulating  and  the  visit  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Wade  to  the  United 

the  soil  very  fertile.    The  productions  in  1850  States  with   Burmese  and   Karen   assistants 

were  249.899  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  27,099  of  affording  opportunity  for  the  acquisition   of 

wheat,  45,161  of  oats,  33,788  lbs.  of  wool,  and  those  languages  here,  he  did  not  sail  for  hL> 

6,357  tons  of  hay.    There  were  18  churches,  missionary  field  till  July,  1834.    He  was  de- 

and  2,358  pupils  attending  public  schools.    Bi-  signated  to  labor  among  the  Karens,  and  was 

tuminous  coal   and  iron   ore  abound.     The  first  stationed  at  Chummerah,  90  miles  above 

county  is  intersected  by  the  Marietta  and  Cin-  Maulmain,  and  afterward  at  Newville.  In  1851, 

cinnati  railroad.    Capital,  McArthur.  on  his  return  from  a  visit  to  the  United  States, 

VINTON,  Alezanoer  Hamilton,  D.D.,  an  he  took  charge  of  the  Karen  theological  semi- 
American  clergyman,  bom  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  nary  at  Maulmain,  where  he  remained  till  March 
May  2, 1807.    He  was  graduated  at  Brown  uni-  of  the  following  year,  when  he  removed  to  Ke- 
versity,  and  received  the  degree  of  M.D.  from  mendine,  a  suburb  of  Rangoon,  still  devoting 
Yale  college  in  1829.  After  practising  medicine  his  labors  to  the  Karens, 
for  3  years,  he  entered  the  general  seminary  of  VIOL  (It.),  an  ancient  musical  stringed  in- 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  and  was  ordain-  strument,  long  superseded  by  the  violin  and 
ed  in  New  York  in  July,  1835.    He  took  charge  other  instruments  of  that  family,  of  which  it 
of  St.  PauPs  church,  Portland,  from  Nov.  1835,  may  be  considered  the  parent.      Its  general 
till  April,  1836,  and  was  then  for  6  years  rector  shape  was  that  of  the  violin,  and  it  was  far- 
of  Grace  church.  Providence,  R.  I.     He  re-  nished  with  6  and  sometimes  with  more  strings, 
ceived  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  university  the  tones  of  which  were  regulated  by  being 
of  New  York  in  1843,  and  from  Harvard  col-  brought  by  the  finger^  into  contact  with  frets 
lege  in  1853.     From  1842  to  1858  he  was  placed  at  regular  intervals  along  the  neck,  and 
rector  of  St.  Paul's  church,  Boston,  then  ac-  was  played  on  by  a  bow.    Viols  were  of  3 
cepted  a  call  from  the  church  of  the  Holy  Trin-  kinds :  the  treble,  called  also  the  rtV>/a  alto  or 
ity,  Philadelphia,  and  in  May,  1861,  became  the  fiiol  da  hraccia  (viol  of  the  arm),  and  which  bore 
successor  of  the  late  Dr.  Anthon  in  St.  Mark's  some  resemblance  to  the  modem  violin ;  the 
church,  New  York.    Dr.  Vinton  has  published  tenor,  called  viola  tenore  or  tiol  di  spalla  (\ioI 
a  volume  of  sermons,  and  is  the  author  of  a  of  the  shoulder);  and  thebaseorvto^cfi^am^a 
number  of  occasional  discourses  and  addresses,  (viol  of  the  leg),  so  called  because  it  was  held 
— ^Francis,    D.D.,  an    American    clergyman,  by  the  performer  between  his  legs.    The  last 
brother  of  the  preceding,  bom  in  Providence,  named  was  the  survivor  of  its  family,  having 
R.  I.,  Aug.  29,  1809.     He  entered  the  military  been  in  use  until  the  close  of  the  18th  century, 
academy  at  West  Point  in  1826,  and  was  grad-  nearly  100  years  after  aU  other  viols  had  disap- 


VIOLA  VIOLET                       109 

peind,  tod  has  been  anpeneded  bj  the  violon-  as  &  species  nnder  the  name  of  F.  flabellifolia^ 

tt&t>.   Other  species  of  the  instminent  were  with  large  pale  bine  flowers,  the  petals  orna- 

dke  M  ^wmart  (viol  of  love),  so  called  from  mented  with  dark  purple  at  the  eoges  and  vel- 

iis  Jimeable,  silTery  sound,  the  wol  di  hardane^  vety  at  the  bottom.    The  hood-leaved  violet 

t&d  the  viola  hoitarda.  (  V,  cueullata^  Alton)  blossoms  earlier,  and  has 

VIOLA,  a  larger  kind  of  violin,  sometimes  reniform,  cordate  leaves,  cacnllate  at  base,  and 

ealltd  the  tenor  violin,  having  4  strings  toned  bine  or  white  flowers ;  it  is  a  variable  species. 

1,D,  G,  and  C,  an  octave  above  the  violon-  The  arrow-leaved  violet  (F.  ao^ittoto.  Ait.)  has 

ceDo.    It  ranges  a  fifth  lower  than  the  violin,  oblong,  acnte,  cordate,  and  sagittate,  slightly 

tad  takes  the  part  between  the  2d  violin  and  pubescent  leaves,  and  middle-sized  blue  flowers; 

tb  base.    In  size  and  pitch  it  occupies  a  place  a  variable  species  likewise.    The  small  yellow 

intaniediate  between  the  ordinary  violin  and  violet  ( F.  rotundtfolia^  Mx.)  has  orbiculate 

the  violoDcello.  ovate,  cordate,  crenate,  nearly  smooth  leaves, 

VIOLET,  the  famOiar  name  of  a  genus  of  with  pubescent  petioles  and  yellow  flowers,  the 

pIsBta  tjpioJ  of  the  natural  order  violaeea^  in-  spur  almost  wanting ;  it  is  a  pretty  plant,  and 

elodiag  oerbs  and  shrubs  vrith  simple,  stipu-  occurs  in  shady,  rocky  woods.   The  small  scent- 

ku,  nsoally   alternate,   sometimes   opposite  ed  violet  (F.  blanda,  Willd.)  has  a  broadly 

lesTo,  and  a  various  inflorescence,  the  irregu-  heart-shaped  foliage  and  beardless  white  flow- 

laritj  of  the  flowers  being  a  peculiarity  of  cer-  ers ;  it  is  to  be  sought  in  wet  meadows,  grow- 

tiia  genera.    The  tiola^  are  exogens  with  ing  in  company  with  the  lance-leaved  violet 

poij^talooa  flowers,  a  many-leaved  calyx,  by-  (  F.  laneeolata,  Linn.),  with  flowers  also  white, 

^o^oos  petals,  the  stamens  aU  perfect  anthers  larger,  and  beardless.    Muhlenberg's  violet  is 

crested  and  turned  inward,  consolidated  fruit,  a  fine  species,  with  large  pale  blue  flowers  on 

cd  allKuninoos  seeds.    They  are  commonly  ar-  very  long  pedundes,  subject  to  much  variation, 

Hand  under  two  sub-orders  or  tribes,  known  and  found  throughout  the  United  States.    The 

II  the  viaUm  and  akodineiB,  the  former  belong-  tall  yeUow  violet  ( F.  pubaeeiUy  Ait.)  is  a  chorm- 

iv  to  the  flora  of  Europe  and  America,  the  lat-  Ing  species,  with  an  erect,  villous  or  smoothisb 

ter  almost  excloaively  to  that  of  Africa  and  stem,  6  to  12  inches  high,  and  yellow  flowers 

Soath  America. — The  true  violets  constitute  a  with  striate  petals ;  it  is  subject  to  many  varie- 

Ur|e  genua,  of  which  more  than  170  species  have  ties,  and  grows  well  under  cultivation.    The  F. 

been  described.    They  are  herbaceous,  peren-  Canadenm  has  a  nearly  smooth  stem  6  to  24 

aiil,  ruely  annual  plants,  with  short  rhixomas  inches  high,  broadly  cordate,  acuminate,  ser- 

or  aadergronnd  stems ;  alternate  leaves ;  soli-  rate  leaves,  and  middle-sized  flowers,  the  petals 

ttry.oodding,  or  declined  flowers,  supported  on  slightly  twisted,  pale  within,  purplish  exter- 

n^olar  peduncles  which  bear  two  small  bracts ;  nally,  occurring  in  shady  woods  of  mountainous 

tik«  sepals  unequal,  more  or  less  auriculate  at  districts.    The  two  last  named  may  be  cited  as 

btse:  the  petals  likewise  unequd,  one  spurred  instances  of  the  section  with  capitate  stigmas 

•t  iu  base ;  stamens  approximated  with  connate  bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs  on  each  side.    The  spe- 

latken;  ovary  sometimes   surrounded  by  a  cies  of  this  section  belong  in  many  instances  to 

eoaesTe  torus ;  capsule  bursting  elastically  and  California  and  the  fiar  West.    The  three-colored 

£sperring  numerous  oval-shaped  seeds.    Two  violet  (  V.  tricoloTy  Linn.),  which  in  this  country 

Betbods  of  arranging  the  species  to  facilitate  has  much  the  aspect  of  an  adventitious  plant 

^<ir  study  have  been  proposed,  one  by  Baron  from  abroad,  has  a  somewhat  triangular  stem, 

Gi&gitts  in  his  Memoire  &ur  la  famille  des  vto-  branching  and  diffused,  the  lower  leaves  ovate 

^ia  (Geneva,  1828),  who  employs  the  form  cordate,  stipules  very  large,  the  flowers  small, 

of  tke  tficmas  as  distinctive,  and  the  other  by  with  the  petals  pale  blue  and  yellowish  toward 

^Miwor  Forbes  in  the  ^'  Transactions  of  the  the  base,  the  lateral  ones  bearded ;  it  is  to  be 

Bouaieal  Society,"  voL  i.,  who  lays  much  stress  sought  on  dry  rocky  hills  from  New  York  to 

oa  the  fonns  of  the  spur  of  the  petal  (nectary)  Arluinsas ;  the  plant  is  annual,  and  represents 

a  eoonection  with  a  few  other  characters,  the  3d  section,  of  species  with  an  uroeolate, 

The  arrangement  adopted  by  Torrey  and  Gray  hairy  stigma.    This  species  is  however  widely 

ia  thdr  ^  flora  of  North  Ajnerica"  is  that  of  represented  in  Europe  and  Siberia,  and  is  sup- 

Gagiu  as  exhibited  in  De  Oandolle^s  Prodro-  po^ed  to  be  one  of  the  tjrpical  forms  of  the  gar- 

««!,  giving,  in  82  North  American  species,  the  den  pansy,  of  which  De  Oandolle  makes  14  dis- 

Krvcteotattres  of  the  3  sections,  in  which  the  tinct  varieties,  the  F.  t  hortentu  or  garden  va- 

^igais  are  described  as  either  rostrate,  capitate,  riety  being  distinguished  by  its  larger  petals  and 

or  woeolate.    A  ftw  of  the  more  common  will  the  intense  velvety  hue  of  their  colors.    These 

^  be  noticed. — ^Among  those  with  rostrate  garden  sorts  were  very  much  improved  and 

sigBua,  8-fiided  capsules,  and  numerous  seeds,  tiieir  colors  were  rich  to  a  remarkable  degree ; 

tod  in  drv  woods  and  on  sandy  hills,  ranging  but  they  have  of  late  years  given  place  to  the 

Inoi  Briti^  America  to  Florida  and  westward  hybrid  varieties  of  the  F.  Altaiea  (Pallas), 

t^  nihieis,  is  the  elegant  F.^wviato  (Linn.),  with  which  has  a  short  stem,  oval  leaves,  stipules 

**F«rted  leaves  and  very  large  bright  blue  cuneiform  with  acute  teeth,  large  yellow  flow- 

^vors,  oceasioQally  paler  blue  or  even  white,  ers,  and  a  variety  with  large  purple  flowers ;  it 

■pptaring  in  Kay ;  tnere  is  also  a  superb  va-  is  likewise  perennial.    In  modem  floriculture, 

^J.  figured  in  Loddige*s  *'  Botanical  Uabinef'  a  perfect  pansy  flower  is  required  to  have  the 


110                      VIOLm  VIOLONE 

following  properties :  a  ronnd,  flat,  and  very  where  thej  are  fastened  hj  screws  hy  which 
smooth  edge ;  the  petals  thick  and  of  a  rich  vol-  they  are  tightened  or  loosened  at  pleasure.    A 
yety  texture ;  the  ground  color  of  the  8  lower  bridge  placed  upon  the  sounding  board  bears 
petals  alike,  the  lines  or  pencillings  in  the  np  the  strings,  and  above  the  bridge  are  2  aper* 
centre  bright  and  distinct,  the  two  upper  petals  tures  in  the  shape  of  the  letter  8.    The  strings 
(which  always  are  of  a  different  color  from  are  tuned  in  fifths,  £,  A,  D,  G,  and  the  com- 
the  others)  perfectly  uniform ;  the  flower  meas-  pass  of  the  instrument  exceeds  8  octaves.    In 
nring  at  least  one  inch  and  a  half  across.    Such  concerts  it  generally  makes  the  treble  or  high- 
specimens  of  cultiyation  are  preserved  only  by  est  parts.    Its  style  and  sound  are  adapted  to 
careful  attention,  propagating  them  from  cut-  every  variety  of  music,  but  only  in  the  hands 
tings  or  layers,  the  best  flowers  however  being  of  a  skilful  performer  can  its  resources  be 
chosen  in  the  selection  of  seed. — ^Manv  of  the  properly  developed.    The  violin  assumed  its 
European  violets  are  very  beautiful^  sucn  as  the  present  shape  about  the  commencement  of  the 
dog^s  violet  (  V.  canirut^  Linn.),  a  perennial  8  17th  century,  and,  although  countless  attempts 
inches  high,  with  large  blue  flowers ;  the  hairy  have  since  been  made  to  improve  upon  its  con- 
violet  (  V.  hiria),  an  upright  blue-flowered  per-  struction,  it  not  only  remains  without  material 
ennial ;  the  F.  palustruj  with  small,  pale  vio-  change,  but  the  oldest  violins  are  esteemed  the 
let-colored  flowers;  the  V.  pratentis  (Mert.),  best.    Among  these  are  the  celebrated  instru- 
with  bright  blue  flowers;  the  2-flowered  violet  ments  manufactured  by  the  Amati,  8tradu- 
( F.  bijhra^  Linn.),  with  yellow  flowers,  and  arius,  and  Guarnerius,  families  of  Cremona, 
native  of  the  Swiss  Alps ;  the  F.  luUa  (Hud-  who  flourished  during  the  17th  century  and 
son),  with  larger  flowers  than  the  tricolor,  theearlypart  of  thelSth.  Jacob  Steiner  of  Ap- 
which  it  resembles,  minutely  described  by  Light-  sam,  in  the  Tyrol,  a  pupil  of  the  Amati,  was 
foot  in  his  Flora  Scotica  ast  he  grandiflora  ;  also  a  famous  maker  of  violins.    Among  those 
the  sweet-scented  (F.  odorata^  Linn.),  perhaps  who  have  been  distinguished  as  ^ioUnbtsare 
the  most  agreeable  of  all,  and  a  universal  fa-  Corelli,  Tartini,  Viotti,  Rode,  Kreutzer,  Bail- 
vorite.  It  is  a  low,  creeping,  stoloniferous  plant,  lot,  Spohr,  Paganini,  De  B^riot,  Yieuxtemps, 
increasing  rapidly  and  sending  up  numerous  Bivori,  Ernst,  and  Ole  Bull;  Paganini  being 
flowers  in  early  spring.    Its  most  ordinary  especially  identified  with  the  instrument 
color  is  blue,  but  there  are  several  varieties  ViOLLET-LEDUO,  EcoiNE  Emmancel,  a 
known,  both  in  the  wild  and  cultivated  state,  French  architect,  born  in  Paris,  Jan.  27, 1814. 
Buchasthewhite,  purple,  double  purple,  double  He  has  made  Gothic  architecture  a  special 
white,  pale  blue,  and  double  blue,  and  the  study,  beside  giving  considerable  attention  to 
homed,  when  the  petals  are  all  spurred.    A  Greek  and  Eoman  styles,  and  since  1840  has 
variety  with  a  ccspitose  habit  of  growth  and  been  almost  constantly  employed  in  the  restora- 
abundance  of  double  pale  blue  blossoms,  known  tion  of  old  churches  and  publio  buildings,  prin- 
as  the  Neapolitan,  is  much  employed  in  frames  cipally  in  the  south  of  France.    Between  1845 
for  early  winter  and  spring  forcing.    The  spe-  and  1856,  in  conjunction  with  J.  B.  A.  Lassus, 
cies  ei\joys  some  medical  reputation  among  he  superintended  the  restoration  of  the  cathe- 
apothecaries  in  certain  parts  of  England.    An  dral  of  Notre  Dame  in  Paris  and  the  construo- 
atkaloid  of  poisonous  properties  known  as  vio-  tion  of  the  new  sacristy  attached  to  the  haild- 
line  is  extracted  from  the  root,  stem,  leaves,  and  ing.    He  is  the  author  of  a  JHetionnam  raitan- 
flowers.    It  seems  to  have  been  a  familiar  plant  ne  de  VarehiUeture    Franfaue  du  JI'^  au 
among  the  ancients,  imparting  flavor  to  wine ;  XF/"'  iiiele,  still  in  the  course  of  publication. 
it  is  the  top  vop<f>vp€o¥  of  Dioscorides.    Among  an  Essai  sur  Varchitecture  militaire  au  mcyen 
the  Gaelic  tribes,  the  plant  was  considered  a  dge^  and  other  works,  evincing  a  strong  predi- 
cosmetic.    Its  perfume  is  delicious,  but  too  lection  for  mediaeval  architecture.    He  has  also 
overpowering  to  some  constitutions,  producing  a  considerable  reputation  as  a  painter  in  iK'ster 
faintings  and  giddiness.    Its  seeds  and  petals  colors,  in  which  capacity  he  has  exhibited  pio* 
possess  gentle  laxative  properties. — ^The  several  tures  on  architectural  subjecta 
plants  of  the  order  are  economically  employed  Y lOLONOELLO  (dimunitive  of  It.  vioUmey  a 
in  various  ways.    The  foliage  of  a  Brazilian  double  base),  a  musical  instrument  of  tlie  vio- 
species  of  eonohoria  is  eaten  like  spinach,  and  lin  family,  intermediate  between  the  viola  and 
some  species  of  umidium^  known  in  Peru  as  the  double  base,  being  an  octave  lower  than 
euchunehuUy^  are  violent  purgatives  and  emet-  the  former  and  an  octave  higher  than  the  latr 
ics ;  while  others  have  similar  qualities  to  the  ipe-  ter.    It  has  4  gut  strings,  the  2  lowest  covered 
oacuanha. — ^The  violets  readily  adapt  themselves  with  silver  wire,  is  tuned  in  fiftlis.  A,  D,  G,  and 
to  cultiyation,  growing  generally  in  good  shady  0,  and  is  played  upon  by  a  bow,  being  placed 
soil,  those  of  America  preferring  leaf  mould  between  the  knees  of  the  performer  like  the 
or  peat.  old  tiol  di  gamba^  which  it  has  superseded. 
VIOLIN,  an  instrument  of  the  viol  species.  Its  tone  is  eminently  rich  and  expressive,  and 
consisting  of  8  principal  parts,  the  neck,  the  in  the  hands  of  peiibnners  like  Dragonetti  it 
table,  and  the  sounding  board,  over  which  are  has  been  rendered  an  eflfective  solo  instrument 
stretched  4  gut  strings,  the  lowest  covered  VIOLONE,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to  the 
with  silver  wire,  extending  from  the  tail  piece  instrument  commonly  known  as  the  double 
or  lower  end  of  the  sounding  board  to  the  neck,  base.    (8ee  Doublx  Bass.) 


YlOm  VIPER                       HI 

YlOm,   GiOTAvsi  BATnsTA,   an  Italian  oonstiintions,  and  tbese  reptiles  formed  a  ne- 

Tiolinist,  born   at  Fontanento,  Piedmont,  in  oesaary  article  in  the  shop  of  the  apotliecarr; 

1755,  died  in  Brighton,  England,  March  8,  even  the  Greeks  and  Romans  made  use  of  the 

1h24»  He  studied  under  Pagnani,  who  enjoyed  Tiper  in  medicine.    It  remains  torpid  in  winter 

Um  Idlest  reputation  inhisdaj.    Before  he  in  holes,  many  being  twined  together;  the 

bd  attained  his  minority  Yiotti  was  appointed  young  are  bom  alive,  12  to  20  at  a  birth,  the 

tint  Tiolinist  in  the  royal  chapel  in  Turin,  and  membrane  of  the  eggs,  according  to  Bell,  being 

aft«nrard  yiflited  Berlin  and  Paris.    During  burstatthemomentof  exclusion;  the  food  con« 

th«  French  revolution  he  held  for  a  time  a  seat  sists  of  insects,  worms,  mice,  shrews,  young 

in  tlie  constituent  assembly,  but  fled  to  London  birds^&c  The  southern  viper  (  V,  aspis^  Schl.), 

whtn  the  leign  of  terror  began,  and  occupied  of  S.  Europe,  is  more  dangerous  than  the  com- 

lor  a  short  period  the  position  of  leader  of  the  mon  species. — ^The  horned  viper  (cerastei  Ha^ 

band  in  the  Eing*a  theatre.    Ordered  for  some  HHquiUii,  Laur.)  is  about  14  inches  long,  in 

naion  to  quit  Uie  country,  he  went  to  Ham-  color  above  ranging  from  ashy  gray  to  yellow* 

borg,  bat  returned  to  London  in  1801,  and  lost  ish  red  and  even  much  darker,  with  indistinct 

aQ  his  property  by  embarking  in  the  wine  ^>ots,  and  pale  rose  below  with  a  pearly  lua- 

trade.   He  then  assumed  ^e  direction  of  the  tre ;  the  scales  are  lancet-shaped  and  strongly 

rojal  academy  of  music  at  Paris,  in  which  he  ridged ;  the  head  is  triangular,  and  very  ms- 

met  with  no  suocesa.    His  remaining  years  tinct  from  the  neck  from  the  prominence  of 

▼ere  spent  in  England.    He  is  now  remember-  the  angles  of  the  jaws ;  near  the  middle  of  each 

ed  chiefly  by  his  8U  duo§  eoneertaiu  pour  deux  arched  eyebrow  in  the  male  is  a  slender,  point* 

titUm,  publiahed  at  Hamburg.  ed  spine  or  horn,  slightly  bent  forward,  which, 

VIPER  (Lat.  vivijpara,  bringing  forth  young  though  not  a  weapon,  gives  the  head  a  malig- 

ilire),  the  common  name  of  the  tiperida,  a  nant  look ;  the  body  is  Qiick,  and  the  tail  short 

£unily  of  old  world  venomous  serpents,  distin-  and  suddenly  pointed.    It  is  found  in  N.  Af- 

gaiihcd  from  the  rattlesnakes  of  the  new  by  rica,  Arabia,  and  western  Asia,  and  was  well 

the  absence  of  pits  on  the  sides  of  the  face  and  known  to  the  ancients ;  it  is  the  serpent  repre- 

rattles  on  the  taiL    There  are  about  20  species,  sented  on  the  Egyptian  monuments,  and  is  very 

most  abundant  in  warm  climates,  and  espe-  generally  believed  to  have  been  the  asp  by 

dally  in  Africa;  3  speciesoocur  in  Europe.  The  which  Cleopatra  destroyed  herself.  (See  Asp.) 

mnmon  European  viper  or  adder  (eipera  [jm-  It  is  indolent  in  habit,  remaining  buried  in  Uie 

^j  hemt^  Daud.)  rarely  attains  a  length  of  hot  sand  till  aroused  by  hunger  or  attacked, 

mare  than  2  feet;  the  general  color  is  yellow-  when  it  is  yery  active,  springing  2  or  8  feet; 

i^  or  olive  brown,  with  a  double  row  of  black  when  it  bites  it  retains  a  firm  hold,  and  makes 

spots  on  the  back,  sometimes  united  into  bands,  no  haste  to  escape  like  most  serpents.  The  old 

ind  paler  on  the  sides  with  black  spots ;  the  authors  assert  that  it  conceals  itself  in  the  sand, 

single  abdominal  scutes  are  about  140,  and  the  with  only  the  tips  of  the  horns  .projecting, 

caodal 40  to  43  pairs;  the  eyes  are  small  and  very  which  serve  as  baits  to  decoy  birds  within 

iiriliiant.    It  is  distributed  over  Europe,  from  reach,  a  habit  similar  to  that  ascribed  to  the 

S veden  and  N.  Russia  to  the  Mediterranean ;  goose  fish  or  angler ;  it  is  said  also  to  lie  hid  in 

It  is  the  only  venomous  reptile  found  in  Great  the  paths,  and  to  bite  men  and  animals  passing 

Britain,  where  it  is  common  in  some  parts,  es-  by,  a  habit  referred  to  in  the  Bible,  where  it  is 

K^ially  on  the  heaths  and  in  the  hedges  of  dry  called  adder ;  being  an  inhabitant  of  the  desert, 

itoa/  districts.     Unlike  the  common  snake,  it  it  can  abstain  from  water  for  a  long  tim%    A 

faces  any  suspected  enemy,  with  body  closely  species  named  nasicamu^  perha[Ki  a  variety  of 

oiled,  head  and  neck  raised  and  ready  to  strike  the  last,  is  found  in  W.  Africa ;  it  is  about  8  feet 

tt  looa  IB  it  oomee  within  reach ;  dogs  when  long  and  9  inches  in  circumference,  its  horns 

banting  are  frequently  bitten,  but  not  often  giving  it  a  very  repulsive  look ;  it  feeds  princi- 

^ed.    Its  poison  is  sufficiently  powerful  to  pally  on  rats,  small  reptiles,  and  fish  of  marshy 

pHMlsee  very  painful  and  occasionally  danger-  places ;  its  bite  is  much  dreaded  by  the  natives, 

<Mi9  effects,  particularly  in  warm  regions  and  and  is  often  speedily  fiatal ;  they  suck  the  wound, 

i&  d^ilitated  constitutions ;  after  a  viper  bite  make  a  free  incision,  and  apply  the  juices  of 

t^  is  acute  pain  in  the  wound,  with  livid  particular  plants;  it  makes  its  presence  known 

tv^dling,  faintneas,  quick  and  irregular  pulse,  by  a  sound  like  a  suppressed  groan,  followed  by 

upaea  and  vomiting,  and  cold  sweats.  The  rem-  a  hissing  or  blowing  sound;  it  darts  forward 

<<iKa  r^ed  upon  by  viper  catchers  are  draughts  from  its  powerful  tail  as  a  fulcrum.    The  com- 

of  olive  oil  and  embrocations  to  the  limb  in  mon  cerastes  is  still  a  favorite  species  witJi 

^i^Ntt  iji  a  fire ;  the  application  of  cupping  Arabian  snake  charmers  in  their  public  ezhibi- 

|i>M  to  the  wound,  and  the  internal  aomin-  tions.    The  short-tailed  viper  or  pulf  adder  (  V, 

^ration  of  ammonia  or  of  alcoholic  stimulants,  \elotho]arietans^  Schl.),  from   the  Cape  of 

^  generally  sufficient ;  tJie  celebrated  aitungia  Good  Hope,  is  the  most  deadly  serpent  of  8. 

*^P«Haa,  which  was  believed  to  render  this  bite  Africa ;  it  is  about  8  feet  long  and  2  inches  in 

iiharmlessaa  a  simple  wound,  was  made  of  the  diameter,  of  a  brown  color,  with  an  angular 

V  of  the  viper  boiled  down.   Viper  broth  and  cross  band,  a  pale  line  behind  it  and  a  red  band 

^ipwwine  were  in  old  times  in  high  repute  for  across  the  eyes. — The  death  viper  or  adder  of 

P^^i^yiag  the  blood  and  invigoratmg  worn-out  Australia  {aeanthophit  cera$tinu9y  Lao6p.},  1^  to 


112  VntEO  VIBGIL 

9  feet  long,  and  brownish  gray  tinged  with  syllables  "  phenu,  whenn/*  mnch  prolonged. — 

reddish,  is  much  dreaded  by  tlie  colonists,  as  The  white-eyed  vireo  (  F.  [lanivireo]  Novehora^ 

the  name  imports. — The  viper  is  one  of  the  eensis^  Bonap.)  is  about  5  inches  long  and  8  in 

reptiles  which  have  a  distribution  very  far  alar  extent ;  it  is  olive  green  above  and  white 

north,  and  the  furthest  of  the  snakes.   It  is  also  below;  ring  around  eyes,  extending  to  bill, 

one  popularly  believed  to  take  its  young  when  greenish  yellow ;  2  bands  on  wings  and  edge  of 

in  danger  into  its  throat ;  though  some  have  inner  secondaries  white ;  sides  of  head  aD<l 

declared  this  anatomically  impossihle,  there  is  breast  strongly  tinged  with  yellow ;  iris  white, 

reason  to  believe  it  tnie,  according  to  Dr.  It  is  found  in  about  the  same  extent  as  the  pre- 

Crisp  (^^  Proceedings  of  the  Zoological  Society  ceding,  but  not  so  far  north ;  it  so  often  Intro- 

of  London,"  1856,  p.  191).  duces  fragments  of  newspapers  into  its  nest, 

VIREO,  or  GxEBiaET,  a  common  name  of  a  that  it  goes  in  some  places  by  the  name  of  the 

family  of  American  insectivorous  birds,  com-  politician. — The  solitary  vireo  (F.  [lanivireo] 

ing  nearest  to  the  shrikes  in  the  form  of  the  wlitariusj  Vieill.)  is  5^  inches  long  and  9i  in 

bUl  and  in  some  of  their  habits.    The  general  extent  of  wings ;  head  and  neck  above  dark 

plumage  is  more  or  less  tinted  with  green  and  bluish  ash,  rest  of  upper  parts  olive  green ; 

olive.   In  the  typical  genus  vireo  (Vieill.),  since  white  ring  around  eyes,  extending  interruptedly 

subdivided  by  Prince  Bonaparte  into  vireotylvia  to  bill ;  lower  parts,  2  bands  on  wings,  and 

and  vireolanius  or  lanivireo^  the  bill  is  short  edge  of  secondaries,  white ;  under  wings  green- 

and  strong,  nearly  straight,  notched  and  hook-  ish  yellow.    It  is  found  in  the  United  States 

ed  at  the  tip,  with  a  few  weak  bristles  at  the  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  northern  Pacific, 
gape ;  wings  long  and  pointed ;  toes  moderate,        VIREY,  Julien  Joseph,  a  French  physician, 

the  lateral  ones  partly  united  to  the  middle  at  born  in  Hortes,  department  of  Haute-Mame,  in 

the  base,  and  capable  of  holding  their  insect  Nov.  1775,  died  in  Paris,  March  29,  1846.     Ho 

prey  as  in  the  'shnkes ;  toil  moderate  and  even,  was  educated  at  Langres,  became  an  assistant 

There  are  about  20  species,  all  of  small  size,  dresser  in  the  military  hospital  of  Strasbourg, 

migrating  from  South  America  and  the  West  and  attracted  the  notice  of  Parmentier,  who 

Indies  to  the  United  States,  arriving  here  about  in  1795  sent  him  to  study  at  the  hospital  of 

May,  breeding  in  the  summer,  and  returning  in  Val  de  GrAce  at  Paris,  of  which  he  became 

autumn ;  many  are  sweet  singers.    They  are  chief  pharmaceutist  in  1812,  but  resigned  soon 

very  active,  feeding  on  insects  and  their  larvso,  after,  ^nd  two  years  later  received  the  diploma 

which  they  take  on  trees  or  on  the  wing,  and  of  doctor  of  medicine  from  the  faculty  of  Pari^. 

sometimes  on  berries ;  the  nest  is  made  in  He  was  a  member  of  the  superior  council  of 

trees  and  bushes,  of  dried  leaves,  grasses,  roots,  health,  and  from  1831  to  1838  held  a  seat  in 

moss,  and  lichens,  and  is  generally  pendulous ;  the  chamber  of  deputies.    At  the  time  of  his 

they  exhibit  great  jealousy  of  any  intruder  on  death  he  was  an  omcer  of  the  legion  of  honor 

their  retreats,  and  scold  and  chatter  in  a  most  and  a  member  of  various  learned  societies, 

extraordinary  manner ;  most  have  2  broods  in  Early  in  the  present  century  he  became  editor 

a  season,  with  4  or  5  eggs,  white  with  brown  of  the  Joumctl  de  pharmade^  and  before  recei  v- 

or  black  spots;  thoir  nests  are  often  selected  ing  his  medical  degree  had  written  the  migori- 

by  the  cowpen  bird  (see  Tsoopial)  for  the  re-  ty  of  the  general  articles  in  the  Dietionnaire  dcM 

ception  of  its  parasite  eggs.  The  red-eyed  vireo  geiences  naturelles  of  Deterville  ond  the  Die- 

(K.  olivaeeus,  Vieill.),  the  type  of  vireosyhia^  tionnaire  de9  seiencee  medieaks  of 'Piincko\i]ie. 

is  Hjf  inches  long  and  10 J  in  alar  extent;  the  His  principal  works  are:  ffistoire  naturelle  ifu 

upper  parts  and  tail  are  bright  olivaceous  green;  genre  kvmain  (3  vols.,  1801);  Histoire  natu- 

orown  asliy,  bordered  on  each  side  by  a  dusky  relle  de  la  femme  (last  ed.,  1825) ;  Art  de  per- 

line  within  a  white  superciliary  one;  nearly  feetionner  Vhomme  {^\o\%,y  !%()%) \  Delaphy- 

pure  white  below,  under  tail  coverts  with  a  nohgie  dans  see  rapports  avee  la  vhilosophie 

faint  sulphur  tinge;  iris  red.    It  is  found  from  (1814) ;  Eistoire  dee  medicaments^  aes  aliments 

the  eastern  United  States  to  the  Missouri,  S.  to  et  des  poisons  (1820) ;  and  Fhilosopkie  de  Vhie- 

Texas  and  Central  America,  and  N.  to  Green-  toire  naturelle  (1835). 

land.    The  nest  is  very  neatly  made,  suspended        VIRGIL  (Publius  Vibgiuus  Maro),  a  Ro- 

from  twigs  4  or  5  feet  from  the  ground ;  beside  man  poet,  born  in  Andes,  a  small  village  near 

the  usual  materials,  it  includes  bits  of  hornets*  Mantua,  Oct.   15,  70  B.  C,  died  in  Brundi- 

nests,  flax,  and  paper,  glued  together,  accord-  slum,  Sept.  22,  19  B.  C.     His  birthplace,  ac- 

ing  to  Wilson,  by  the  silk  of  caterpillars  and  cording  to  an  old  tradition,  is  the  same  as 

the  bird^s  saliva;  it  is  so  durable  that  other  the   modern   town   of  Pietola.     His   father 

birds,  like  the  yellow  bird,  have  been  known  was  the  owner  of  a  small  landed  estate,  and 

to  build  in  the  preceding  yearns  nest;  even  the  son  received  his  early  education  at  Cre- 

mice  have  sometimes  occupied  it  after  the  bird  mona  and  Mediolanum  (Milan),  and  assumed 

has  left  it.    A  more  southern  species,  much  re-  the  toga  virilis  at  the  former  city  in  55  B.  C, 

sembling  this,  the  F.  attiloquus  (Gray),  is  popu-  on  the  very  day,  according  to  Donatus,  that 

larly  called  "  Whip-Tom -Kelly,"  from  a  fancied  the  poet  Lucretius  died.    Afterward  he  is  said 

resemblance  of  its  notes  to  those  words ;  Mr.  to  have  studied  Greek  at  Naples  under  Par- 

Gosse  thinks  they  resemble  more  *^John-to-  thenius,  a  native  of  Bithynia,  beginning  the 

whit,"  and  Dr.  Bryant  adds  to  the  former  the  acquisition  of  that  wealth  of  learning  for  which 


lU 


VIRGIN  ISLANDS 


VIRGINIA 


beside  these  are  attributed  to  bim,  bat  probably 
without  reason.  His  influence  on  Roman  liter- 
ature and  the  literature  of  the  middle  ages  was 
almost  without  a  parallel  in  literary  history. 
His  poems  were  the  text  books  of  the  Roman 
youths  and  the  models  of  the  Roman  poets. 
The  great  men  of  the  middle  ages  were  his  ad- 
mirers and  imitators.  Among  the  ignorant  he 
was  esteemed  a  magician  and  coigurer,  and 
Petrarch  tells  us  that  the  grotto  of  Posilippo 
was  thought  in  his  time  to  have  been  excavated 
by  the  mas^c  incantations  of  the  poet.  Traces 
of  this  feeling  can  be  found  in  the  custom  of 
inquiring  into  the  future  by  the  sortes  Virgili- 
ana. — Several  manuscripts  of  Virgil's  works 
have  come  down  to  our  time.  The  first  edition 
was  printed  at  Rome  in  1469  by  Sweynheym 
and  Pannartz.  0.  G.  Heyne  published  an 
edition  (4  vols.  8vo.,  Leipsic,  1767-'75)  upon 
which  much  labor  was  spent,  and  of  this  an 
improved  edition  appeared  in  1880.  There 
have  been  several  English  versions,  of  which 
that  of  Dryden  in  heroic  verse  (1697)  is  by 
far  the  most  popular.  The  chief  authority  for 
Virgil's  life  is  a  biography  by  Donatus.  Com- 
mentaries were  written  on  his  works  in  ancient 
times,  especially  by  Macrobius  and  Servius,  the 
latter  of  which  is  very  valuable. 

VIRGIN  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  the  West  In- 
dies, spread  over  an  area  of  about  100  by  20  m., 
between  lat.  18°  6'  and  18°  60'  N.,  and  long.  64^ 
10'  and  66°  40'  W.  They  are  about  100  in  num- 
ber, 60  of  which,  including  Tortola,  Anegada, 
Virgin  Gorda,  Jost  van  Dyke's,  Guano  Isle,  Beef 
island.  Thatch  island,  Prickly  Pear,  Camanas, 
Cooper's,  St.  Peter's,  and  Salt,  belong  to  Great 
Britain  -,  St.  Thomas,  Santa  Cruz,  St.  John,  and 
several  smaller  ones  to  Denmark ;  Culebra  and 
a  number  of  islets  to  Spain;  and  Bieque,  or 
Crab  bland,  to  all  three  powers.  Not  more  than 
one  fourth  of  the  group  are  inhabited.  Those 
which  are  cultivated  have  a  rich  soil,  producing 
abundance  of  vegetables  and  fruits ;  and  sugar, 
molasses,  rum,  indigo,  salt,  cotton,  tobacco,  tur- 
meric, pimento,  and  ginger  are  exported.  The 
climate  is  variable,  and  tliere  are  occasional 
earthquakes.  The  group  was  discovered  by 
Columbus  in  1494,  on  his  second  voyage. 

VIRGIN  MARY.    See  Mart. 

VIRGINAL,  a  keyed  and  stringed  instru- 
ment, now  out  of  use,  somewhat  like  the  spinet, 
but  in  shape  resembling  the  modern  pianoforte. 
It  is  supposed  to  have  been  named  in  honor  of 
the  virgin  queen  Elizabeth  of  England,  although 
known  before  her  birth.  Its  compass  was 
about  4  octaves 

VIRGINIA,  one  of  the  13  original  states  of 
the  American  Union,  situated  between  lat.  36° 
80'  and  40°  88'  N.,  and  loug.  76°  10'  and  83° 
48'  W.  Its  greatest  length  from  E.  to  W.  is 
about  426  m.,  its  mean  length  850  m. ;  its 
greatest  breadth  from  N.  to  S.,  including  the 
**  Panhandle"  (a  narrow  strip  of  land  lying  be- 
tween the  W.  boundary  of  Pennsylvania  and 
the  Ohio  river,  and  comprising  Marshall,  Ohio, 
Brooke,  and  Hancock  counties),  is  280  m.,  its 


mean  breadth  210  m.  Its  area  is  61,862  sq.  m., 
or  39,266,280  acres.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Ohio, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland ;  E.  by  Maryland, 
and  the  Atlantic  ocean ;  S.  by  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee ;  and  W.  by  Kentucky  and  Ohio. 
It  is  divided  into  148  counties,  viz. :  Accomac, 
Albemarle,  Alexandria,  Alleghany,  Amelia, 
Amherst,  Appomattox,  Augusta,  Barbonr, 
Bath,  Bedfora,  Berkeley,  Boone,  Botetourt, 
Braxton,  Brooke,  Brunswick,  Buchanan,  Buck- 
ingham, Oabell,  Calhoun,  Campbell,  GaroUne, 
Carroll,  Charles  City,  Charlotte,  Chesterfield, 
Clarke,  Clay,  Craig,  Culpepper,  Cumberland, 
Dinwiddle,  Doddridge,  Elizabeth  City,  Essex, 
Fairfax,  Fauquier,  Fayette,  Floyd,  Fluvanna, 
Franklin,  Frederic,  Giles,  Gilmer,  Gloucester, 
Goochland,  Grayson,  Greenbrier,  Greene, 
Greenville,  Halifax,  Hampshire,  Hancock, 
Hanover,  Hardy,  Harrison,  Henrico,  Henry, 
Highland,  Isle  of  Wight,  Jackson,  James  Oity, 
Jefferson,  Kanawha,  King  and  Queen,  King 
George,  King  William,  Lancaster,  Lee,  Lewis, 
Logan,  Loudon,  Louisa,  Lunenburg,  McDowell, 
Madison,  Marion,  Marshall,  Mason,  Matthews, 
Mecklenburg,  Mercer,  Middlesex,  Monongalia, 
Monroe,  Montgomery,  Morgan,  Nansemond, 
Nelson,  New  Kent,  Nicholas,  Norfolk,  North- 
ampton, Northumberland,  Nottoway,  Ohio, 
Orange,  Page,  Patrick,  Pendleton,  Pittsylva- 
nia, Pleasants,  Pocahontas,  Powhatan,  Preston, 
Prince  Edward,  Prince  George,  Prince  Wil- 
liam, Princess  Anne,  Pulaski,  Putnam,  Ra- 
leigh, Randolph,  Rappahannock,  Richmond, 
Ritchie,  Roane,  Roanoke.  Rockbridge,  Rock- 
ingham, Russell,  Scott,  Shenandoid],  Smyth, 
Southanipton,  Spottsylvania,  Stafford,  Surry, 
Sussex,  Taylor,  Tazewell,  Tucker,  Tyler,  Up- 
.  shur,  Warren,  Warwick,  Washington,  Wape, 
Webster,  Westmoreland,  Wetzel,  Wirt,  Wise, 
Wood,  Wyoming,  Wythe,  York.  Richmond, 
situated  on  the  James  river  in  Henrico  co.,  is 
the  largest  town  and  the  capital  of  the  state. 
The  other  chief  cities  and  towns  are  Peters- 
burg, on  the  Appomattox  river;  Norfolk,  a 
seaport  on  the  large  estuary  called  the  Eliza- 
beth river;  Portsmouth,  on  the  opposite  bank; 
Wheeling,  on  the  Ohio;  Staunton,  the  prin- 
cipal town  of  the  Shenandoah  valley ;  Alexan- 
dria, on  the  Potomac;  Lynchburg,  on  the 
James  river ;  and  Fredericsburg,  on  the  Rap- 
pahannock.—The  population  of  Virginia,  ac- 
cording to  the  decennial  censuses  since  1790, 
has  been  as  follows :  * 


Ccuu 

1790..., 
1900. • .  1 
1810.... 
1820.... 
1830.... 
1840.... 
1850.... 
I860.... 


Wbllet. 

Prcc 

eolored. 

442,115 

l!2,766 

614,280 

20,124 

651,534 

80,570 

603,087 

86,889 

694,300 

47,348 

740,858 

49,852 

894,800 

64,333 

1,047,411 

68,042 

298,427 
845,796 
892,518 
425,153 
469,757 
449,087 
472.528 
490.8G6 


748,308 
880,200 
974,622 
1,066,879 
1,211,405 
1,239,797 
1.421.661 
1,596,818 


DerenaUl 
ptrctftt 


17.63 

10  73 

9?1 

13.71 

•2.Z* 
1467 
12  28 


Of  the  white  population  in  1860,  there  were 
528,897  males  and  616,514  females;  of  the  free 
colored,  27,721  males  and  80,821  females;  and 
of  the  slaves,  249,48a  males  and  241,882  fe- 


VIB6INIA  115 

■ilei  ThedflBstj  of  the  population  waa  26.02  it  ia  navi^Bble  for  large  veaflela  to  Alexandria 

M  ibe  Moaro  mile,  and  ita  proporUoa  to  tliat  and  Washington,  over  100  m<.  from  the  haj. 

/  ih»  whole  Union  was  5.07  per  cent    There  The  Rappahannock,  with  its  affluents,  the  NorUi 

wcTt  eBBinf  rated  889  deaf  and  dumb  persons,  fork  and  Rapidan,  is  navigable  as  far  as  Frede- 

>f  ihom  lil  were  slaves ;  789  blind,  of  whom  ricsburg  for  vessels  of  140  tons.    The  Pianka^ 

i.i  were  slaves;  1,179  insane,  of  whom  68  tank  is  abroad,  shallow  frith,  forming  the  ont- 

Tc7«  slaves;  and  1,279  idiotic,  of  whom  214  let  of  a  smaller  stream.   The  York  river,  form- 

rere  slaves.    The  ages  of  the  total  population  ed  by  the  junction  of  the  Mattapony  and  Pa> 

2  1850^  were  retomed  as  follows:  under  1  munkey  rivers,  is  navigable  to  the  point  of 

Tear,  36.308;  1  and  nnder5years,  184,163;  5  onion  at  West  Point  for  large  vessels.    The 

uti  oader  10,  208,260 ;  10  and  under  15, 190,-  James  river  rises  in  the  Alleghanies  and  pur- 

^j**;  15  and  under  20, 153,511;  20  and  under  sues  a  general  £.  S.  £.  course,  receiving  in  ita 

\K  241,413;  30  and  under  40, 157,164;  40  and  route  only  one  considerable  affluent,  the  Ap- 

onder  50,  111,077;  50  and  under  60,  70,597;  pomattoz.  The  Elizabeth  and  Nansemondrivera 

•iOafidoiider  70,  41,693;  70  and  under  80,  18,-  m  the  extreme  S.  £.  communicate  with  the 

^;  80  and  under  100,  7,210;  over  100,  389;  Dismal  and  other  swamps.    All  these  rivers 

askaown,  385.    Total  under  20  years  of  age,  have   their  outlet   into  Chesapeake  bay  by 

773,138;  over  20,  648,523.    Of  the  389  per*  means  of  broad,  though  geneniUy  not  very 

MQs  oTer  100  years  of  age,  271  were  slaves  and  deep  estuaries.    The  estuary  of  Elizabeih  river, 

56  free  colored.    The  number  of  births  (white  and  Hampton  roads  acljacent,  form  one  of  the 

lad  free  colored)  in  1850  was  25,153;  mar-  finest  harbors  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  were  bo- 

mzes,  8,168;    deatha,    10,608,  or  induding  fore  the  civil  war  the  favorite  resort  of  the  ves* 

Catts»  19,059.    Of  the  total  free  population  selsofthe  U.S.  navy,  the  navy  yard  at  6osport| 

^  the  state  in  1850  (940,133)  there  were  bom  near  Portsmouth,  being  the  most  extensive  in 

ia  *±t  state  872,923 ;  in  other  states,  53,231 ;  in  the  United  States.    The  southern  portion  of  the 

E&iUnd,  2,998 ;  in  Ireland,  11,643 ;  in  Seot-  state  is  drained  by  the  Roanoke  and  its  numer* 

itntJ  and  Wales,  1,120 ;  in  British  America,  235 ;  ous  affluents,  of  which  the  Dan,  Staunton,  and 

n  Germany,  5,511 ;  in  France,  321 ;  in  other  Banister  are  the  principal,  and  ^y  the  Meherrin 

coontries,  566 ;  unknown,  585.    About  2^  per  and  Blackwater,  two  branches  of  the  Oho  wan, 

eeat  of  the  white  population  were  of  foreign  a  river  of  North  Oarolina.    Both  the  Roanoke 

birth ;  and  388,059  persons  of  Virginian  biilh  and  Ghowan  discharge  their  waters  into  Al* 

vere  residing  in  other  states  Of  226,875  white  bemarle  sound.    S.  W.  Virginia  is  watered  by 

ud  (ree  colored  males  over  15  years  of  age  in  the  Holston  and  dinoh,  the  head  streams  of 

IS^,  there  were  engaged  in  oommeroe,  trade,  the  Tennessee,  and  their  branches ;  while  the 

sttQufiictnrea,  mechanic  arts,  and  mining,  52,-  valleys  of  the  W.  and  N.  W.  are  drained  by  the 

'73 :  io  agriculture,  108,304 ;  in  labor  not  agri-  Sandy,  the  Guyandotte,  and  the  Great  and  Ui- 

''"itaral,  48,338  ;  in  the  army,  274 ;  in  sea  and  tie  Kanawha  and  their  branches,  all  affluents 

mer  navigation,  3,263 ;  in  law,  medicine,  and  of  the  Ohio,  and  the  Monongahela  with  ita  trib- 

civiiiity,  4,791 ;   in  other  pursuits  requiring  utaries   the   Yonghiogheny   and   Oheat,  and 

t^ccation,  5,622 ;  in  government  civil  service,  their  numerous  branches.    The   Ohio  itself 

^4!>1 :  ift  domestic  servants,  79;  and  in  other  forms  the  N.  W.  boundary  of  the  state,  from 

j^  iipatioos,  1,978.    The  number  of  slavehold-  Catlettsborg  to  the  Pennsylvania  line,  a  dia- 

tn  in  1350  was  55,063,  of  whom  were  holders  tance  of  nearly  300  m.    A  long  narrow  penin- 

^  1  slave,  11,385;  1  and  under  5, 15,550;  5  aula,  known  as  the  eastern  shore  of  Virginia^ 

tt4  oader  10,  13,030 ;  10  and  under  20,  9,456 ;  comprising  the  counties  of  Accomac  and  North« 

2>  ttid  under  50,  4,880;  50  and  under  100,  ampton,  extends  from  lat.  38"*  to  Cape  OharleSi 

^;  100  and  under  200,  107;  200  and  under  and  forms  the  eastern  barrier  between  the 

<^>X  8;800  and   under  500,  1.    The  whole  lower  Ohesapeake  bay  and  the  Atlantic.  Along 

&:iiaber  of  panpers  supported  in  the  state  in  the  Atlantic  shore  of  this  i>en!nsula,  as  well  aa 

(^e  year  ending  June  1, 1850,  was  5,118,  at  a  along  a  part  of  the  coast  below  the  North  Oar- 

^^  of  1 15 1,722.    The  federal  representative  olina  line,  extend  a  series  of  sand  bars  or  spits 

j^pulation  (all  the  free  and  }  of  the  slave)  in  with  occasional  narrow  inlets,  the  result  of  the 

I^  was  1,399,972,  entitling  Virginia  to  12  washing  up  of  the  sand  from  the  ocean  on  some 

^cprnentatives  under  the  new  apportionment,  shallow  reefs,  perhaps  of  coralline  origin,  at  a 

7yix|piua  is  well  watered.    Obesapeake  bay,  distance  of  from  2  to  10  m.  from  the  coast  of 

.I6oQgh  the  greater  pari  of  its  length  is  in  the  peninsula,  and  in  some  places  connected 

IbrrlsiMl,  opena  into  the  ocean  between  the  with  it  by  extensive  sand  drifts.  Between  these 

"H^ts  of  Virginia,  and  receives  the  rivers  which  sand  spits  and  the  mainland  of  the  peninsula 

dnm  the  £.  and  N.  £.  part  of  the  atate.    The  are  the  Broadwater  and  other  sounds  and  road- 

hcomse  river  forms  the  boundary  between  steads,  and  in  some  cases  islands  of  considera* 

yopniaand  the  whole  W.  and  S.  line  of  Mary-  ble  extent.    The  ahores  of  that  portion  of  the 

W,  ind  by  its  affluents,  the  North  and  South  Chesapeake  bay  within  the  limits  of  Virginia 

^"ttcbes,  wd  the  Shenandoah,  draina  the  up-  are  indented  by  numerous  smsll  bays,  inlets, 

^portion  of  the  valloys  of  the  Alleghanies ;  and  sounds,  forming  safe  anchorage   ground 

rn..«t»feridss<»tbi.»d«tbTp«iiit...«iiot  for  smaU  craft,  and  abounding  in  shell  fish. 

H  (Ugas,  isn)  MoiMiu«w  —Eastern  Virginia,  though  hilly,  ia  not  moun- 


116  YIBGINIA 

toiBOiu,  and  8.  E.  'Virginia  is  a  rolling  country,  ter  tbe  state,  and  oontinne  for  some  distance  to 
vith  extensive  swamps  in  many  parts.    Tbe  N.  the  southernmost  branch  of  flie  Big  Sandy,  tak- 
W.  part  of  the  state  is  ^so  undulating  and  oo-  ing  the  name  of  the  Big  Black  mountains  in  Uie 
casionally  broken,  and  slopes  gently  toward  the  upper  part  of  their  course.    North  of  these, 
Ohio,  but  without  many  lofty  hills.    That  por-  but  in  the  region  S.  of  the  Great  Kanawha,  are 
tion  of  the  state  extending  from  the  upper  waters  ranges  of  hills  following  the  course  of  the  Guj- 
of  the  Potomac  (from  the  W.  boundary  of  Mary-  andotte  and  other  streams,  and  obeying  no  gen- 
land  to  a  point  a  few  miles  above  the  District  of  eral  rule  in  their  course.  The  principid  of  them 
Oolumbia)  to  the  S.  W.  line  of  the  state,  occu-  are  the  Guyandotte,  Great  Cherry  Pond,  HufTs, 
pying  an  average  breadth  of  about  100  m.,  is  Tug,  and  Al  am  mountains.  The  highest  peak  in 
traversed  by  4  principal  ranges  of  mountains,  the  state  is  White  Top  in  Grayson  co.,  6,000  feet 
ail  comprised  in  the  Appalachian  system ;  and  above  the  sea  level ;  the  next  highest  are  the 
from  these  extend  numerous  spurs  and  parallel  Peaks  of  Otter,  between  Bedford  and  Botetourt 
lines  of  hills  having  the  same  general  course  counties,  about  4,260  feet.    The  valley  of  Vir* 
from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.,  which  render  this  part  of  ginia,  as  the  fertile  tract  watered  by  tbe  6ben« 
the  surface  of  the  state  extremely  broken,  and  andoah  and  affluents  of  the  James  is  called,  ifl 
often  almost  impassable.    Beginning  with  the  from  1,200  to  1,500  feet  above  the  aea.--The 
aaatem  slopes,  we  come  first  to  a  low  range,  eastern  portion  of  Virginia  is  composed  wholly 
parallel  to  the  Bine  ridge,  and  apparently  an  of  tertiary  sands,  days,  and  marls,  the  newer 
outlier  of  it,  known  at  different  points  as  the  pliocene  and  deposits  belonging  to  the  present 
Kittootan,  Bull  Run   moimtains,  South- West  epoch  being  found  along  the  borders  of  the 
mountains,  Garter's,  Green  mountain,  Buffalo  Chesapeake  and  the  Atlantic  ocean ;  while  fur- 
ridge,  Snuth^s  mountain,  and  Turkey  Cock  ther  inland  strata  of  the  miocene  group  emerge 
mountain.    Between  this  and  the  Blue  ridge  from  beneath  these  and  abut  against  the  high- 
extend  spurs  of  low  heavily  wooded  hiUs,  al-  est  platform  of  granite,  gneiss,  and  other  meta- 
temating  with  swamps  and  mountain  torrents,  morphio  rocks,  the  eastern  margin  of  which  is 
The  Blue  ridge,  the  easternmost  of  the  true  defined  by  a  line  connecting  the  lowest  falls 
Appalachian  ranges,  is  a  much  higher  dhain ;  upon  the  principal  rivers.    These  falls,  which 
ita  western  slope  is  more  abrupt  than  its  east-  also  limit  the  navigation  of  the  streams  in  aB- 
em,  and  though  broken  through  by  the  James  cending  from  the  sea,  mark  the  sites  of  the 
river  at  Balcony  falls,  it  maintains  throughout  principal  cities,  as  Fredericsburg,  Richmond, 
its  course  in  the  state  a  more  nearly  uniform  and  Petersburg.    From  Petersburg  the  divere- 
height  than  either  of  the  other  ranges.    West  ing  line  between  the  two  formations  extends  S. 
of  mis  range  lies  the  broad  and  fertile  valley  8.  W.,  leaving  the  state  in  the  S.  £.  corner  of 
of  the  Shenandoah,  and  beyond  this  the  Great  Mecklenburg  oo.    The  miocene  strata  abound 
North  or  Shenandoah  mountains,  a  narrow,  in  fossil  shells,  little  altered  in  appearance  from 
well  defined  ridge  toward  the  central  and  8.  those  of  living  beds  along  the  coast,  and  fiir- 
W.  portions  of  its  course,  but  in  the  N.  £.  nish  most  valuable  material  for  fertilixing  the 
part   apreading   out  like  a  fan  into  18    or  soil  of  this  region.    The  metamorphic  belt 
14  distinct  ridges.    Still  W.  of  this  lies  the  stretches  westward  over  the  summit  of  the 
Alleghany  or  Eastern  Front  ridge,  which  to-  Blue  ridge,  and  widens  rapidly  toward  the  S., 
ward  the  S.  W.  receives  also  the  name  of  reaching  as  far  as  Gr%yson  and  Carroll  cos.,  on 
Feter^s  mountain  and  Clinch  mountain ;  and  be-  the  line  of  North  Carolina.    This  is  the  metal- 
tween  this  and  the  Shenandoah  range  on  the  liferous  belt  of  the  state,  and  contains  the  gold 
£.  and  tiie  Greenbrier  and  Laurel  ranges  on  mines,  the  range  of  which  is  through  the  coud- 
the  W.  are  numerous  short  parallel  ridges,  ties  of  Culpepper,  Orange,  Spottsylvania,  Loui- 
of  which  the  most  considerable  are  Potts^s  or  sa,  Fluvanna,  Buckingham,  Prince  Edward,  <S:c 
Middle,   Warm  Spring,  and   Jackson's  River  Up  to  June  80, 1861,  the  gold  from  these  mines 
mountains^    The  westernmost  of  these  contin-  deposited  in  the  U.  S.  mint  and  the  assay  office 
uons  chains  is  the  Laurel  ridge,  with  its  pro-  amounted  to  $1,558,489.41.  In  their  vicinity  nu- 
longations  the  Greenbrier  and  Flat  Top  moun-  merous  beds  of  iron  ore  of  great  extent  are  met 
tains.    Near   the   line  of  Randolph  oo.  the  with,  of  varieties  easy  to  work,  in  districts 
Greenbrier  mountains  throw  off  a  spur  east-  abounding  in  wood,  and  near  to  railroads  and 
Vard  to  the  Alleghany  range,  and  from  this  half    navigable  rivers.    They  have,  however,  been 
a  dozen  parallel  ridges  following  the  usual  but  little  worked.    Copper  ores  are  fonnd  in 
course  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  state,  and  Louisa  co.,  and  have  been  mined  to  a  very  mod- 
known  as  Rich,  Middle,  Shaver's,  Cheat,  and  erate  extent.    Copper  and  lead  occur  at  nu- 
Valley  mountains.    The  Great  Flat  Top  moun-  merous  localities  along  the  range  of  tbe  Bine 
tain,  as  the  S.  W.  portion  of  this  fourth  ridge  is  ridge,  and  the  mines  or  the  former  m  Grayson 
ealled,  also  throws  out  spurs  N.  and  N.  W.,  call-  and  Carroll  cos.  have  proved  of  considerable 
ad  the  White  Oak  mountain  and  Barker's  ridge,  importance.    (See  Coppbs.)    Strata  of  the  np- 
and  as  it  approachea  the  Tennessee  line  passes  per  secondary  extend  in  two  parallel  and  nar- 
N.  to  the  Cun<^  river,  and  takes  the  names  of  row  belts,  following  the  general  direction  of 
Poweirs  mountain,  Stone  mountain,  and  Divid-  the  Blue  ridge  through  a  considerable  portion  of 
ing  ridge.  At  the  dividing  line  betweenVirginia  tlie  metamorphio  district.    The  formation  is  a 
and  Kentnoky,  the  Cumberland  mountains  en-  continuation  of  that  traoed  through  Massacba* 


VIE6INIA  117 

ffCti»  Ooanecdeiit,  ITew  Jersey,  PennsylraniA,  the  riven.  Saen  is  the  caBevith  the  great  bed, 

ind  Xarybnd.    Its  esstem  division  crosses  the  14  feet  thick  at  Wheeling,  which  is  worked  at 

Jioes  river  a  few  miles  above  Richmond,  and  many  points  along  the  Ohio  river.    The  val* 

fienninates  a  little  8.  of  the  Appomattox  river  ley  of  the  Kanawha  abonnds  in  coal  beds,  pr»> 

oQ  the  soathemborder  of  Amelia  co.    In  it  lie  dncing  coal  of  a  superior  qaaltty,  some  of  it 

tbe  eoal  mines  of  the  James  river,  which  are  canneL  In  this  region  are  nnmeronssalt  works, 

nfored  to  the  oolite  period.    (See  Goal,  and  and  springs  of  rock  oil  have  recently  been  di0> 

GcoiooT.)    The  great  valley  of  Virginia,  W.  of  covered  and  worked' to  some  extent    (See 

the  Bloe  ridge,  extending  through  the  central  Pktroleuv.)    Beside  the  mineral  products  iJ- 

rraoties  of  feckingham,  Augusta,  Rockbridge,  ready  named,  porcelain  clay,  fire  day,  fine 

B'XKonrt,    Roanoke,   Montgomery,   Pulaski,  granite,  soapstone,  slate,  and  marble  are  found. 

Wnhe^  and  Smyth,  to  the  North  Carolina  line,  The  variegated  marble  of  the  Potomac,  sped- 

c^nsisti  chiefiy  of  lower  stlurian  rocks,  among  mens  of  which  have  been  used  in  the  capitol  at 

which  the  limestones  prevail,  insuring  a  fertile  Washington,  is  unsurpassed  in  beauty. — ^Vir* 

Ki'iL    On  the  western  borders  of  this  valley  the  g^nia  a^unds  in  natural  curiosities  of  great 

Tipper  members  of  the  Appalachian  system  of  interest    The  natural  bridge  in  Rockbridge 

rocks  are  met  with,  sometimes,  through  the  oo.   is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  natural 

^?«ct  of  great  fiinlts,  abutting  a^nst  the  low-  arches  in  the  world.    (See  Bbidos,  Natural.) 

ermembm  of  the  group.  Thus  it  happens  that  Weir's  cave,  in  the  N.  E.  comer  of  Augusta 

the  eosi  formation  appears  in  a  fow  localities  oo.,  ranks  among  the  stalactite  caverns  of  the 

i!c»Qg  the  principal  mountain  range  next  west  United  States  next  to  the  Mammoth  cave  of 

of  the  Blue  rid^.    (See  AirnmAcrrB.)    Near  Kentucky.    (See  Oavb.)    Madison's  cave,  near 

tiese  lines  of  &ult  are  many  mineral  springs,  it,  about  300  feet  in  diameter,  has  two  extensive 

some  of  which  are  celebrated  for  their  medici-  ba^s  of  very  clear  water,  and  firom  the  vault* 

Bil  effects.    Among  the  most  noted  are  the  ed  arches  above  depend  great  numbers  of  brfl* 

Sdohnr  springs  and  Dag^r's  spring  in  Rock-  liant  stalactites.  The  Blowing  cave,  near  Mill* 

bfidge  CO.,  the  Warm  spnngs  in  Bath  co.,  the  borqpgh,  between  the  Rockbridge  and  Bath 

Yrllow  springs  in  Montgomery,  and  the  White  Alum  springs,  during  the  hot  weather  emits  a 

S^.phur,  Red  Sulphur,  and  Sulphur  springs  in  current  of  cold  air  witli  such  force  as  to  pros* 

Monroe  co. ;  beside  which  are  numerous  others  trate  the  weeds  at  the  entrance ;  and  during  the 

i&  Augusta,  Rockingham,  Pendleton,  Green-  winter  a  current  of  the  cold  air  from  without 

brier,  and  other  counties  of  this  part  of  the  rushes  into  the  cave.    There  is  a  flowing  and 

cate.   The  great  vaUey  of  Virginia  contains  an  ebbing  spring  near  this  cave,  and  there  is  also 

i^danoe  of  hematite  iron  ore  of  excellent  one  in  Brooks's  Chip  in  Rockingham  co.,  and 

Qt;a!ity,  which  however  is  only  worked  in  a  another  near  the  mouth  of  the  North  Holston 

hw  furnaces  near  the  James  and  the  Shenan-  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  state,  which  Mr.  Jef* 

doth  rivers.    The  ores  are  adapted  for  making  ferson  regarded  as  syphon  fountains.    ^  The 

^n  of  a  superior  Quality,  especially  when  Hawk^s  Nest,^'  called  idso  *^  Marshairs  Pillar," 

aaelted  with  charcoal,  of  which  an  abundance  on  New  river  in  Fayette  oo.,  an  immense  pU- 

of  the  best  duiracter  is  everywhere  accessible,  lar  of  rock  connected  by  a  narrow  passage  way 

L*-sd  ores  occur  in  many  localities  in  the  silnrian  with  the  table  land  in  the  rear,  has  a  perpendi* 

.::aestones,  but  are  networked  to  any  extent  cular  ascent  on  all  sides  save  this  passage  of  mors 

except  St  the  mine  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Wythe  than  1,000  feet  to  the  valley  and  river  below. 

».   (See  Lkad.)    Iu  Washington  and  Smyth  Caudy>  Castle  and  the  Hanging  Rocks  are  sim- 

'^  ofl  the  North  branch  of  Holston  river  are  ilar  though  less  lofty  rocky  pinnacles.    The 

leposts  of  gypsum  and  of  salt  of  great  extent,  '^Tea  Table,"  near  the   Oapon  springs  and 

vhich  are  largely  worked.    (See  Salt.)    The  within  10  m.  of  Oaudy^s  Castle,  is  a  mass  of 

ve^em  portion  of  Virginia  is  occupied  entirely  rock  about  4  feet  in  diameter  and  the  same  in 

bj  the  eoal  formation.    In   Hampshire   co.,  height,  from  the  top  of  which  issues  a  clear 

bordering  the  western  extremity  of  Maryland,  stream  of  water  flowing  over  the  brim  on  iJl 

Kt  the  farthest  outliers  in  Virginia  to  the  N.  sides,  and  forming  a  beautiful  natural  fountain. 

L  of  the  great  bituminous  coal  field  of  the  The  Ice  mountain  in  Hampshire  co.,  26  m.  N. 

noddle  states.    The  formation  is  a  continuation  W.  of  Winchester,  rises  about  500  feet  above 

'n  theS.  side  of  the  Potomac  of  the  semi-bitu-  the  North  river,  on  the  K  bank  of  which  it 

xinoBs  eoal  field  of  western  Maryland,  and  is  situated ;  its  W.  side  is  covered  with  loose 

QOQtains  over  an  area  of  no  great  extent  the  stone,  on  removing  which  pure  crystalline  ioe 

ttae  itrata  of  coal,  dKS.,  for  which  that  district  can  always  be  found  even  in  the  hottest  days 

■  eelebrsted.    The  eastern  margin  of  the  great  in  summer.    At  the  base  of  the  mountain  is  an 

«il  Held  is  W.  of  this,  along  the  range  of  hills  intensely  cold  spring.    The  numerous  mineral 

:ut  fgnn  the  western  boundary  of  Randolph,  springs  of  the  state  are  for  the  most  part  sitn- 

Poeahontas.  Greenbrier,  and  Mercer  cos.  Bitu-  ated  in  valleys  surrounded  by  exquisite  natural 

aooos  coal  abounds  in  all  the  counties  to  the  scenery. — ^The  climate  of  Virginia  varies  great- 

Tecem  border  of  the  state.    The  strata  are  ly  in  different  districts,  as  might  be  expected 

ficvly  borizontaL  and  the  coal  beds,  some  of  from  its  diversified  sur&oe.    In  E.  and  8.  S. 

^^ieh  are  of  great  thickness,  are  traced  con-  Virginia  the  summers  are  hot,  and,  from  the 

'.caooly  for  many  miles  along  tiie  banks  of  abundance  of  swampy  lands,  bilious  remittent^ 


118 


VIB6IMIA 


Intermittent,  and  typhoid  fevers  prevdl.  The 
region  lying  on  and  near  Hampton  roads  is 
however  healthful  and  agreeable  at  all  seasons 
of  the  year.  The  peninsular  district  between 
the  James  and  York  rivers,  and  between  the 
latter  and  the  Potomac,  is  specially  subject  to 
miasmatic  influences  during  the  sn^imer  and 
early  autumn  months ;  in  the  winter  it  is  more 
healthfal.  The  valley  of  Virginia  has  a  salu- 
brious and  deliffhtful  climate,  uie  summer  heats 
being  tempered  by  the  elevation  and  the  cool 
mountain  breezes,  while  it  is  sheltered  from 
the  intense  cold  of  winter  by  the  mountains 
which  surround  it.  The  mountainous  dis- 
trict generally  has  a  very  agreeable  cMmate  in 
summer,  but  portions  of  it  are  very  cold  in 
winter.  The  region  sloping  toward  the  Ohio 
is  hot  in  summer,  and  not  so  cold  in  winter  as 
the  mountain  district. — The  soil  of  the  tide 
water  region  is  a  light  sandy  loam,  capable, 
wiUi  proper  care  and  manuring,  of  yielding 
large  crops  of  fruit  and  esculent  vegetables; 
but  it  has  been  to  a  great  extent  worn  out  by 
superficial  cultivation  without  enriching  it  by 
manure,  and  many  estates,  once  among  the 
finest  in  the  state,  have  been  given  up  to  dwarf 
pines  and  cedars.  These  lands  can  however 
be  easily  reclaimed ;  the  free  use  of  gypsum 
and  marl,  both  found  in  great' quantities  in  the 
state,  is  sufficient  in  2  or  3  years  to  restore 
them  to  a  condition  of  high  productiveness.  In 
the  vicinity  of  the  James,  York,  Rappahan- 
nock, and  Potomac,  large  quantities  of  tobacco 
are  raised.  The  valley  possesses  a  rich  soil, 
admirably  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  cereals, 
and  is  in  fact  the  granary  of  the  state.  Much  of 
the  mountainous  region  is  as  yet  uncultivated, 
and  some  of  it  incapable  of  tillage ;  but  the 
valleys  between  the  parallel  ridges  are  gener- 
ally well  watered,  and  yield  liberal  crops  if 
properly  tilled.  Much  of  the  western  portion 
of  the  state  is  productive  and  adapted  to  grain 
or  grazing,  though  the  soil  is  not  so  deep  as 
that  of  the  Shenandoah  valley.  In  1860  there 
were  in  the  state  11,436,954  acres  of  improved 
land,  and  19,578,946  acres  of  unimproved  land 
in  fimns;  the  cash  value  of  the  farms  was 
$871,696,211,  and  of  farming  implements  and 
machinery  $9,381,008.  In  1850  there  were 
78,013  farms  and  10,360,135  acres  of  im- 
proved land.  The  number  of  horses  in  1860 
was  287,522;  asses  and  mules,  41,014;  milch 
oows,  230,627;  working  oxen,  97,862;  other 
cattle,  615,696 :  sheep,  1,042,946 ;  swine,  1,689,- 
619.  Value  of  live  stock,  $47,794,256 ;  value  of 
animals  slaughtered,  $11,488,441.  The  agri- 
cultural productions  were:  wheat,  13,129,180 
bushels;  rye,  944,024;  Indian  corn,  88,360,- 
704 ;  oats,  10,184,866 ;  rice,  8,225  lbs. ;  tobac- 
co, 123.967,757  lbs.;  cotton,  12,727  bales; 
wool,  2,509,443  lbs. ;  peas  and  beans,  515,004 
boahcls;  Irish  potatoes,  2,292,118  bushels; 
sweet  potatoes,  1,960,808;  barley,  68,759 ;  hops, 
10,016  lbs.;  flax,  487,830  lbs.;  flaxseed,  30,- 
678  bushels;  silk  cocoons,  226  lbs.;  maple 
«Qgar,  987,643  lbs. ;  cane  molasses,  60  gallons; 


sorghum  molasses,  221,017;  maple  molasses, 
100,189;  beeswax,  94,861  lbs.;  honey,  1,430,- 
811  lbs.;  buckwheat,  477,808  bushels;  value 
of  orchard  products,  $800,660;  wine,  40,508 

gallons ;  value  of  productions  of  market  gar- 
ens,  $589,411 ;  butter,  13,461,712  lbs. ;  cheese. 
280,792  lbs. ;  hay,  446,629  tons ;  clover  seed. 
36,961  bushels;  grass  seed,  63,068  bushels; 
hemp  of  all  kinds,  12  tons;  value  of  home- 
made manufactures,  $1,676,685.  The  nnmber 
of  manufacturing  establishments  was  4,890: 
capital  invested,  $26,640,000;  value  of  raw 
material  used,  $30,880,000 ;  average  number  of 
hands  employed,  36,690,  of  whom  83,050  were 
males  and  8,540  females ;  value  of  annual  pro- 
ducts of  manufactures,  $61,800,000.  Among 
these  manufacturing  establishments  may  be 
specified  18  cotton  factories,  employing  a  cap- 
ital of  $1,825,24^,  using  7,802,797  lbs.  of  r&w 
cotton,  valued  with  the  other  raw  materials  at 
$770,977,  working  28,700  spindles  and  524  looms, 
and  employing  741  male  and  952  female  opera- 
tors; the  annual  cost  of  labor  was  $262,440, 
and  the  annual  product  '$1,068,611,  a  decrease 
from  1850  of  $382,500 ;  69  woollen  factories, 
with  a  capital  of  $476,880,  consuming  1,329,- 
788  lbs.  of  wool  and  70,000  lbs.  of  cotton,  the 
raw  material  costing  $466,020,  and  employing 
7,574  spindles,  121  looms,  and  625  hands,  of 
whom  517  were  males  and  108  females;  the  an- 
nual amount  of  wages  was  $144,686,  and  the 
value  of  the  annual  product  $809,760,  a  decrease 
of  about  $17,000  from  the  production  of  1850. 
Leather  was  produced  in  the  state  to  the  value 
of  $1,218,700.  In  the  manufacture  of  pig  iron, 
28,217  tons  of  ore  were  mined  and  9,096  tons 
of  iron  produced,  valued  at  $261,178;  and  of 
rolled  iron,  7,108  tons  were  produced,  valued 
at  $609,810.  Steam  engines  and  machinery 
were  produced  of  the  value  of  $1,478,036; 
agricultural  implements,  $339,959 ;  sawed  and 
planed  lumber,  $2,640,000 ;  flour,  $16,210,000. 
The  amount  of  coal  mined  was  882,000  tons, 
valued  at  $690,000 ;  and  2,056,000  bushels  of 
salt  were  produced,  valued  at  $479,000.  In  1810 
the  value  of  manufacturing  products  was  $16,- 
806,096;  in  1840,  $18,242,986;  in  1850,  $29,- 
602,507;  and  in  1860,  $61,800,000.'-Th6  com- 
merce of  Virginia,  both  foreign  and  domestic, 
is  of  considerable  importance.  In  the  year 
ending  June  80, 1861,  27  vessels,  of  which  18 
were  steamers,  were  built  in  her  ports,  having 
an  aggregate  measurement  of  3,297  tons.  The 
arrivfUs  and  departures  of  vessels  engaged  in 
foreign  commerce  at  each  of  her  ports  for  the 
same  year  were  as  follows: 


Eirmsii. 

Amerlran. 

FortlfB. 

Agfrcfmte 

roiii. 

• 

Ves. 

nil 

19 

77 

1 

88 

Toiu. 

•cU 

13 
16 

4 
IS 

45 

Tooa. 

31 

Teat. 

Slchmond 

4,«00 
61,871 

4,678 
11,4»5 

1,887 

2,08S 
a,2S6 

6.4«7 

Norfolk  and  Portsmouth 
Petersburs 

93 ;  ei.** 
11    tuw 

AloxftDdrla .............. 

51 

Hs7Sl 

ToUl 

141 

82,144 

18.349 

1^> 

9\4n 

vmoiNiA 


119 


Ktrfslii  Md  PortMMmtb 

Prcenbarf 

A^OMbta 


Tftol. 


▼a- 


Tms. 


51 

87 

S 

t 


sani 

8.87» 

1,449 

848 


9S  '80.787 


Foivlfa. 


Vn 

Mil- 


ls 

13 

•  • 

15 
45 


Tons. 


8.881 

9,m 


Acregats. 


leU. 


18,582 


49 
9 

17 

187 


Tom. 


27,879 

11.459 

1,449 

4,089 


44.819 


The  Talae  of  tbe  foreign'  imports  for  the  year 
eodioi^  Jane  80, 1861,  was  $791,907;  exports, 
$3,760,634.  As  daring  a  part  of  the  jear  the 
ports  of  the  state  were  substantiallj  closed  to 
foreign  commerce,  it  was  less  in  amount  than 
IB  tbe  year  previoos,  when  the  exports  were 
$5,658,(^4,  and  the  imports  $1,826,249.  A 
Itrze  portion  of  the  exports  and  imports  of  the 
tfate  are  shipped  or  received  through  the  great 
commercial  porta  of  Baltimore  and  New  York. 
There  are  no  accessible  statistics  of  the  coast- 
wise commeroe  of  the  state,  but  it  is  known  to 
be  mnch  larger  Uian  its  foreign  commerce,  the 
fft)docts  of  the  market  gardens  and  orchards 
of  the  tidewater  region,  the  oysters  of  the 
Cbeaapeake  bay,  and  the  pine  timber  of  the 
etstem  counties,  as  well  as  the  tobacco  and 
ioor  o(  the  Shenandoah  valley,  being  shipped 
from  the  ports  of  the  state  to  the  northern 
itites,  and  dry  goods,  furniture,  and  other  man- 
i&ctared  articles  and  groceries  sent  thence  in 
retara.  In  1865  tiie  oysters  alone  sent  from 
tbe  ports  on  or  near  the  Chesapeake  bay 
iDOQDted  to  14,400,000  bushels,  valued  at  |4,- 
K<0.000.  There  is  also  an  active  river  com- 
tteroe  carried  on  by  the  towns  on  the  Ohio 
rirer  with  Pittsburg,  Oincinnati,  Louisville, 
md  St  Lonia.  According  to  returns  nearest 
/ta.  1861,  there  were  66  banks  and  branch 
buki  in  the  state,  whose  condition  was  as 
ibllows:  Oapital,  $16,486,210;  loans  and  dis- 
eoaots,  $25,866,262;  stocks,  $8,685,185;  real 
ttUte,  $1,070,669 ;  other  investments,  $840,- 
791;  doe  by  other  banks,  $1,898,416;  notes 
«f  other  banka,  $2,003,703;  cash  items,  $82,- 
^9;  specie,  $3,017,859.  Circulation,  $19,817,- 
1^;  deposits,  $7,157,270;  due  to  other  banks, 
$1,310,068 ;  other  liabilities,  $817,905.  There 
pe  in  Virginia  16  lines  of  railroad,  includ- 
ifi;  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  of  which  more 
tun  one  half  is  within  the  state.  The  whole 
kngth  of  these  lines  now  completed  is  1,675 
B.  They  are  as  follows:  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
nflroad,  from  Harper*s  Ferry  to  Cumberland, 
83d  from  Cranberry  Sununit  to  Wheeling,  and 
to  Pirkersbnrg,  287  m. ;  Winchester  and  Po- 
tMsae  raOroad,  32 ;  Alexandria  and  Orange,  to 
LTiiehbiirg,  170 ;  Alexandria,  Loudon,  and 
Haoipdure,  88;  iCftiiMWAii  Gap  railroad,  85; 
Virginia  central,  195;  Richmond,  Frederics- 
^.  and  Potomac,  122;  Richmond  and  Pe- 
tttiboig,  22 ;  Petersburg,  with  Gaston  branch, 
M;  mlunond  and  York  river,  24 ;  Petersburg 
1^^  Point,  9;  South  Side  railroad  (Peters- 
Wind  Lynchburg),  123;  Virginia  and  Ten- 
204;    Richmond  and  Danville^  140; 


Seaboard  and  Roanoke,  80;  Petersburg  and 
Norfolk,  80.  The  cost  of  the  construction  and 
equipment  of  these  lines  of  railroad  up  to  Jan. 
1,  1862,  was  stated  by  the  *' Railway  Journal" 
at  $66,759,158.  The  ''  Journal "  estimated  the 
number  of  omIcs  then  completed  at  1,729.  The 
state  is  a  stockholder  in  all  the  principal  rul- 
roads  of  the  state  except  the  Baltimore  and 
Oliio,  and  has  issued  its  bonds  to  a  large  amount 
for  their  completion.  It  has  also  issued  bonds 
for  the  improvement  of  slackwater  navigation 
in  the  James  river,  and  in  the  construction  of 
a  canal  from  Richmond  through  Lynohburff  to 
Covington,  a  distance  of  226^  m.,  which  haa 
been  accomplished  at  an  expense  of  between 
$11,000,000  and  $12,000,000.  The  Dismid 
Swamp  canal  is  also  partly  in  the  state.  The 
total  length  of  mail  routes  in  the  state  in  1861 
was  14,882  m.,  of  which  1,472  m.  was  by  rail- 
road, 937  m.  by  steam  navigation,  928.  m.  by 
coach,  and  11,045  m.  not  specified.  The  state 
is  traversed  by  several  telegraph  lines  connect- 
ing the  principal  points.— In  1850  the  state 
oontainea  2,386  churches,  viz.:  650  Baptist, 
16  Christian,  173  EpLscopal,  108  Free,  15 
Friends^  9  German  Reformed,  1  Jewish,  50 
Lutheran,  6  Mennonite,  1,025  Methodist,  8 
Moravian,  241  Presbyterian,  17  Roman  Catholio, 
1  Swedenborgian,  8  Dunker,  52  Union,  1  Unt- 
versalist,  and  5  of  minor  sects.  These  churches 
afforded  sittings  for  858,086  persons,  and  the 
value  of  church  property  was  $2,860,876.  There 
were  12  colleges,  with  78  instructors  and  1,848 
students,  the  annual  income  of  which  was  re- 
turned as  $159,790,  and  estimated  at  $162,574; 
817  academies,  with  547  teachers  and  9,068 
pupils,  with  a  returned  annual  income  of  $284,- 
872  and  an  estimated  one  of  $851,000;  and 
2,980  publio  schools,  with  2,997  teachers  and 
67,853  scholars,  with  an  annual  income  re- 
turned at  $814,625,  and  estimated  at  $841,279. 
The  whole  number  returned  as  attending  all 
these  institutions  was  77,764,  while  the  number 
returned  from  families  as  attending  school  was 
109,71 1 .  The  number  of  persons  over  20  years 
of  age  unable  to  read  or  write  was  71,005  white 
and  11,515  free  colored,  or  about  i  of  all  over 
that  age.  In  1860  there  were  17  colleges  and 
professional  schools,  viz.:  William  and  Mary 
college,  Williamsburg;  Hampden  Sidney,  in 
Prince  Edward  co. ;  Washington,  at  Lexington ; 
University  of  Virginia,  at  Charlottesville;  Ran- 
dolph Macon,  at  Boydtown ;  Emory  and  Henry, 
in  Washington  co. ;  Bethany,  in  Brooke  co.; 
Richmond  college ;  Virginia  military  institute, 
at  L^^dngton ;  Episcopid  theological  school  of 
Virginia,  in  Fairfax  co. ;  Union  theolo«oal 
seminary,  in  Prince  Edward  co. ;  Virginia  Bap- 
tist seminary,  at  Richmond ;  the  law  school  of 
the  university  of  Virginia ;  the  law  school  of  Wil* 
Kam  and  Mary  college ;  the  medical  school  of 
the  university  of  Virginia;  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  Hampden  Sidney  college ;  and  the  Win* 
Chester  medical  college.  The  state  has  no  com* 
mon  school  system.  In  1858  there  were  ^84T 
aohools  in  101  counties;  number  of  poor  chlK 


ISO  YIBGmU 

dren  Sn  74  ootiiities  and  1  town,  66,748 ;  poor  state  for  two  years,  and  receive  each  a  salarj 
children  sent  to  school  in  125  counties  and  8  of  $2,000  per  annum ;  and  the  members  of  tlie 
towns,  54,282 ;  expended  for  tuition  of  poor  board  of  public  works,  8  in  number,  who  are 
children,  including  all  their  school  expenses,  in  elected  by  the  people  for  6  years,  one  going 
181  counties  and  8  towns,  $160,530.42 ;  arerage  out  of  office  every  2  years.  The  house  of  dele- 
attendance  of  each  poor  child  at  school,  12  gates,  the  lower  body  of  the  legislature,  ooa- 
acholastic  weeks;  average  cost  per  annum  of  sists  of  152  members,  elected  biennially  from 
each  poor  child  sent  to  school,  $2.96.  The  single  districts  apportioned  on  the  basis  of  the 
governor,  treasurer,  auditors,  and  registers  are  white  population.  The  senate  consists  of  50 
0x  officio  the  board  for  the  distribution  of  the  members  elected  for  4  years  (one  half  every  2 
income  of  the  literary  fund  from  which  the  vears),  from  single  districts  apportioned  on  the 
payments  for  the  education  of  poor  children  basis  of  population  and  taxation  combined. 
are  made. — In  1860  there  were  15  daily  news-  The  sessions  of  the  legislature  are  biennid;  no 
papers  published  in  the  state,  having  an  aggre-  session  can  last  more  than  90  days  except  by  a 
gate  circulation  of  44,400  copies;  16  tri>  weekly  vote  of  J  of  all  the  members,  and  in  no  case 
and  semi-weekly,  circulation  28,692 ;  103  week-  can  it  be  extended  more  than  80  days.  The 
ly,  circulation  189,300;  5  monthly,  circulation  pay  of  senators  and  delegates  is  $4  a  day  and 
48,900;  total  number  of  publications,  189,  with  mileage.  A  reapportionment  takes  place  in 
a  total  circulation  of  801, 622  copies.  Of  these,  1865,  and  every  10  years  thereafter.  There 
9  werejiterary  and  miscellaneous,  117  political,  are  county,  circuit,  and  district  courts,  and  a 
and  18  religious.  The  following  public  insti-  supreme  court  of  appeals.  The  county  courts 
totiona  are  supported  wholly  or  in  part  by  the  are  held  monthly  in  each  county,  by  not  fewer 
state.  The  Virginia  institution  for  the  deaf  and  than  8  nor  more  than  5  justices,  who  are  elected 
dnmb  and  blind,  at  Staunton,  opened  in  1839,  by  the  people  in  districts  or  precincts  in  each 
had  in  1860  75  deaf  and  dumb  and  42  blind  county,  4  justices  being  elected  from  each 
pupils,  and  9  instructors;  and  180  deaf  mutes  precinct  for  4  years.  For  the  purpose  of  cir- 
and  lib  blind  had  been  educated  there  previous  cuit  court  jurisdiction  the  state  is  divided  into 
to  that  date.  Its  annual  current  expenses  were  21  circuits,  in  each  of  which  the  people  elect  a 
$28,000,  which  were  defrayed  mainly  by  state  judge  for  8  years.  Two  circuit  courts  are  held 
appropriation.  The  building  and  grounds  cost  annually  in  each  county  by  each  judge.  The 
$V6,000.  The  eastern  Virginia  insane  asylum,  21  circuits  foim  10  districts,  and  these  10  dis- 
at  Williamsburg,  was  founded  in  1778,  and  is  tricts  form  5  sections;  and  the  voters  of  each 
by  many  years  the  oldest  insane  hospital  in  the  section  elect  a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeak 
Unitod  States.  On  Jan.  1,  1860,  it  had  257  These  5  judges  constitute  the  court  of  appeals, 
patients;  receipts  for  the  year,  $66,518;  ex-  and  any  8  of  them  may  hold  the  court,  which 
penditures,  $55,458.  The  western  Virginia  in*  has  jurisdiction,  except  in  some  specified  cases, 
sane  asylum  was  opened  at  Staunton  in  1828,  where  the  matter  in  controversy  is  not  less 
and  on  Jan.  1, 1860,  had  889  patients.  A  third  than  $500  in  value.  This  court  has  3  sessions 
Insaneasylum  is  nearly  completed  at  Weston,  on  annuidly  in  Richmond,  of  5^  months  in  all, 
the  W.  side  of  the  West  fork  of  the  Monongahela  and  one  in  Lewisburg,  which  may  extend  to  3 
river.  The  state  penitentiary  at  Richmond  is  months.  District  courts  are  held  once  every 
on  the  silent  or  Auburn  plan.  In  1859  it  had  year  in  each  district,  by  the  judges  of  the  cir- 
849  inmates,  of  whom  81  were  of  foreign  birth  ouits  constituting  the  section  and  the  judge  of 
and  92  colored.  The  state  library  at  Richmond  the  court  of  appeals  for  the  section,  any  3  of 
haa  a  collection  of  18,000  volumes.  There  whom  may  hold  the  court.  The  court  of  ap- 
were  in  the  state  in  1850,  according  to  the  peals  and  the  district  courts  appoint  their  om- 
census,  21  public  libraries,  having  82,595  vol-  cers,  but  in  the  circuit  and  county  courts  the 
nmes;  6  school,  with  2,706  volumes;  11  Sun-  officers  of  the  court  are  elected  by  the  people. 
day  school,  with  1,975  volumes;  14  college,  Every  white  male  citizen  above  21  years  of 
with  50,856  volumes  (the  number  of  volumes  age,  a  resident  of  the  state  for  2  years,  and  of 
in  the  college  'libraries  in  1860  was  stated  at  the  city,  town,  and  county  in  which  he  offers 
over  120,000);  and  2  church  libraries,  with  his  vote  for  12  months  next  preceding  an  elec^ 
880  volumes;  total,  54  libraries  other  than  tion,  is  a  qualified  voter,  excepting  paupers, 
private,  with  88,462  volumes. — ^The  govern-  criminals,  insane  persons,  and  officers  of  the 
ment  of  Virginia  is  based  on  the  constitution  United  States  government  temporarily  station- 
of  1851.  The  executive  authority  is  vested  ed  in  the  state.  Votes  are  given  viva  voce  and 
hi  a  governor  (salary  $5,000),  who  is  elect-  not  by  ballot.  The  state  has  a  considerable 
ed  by  the  people  for  4  years,  and  who  is  debt,  most  of  it,  previous  to  1861,  incurred  for 
not  eligible  for  two  consecutive  terms.  The  the  prosecution  of  internal  improvements.  The 
lientenant-governor  and  the  attorney-general  constitution  adopted  in  1851,  and  the  act  creat- 
(salary  $1,500  and  fees)  are  also  elected  by  ing  the  sinking  fund,  rendered  it  necessary  to 
the  people  for  4  years.  The  other  executive  divide  the  debt  of  the  state  into  two  parts; 
officers  are  the  secretary,  treasurer,  auditor,  that  created  previous  to  Jan.  1,  1852,  is  called 
ioeond  auditor,  register  of  the  land  office,  and  the  '^  old  debt,"  and  that  created  since  that 
mperintendent  of  the  penitentiary,  all  of  whom  time  the  "  new  debt."  The  sum  of  $888,028.68 
are  elected  by  the  general  assembly  of  the  ia  made  an  annual  charge  upon  the  state  treas- 


YIBGINIA  121 

vj  to  pi^  Die  intereat  of  the  old  debt  and  to  daoed  $165,766 ;  of  $1  on  9,884  firee  negroes  be* 

firnlsb  the  means  of  its  redemption.    The  new  tween  21  and  55  years,  which  yielded  $9,834; 

debt  nnkiog  fond  eonsists  of  a  eharge  of  1  per  and  of  $1.20  on  273,170  slaves  of  and  over  12 

eeat  over  Uie  interest  dne  on  the  state  treasa-  years  of  age,  which  yielded  $327,304w    The 

ry,  for  the  pnrpoee  of  investment,  which  it  is  fees  of  office  were  $5,594;  income,  $31,028; 

esdmated  will  redeem  the  debt  in  84  years  interest  or  profits,  $56,430;  dividends,  $10,454; 

from  the  time  of  its  issue.    The  following  was  toll  bridges  and  ferries,  $3,575 ;  collateral  in- 

dw  condition  of  the  debt  on  Oct  1, 1860 :  heritance  tax,  $3,224 ;  licenses,  $509,647 ;  total 

oud(bc<mtitndifl«  Jan.  i«  1898 $10,709,995  80  taxation,  $8,120,922,  of  whioh  it  wasestimate4 

x«vMK,etMi«driiie«J«Li,  18S& 19,480.88188  that  $2,778,332  was  applicable  to  the  ordinary 

|8q,190l816  88  oxpcnscs  of  government.    The  assessed  value 

OTwhiAthettBteiiMibrioTMtratiit 1,068,657  80  of  real  estate  in  1860  was  $417,952,228,  and  of 

Art«Uo.««ding  debt,  Oct  1,18». |29.io«.650  48  S?"?°?i  t^^  $289,069,108,  pving  a  total  of 

A4d  fanner  and  sob^eooeDt  anproprlfttioni.. . .      8,520,000  00  $657,021,336  ;  whue  aOCOrdlUg  to  the  8th  Ceu* 

Siv^Md  boadsof/uDM  i)Ter  ud  Kwiaw-               ^  BUS  (1860)  the  value  of  real  and  personal  estate 

6«»Btccd''boi^'<^'ch'<a«peiiaBnd'6^^^^  ^as  $793,249,681.— Virginia  was  the  first  of 

•Ml M0,ooooo  the  American  colonies  settled  by  the  English. 

TpCilor.ndebUaadnal>mU«8 140^860.659  48  ^"™^?7/^' ^V^®3  v*^l^^^^'^?™^."^®^l'^*! 

/v  y^     •  .^-^    .^         ,.  .       1..V       X    1  :i  i_x  founded  May  18, 1607,  by  105.coioni8ts  sent  out 

^  ?,^^^'  ^®  condition  of  the  actual  debt  ^j  the  London  company,  to  whom  James  I.  had 

»n  as  follows :  granted  South  Virginia,  as  it  was  then  called 

ABBsatflTSaiidSpereeiitreftrstereddebt...  $18,756,641  68  in  dbtinction  from  the  territory  to  the  north* 

£KS?:r^ll?p2?::ifp^-.i;uii  '****^"  ward,  named  North  Virgima.    (See  Ukith, 

Loadoa .  .V. fT. .V. 1,865,000  00  STATES,  vol.  XV.  p.  745).    The  colonists  were 

^r— -r-^  mostly  worthless  adventurers;  Wingfield,  the 

•Bs.ws,!*!  08  president  of  the  colony,  proved  dishonest;  the 

Tbe  operations  of  the  sinking  fund  for  1860  company  at  home  thought  of  nothing  but  die- 

vera :  covering  gold  mines  or  finding  a  passage  to  the 

Aaai  affnpiUMam  for  old  debt 1888.088  68  South  sea ;  and  the  whole  enterprise  was  only 

iiadtpwcMLoa  BOW  debt  (pwt  being  ca)...  3,844^78  48  g^^ed  from  a  disastrous  end  by  the  courage^ 

18,183,001  16  energy,  and  good  sense  of  Gapt.  John  Smith. 

MKttiMiiteMttoboiMid  toboiden 1,788.164  66  (gee  SMirH,  JoHN.)     In  1609  the  London  com- 

Appn<»bi#ft>rred(>mptioB  and  inTestment  $400,886  50  pauy  was  reorganized,  and  received  a  grant 

or  vhMi  |8D«,0B8.S9  to  ibr  redemption  of  the  old  debt,  and  of  territory  extending  200  m.  K.  and  the  same 

S^dJS'****'*"*"^'*'  ^  ntiBkingftuid  to  cancel  tbe  distance  S.  of  Old  Point  Comfort,  and  west- 

.  ward  to  the  Pacific    The  governing  council 

nj  indebtment  of  the  state  by  issue  of  bonds  ^^  superseded  by  a  governor  to  be  appoint- 

S^JH?!!^^?^^**  mcrwaed  m  1861  about  ed  by  the  company's  council  in  Enghmd,  and 

K00O.0OO,  while  much  of  ite  railroad  and  to   have   the   sole   superintendence  of  local 

cuul  property  was  rendered   unproductive,  affairs.    The  council  in  England  was  also  em- 

p»  tods  and  resources  of  the  commonwealth  powered  to  make  laws  for  the  colony,  which 

to  o&et  these  liabilities,  Oct  1, 1869,  were  as  however  were  to  be  conformable,  "  as  near  as 

""^*»  •  might  be,"  to  those  of  England.    Under  this 

ISSfeS^**.!**??**"?^"*'"'*'^-.  1^11.745  88  new  charter  Lord  Delaware  was  appointed  gov- 

*»«Mi  aeM  by  the  internal  impruTemcnt  ^  _        o.     rm.             r^  a.      i*     *       1*.     ^  -.^^- 

Uad : r. 82,819,724  48  omor,  Sir  Thomas  Gates  heotenant-govemor, 

-^.     ^     .        ^         ^    ,          ^XTTirTrtr  Sir  George  Somers  admiral,  Christopher  New- 

T<^pnMtactiTe«>diiiipiod<ieUTe pwi^  S8  ^^  vice-admiral,  and  Sir  Thomas  Dale  high 

1^  productive  funds  amounted  to  $10,057,-  marshal,  all  for  life.  Nine  vessels  with  600 
M0.09.  The  unproductive  fimds,  consisting  colonists,  including  20  women  and  children,  set 
mostly  of  mortgages  and  stocks  in  improve-  sail  at  once.  Gates,  Somers,  and  Newport  ao- 
vmts  not  completed,  or  if  oompleted  not  re-  corapanied  the  fleet,  but  the  governor  was  de- 
anioerstive,  amounted  to  $25,299,929.76  at  par  tained  for  some  time  in  England  by  his  private 
nlve,  bat  none  of  them  probably  could  have  i^airs.  The  three  ofBcers  all  embarked  in  the 
M«B  mM  at  par.  The  total  receipts  from  all  same  vessel,  and  were  cast  ashore  on  one  of 
MtesfortheyearendingSept  80, 1859,  were  the  Bermudas;  one  of  the  other  vessels  was 
IMS6349.67,  and  the  total  disbursements  lost,  but  the  remaining  7  arrived  in  safety  in 
|IJS2,586.81,  leaving  an  excess  of  receipte  in  the  James  river.  The  old  government  was  ab- 
tte  tresBory  of  $104,012.66.  The  avaiUible  rogated,  but  none  of  the  officers  of  the  new 
capital  of  the  literary  fund  at  the  same  date  one  having  arrived,  Smith  retained  the  gov- 
^$1,888,420.17.  The  items  of  taxation  and  emment,  as  the  charter  authorized  him  to  do; 
^Boont  of  taxes  thereon  were :  lote  improved  but  the  new  colonists,  like  the  old,  were  most- 
ad  unimproved,  $288,256 ;  lands,  $1,262,436 ;  ly  a  profligate  set  of  adventurers,  whose  whole 
^^  proper^  exclusive  of  slaves,  $498,289.  stody  seemed  to  be  to  create  disturbance. 
"«  nte  of  taxation  on  these  items  was  .04  per  Smith  was  soon  after  severely  wounded  by  an 
^  A  capitation  tax  of  80  cents  per  head  was  accident  and  obliged  to  return  to  England  for 
■poied  OB  207,196  white  maler  whidi  pro-  surgical  aid,  and  left  a  oolony  of  500  personi 


122  YIRGIITIA 

well  supplied  with  anns,  provisions,  and  goods  town  20  negroes,  who  were  sold  as  slaves  for 
for  traffic  with  the  Indians,  and  provided  with  life.  The  number  did  not  much  increase  for 
a  fort,  church,  storehouse,  and  60  dwellings,  the  next  40  years,  being  limited  to  a  few  car- 
and  a  good  stock  of  domestic  animals.  Aft^r  goes  brought  in  by  Dutch  traders.  Hore  set- 
his  departure  the  colonists  gave  themselves  up  tiers  arriving,  new  plantations  were  established 
to  riot  and  idleness.  The  provisions  on  hand  on  the  York,  James,  and  Potomao  rivers,  and 
were  wasted,  the  animals  killed,  their  firearms  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Chesapeake  bay. 
traded  with  the  natives,  a  large  number  of  the  An  estate  of  10,000  acres  near  the  falls  of 
colonists  on  a  trading  expedition  for  corn  were  James  river,  with  a  number  of  indentured  ten- 
waylaid  and  killed  by  the  Indians,  and  a  party  ants  to  cultivate  it,  was  assigned  by  the  com- 
of  80  seized  a  vessel  belonging  to  the  colony  pany  toward  the  endowment  of  a  college  for 
and  sailed  away  as  pirates.  Six  months  after  the  education  of  Indians  as  well  as  colonists ; 
Smith's  departure  only  60  colonists  remainecL  and  moneys  contributed  in  England  for  the  same 
and  these  so  feeble  and  destitute  that  they  could  object  were  invested  in  ironworks.  In  1623 
not  have  lived  10  days  longer.  At  this  Juncture  occurred  a  bloody  war  between  the  colonista 
Newport,  Gates,  and  Somers,  with  150  men,  ar-  and  the  Indian  tribes  led  by  Opechancanough, 
rived  from  the  Bermudas  in  vessels  which  they  the  brother  and  successbr  of  rowhatan.  On 
had  built  there.  Finding  the  condition  of  thin^  the  night  of  March  22.  850  persons  were  mas* 
at  Jamestowiji,  they  resolved  to  abandon  Virginia  sacred,  and  in  a  brief  period  Indian  murders^ 
and  sail  with  the  remnant  of  the  colonists  to  sickness,  and  famine  reduced  the  number  of 
Newfoundland  to  seek  food  and  a  passage  home  colonists  from  4,000  to  2,500.  In  1624  the  Yir- 
from  the  fishermen.  As  they  descended  the  ginia  company  was  dissolved  by  writ  of  ^uo 
river,  June  10, 1610,  they  met  Lord  Delaware,  warranto^  after  expending  £160,000  be^wnd  its 
who  with  8  ships  had  just  arrived  from  Eng-  receipts  from;  the  colony,  which  was  thencefor- 
land  bringing  supplies  and  colonists.  He  per-  ward  under  the  direct  charge  of  the  crown,  ex- 
Buaded  them  to  return  to  Jamestown,  took  meas-  cept  during  the  period  of  the  commonwealth, 
ures  for  procuring  supplies,  established  a  trad-  1649-*60.  Its  condition  at  this  time  was  not 
ing  post  at  Hampton  at  the  entrance  to  James  prosperous,  tobacco  being  the  only  article  of 
river,  and  punished  the  Indians  for  their  bar-  export  which  paid  a  profit.  In  1630  a  fort  was 
barities  toward  the  colonists  by  attacking  and  built  at  Point  Comfort,  and  salt  works  were 
burning  several  of  their  villages.  His  health  established  at  Accomac,  on  the  £.  shore  of  Ches- 
failing,  he  returned  to  England,  leaving  Capt.  apeake  bay.  In  1682  the  laws  of  the  colony 
Percy  as  his  deputy.  He  was  soon  superseded  were  revised  and  consolidated,  and,  though 
by  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  who  arrived  with  300  occasionally  troubled  by  the  Indians  and  bj 
settlers  and  some  cattle ;  and  the  latter,  in  Aug.  vicious  and  vagabond  colonists,  it  seems  to  have 
1611,  by  Sir  Thomas  Gates,  who  brought  850  maintained  a  fair  share  of  prosperity  for  a  num- 
more  colonists.  New  settlements  were  com-  ber  of  years.  "  A  Perfect  Description  of  Vir- 
menced  at  Henrico,  some  distance  above  James-  ginia,^'  published  in  London  in  1649,  gives  the 
town,  and  at  the  junction  of  the  Appomattox  number  of  inhabitants  at  15,000  English  and 
and  the  James,  then  called  New  Bermuda,  now  800  good  negro  servants.  There  were  20 
City  Point  The  laws  made  for  the  colony  churches,  the  livings  of  the  ministers  bein^ 
were  harsh  and  strict,  and  occasioned  much  worth  an  average  of  at  least  £100.  About  80 
dissatisfaction.  In  1 61 6  Dale,  who  had  resumed  ships  came  yearly  to  trade.  There  were  6  pub- 
the  government  of  the  colony  at  the  departure  lie  brew  houses,  4  windmills,  and  5  water  mills 
of  Gates,  returned  to  England,  and  soon  after  to  grind  corn.  The  live  stock  of  the  colony 
Oapt.  Argall  was  appointed  deputy  governor,  was  reckoned  at  20,000  cattle,  200  horses  *'  of 
He  used  his  office  so  much  to  the  distress  of  an  excellent  race,"  50  asses,  8,000  sheep,  and 
the  colonists  that  Lord  Delaware  sailed  from  6,000  goats,  beside  great  numbers  of  swine  and 
England  to  resume  his  duties,  but  died  on  his  poultry.  The  reduction  in  the  market  price  of 
passage  at  tiie  mouUi  of  the  bay  which  bears  tobacco,  which  had  fallen  to  8(2.  per  pound,  led 
Lis  name.  George  Yeardley  was  now  appointed  to  the  enactment  in  1639  of  the  first  stop  law 
governor  (1619)  and  knighted.  Twelve  hun-  attempted  in  America.  Half  the  crop  of  to 
dred  colonists  were  sent  over  during  this  year,  bacco  of  that  year  was  to  be  burned,  and  the 
among  whom  were  90  respectable  young  wo-  crops  of  the  two  succeeding  years  were  to  he 
men,  who  were  disposed  of  to  the  planters  as  kept  still  smaller ;  and  creditors  (since  .tobacco 
wives  at  the  cost  of  their  passage,  100  lbs.  of  was  the  currency  of  the  colony)  were  required 
tobacco,  worth  at  that  time  about  $75.  The  to  take  40  lbs.  for  the  100,  and  **  during  the 
culture  of  tobacco  was  already  becoming  profit-  stint*'  to  be  content  with  receiving  |  even  of 
able.  Among  the  new  colonists  were  100  sent  that  amount.  In  1641  Sir  William  Berkeley 
by  the  king's  special  order  from  the  prisons,  to  became  governor,  and  being  a  stanch  loyalist 
be  sold  as  servants  to  the  planters.  This  was  soon  came  into  collision  with  the  parliament, 
the  first  instance  in  which  felons  had  been  sent  The  colony  remained  firm  in  its  adherence  to 
to  a  British  colony,  and  despite  the  protests  of  the  Stuarts  till  March,  1652,  when  an  English 
the  colonists  they  continued  to  be  sent  in  in-  fleet  which  had  been  sent  to  Barbados  to  reduce 
creasing  numbers  to  V irginia  for  100  years.  In  that  island  to  submission  visited  the  Chesapeake, 
1619  a  Dutch  trading  vessel  brought  to  James-  and  arranged  terms  of  capitulation  with  the 


124  VIRGINIA 

corredbetweeathelndiaiunnderLotpn,  Ooni*  Virginia  had  ceded  to  the  United  States  her 
0talk,  and  other  chiefs,  and  a  Virginia  force  claims  to  lands  N.  W.  of  the  Ohio,  founded  on 
of  about  1,200  men,  at  Point  Pleasant,  on  the  the  grant  in  the  charter  to  the  Virginia  com- 
Ohio  river.    The  Indians  were  defeated,  but  pany  in  1619,  reserving  to  herself  her  lands  8. 
the  Virginians  had  60  or  70  killed  and  a  large  of  the  Ohio,  and  bounty  lands  N.  W.  of  that 
number  wounded.     The  Virginia  convention  river  for  her  revolutionary  soldiers  and  those 
which  met  at  Richmond,  March  20,  1776,  to  employed  in  the  expedition  for  the  conquest  of 
appoint  delegates  to  the  new  continental  con-  Easkaskia  and  Vincennes,  and  stipulating  in 
gress,  took  measures  for  enrolling  companies  her  act  of  cession  for  indemnity  for  the  erpensefl 
of  volunteers  in  each  county.    On  April  21,  of  that  expedition,  for  the  security  of  the  French 
Gov.  Dunmoro  ordered  the  powder  belong-  inhabitants  of  those  settlements,  and  that  the 
ing  to  the  province  to  be  taken  from  the  public  ceded  lands  should  be  erected  into  republican 
■tore  at  Williamsburg  and  placed  on  board  an  states  not  exceeding  certain  specified  dimen- 
armed  vessel  in  the  river.    Learning  this,  Pat-  sions.    For  many  years  after  the  adoption  of 
rick  Henry  collected  some  companies  of  volnn-  the  federal  constitution,  Virginia  mainlined  a 
teers,  marched  upon  Williamsburg,  and  com-  predominant  influence  in  the  affairs  of  Ae  na- 
pelled  the  king's  receiver  to  give  bills  for  the  tion ;  of  the  first  6  presidents,  4  were  natives 
value  of  the  powder  taken  away.    On  Nov.  28,  and  residents  of  that  state,  and  each  of  them 
Lord  Dunmore  with  a  British  and  tory  force  was  reelected  for  a  second  term ;  and  since  that 
took  possession  of  Norfolk.    He  was  driven  period  8  other  natives  of  the  state,  one  of  them 
from  it  Dec.  8,  but,  in  Jan.  1776,  returned  with  at  the  time  of  his  incumbency  a  resident  of  it, 
a  larger  force  and  bombarded  it.    He  continued  have  filled  that  high  office. — ^At  the  time  of  the 
a  predatory  wai*fare  along  the  whole  Virginia  secession  of  the  cotton  states,  at  the  (lose  of 
coast  through  the  ensuing  summer,  but  was  1860  and  commencement  of  1661,  a  majority 
finally  driven  southward.    The  declaration  of  of  the  people  of  Virginia  were  strongly  attached 
independence  was  propose^  in  the  continental  to  the  Union,  but  they  also  sympathized  with 
confess  by  tlie  Virginia  delegates  under  in-  the  seceding  states.    At  an  extra  session  the 
structions  from  the  convention  of  the  colony,  legislature  called  a  state  convention,  the  mem- 
In  die  summer  of  1779  the  British  General  bers  of  which  were  to  be  elected  Feb.  4,  1861. 
Matthews  made  a  descent  upon  the  coast,  de-  Abillwaspassed  Jan.  28,  appropriating  $1,000,- 
stroyed  Norfolk,  took  Portsmouth  and  Gosport,  000  for  the  defence  of  the  state.    The  governor 
destroying  the  vessels  of  war  building  there,  meantime  sent  several  messages  to  the  lej^is- 
and  burned  or  took  180  merchant  vessels  on  lature,  all  of  them  exhibiting  great  hostility 
the  James  and  Elizajbeth  rivers.    In  Jan.  1781,  to  the  northern  states,  and  10  of  the  Virginia 
Gen.  Benedict  Arnold  captured  and  burned  members  of  congress  published  an  address  to 
Richmond,  then  a  village  of  1,800  inhabitants;  the  people  of  the  state  denouncing  the  repub- 
but  being  pressed  by  the  militia  under  Gen.  lican  party  in  congress,  and  declaring  that  ^*  it 
Stenben  and  some  French  frigates  in  the  Ches-  was  vain  to  hope  fbr  any  measures  of  concilia- 
apeake,  he  was  forced  to  escape  with  a  few  tion  and  a^ustment  from  congress  which  the 
prizes  to  Newport,  R.  I.    In  the  spring  and  people  of  Virginia  could  accept."    Tliennmher 
early  summer  of  the  same  year  Gornwallis  and  of  delegates  elected  to  the  state  convention  waa 
Phillips  plundered  the  greater  part  of  eastern  152,  of  whom  the  greater  part  were  *^  condi- 
Virginia,  seizing  and  destroying  property  to  the  tional "  union  men,  a  few  in  favor  of  immediate 
value  of  not  less  than  $10,000,000.    The  sur-  secession,  and  about  as  many  unconditional 
render  of  Gornwallis  at  Yorktown,  Oct.  19,  unionists.    The  convention  met  at  Richmond, 
1781,  virtually  closed  the  war.    Virginia  had  Feb.  18,  and  on  March  10  the  committee  on  fed- 
been  the  first  to  urge  the  organization  of  a  con-  eral  relations  submitted  several  reports.    The 
federaoy  of  states ;  and  when  it  became  evident  mcgority  report,  composed  of  li  resolutions, 
that  this  confederation  was  inadequate  for  the  avowed  the  doctrine  of  state  rights,  condemned 
purposes  ofa  national  government,  she  was  again  all  interference  with  slavery  as  dangerous,  aa- 
the  first  to  call  a  convention  of  the  states,  in  sorted  the  right  of  secession,  and  defined  the 
Sept.  1786,  to  arrange  for  some  additional  com*  circumstances  under  which  Virginia  would  be 
pacts  relative  to  a  tariff,  navigation,  &c.    This  justified  in  exercising  that  right,  viz.,  the  fail- 
convention,  delegates  being  in  attendance  only  ure  to  procure  such  guaranties  from  the  north- 
from  5  states,  did  not  venture  to  take  action,  em  states  as  she  demanded,  the  adoption  of  a 
but  recommended  the  call  of  a  convention  in  warlike  policy  by  the  general  government,  or 
the  following  May  to  consider  the  articles  of  the  attempt  to  exact  payment  of  duties  from 
confederation,  and  propose  such  changes  therein  the  seceded  states,  or  to  reenforce  or  recapture 
as  might  render  them  adequate  to  the  exigen-  the  forts.    The  m^ority  resolutions  were  dis- 
oies  of  the  Union.    The  constitution  framed  by  cussed  and  adopted  as  far  as  the  18th  when  the 
that  convention  was  ratified  by  Virginia,  June  capture  of  Fort  Sumter  by  the  southern  forces, 
25,  1788.    There  was  a  strong  opposition  to  and  the  consequent  proclamation  of  the  presi- 
giving  it  her  sanction,  led  by  George  Mason  dent  calling  for  troops,  led  to  the  passing  on 
and  sustained  by  Patrick  Henry,  and  the  vote  April  17  of  an  ordinance  of  secession  by  a  vote 
was  accompanied  by  a  proposition  for  more  of  88  yeas  to  65  nays.    Twelve  of  those  votine; 
than  20  alterations  in  the  constitution.   In  1784  nay  were  not  long  after  expelled  from  the  coq> 


126  ymaiNiA  yxbiathus 

ant  In  the  medical  department  there  is  an  nniyersitj  never  confers  honorary  degrees.  The 
additional  lecturer  on  anatomj  and  on  materia  number  who  attain  the  master^s  degree  in  any 
medica,  and  a  demonstrator  of  anatomy.  The  given  year  is  small.  In  the  session  of  1854-^5, 
laws  of  the  university  are  administered  by  the  out  of  860  exclusively  academical  students,  but 
faculty,  who  are  appointed  by  the  board  of  7  received  that  degree.  The  number  of  stn- 
visitors.  The  chairman  of  the  faculty  is  select-  dents  in  attendance  is  usually  from  500  to  600. 
ed  by  ^e  board  annually  from  the  faculty.  His  In  1859-*60  the  number  was  625,  of  whom  417 
duty  is  confined  to  a  general  supervision  of  the  were  academical  and  208  professional.  There 
execution  of  the  laws,  but  he  has  no  authority  is  no  theological  school.  A  chaplain,  chosen 
over  the  several  schools.  He  receives  an  an-  in  rotation  from  the  prevailing  religious  denom- 
nual  compensation  of  $500  in  addition  to  his  inations  of  the  state  every  two  years,  and  sup- 
income  as  professor.  S.  Maupin,  M.D.,  was  ported  by  the  voluntary  contributions  of  the 
chairman  of  the  faculty  in  1860.  The  income  professors,  students,  and  other  residents,  offi- 
of  the  university  is  derived  from  a  state  annuity  ciates  daily.  Attendance  tipon  the  religions 
of  $15,000  (subject  to  a  charge  of  about  $4,500  services  is  not  compulsory.  The  library  of  tlie 
for  the  support  of  82  state  pupils,  who  receive  college  in  1860  numbered  30,000  volumes, 
tuition,  board,  and  room  rent  free),  matricula-  VIRIATHUS,  a  Lusitanian  warrior,  assassi- 
tion  fees,  rents  of  dormitories  and  hotels,  and  nated  in  140  B.  C.  The  Lusitanians,  who,  fa- 
surplus  fees  of  tuition  in  the  several  schools,  vored  by  their  mountain  fastnesses,  were  accus- 
Each  professor  has  a  fixed  salary  of  $1,000  per  tomed  to  subsist  by  predatory  incursions  into 
annum  from  the  university,  and  tuition  fees  the  Spanish  plains,  had  carried  on  hostHitieA 
from  each  student  who  attends  his  lectures  of  against  the  Romans  since  158  B.  0.,  and  in  151 
$25  per  year,  until  he  attains  the  maximum  of  inflicted  much  loss  on  a  Roman  army  under 
$2,000.  Most  of  the  schools  are  divided  into  the  prietor  Servius  Sulpicius  Galba.  In  the 
junior  and  senior  classes,  and  two  courses  of  following  year  their  country  was  invaded  in 
lectures  on  each  subject  given  annually.  In  great  force,  and  the  people  in  alarm  submitted 
the  schools  of  law  and  mathematics  there  is  in  to  Galba,  who  by  the  offer  of  land  induced 
addition  an  intermediate  class,  and  in  the  latter  many  of  them  to  migrate  with  their  families 
also  a  class  of  mixed  mathematics.  The  lee-  into  the  level  country.  Having  assembled 
tures  to  each  class  occupy  an  entire  session  of  these  in  8  large  bodies  under  pretence  of  as- 
9  months.  A  student,  except  in  the  school  of  signing  them  their  allotments,  he  caused  them 
law,  may  attend  all  the  classes  of  the  school  to  be  indiscriminately  slaughtered  by  his  troops, 
during  the  same  session,  without  paying  an  ad-  Among  the  few  who  escaped  was  Yiriathua, 
ditional  fee,  so  as  to  receive  the  entire  instruc-  who  had  been  a  leader  of  his  people  in  their 
tion  of  that  school  if  he  is  able  in  one  year,  raids,  and  whose  personal  character  is  very  fa- 
Two  public  examinations  of  all  the  members  vorably  drawn  by  Dion  Cossius.  The  Lusita- 
of  each  school  ore  held  in  the  course  of  the  nions  who  hod  remained  at  home  unanimously 
session.  Students  may  attend  such  schools  as  rose  against  the  Romans,  and,  at  first  avoiding 
they  choose,  but,  unless  in  extraordinary  cases,  battle  in  the  plains,  carried  on  a  vigorous  gue- 
they  must  attend  8  schools.  Law  students,  rilla  conflict  m  their  mountains.  In  147,  when 
however,  are  required  to  attend  only  the  school  a  considerable  body  of  them,  after  ravaging 
of  their  own  profession.  There  are  no  holi-  Turdetania,  were  shut  up  and  besieged  in  a 
days  during  the  session  except  Christmas  day,  fortress  by  the  proprffitor  Vetilius,  and  about 
and  lectures  are  delivered  6  days  in  the  week,  to  capitulate  on  the  strength  of  new  promiaes. 
In  conferring  degrees,  the  time  of  residence  of  Viriathus  remonstrated,  reminding  them  of  the 
the  student  at  the  university  is  not  taken  into  treachery  of  Galba,  was  chosen  their  general, 
tlie  account.  Each  school  confers  degrees  for  skilfully  extricated  them,  and,  drawing  Vetiliua 
scholarship  in  its  own  studies,  and  the  examina-  into  an  ambuscade,  slew  him  and  nearly  half 
tions  for  degrees  are  very  strict.  The  degree  his  army  of  10,000  men.  In  the  8  following 
of  bachelor  of  arts  is  conferred  on  students  years  he  ravaged  the  Roman  territories,  and 
'  who  have  obtained  degrees  in  any  two  of  the  successively  defeated  the  prsetors  Oaiua  Plan- 
literary  schools  (viz.,  ancient  languages,  modem  tins  and  Claudius  Unimanus,  and  the  legate  of 
languages,  and  moral  philosophy),  and  in  any  the  consul  Q.  Fabius  ^milianus,  but  in  144  was 
two  of  the  scientific  schools  (viz.,  mathematics,  routed  by  the  latter,  and  agun  in  143  by  the 
natural  philosophy,  and  chemistry),  have  given  proprator  Q.  Pompeius,  whom  however  he 
evidence  of  a  certain  degree  of  proficiency  in  shortly  afterward  signally  vanquished.  In  142 
the  studies  of  the  remaining  two  academical  the  consul  Q.  Fabius  Servilianus  gained  great 
schools,  and  have  furnished  an  essay  or  oration  advantages  over  him,  and  took  many  of  his 
approved  by  the  faculty.  The  degree  of  master  cities,  but  was  finally  surrounded  in  a  moon- 
of  arts  is  conferred  only  on  those  students  who  tain  pass  and  captured  with  his  entire  army 
have  received  degrees  in  all  of  the  6  academi-  by  Yiriathus.  The  latter  treated  the  Romans 
eal  schools,  have  passed  a  satisfactory  review  leniently,  and  released  them  unharmed  on  the 
upon  all  the  studies  of  the  course,  except  those  conclusion  of  a  treaty  by  which  the  Lusitanians 
in  which  they  have  received  degrees  during  the  were  guaranteed  the  peaceable  possession  of 
current  session,  and  have  furnished  an  essay  or  their  own  country  and  were  recognized  as 
oration  for  the  approval  of  the  faculty.    The  allies  of  Rome.    This  treaty,  however,  was 


128                     VI800NTI  VISION 

under  librarian  of  the  Vatican;  but  as  he  was  1635  arcbiteot  of  the  royal  library,  for  which 

nnwilling  to  become  a  priest,  he  was  removed  he  designed  29  plans  for  the  purpose  of  mak- 

from  his  position.    He  assisted  his  father  In  ing  it  of  a  character  suitable  to  the  grandeur 

editing  the  first  volume  of  the  Museo  PiO'CU-  of  its  contents,  but  was  unable  to  accomplish 

mentim  (Rome,  1782),  and  edited  the  second  what  he  wished.    He  adorned  Paris  with  some 

volume  alone  after  his  father's  death.    He  was  of  its  finest  fountains,  designed  the  monuments 

now  made  conservator  of  the  Capitoline  muse-  of  several  of  the  marshals,  and  furnislied  the 

um,  and  superintended  the  remaining  5  volumes  plan  of  the  mausoleum  in  the  Invalides  in  which 

of  the  museum  of  the  Vatican  collection,  the  the  remains  of  the  emperor  Napoleon  were 

last  of  which  appeared  in  1807.    This  work  placed.    Louis  Napoleon  confided  to  him  the 

made  him  famous  throughout  Europe.    In  the  work  of  completing  the  Louvre  and  the  Tuilc- 

mean  time  he  published  on  the  discovery  of  the  ries.    The  task  was  begun  in  July,  1852,  and 

tomb  of  the  Scipios  a  dissertation  entitled  Monu-  completed  after  his  death  by  Lefuel. 

menti  degli  Scipioni ;  in  1798  a  dissertation  en-  VISCOUNT  (Lat.  viee-conus),  a  dignity  in 

titled  Monumenti  scritti  del  mvseo  del  ngnor  the  British  peerage,  which  ranks  next  below 

Tommaso  Jenhim ;  and  numerous  other  tre&-  that  of  carl.    The  application  of  the  title  as  a 

tises  on  ancient  monuments  discovered  in  va-  dignity  dates  from  the  time  of  Henry  VL, 

rious  places.    When  the  French  entered  Rome  though  as  a  title  of  office  it  is  much  older.   An- 

in  1798,  Visconti,  who  had  favored  the  revolu-  ciently  a  vice-comes  was  the  deputy  of  a  count 

tionary  movement,  was  made  a  member  of  tl^  or  earl,  under  whom  he  performed  duties  simi- 

provisional  government,  and  subsequently  one  lar  to  that  of  a  sheriff. 

of  the  6  consuls  under  the  republican  constitu-  VISHNU.    See  Bbahma,  vol.  iiL  p.  620. 

tion.    In  1799,  on  the  entrance  of  the  Neapol-  VISIGOTHS.    See  Goths. 

itan  army,  he  removed  to  France,  where  he  was  VISION  (Lat.  tino,  from  tideo^  to  sec),  a 

appointed  overseer  of  the  collections  of  the  term  employed  to  denote,  in  different  rcla- 

Louvre  and  professor  of  archaeology.    He  was  tions,  the  power,  the  act  or  process,  or  the  ob- 

charged  with  the  superintendence  of  the  depart-  ject  of  sight.    The  behavior  of  rays  of  light  re- 

ment  of  antiques  in  the  museum  of  the  Louvre,  nected,  or  transmitted  through  various  media, 

and  made  out  a  catalogue,  the  last  edition  of  among  which  are  the  lens  and  humors  of  the 

which  under  his  care  appeared  in  1817,  entitled  eye,  and  the  manner  in  which  images  come  to 

Description  des  antiques  du  musee  royaL    This  be  formed  at  the  retina,  are  considered  under 

was  followed  by  his  great  work,  for  which  Optics.    For  the  parts  of  the  eye,  the  action 

Napoleon  furnished   the  suggestion  and  the  of  the  humors  and  iris,  and  the  adjustment  to 

means,  the  Iconographie  Orecque  (3  vols,  folio,  distance  by  which  near  or  distant  objects  are 

1808),  and  the  Iconographie  Rortiaine  (4  vols.,  seen  distinctly,  see  Eye. — The  mere  action  of 

1818-'24),  consisting  of  authentic  portraits  of  rays  of  light  upon  that  expansion  of  nervous 

distinguished  Greeks  and  Romans.    In  1817  he  matter  constituting  the  retina,  is  not  sufficient 

went  to  England  to  testify  to  the  value  of  the  to  secure  the  actual  perception  of  the  objecta 

Elgin  marbles,  and  on  his  return  to  France  pub-  they  proceed  from.    Of  the  other  conditions 

lished  his  Memoire  sur  les  outrages  de  sculpture  necessary,  it  is,  speaking  in  a  general  way,  an 

du  Parthenon^  &c.  (Paris,  1818).   During  m  this  indispensable  one  that  the  divergent  pencils  of 

time  he  wrote  innumerable  treatises  upon  par-  rays  emanating  from  as  many  points  of  the  ob- 

ticular  objects  of  ancient  art.    Labus  began  in  ject  as  can  bo  seen  at  the  same  instant,  bhiin 

1818  at  Milan  an  edition  of  his  complete  works ;  be  brought  each  to  its  proper  focus  at  or  within 

but  it  was  never  finished.  II.  Fiuppo  Aurelio,  the  retina.    But  a  small  portion,  however,  of 

brother  of  the  preceding,  died  in  Rome  in  1831.  a  surface  in  any  considerable  degree  extended 

In  1792  he  succeeded  his  father  as  superintend  is  seen  at  any  instant.    As  the  eye  plays  over 

dent  of  antiquities;  and  from  1809  to  1814,  dur-  such  surface,  successive  groups  of  pencils  have 

ing  which  time  the  French  occupied  Rome,  he  their  focilhus  formed;  and  the  ima^  which 

was  president  of  the  commission  of  antiquities  is  a  real  one,  is  thus,  in  space  and  tune  com- 

and  fine  arts,  and  was  also  one  of  the  deputies  bined,  a   perfect   but   extremely  diminished 

charged  with  the  preservation  of  the  churches  counterpart  of  the  object  observed.    The  al- 

of  the  city.    In  1816  he  was  made  secretary  of  most  inappreciable  color  of  a  layer  of  nervous 

the  commission  of  the  fine  arts,  and  edited  the  matter  so  thin  as  the  retina,  exerts  no  sensible 

Museo  Chiaramonti,  a  continuation  of  the  Museo  influence  in  checking  the  entrance  of  the  rays ; 

PiO'CUmentino,    He  also  wrote  a  number  of  so  that  the  common  impression,  that  the  retina 

treatises  on  the  works  of  ancient  art  found  is  a  screen  receiving  the  image  on  its  surface, 

in  the  Roman  territory.    III.  Louis  Joachim  is  incorrect ;  the  image  is  really  formed  in  the 

TcLLius,  a  French   architect,  son  of  Ennio  space  occupied  by  the  transparent  retina  itself. 

Quirino,  born  in  Rome,  Feb.  11,  1791,  died  Hence  it  has  three  dimensions,  like  the  bodic:^ 

Deo.  1,  1853.    When  8  years  old  he  went  with  or  field  of  view  it  represents^  though  its  depth 

his  father  to  Paris,  was  placed  under  the  in-  is  very  slight ;  and  it  is  possible  that  its  place 

Btruction  of  the  architects  rercicr  and  Fontaine,  in  reference  to  depth  within  the  membrane  can 

and  at  the  nge  of  17  entered  the  school  of  fine  vary  within  certain  mmute  limits,  still  allowing 

arts.  In  1817  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of  true  vision.    But  if  the  object  be  so  near  the 

of  the  construction  of  the  wine  market,  and  in  eye,  say  within  8  or  at  least  about  7  inches,  that 


IBO  YIBiOV 

vtldireetkniftluitire  tea  «vei7Tiiibleo1deeCor  fixing  it  in  one  place.    The  ntiti  or  ok|«oli 
point  in  a  direction  the  levene  of  that  in  which  lying  somewhat  remote  from  the  azia  of  nsioa 
(he  azia  or  middle  ray  of  its  pencil  meets  the  at  any  moment,  however  (as  we  may  detenmoi 
retina ;  i.  e.,  perpendicolarly  always  to  the  by  practice  in  fixing  the  eyes  Bteadiijr  od  al 
point  of  the  retina  affected.    The  supposition  point,  and  then  attending  to  oar  indistioct  li* 
IS  as  if  the  mind  traced  back  the  line  of  the  sion  of  objects  in  the  edges  of  the  field),  us 
axis  of  each  focalixed  pencil  (its  trae  direction),  not  made  to  coalesce  in  one ;  they  are  sect 
and  inferred  the  presence  of  the  object  some-  double.     But  through  experience  and  habit 
where  in  that  line  prolonged.    A  more  tenable  we  have  learned  to  disregard  these  feebler  tnd 
supposition  is,  that  having  once  learned  by  aid  discrepant  impressions,  and  to  infer  siDgleoMlj 
of  touch  and  through   repeated   experience  of  all  ol^ects  noticed,  when  their  impresaon, 
where  the  object  or  point  is  to  which  the  eye  on  the  two  retinas  correspond  within  certiial 
Is  strictly  directed,  namely,  in  a  line  exactly  in  lunits.    In  strabismus,  the  dissdmOarity  of  tbil 
front  of  or  perpendicular  to  the  middle  retinal  two  images  has  become  total,  and  objects  an  | 
point  then  arocted,  we  come  to  know  auto-  seen  double;  or  the  subject  acquires  the  ability 
matically  in  all  oases  what  object  is  in  this  to  attend  to  the  impressions  of  either  eye  suk' 
Hne ;  and  since,  without  the  eye,  we  also  per-  gly.     But  though  two  normal  eyes  csnooti 
oeive  more  or  less  distinctly  at  the  aame  time  multiply  objects,  they  see  them  with  twice  tbi 
many  other  objects  or  points,  we  judge  of  the-  brightness  afforded  by  the  use  of  <me  slooe. 
relative  places  of  these  also  by  experience  of  It  is  a  singular  circumstance  that  the  sest  of 
their  positions  (relatively  to  the  optic  axis)  on  most  dbtinct  vision  on  the  retina  is  the  verj 
theretina,  combined  with  our  experience  in  like  position  in  which  the  membrane  is  thinnest. 
oases,  through  touch  and  movement,  of  their  Besides,  this  portion  is  slightly  elevated,  s  mi- 
positions  relatively  to  each  other  in  the  visual  nute  convexity  or  papilla  appearing  upon  the 
field.     For  example,  objects  to  the  right  of  generally  concave  retma.    At  the  very  centre 
na  and  of  the  principal  axis  of  the  eye  form  of  this  is  discovered  a  small  spot,  ^  of  sn  incb 
their  image  in  the  eye  to  the  left  of  that  axis ;  in  diameter,  so  transparent  as  to  have  been 
bnt  experience  shows  the  infant  that  to  find  named  the/oramen  (hole),  and  around  this  the 
thoai^  objects  it  must  move  its  hand  or  body  to  limbu*  luteus  (yellow  border),  total  diameter 
the  right;  and  it  readily  comes  to  regard  an  about  \  of  an  inch.    Though  it  ia  within  this 
object  which  it  can  only  see  directly  in  front  area  that  visual  perception  can  be  most  distinct, 
^  by  turning  the  eye  to  the  riglit,  as  being  really  yet  a  faint  liglit  affects  the  eye  more  resdOv 
*  in  that  direction.    So  objects  above  tlie  place  when  the  vision  is  slightly  indirect,  showiof: 
of  the  optic  axis  form  their  image  below  it  on  that  the  portion  near  and  about  the  centre  of 
tibe  retina;  but  experience  finds  these  objects  the  retina  is  the  more  impressible.    A  feeble 
only  above ;  and  the  turning  of  the  eye  upward  star  or  other  faintly  luminous  object  i»  better 
to  see  them  directly  thus  becomes  Uie  sign  of  seen  when  the  eyes  are  directed  to  a  point  near 
their  true  position.    According  to  this  view,  than  when  upon  it,  and  better  still  by  movinfr 
the  mind  takes  no  cognizance  of  directions  of  the  eyes  about  over  the  space  not  far  from  it 
rays  coming  to  the  retina ;  but  rather,  it  sees  The  spot  at  which  the  optic  nerve  enters  the 
the  whole  field  before  it  always  as  one  largo  eye  is  entirely  destitute  of  sensibility ;  it  u 
and  greatly  diversified  expanse  or  object ;  and  hence  known  as  the  punetum  ctteum.    An  im* 
H  Judges  of  the  positions  of  the  parts  of  this  age  fnlling  on  this  is  invisible ;  on  shntting 
by  the  relationa  experience  haa  shown  them  the  right  eye  and  directing  the  left  abontlO' 
to  bear  to  the  axis  of  vision.    And  since  the  to  the  right  of  any  small  object,  this  entirelv 
several  secondary  axes  of  tho  pencils  of  light  disappears ;  on  turning  the  eye  still  further,  it 
most  cross  each  otlier,  and  the  image  be  in-  is  again  seen.    A  period  of  time,  though  ver; 
▼erted  upon  the  retina,  both  in  respect  to  up  small,  is  consumed  in  brin^^g  the  effect  of  an? 
and  down,  asd  to  right  and  left,  the  concin-  luminous  impression  upon  the  retina  to  iti 
alona  above  reached  readily  explain  to  us  why  maximum ;  the  time  may  be  ao  brief  that  nc 
tho  objects  or  field  thus  impressing  the  retina  impression  can  occur,  aave  when,  as  in  the  c&< 
in  positions  doubly  inverted,  still  always  and  of  an  electric  spark,  the  light  is  extremely  in- 
intuitive] V  reveal  to  us  the  true  or  actual  posi-  tense.    A  cannon  ball  ohangea  its  place  tix 
tiona  of  the  objecta  aa  they  exist  without.    Ex-  rapidly  to  be  seen,  except  when  going  nearly 
perienoe  forbids  us  to  see  objects  inverted,  be-  in  the  direction  toward  or  from  the  eye.    Oi 
oaose  it  has  made  their  inverted  images  the  the  other  hand,  motions  of  leas  than  one  minDt4 
aigna  of  their  erect  and  true  positions.    The  of  arc  per  second  are  not  appreciable,  as  thsl 
reason  why,  with  two  eyes,  we  see  objects  of  the  hour  hand  of  a  dock,  or  of  the  heavcnl} 
aingle,  is  founded  on  similar  principles.    The  bodies.     The  apparent  motiona  of  the  lattei 
mall  object  or  point  at  any  instant  most  clearly  become  very  obvioua,  however,  when  wo  oh 
seen,  is  that  in  the  axi<i  of  each  eye.    Each  eye  serve  them  very  near  to  the  edge  of  aome  fixec 
ia  directed  to  one  point,  each  sees  a  thing  in  opaque  body,  as  a  building  or  tree.    But  Um 
one  place ;  and  if,  like  those  of  some  insects,  impression,  once  made  wiUiin  the  nerve  sob 
hmnan  eyes  were  multiple,  say  100  retinas  ro-  stance,  not  only  spreads  laterally  in  apace,  m 
eeiving  the  image  at  once,  they  should  still  all  that  bright  and  white  objecta  tend  to  apDcai 
raport  bnt  one  object,  if  aeeing  it  in  directioDa  broader,  and  dnU  or  black  onea  snrroundea  bj 


vmoK 


isi 


te^  ■ndkr,  tim  tliej  nally  ara,  Imt  abo  it  vffl  be  noted,  is  fonned  eft  eiOier  eye,  ud 

oteBdioreiidiimiiitime  after  the  total  eee-  has  its  base,  alwajs  at  the  ol^ect^  TertioaL  hor- 

■doB  of  aeCioii  of  the  light.    The  dnratioii  of  izontal,  or  obliqae.    Bat  when  the  two  eyea 

ff^osrilf  fCroDg  impreaaons,  jmt  ae,  on  the  are  directed  npon  the  same  visible  point  or  so 

rftiiia,  has  been  eaknlated  at  abont  i  to  ^  of  directed  that  their  axes  most  meet  at  a  point 

1  sMoad.    If  witidn  thia  time  an  object  or  at  some  distance  in  front  of  the  observer,  the 

Scht  b  remored  and  reatorsd,  the  yision  of  it  angle  which  these  form  in  meeting  is  'that 

eoBtiBoca  milntermpted.     It  ia  in  thia  way  known  as  the  optic  angle,  or  thebinocular 

&st,  in  winking,  poaitiFe  darimeas  or  black  parallax.    Thia  angle,  it  moat  be  noted,  haa  its 

dMs  lot  take  the  place  of  the  Ught  or  of  the  base  at  the  eyes  of  the  observer,  and  in  length 

Tiev  observed  at  the  time ;  there  is  a  momen-  invariably  eqoal,  for  each  person,  to  the  dis- 

tirr  md  partial  obaeoration  which  from  habit  tance  between  the  centres  of  the  pnpiU  of  the 

ve  disregard.     So,  a  bright  coal  whirled  in  two  eyes  (average,  about  2^  inches);  and  this 

I  dfde  abont  9  timea  per  aeeond,  ahowa  a  base  is,  of  coarse,  osoally  horizontal. Vision, 

flueipicte  drele  <^  Ught;   and  the  apparent  nnder  nearly  or  quite  aU  the  conditions  thoa 

'^t9^  of  the  traces  of  meteors  aeen  at  any  mo-  fiur  conaiderod,  involves  the  nse  of  one  eye 

ant  is  ia  part  owing  to  thia  canae.    Advan-  only,  and  may  be  diatingoished  as  monoealar* 

upe  ii  taken  of  thia  prindple  in  the  conaCmc-  hot  there  are  certain  perceptions  and  results 

tta  of  many  amnaing  toys :  the  thanmatrope,  that  are  to  be  secured  only  through  codpera> 

Q  vhidi  parts  of  n  pietnre  painted  on  opposite  tion  of  the  two  eyes,  and  the  atudy  ofthe 

adetof  aeard  are  made  to  the  eye  to  appear  latter  constitutes  the   important  subject  of 

aired  in  one  when  the  card  ia  rapidly  turned  binocular  vision. .  Looking  with  both  eyea  at 

yrn,  as  by  the  untwisting  of  atringa  in  ita  any  small  object  not  too  distant,  say  a  pencil 

-'-;  the  phantasmaacope,  in  which  an  object,  held  at  arm's  length,  it  is  seen  in  a  certain 


.  __._  m  aeveral  attitudea,  near  the  ran  of  a  phee;   on  closing  the  right  eye,  the  object 
stilar  disk  of  card  paper  turning  as  a  whed,  aeems  amultaneoudy  to  have  been  removed 
ad  ihea  viewed  through  a  amall   opening  alittle  toward  the  same  aide;  while  on  open- 
tiilc  the  disk  rapidly  turns,  appears  to  go  ing  the  right  and  closing  the  left  eye,  it  re- 
sir^  evolutiona  corresponding  with  the  va-  movea  twice   aa   far   toward   the  left   side 
aw  positions;  and  othera.    For  tiie  diangea  Thus,  the   perception  of  an  object  by  the 
yesriag  in  the  impreatdon  Idt  by  intenae  two  eyes  at  once  is  one  in  which  the  impres- 
:^  or  ecJors  on  the  retina,  and  the  sabjecta  sions  upon  the  eyea  are  in  a  manner  made  to 
tf  oaplemenUry  and  subjective  cofergeoer-  give  the  aame  mental  result  aa  if  they  had 
hly. Ke  CoLOB.— The  angje  formed  at  cither  coakaced  into  one  visual  image;  ita^  place  al- 
«^e  br  the  raya  coming  from  opposite  extremi-  ways,  and  its  I4>pearance  usua&y!  being  differ- 
^  of  the  pvt  of  an  object  visible  from  one  ent  from  thoae  given  by  either  eye  dnffly     It 
>*«,  is  called  the  visual  angle  for  that  ob-  has  been  already  ahown  that  this  ooale»^noe 
.vs.   It  is  evident  that  a  given  object,  ito  di»-  ia  within  certain  Ihnits  only;  that  it  is  not  com- 
^ beiag doubled,  subtends  at  the  eye  a  via-  plete  over  the  wh<^  poaaible  field  of  view* 
A  cde  only  half  aa^eat  as  before,  the  inu^  end  that  in  our  ordinary,  undisturbed  vision  of 
;.  ::»r^  being  reduced  in  hke  ratio;  and  bodice,  much  of  the  perfection  of  the  result  ia 
14  TfKte  hold  true  generaOy.    Henee,  the  due  to  a  habit  of  ne^ecting  what  ia  not  esaen- 
e-^  Bii«  magnitude  of  any  given  object,  tial  m  the  impreasiona,  and  aomethmg  to  infer- 

!r*'?^^"*".^^,^*®\*^'^«*'^  ««a  ^here  certain  parta  are  wai^  or  con- 

f^nmal  aai^  or  mveraely  as  the  distance  tradictory.    Phrfl  W.  B.  Rogers  deta^  in  the 

=:«  the  eyes.    The  apparent  superficial  mag-  "American  Journal  of  Sdenoe**  for  lB.>5-'6 

z^n.  therefore,  inversely  as  the  aqoare  of  and  Xov.  1860,  many  experimenta  made  by  him 

^^Tf^Tii  M   *5  «^«nPK^«»«»l^M  itt  n^  to  difTerent  aapeeCa  of  thia  aubject ; 

J«t  Awra  that  the  distance  of  the  am  from  and  from  thoae  named  under  the  laat  d^  hi 

«??!Ii!^^.^'^u*^.'*^*^''™^  ^ws  the  fallowing  condnsiona:  L  the  retinal 

^GArt  the  aame  time,  the  diameter  of  the  impreasion  of  an  object  preaoiteddirertlvu! 

^-  Ae  ^eater  m  ahnost  exactly  the  asme  either  eye  ia  aceoi^panied  by  the  feelintf  f/f  a 

^    mdmmid  heaven  these  two  bodiea  imited  visual  a^lSiS^tfgW 

■S^y^J.'^y^^  aameaize.    Again,  tlon  of  the  particular  eye  impreaMdi  2.  llui 

L^i^55^K?2!i'PP^  \S^    than  the  other  is  the  r»ilt  of  er^rialir^I  .im 

J^J^^^^^^^^u ^^l  -    *«»•  eye  that  actnafly  leceivea  %  or  mu^  ( lun. 
af^  ^stance,  and  the  pomta  of    poae  it  aaemmglr  to  the  other,  miumiiun  U»  I  l.n 
nee  beeommg,  as  it  were,  packed    particular  conditiiMM  of  the  ff\mt»r¥mm.     \t 


^    j^  follows  Ihat  the  latter  effect    cyo,  aay  itf  dkunc^i  of  «  afi4  itt  jM.:hi.«,  i.u 


*SH^  mm  -».±     ~'~  Iv AX. ^*'*"~7 —  — -©-— ^  looklllg  ■»  ^UK  ucVTWr  '/»•,  H  HI  IMf«H    NIMUM-,   lillli 

Z  Z.?.ry^  la  thus  the  same  (save  some  the  faithcr  one  af/p«*r»  dowMa,  imu   iiii.^M 

"'^  P«5«tive,  or  effect  of  inter-  dunring  on  ^wih  mJU  of  tim  »aar  imiuiil.     1 1 1 

aB  «Aanees.    The  vwial  anfl^  ing  the  ajea  on  tJbe  fiMttiiar,  Urn  i'mmIi  U  hImi 


132  VISIOK 

« 

liar,  save  that  it  is  now  the  fnrtber  pencil  that  the  corresponding  points  is  rather  negative 
is  single,  tiie  nearer  doable.  The  results  seem  than  positive ;  that  the  two  images  can  only 
to  show  that  there  are  points  in  the  two  retinas  be  united  when  the  points  affected  in  one 
that  may  be  regarded  as,  at  least  under  certain  eye  are  not  too  far  removed  from  correspoD- 
conditions,  corresponding  or  identical.  The  dence  with  those  acted  on  in  the  otiier.  The 
retinal  points  of  the  two  eyes  seem  to  be  so  limits  of  this  variation  seem  to  depend  on  the 
related,  when  the  eyes  are  converged  to  the  will  and  on  habit,  so  as  to  be  extended  or  re- 
remoter  object,  that  other  objects  at  the  like  duced  by  practice.  Thus,  one  used  to  steadj 
distance  shall  also  have  their  rays,  to  right  or  observation  of  minute  objects,  more  readilj 
left  of  the  axis  of  each  eye,  falling  on  corre-  perceives  surrounding  objects  as  double;  and 
spending  points,  and  hence  be  seen  as  one.  those  used  to  stereoscopic  vision  gradually  im- 
But  at  the  same  time  objects  more  near  or  more  prove  their  power  to  umte  remote  or  dissimilar 
distant  have  their  rays  falling  on  points  of  the  views  in  one.  All  these  results  distinctly  show 
two  retinas  that  have'  not  become  habituated  the  tendency  of  modem  science  to  find  how, 
to  act  in  correspondence,  and  the  effect  is  that  more  and  more  completely  than  had  been  sup- 
such  are  seen  double.  The  diplopia^  or  double  posed,  the  actual  impressions  on  our  senses  are 
vision,  of  persons  intoxicated  or  when  about  mterpreted  with  a  certain  latitude  by  the  mind, 
falling  asleep,  is  explained  by  the  loss  of  con-  so  that  what  seems  often  to  be  simply  and 
trol  over  the  muscular  movements  arising  in  unmistakably  in  our  sensations  is  really  the 
such  cases,  and  the  consequent  inability  to  di-  product  of  educated  mental  inference.  Not 
rect  both  eyes  steadily  upon  the  same  object,  only  is  it  true  that  the  very  near  objects  in  the 
The  theory  of  corresponding  retinal  points,  ad-  field  of  view  apparently  shift  their  places  when 
vocated  by  Brewster  and  others,  has  been  seen  by  the  eyes  separately,  and  all  objects 
Questioned  by  Wheatstone,  who  instances  the  within  some  260  or  800  feet  actually  so,  by  an 
fact  of  Uie  impossibility  tliat  the  same  points  appreciable  (though  not  visible)  change,  but 
of  a  moderately  sized  body  at  the  least  distance  beside,  if  with  a  bmocular  camera,  its  lenses  2^ 
of  distinct  vision  could  impress  throughout  inches  apart,  two  views  of  such  field  of  objects 
like  points  on  the  retinas.  BrQcke  appeared  to  be  taken,  and  these  placed  in  the  stereoscope 
have  solved  this  difiSculty  by  bringing  in  the  and  observed  by  the  eyes  singly,  the  near  aod 
hypothesis  that  the  eyes  are  not  at  rest  while  remote  objects  are  found  to  appear  to  shift 
regarding  any  large  object  or  field,  but  contin-  more  or  less,  as  in  the  natural  view.  It  is  thus 
ufllly  making  small  movements,  so  that  all  to  coincidence  or  combination  of  two  dissimilar 
parts  of  the  object  are  successively  caught  upon  perspectives,  effected  during  the  play  and  by 
corresponding  points  of  the  two  nervous  ex-  aid  of  different  convergences  of  the  optic  axes, 
pansions.  To  this  Dove  has  objected  that  we  that  the  stereoscopic  illusion  of  solidity  and  (>f 
see  relief  in  the  stereoscope  when  the  two  pic-  relief  is  obtained.  (See  Stereoscopb.)  Within 
tares  are  illuminated  only  during  the  moment  about  800  feet,  therefore,  our  perception  of 
of  an  electric  flash ;  but  it  may  be  suggested  in  distance  from  the  eye — t.  «.,  of  depth  on  the 
reply,  that  the  stereoscopic  pictures  are  always  field  viewed,  or  of  the  third  dimension  in  space 
80  smidl  as  to  cause  their  images  to  occupy  but  ^-depends  on  the  cause  now  considered.  The 
an  extremely  small  space  on  the  retinas,  and  muscular  sensation  consequent  on  strongly 
the  circumstances  favor  a  play  of  the  visual  converging  the  optic  axis,  indicates  a  corre- 
organs  so  rapid  as  to  be  effective  even  during  spondingly  near  object.  The  gradually  lessen- 
the  brief  period  of  the  illumination,  very  little  ing  intensity  of  the  sensation,  as  the  eyes  meet 
movement  being  required  for  so  small  a  field,  on  points  further  away,  indicates  increasing 
Thus  far,  the  theory  of  corresponding  points  distance.  Beyond  about  800  feet,  further  relai- 
seems  to  be  well  sustained ;  but  the  observa-  ation  of  muscular  tension  becomes  quite  inap* 
tions  of  Prof.  Rogers  and  others,  and  more  re-  preciable ;  and  hence,  beyond  such  distance  ve 
cently  of  M.  F.  August  ("  Philosophical  Maga-  never  directly  perceive  depth,  and  our  jodg- 
zine,"  Nov.  1860),  show  that  the  idea  of  abso-  ment  of  comparative  distances  Uien  proceeds 
lute  identity  of  points  must  give  way  to  that  upon  other  principles.  Of  these,  the  most  im- 
of  correspondence  of  place  only  within  certain  portant  are :  1,  our  known  or  supposed  famil- 
near  limits.  Thus,  August  found  that  two  iarity  with  the  actual  size  of  objects,  and  com- 
shining  points  turning  rapidly  in  plane  circles,  parison  of  this  with  the  visual  angle  they  sub- 
and  viewed  obliquely,  so  that  the  rays  from  tend — deceptions  in  this  case  being  that  a  large 
them  must  intersect  along  the  conical  surfaces  object  far  off  upon  a  level  may  be  taken  to  bo 
described  by  the  two  rays  during  rotation,  gave  a  smaller  one  of  like  kind  much  nearer  at  hand 
often,  as  their  binocular  or  resulting  image,  the  than  it  is,  and  the  reverse ;  2,  the  presence  of 
appearance  of  a  single  curve  of  double  curva-  near  or  intervening  objects  of  known  size,  af- 
ture ;  and  he  demonstrates  tl&at  two  points  of  the  fording  the  means  of  comparison  (as  engravers 
separate  curves  which  unite  to  form  one  point  introduce  a  man  or  some  familiar  quadruped 
of  the  image  cannot  always  be  seen  by  the  two  alongside  of  vast  edifices,  trees,  &o.,  to  afford  a 
eyes  even  at  tiie  same  moment,  nor  upon  points  standard  of  ma^itude)— -deceptions  in  this  case 
absolutely  corresponding.  When  tne  curves  being  duo  to  mistakes  in  regard  to  the  size  of 
are  too  dissimilar,  however,  they  no  longer  the  at^acent  objeota,  a  boy  and  a  small  sym- 
blend.    He  oondndes  that  the  significance  of  metrical  tree  together,  over  a  plain,  being  taken 


184  VIBIOK 

8ir  D.  Brewster  C^PhiloBophioel  Magazine,^  thelieart;  themoyementswereinalldireetionii 
Jan*  1861)  enumerates  several  of  the  most  no-  bat  easily  found  to  keep  to  a  given  direction  in 
tioeable  of  the  peculiar  affections  of  the  retina,  a  ^ven  part  of  the  field,  when  the  eye  was  not 
•ome  of  which  he  had  described  as  early  as  shifted ;  the  quick  movement  of  the  lucid  points 
1684 ;  others  being  due  to  other  discoverers,  gave  the  appearance  of  as  many  short  glisten- 
He  names,  beside  the  appearance  of  colors  ing  lines,  of  which,  however,  a  few  continaally 
which  arises  upon  agitating  or  alternating  a  turned  near  the  middle  of  their  course  to  dis- 
white  with  a  black  surface  at  certain  definite  tinct  black  lines,  like  strokes  of  ink,  and  the 
rates  before  the  eye,  the  following:  1,  thepo-  whole  faded  out  at  various  moments  from 
larizing  effect  of  parts  of  the  structure  of  the  the  end  of  the  half  to  that  of  the  whole  pul- 
eye,  giving  rise  to  Haidinger^s  houppes,  or  mi-  sation,  to  be  followed  by  a  fresh  accession  at 
nute  brudies  of  yellow  crossed  with  a  middle  the  next.  With  classes  of  other  colors  these 
band  of  violet  light ;  2,  the  insensibility  of  the  traces  of  the  blood  disks  were  to  be  seen  with 
retina  at  the  place  of  entrance  of  the  optic  less  distinctness,  and  with  some,  as  violet,  red, 
nerve ;  8,  the  exhibition  of  the/oramen  centraU  and  yellow,  only  with  extreme  difficulty.  The 
in  certain  cases  by  means  of  its  inferior  sensi-  case  is  not  one  of  vision  in  the  proper  sense, 
bility  to  a  feeble  light ;  4,  the  difference  of  sen-  because  the  perception  is  not  by  light  coming 
sibility  to  light  of  different  parts  of  the  retina;  from  the  objects  into  the  eye  and  refracted  by 
6,  the  inability  of  the  retina,  beyond  the  fora-  its  humors.  Still,  the  perception  is  just  as  real 
men  [rather,  beyond  the  yellow  spot  which  as  any  in  ordinary  vision ;  the  appearances  are 
surrounds  the  foramen],  to  maintain  sustained  not  the  result  of  disease,  either  of  tlie  eye  or 
Tision  of  objects ;  6,  the  increased  luminosity  of  the  nervous  system ;  and  as  the  perception 
of  objects  seen  somewhat  indirectly ;  7,  certain  is  occasioned  by  some  modification  of  certain 
appearances  of  a  central  unoccupied  spot  sur-  pencils  of  light  which  must  pass  through  moY- 
rounded  by  lines  forming  a  sort  of  pavement  ing  corpuscles  of  the  blood  on  their  way 
of  minute  hexagonal  or  quadrangular  pattern,  through  the  retina,  it  may  be  named  a  quasi 
observed  when  Uie  eyes  are  directed  toward  a  vision.  To  account  for  these  appearances,  it 
flame  from  coal  or  wood,  at  a  part  where  the  must  be  remembered  that  the  retina  is  through 
flame  is  composed  of  iets  of  light  succeeding  its  whole  depth  transparent ;  that  the  only 
each  other  at  proper  mterval,  and,  after  some  bodies  within  the  eye  which  can  occasion  the 
days^  practice  in  this  way,  seen  also  when  the  appearances  are  corpuscles  of  blood  that  can 
eye  is  directed  to  faintly  illuminated  surfaces,  cross  the  path  of  the  entering  light ;  that  the 
and  which  may  be  supposed  to  be  the  visual  only  currents  of  blood  that  do  this  are  those  in 
representation  of  the  outlines  of  the  compressed  the  vessels  of  the  retina ;  and  that  these  lie  in 
cellular  bodies  making  up  the  anterior  layer  of  the  anterior  half  depth  of  the  retina,  the  true 
the  retina  itself;  8,  remains  of  vessels,  cells,  sensitive  or  visual  layer  being  beyond  or  back 
&c.,  in  the  humors  [not  however  giving  the  of  them.  Evidently,  then,,  this  seeming  vision 
ffituMB  wlitantegy  as  stated  by  Brewster,  the  of  these  bodies  is  to  be  sought  in  some  effect 
proper  mtifeor  being  undoubtedly  due  to  impres-  of  the  corpuscles,  acting  as  lenses,  upon  the 
sions  made  upon  the  retina  by  the  crowded  and  minute  pencils  of  converging  and  almost  focal- 
sluggish  movement  of  blood  corpuscles,  dark  ized  light  as  it  enters  the  retina.  These  bodies 
or  venous,  in  states  of  passive  congestion  of  will  displace  in  depth,  more  or  less,  the  foci  of 
that  organ]. — In  the  article  in  the  *^  American  the  minute  pencils  that  have  to  pass  through 
Journal  of  Science,"  May,  1861,  above  referred  them,  and  may  so  far  recombine  different  colors 
to,  Dr.  Reuben  gave  a  minute  account  of  the  as  to  produce  along  their  course  the  effect  of 
observations  thus  far  made,  including  his  own,  lustre,  or  intenser  lines  of  light,  thus  account- 
in  reference  to  perhaps  the  most  interesting  of  ing  for  the  lucid  lines,  or  give  rise  to  an  inter- 
all  the  forms  of  ocular  spectra,  the  perception  ference  that  shall  occasion  the  black  lines ;  but 
of  the  corpuscles  of  the  blood  while  moving  the  exact  manner  of  their  action  is  not  yet  de- 
within  the  minute  vessels  of  the  retina — the  termined.  Among  the  more  striking  appear- 
very  seat  of  vision.  This  phenomenon  had  be-  ances  noted  (some  of  them  by  directing  the  eye 
fore  been  observed  by  many,  usually  upon  turn-  with  a  colored  paper  over  it  toward  a  gas  flame), 
ing  the  eye  toward  a  bright  sky ;  the  effect  was  and  of  results  arrived  at,  were  also  the  follow- 
the  seeing  apparently  of  numerous  moving  ing :  the  quasi  vision,  in  various  ways,  of  the 
glistening  points,  the  place  of  which  seems  to  cells  or  granules  in  the  anterior  layer  of  the 
be  in  space  a  few  feet  before  the  eyes.  Dr.  retina ;  discovery,  by  absence  of  these  in  a 
Reuben  found,  in  1857,  that  upon  looking  middle  patch,  of  the  place  of  the  "  yellow  spot,^* 
through  a  deep  blue  glass  (cobalt  glass)  toward  or  seat  of  most  distinct  vision ;  quasi  vision  of 
a  bright  sky,  the  perception  of  these  lucid  broader  and  slower  streams  of  moving  objects, 
points  became  much  more  distinct,  so  that  any  keeping  the  same  directions  and  covering  nearly 
person  may  thus  observe  them ;  the  points  the  whole  field  of  view,  as  if  the  more  nu- 
were  then  very  numerous  ;  successive  troops  merous  corpuscles  moving  without  jets  in  the 
of  them  suddenly  made  their  appearance  over  venous  radicles ;  and  qmte  as  remarkable  as 
the  whole  field  of  vision,  moving  a  short  dis-  any  other,  the  perception,  upon  looking  for  a 
tance,  and  then  vanishing,  tliese  repeated  ac-  time  through  a  glass  of  any  color  against  bright 
oeaaions  corresponding  with  the  pulsations  of  sky  or  cloud,  of  a  nearly  circular  or  rosette- 


VBTULA  VTEBT                        lU 

ihiped  area,  corresponding  with  the  point  to  rotor,  and  a  d^  var  broke  ont  between  hla 

whKh  the  eyes  are  directed,  and  which  shows  and  Otho,  who  had  detlironed  Galba.    Vitel* 

tiie  color  complementary  to  that  of  the  glass  lius  was  given  chiefly  to  eating  and  drinkingi 

used  at  the  time — ^bluish  when  the  glass  is  or-  and  was  totally  nnfit  for  the  high  position  be 

ange,  fiunt  orange  when  it  is  blue,  greenish  had  received ;  bnt  cironmstances  favored  him, 

when  the  glus  is  red ;  thus  proving,  and  it  ia  and  his  impatient  soldiers  marched  into  Italy 

believed  for  the  first  time,  that  sabjective  nnder  Valens  and  Cacina,  who  completely  de» 

eoloration  in  vision  does  not  always  wait  to  feated  the  forces  of  Otho  near  Bedriacum,  in 

tppear  after  the  vision  of  its  complementary,  Cisalpine  Ganl.    All  the  armies  of  the  empire 

or  meftiy  aronnd  it,  but  that  within  a  retina  now  acknowledged  Vitellins,  and  he  marc9bed 

sctnally  receiving  and  impressed  with  light  of  to  Rome,  which  he  seems  to  have  reached  in 

one  color,  the  subjective  vision  and  perception  July.    Bat  the  eastern  armies  revolted,  and 

of  the  color  complementary  to  it  can  at  the  proclaimed  Vespasian  emperor ;  and  Antonina 

nme  moment  exist.  Primus,  acknowledging   the  latter,  marched 

VISTULA  (Pol.   Wida;  Qtr.  WekJael)^  a  with  the  legions  of  lUyricum  into  Italy,  and. 

river  of  central  Europe,  which  has  its  source  after  defeating  the  armies  of  Yitellins,  reached 

in  the  Carpathians  near  Jablunka  in  the  S.  E.  Rome.    The  emperor  was  found  hid  in  hie 

corner  of  Austrian  Silesia,  and  traverses  Gali-  palace,  was  dragged  through  the  streets  and 

cii,  Russian  Poland,  and  Prussia,  passing  Cra-  treated  with  every  kind  of  indignity,  and  waa 

eoir,  Sandomir,    Polawy,    Warsaw,    Modlin,  finally  killed. 

Flock,  Thorn,  Kulm,  Graudenz,  and  Marien-  VITERBO,  a  delegation  of  the  Papal  Statea, 

burg.    It  ^aoharges  its  waters  into  the  Baltic  bounded  N.  by  Peru^  E.  by  Spoleto  and  Rieti| 

bj  three  months,  of  which  one  is  at  Dantzic,  S.  by  the  Comarca  di  Rioma  ana  Civita  Yecchia, 

and  tiie  other  two  open  upon  the  sound  called  and  W.  by  Tuscany  and  the  Tuscan  sea ;  areai 

the  Frisohes  Haff.    Its  length  is  about  700  m.,  1,083  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1858,  128,824.    The  sms 

and  it  is  navigable  as  far  as  Cracow.    Its  prin-  face  of  the  N.  part  is  hilly,  and  a  range  called 

opal  iffluents  are  the  Dunigec,  Save,  Wieprz,  Monte  Cimino  extends  S.  from  Monte  Soriano, 

Bog,  and  Drewenz  from  the  right,  and  the  N.  E.  of  Yiterbo,  about  80  m.  to  Monte  Yinrfnio, 

PSlk»,  Bzura,  and  Brahe  from  the  left.    It  is  near  the  lake  of  Bracciano.   The  country  £.  of 

eoonected  with  the  Dnieper  by  the  canal  of  this  ridge  belongs  to  the  basin  of  tiie  Tiber,  and 

Horodetz,  with  the  Oder  by  that  of  Bromberg,  the  region  on  the  W.  to  that  of  Lake  Bolsena. 

and  with  the  Niemen  by  that  of  Angustowo.  A  large  proportion  of  the  soil  is  fertile,  yieMina 

VITEBSK,  or  YrrspsK,  a  government  of  wine,  oil,  grain,  and  pasturage.  Alum  is  found 
Vest  Russia,  formerly  belonging  to  the  Lithu-  in  great  abundance.  The  coast  belonga  to  the 
anian  provinces  of  Poland,  bounded  by  Pskov,  malarious  marshy  district  known  as  the  Mft> 
Smolensk,  Mohilev,  Minsk,  Wilna,  Courland,  remmc—YrrsBBO,  the  capital,  is  situated  at  the 
md  livonia:  area,  17,212  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1858,  foot  of  Monte  Cimino,  about  40  m.  N.  W.  from 
2,123,904.  The  principal  river  is  the  DQna,  Rome;  pop.  14,000.  It  is  walled  and  well 
vhich  receives  most  of  the  smaller  streams  of  built,  the  material  of  the  houses  being  generally 
the  government.  The  soil  is  moderately  fer-  volcanic  tufa.  In  the  cathedral  of  this  place 
tfle,  and  moat  of  the  inhabitants  are  farmers.  Prince  Henry  of  EngUmd,  nephew  of  Henry  IIL, 
lai^  numbers  of  domestic  animals  are  reared,  was  assassinated  by  Guy  of  Montfort ;  and  be- 
ud  there  are  extensive  forests  of  valuable  tim-  fore  it  Pope  Adrian  lY.  compelled  Frederio 
ber.  The  DQna  and  its  connecting  canals  af-  Barbarossato  hold  the  stirrup  of  his  mule  while 
fold  channels  for  a  flourishing  export  trade,  he  dismounted.  There  are  nearly  60  other 
The  principal  towns,  beside  uie  capital,  are  churches,  an  episcopal  palace  of  the  18th  ceo* 
PoloiJik  and  Donabur^,  both  on  the  Dtlna. —  tury,  a  town  hall  of  about  the  same  date,  and 
ViTZBSK,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  both  sides  a  number  of  handsome  fountains.  There  ara 
of  the  Dam  at  its  confluence  with  the  Yiteba,  numerous  mineral  springs  in  the  vicinity.  The 
K  m.  N.  from  Mohilev ;  pop.  80,000.  It  is  manufactures  are  unimportant.^Yiterbo  k 
nntranded  by  ancient  walls  and  towers,  con-  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  Fa* 
ttittB  6  Roman  Catholic  and  2  Greek  monaste-  num  Yoltumn»,  where  the  Etruscan  league 
rics,  including  a  fine  convent  of  Basilian  monks,  held  its  assemblies.  The  present  town  waa 
tad  has  a  number  of  charitable  institutions,  14  founded  or  walled  by  Desiderins,  the  last  king 
ehorthea,  an  old  castle,  a  bazaar,  and  manufac-  of  the  Lombards,  about  778 ;  and  it  was  in- 
tones of  woollen  goods  and  leather.  eluded  in  the  territory  called  the  patrimony  of 

VrrELLIUS,  AuLUs,  a  Roman  emperor,  bom  8t.  Peter,  granted  by  the  countess  Matilda  to 

probably  Sept  24,  A.  D.  15,  killed  in  Rome  in  the  pope  in  1077. 

^  He  became  consul  in  48,  was  subsequently  YItET,  Ludovio,  a  French  author  and  poli- 

proeousolof  Africa,  and  afterward  legate  of  the  tician,  bom  in  Paris,  Oct.  18,  1802.    He  waa 

ttOM  province  nnder  his  brother.    He  was  a  educated  at  the  normal  school,  and  after  a  short 

&vorite  of  the  emperors  Tiberius,  Caligula,  time  devoted  to  teaching  became  a  contributor 

CUaditta,  and  Kero;  and  when  Galba  ascended  to  the  Olche  newspaper  in  1824.    Two  yean 

th«  throne  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  later,  nnder  the  title  X«f  larrioadet  (8vo.),  he 

ttsioKu  of  Lower  €krmany.    On  Jan.  8,  69,  he  published   a  series  of  dramatized   historioal 

*ai  aaluted  at  Cologne  with  the  title  of  imp^-  sketches,  which  proved  so  suocesaftd  that  the/ 


1S8                     VrrORIA.  VIVIAOT 

were  followed  hj  similar  works,  Les  itaU  de  to  the  office  of  superintending  and  imnroTing 

JKaia  (1827),  and  La  morte  de  Henri  IIL  (1829).  the  military  engines,  and  received  from  his  pat- 

The  three  have  been  reprinted  as  La  ligue  (2  ronage  a  sufficient  provision  for  his  life.    He 

Tols.  12mo.).    In  1881  he  was  appointed  in-  seems  to  have  been  unsuccessful  as  an  architect, 

■pector-general  of  historical  monuments,  an  for  only  one  buildingby  him  is  mentioned^  the 

office  established  for  his  *especial  benefit    In  basilica  at  Fanum.    His  treatise  professes  to  be 

1884  he  became  secretary-general  of  the  min-  designed  to  fiirnish  the  emperor  a  standard  by 

istry  of  commerce,  and  representative  in  the  which  to  judge  of  the  buildings  already  erected 

ohamber  of  deputies  from  the  department  of  or  to  be  erected  by  him,  and  is  a  valuable  com- 

8eine-Inf6rieure ;  in  1886  a  member,  and  a  few  pendium  of  the  works  of  Greek  write r&  on  the 

years  later  one  of  the  vice-presidents  of  the  subject,  with  chapters  on  the  proper  education 

oonncil  of  state ;  in  1889  a  member  of  the  acad-  of  an  architect  and  many  kindred  ^opics.    The 

emy  of  inscriptions,  and  in  1845  of  the  French  first  edition  was  printed  at  Rome  about  1486, 

academy.  The  revolution  of  Feb.  1848  deprived  and  it  has  been  many  times  edited  and  reprint- 

him  of  his  offices.    He  was  not  a  member  of  ed ;  the  most  valuable  critical  edition  is  tiiat  of 

the  constituent  assembly,  but  was  returned  to  J.  G.  Schneider  (8  vols.  8vo.,  Leipsic,  1807-^8), 

the  legislative  assembly,  in  which  he  sided  with  and  the  two  latest  are  those  of  Stratico  (4  vols., 

the  conservatives.    He  opposed  the  coup  d*etat  Udine,  1826-^80)  and  Marini  (4fols.  fol.,  Kome^ 

of  1861,  and  has  since  lived  in  retirement.  1836).    It  has  been  frequently  translated  into 

Among  his  best  works  are :  Ev^taehe  Le  Sueur  Italian,  French,  and  German  ;    and  Englisli 

S648),  an  essay  on  the  art  of  painting  in  France ;  translations  have  been  made  by  Robert  Castell, 

^(mographiedeVeglUede  Notre  Dame  deNoy on  with  notes  by  Inigo  Jones  and  others  (2  vols. 

(1845),  a  disquisition  on  the  architecture  of  the  fol.,  London,  1730) ;  by  W.  Newton,  with  notes 

middle  ages;  Le$  Stats  d' Orleans  (1849);  and  and  plates  (2  vols,  fol.,  London,  1771-91) ;  by 

Ls  Louvre  (1852).  W.  Wilkins  (4to.,  1812)  ;  and  by  Joseph  GwUt 

VITORIA,  or  Vittoria,  a  town  of  Spain,  (8vo.,  1826). 

capital  of  the  Basque  province  of  Alava,  situ-  VIYES,  Juak  Luis,  a  Spanish  scholar  and 

ated  on  the  road  from  Madrid  to  Bayonne,  29  m.  writer,  bom  in  Valencia  in    1492,  died    in 

8.S.E.  from  Bilbao;  pop.  10,000.    It  has  some  Bruges,  Flanders,  in  1540.    He  was  professor 

manufactures,  and  is  an  important  entrepot  of  of  belles-lettres  in  the  university  of  Louvain 

trade  between  France  and  the  central  provinces  before  he  was  80  years  of  age,  and  was  invited 

of  Spain.    It  was  probably  occupied  by  the  Ro-  to  England  by  Henry  YIIL,  who  made  him  the 

mans,  and  received  its  present  name  from  San-  tutor  of  his  daughter  Mary,  and  subsequently 

oho  el  Sabio  of  Navarre  in  commemoration  of  professor  in  Corpus  Ohristi  college,  Oxford, 

a  victory  over  the  Moors  about  1180.    On  June  He  was  imprisoned  for  opposing  the  divorce  of 

SI,  1818,  Wellington  defeated  here  the  French  Catharine  of  Aragon,  ana  on  his  release  settled 

army  under  Joseph  Bonaparte  and  Jourdan,  at  Bruges.    Budseus,  Erasmus,  and  Yives  were 

capturing  160  guns  and  (5,000,000  worth  of  called  the  triumvirs  of  the  republic  of  letters 

plunder,  the  accumulated  booty  of  the  5  years*  of  the  16th  century,  and  it  was  said  that  the 

French  occupation  of  the  peninsula,  and  driving  first  excelled  in  wit,  the  second  in  learning,  and 

the  fagitives  across  the  Pyr6n6es  into  France,  the  third  in  judgment.  Yives  was  a  voluminona 

VITRIN6A,  Campeoius,  a  Dutch  theologian,  author,  and  his  works  were  collected  at  Basel 

bom  in  Leeuwarden,  May  16,  1669,  died  in  (2  vols,  fol.,  1655)  and  Valencia  (8  vols,  fol., 

Franeker,  March  21, 1722.    He  was  educated  1782-^90).    The  most  important  are :  De  Cor- 

at  Franeker  and  Leyden,  received  from  the  ruptis  Artibvs ;  De  Religione  ;  commentaries 

latter  institution  at  tiie  age  of  20  the  degree  of  on  Augustine^s  '^  City  of  God,"  the  "  Dream 

doctor  of  divinity,  in  1681  became  professor  of  of  Scipio,"  and  the  "  Bucolics"  of  Virgil ;  and 

oriental  literature  at  Franeker,  in  1688  of  the-  several  educational  works,  volumes  of  letters, 

ology,  and  in    1698  of  sacred  history.    His  &c.    The  commentary  on  *'  The  City  of  God  " 

theological  and  exegetical  works  are  numerous,  was  placed  on  the  Index  Expurgatorivs^  because 

SBs  son,  of  the  same  name,  was  also  distin-  Vives  had  given  a  place  in  the  heavenly  man- 

gnished  as  a  theological  writer.  sions  to  Cato,  Kumn,  Camillus,  Seneca,  &c. 

VITRIOL,  Blub.    See  Coppkb,  vol.  v.  p.  682.  VIVIANI,  Vincenzo,  an  Italian  mathemati- 

VITRIOL,  Oil  of.    See  Sulphuric  Acid.  cian,  born  in  Florence,  April  5, 1622,  died  Sept. 

VITRUVIUS  POLLIO,  Marcus,  a  Roman  22,  1703.    He  was  descended  from  a  noble 

architect,  author  of  a  treatise  De  Architectura  family  of  his  native  city.    At  the  age  of  1 7  he 

LSbri  X,  from  the  prefaces  to  the  different  became  a  pupil  of  Galileo,  then  old  and  blind, 

books  of  which  is  derived  almost  our  only  and  continued  with  him  until  his  death.    After* 

knowledge  of  him.    His  birthplace  and  the  ward  he  studied  under  Torricelli,  formerly  a 

dates  of  his  birth  and  death  are  unknown ;  but  fellow  pupil.     In  1664  Louis  XIV.  included 

he  appears  to  have  served  as  a  military  engi-  him  in  the  list  of  foreign  savants  on  whom 

Beer  under  Julius  Ciesar  in  Africa  in  46  B.  C.,  he  bestowed  pensions ;    and  in  16G6  he  be- 

and  he  was  an  old  man  when  he  wrote  his  came  first  mathematician  of  the  grand  duke 

work,  which  is  dedicated  to  the  reigning  em-  of   Tuscany.     He   wrote   numerous   matho- 

Cror,  who  was  probably  Augustus.    He  says  matical  treatises,  but  his  ^reat  works  were 

>  was  appointed  by  him,  with  three  others^  the  restoration  of  the  treatise  of  Arist»us,  a 


188  YLADIMIB  YOGT 

tween  them,  in  which  Oleg  was  slain  and  hia  to  the  apoatlea ;  and  the  order  of  St.  Yladimir 
possessions  taken  by  his  brother.  Vladimir,  was  founded  in  his  honor  bj  Catharine  IL 
fearing  a  similar  fate,  fled  to  the  Yarannans,  YODEKA,  or  Yodhbna.  Bee  Edbssa. 
and  Novgorod  was  quietly  occupied  by  xaro*  YOGEL.  I.  JoHANvKABLCHBisTOPHyaGer- 
polk.  In  980  Yladimir  returned  with  a  large  man  educator  and  physvcist,  bom  at  Stadt  Din, 
body  of  troops,  declared  war  against  his  broth-  in  Soh  warzburg-Rudolstadt,  July  1 9, 1795.  His 
er,  and  marched  on  Kiev,  the  capital  of  his  father  was  an  eminent  physician,  and  subse< 
territory.  By  the  treadierous  aavice  of  hia  quently  professor  of  medicine  in  the  univer&i- 
chief  councillor  Blude,  Yaropolk  gave  himself  ty  of  Kasan.  He  was  educated  at  the  nniver- 
np  totiie  mercy  of  Yladimir,  who  ordered  him  sity  of  Jena,  and  in  1816  became  instructor  in 
to  be  put  to  death.  Blude  for  three  days  was  ancient  languages  at  Tharand,  and  subsequent- 
treated  with  the  highest  distinction,  at  the  end  ly  a  teacher  in  an  institution  near  Dresden.  In 
of  which  time  the  king  said  to  him :  *'  I  have  1821  he  was  appointed  assistant  director  and 
now  fulfilled  my  promise ;  as  executor  Of  jus-  in  1824  director  of  the  state  high  school  at 
tice  I  condemn  you  to  death  ;*'  and  the  traitor  Crefeld,  and  in  1832  director  of  the  Burger^ 
was  immediately  executed.  The  Yarangians  ichuU  at  Leipsio,  where  he  soon  after  com- 
were  also  ungratefully  treated ;  they  were  per-  menced  the  establishment  of  a  polytechnic 
mitted  to  seek  refuge  in  the  Byzantine  empire,  school.  He  introduced  a  complete  system  of 
but  before  they  reached  it  the  emperor  was  pri-  gradation  in  the  schools  of  the  kingdom,  e»- 
vately  informed  of  their  coming,  and  they  were  toblishing  elementary,  burgher,  and  real  or  high 
all  taken.  Yladimir  was  now  monarch  of  an  schools  in  every  considerable  town.  He  has 
empire  which  extended  from  the  Black  to  the  published  a  large  number  of  text  books,  has 
neighborhood  of  the  Baltic  sea.  He  engaged  also  written  much  on  the  subject  of  teaching, 
in  wars  with  the  neighboring  states,  in  most  and  since  1851  has  edited  Die  Adhere  Bur- 
of  which  he  was  successful.  His  dominions  gerschule,  on  educational  journal.  II.  Eusa, 
embraced  many  tribes,  who,  though  nominally  daughter  of  the  preceding,  bom  in  1823,  is  the 
aubject,  had  been  really  independent  These  author  of  several  works  of  fiction,  which  have 
he  compelled  to  respect  his  authority,  and  in  had  an  extensive  circulation ;  and  one  of  them, 
order  to  bind  his  subjects  still  more  closely  by  Musikaliache  Marehen  (Leipsic,  1852),  has 
the  influence  of  religious  feeling,  he  erected  at  acquired  a  reputation  out  of  Germany.  IIL 
Kiev  the  idols  of  Perun,  the  supreme  god  of  the  Eduaro,  a  German  traveller,  brother  of  the 
Slavi,  and  other  inferior  deities,  and  often  sac-  preceding,  bom  in  Crefeld,  Prussia,  March 
rificed  to  them  a  number  of  prisoners.  He  had  7, 1829,  murdered  in  the  kingdom  of  Waday  in 
numerous  wives  and  concubines,  and  accord-  Soodan,  Africa,  in  1856.  He  studied  astrono- 
ing  to  the  chronicles  no  woman  in  the  country  my  at  Berlin  under  Prof.  Encke,  and  was  attach- 
was  secure  from  him.  As  the  fame  of  his  mili-  ed  for  two  years  to  Mr.  Bishop's  observatory 
tary  exploits  was  great,  it  became  an  object  with  in  Regent's  park,  London,  where  he  aided  Kr. 
the  neighboring  nations  to  convert  him  to  their  Hind  m  making  several  astronomical  discov- 
religion ;  but  Yladimir  despatched  delegates  eries.  In  1852,  the  British  government  being 
to  the  surrounding  Christian  and  non-Christian  desirous  to  send  out  'another  assistant  to  Dr. 
countries  to  inspect  their  forms  of  worship  Barth,  Dr.  Yogel  volunteered  his  servicca,  and 
and  to  report.  The  Greek  church,  which  had  left  London,  accompanied  by  two  volunteers 
many  converts  in  Bu8sia,was  the  one  upon  which  from  the  corps  of  sappers  and  miners,  in  Feb. 
he  finally  decided ;  but  as  he  coupled  ambitious  1853,  taking  with  hua  a  full  supply  of  astro- 
views  with  his  conversion,  he  began  an  attack  nomical,  magnetical,  and  other  instruments.  He 
upon  the  frontiers  of  the  Greek  empire,  and  laid  reached  Moorzook  in  Fezzan,  Aug.  8, 1853 ;  and 
siege  to  Thcodosia  in  the  Crimea.  After  its  cap-  in  Jan.  1854,  he  arrived  at  Lake  Tchad,  and 
ture  he  sent  to  Constantinople  demanding  the  proceeded  to  Kuka,  expecting  to  meet  Dr. 
hand  of  the  princess  Anna,  aaughter  of  the  em-  Barth,  who  was  absent  on  a  journey  to  Tim- 
peror  Romanus  II.  and  sister  of  the  reigning  buctoo.  On  Dec.  1,  1854,  Dr.  Barth  returned, 
emperors  Constantine  and  Basilius,  threatening  and  met  Dr.  Yogel  at  Bundi,  280  m.  W.  of 
war  in  case  of  refusal,  and  promising  alliance  Kuka,  whence  the  former  started  on  his  return 
and  the  adoption  of  the  faith  of  the  Greeks  in  to  Europe,  while  Yogel  and  his  companions 
case  of  compliance.  His  demand  was  assented  remained  in  Africa  to  prosecute  their  explora- 
to,  and  he  was  accordingly  baptized,  and  imme-  tions.  He  visited  Takoba,  crossed  the  Cnadda 
diately  set  about  the  task  of  establishing  Chris-  in  April,  1855,  and  penetrated  into  the  king- 
tianity  and  destroying  paganism.  He  built  dom  of  Waday,  where  he  was  detained  for 
ohurdies,  founded  seminaries  for  education,  some  time,  and  finally  beheaded, 
and,  according  to  Russian  accounts,  became  YOGT,  Eabl,  a  German  savant,  born  at 
thoroughly  changed  in  his  character.  His  later  Giessen,  July  5,  1817,  where  his  father,  a  well 
years  were  disturbed  by  the  rebellion  of  Nov-  known  author  of  valuable  medical  works,  was 
gorod,  at  the  head  of  which  his  son  Taroslav  a  professor  in  the  university.  He  began  in  18S3 
put  himself;  and  on  his  march  to  suppress  the  the  study  of  medicine,  and  in  1835  removed 
msurrection  he  died,  having  divided  his  em-  with  his  father  to  Bern,  where  he  studied  anat- 
pire  among  his  12  sons.  By  the  Russian  omy  and  physiology  under  Yalentin.  In  1835 
church  he  b  made  a  saint,  and  deemed  equal  he  went  to  Neufch4tel,  where  he  spent  5  years 


140  Yoicn 

by  the  vibration  of  the  vocal  ligaments  oansed  the  larynx,  as  can  be  easaly  demonstrated  by 
by  forcible  expiration  of  the  air  from  the  bron-  placing  the  hand  upon  the  chest  of  a  speaker 
chial  tubes  and  trachea,  the  ligaments  having  while  he  is  uttering  deej^heavy  tones.    In  the 
first  been  rendered  more  or  less  tense  by  the  female  voice  and  the  tenor  voice  of  the  male, 
action  of  the  muscles  we  have  described,  and  on  the  other  hand,  the  velum  palati,  the  ton- 
sometimes  in  part  also  by  the  column  of  air  sils,  the  posterior  nares,  the  nasal  and  buccal 
expelled.   In  the  low  notes,  the  vocal  ligaments  cavities,  and  the  maxiUary  and  frontal  sinuses 
are  relaxed,  and  only  rendered  tense  by  the  all  modify  greatly  the  sounds  of  the  voice, 
pressure  of  the  air,  and  hence  these  are  some-  though  none  of  them  have  any  active  share  in 
times  called  chest  notes ;  in  the  high  notes,  on  producing  it.    Some  writers  even  go  so  far  as 
the  contrary,  the  muscles  are  called  into  action,  to  attribute  to  the  spinal  column  and  the  ab- 
and  the  cords  and  ligaments  are  thereby  ren-  dominal  cavity  considerable  influence  in  modi- 
dered  exceedingly  tense,  while  the  glottis  is  fying  the  tones  or  quality  of  the  voice.    The 
narrowed,  and  intermediate  notes  are  produced  so  called  ^^  nasal  tones^'  result,  as  is  well  known, 
by  a  more  moderate  degree  of  muscular  exer-  from  an  obstruction  of  the  posterior  nares  or 
tion.    The  prominence  of  the  thyroid  cartilage  of  the  frontal  sinus,  which  prevents  the  pas- 
in  men  gives  the  vocal  ligaments  a  greater  sage  of  the  vibrations  of  the  air  through  the 
length  than  those  in  women  in  the  proportion  nasal  and  frontal  cavities.    Speech  notes  have 
of  8  to  2 ;  and  from  the  greater  vibration  conse-  been  divided  into  simple  and  compound.     Tlie 
quent  upon  this  their  voices  are  deeper  and  simple  consist  of  a  single  rising  or  falling  move- 
heavier,  while  they  are  also  incapable  of  the  ment  of  the  voice,  which  may  extend  from  a 
extreme  tension  which  characterizes  the  best  semitone  up  *to  an  octave.    We  have  therefore 
female  voices.    Male  voices  are  classed  accord-  8  rising  and  as  many  falling  simple  speech 
ing  to  the  vibratory  power  of  the  vocal  cords  notes,  or  16  in  all,  in  which  the  voice  passes 
as  base,  baritone,  or  tenor,  the  last  being  the  through  equal  spaces  in  equal  times.    But  the 
highest,  and  dependent  upon  the  inferior  length  voice  is  retarded  or  accelerated  either  in  the 
of  the  vocal  cords.    Female  voices  in  like  man-  beginning,  middle,  or  end  of  some  speech  notes, 
ner  are  classed  as  contralto,  mezzo-soprano,  so  that  it  passes  through  unequal  spaces   in 
and  soprano.    The  laryngeal  nerves  supplied  equal  times.    The  compound  speech  notes  con- 
to  the  muscles  of  the  larynx  are  liable  to  pa-  sist  of  both  the  simple  vocal  movements  (up- 
ralysis,  which  destroys  the  voice  by  taking  ward  and  downward),  combined  in  a  variety 
away  the  power  of  rendering  the  vocal  liga-  of  circumflexes.    Dr.  Rush  classifies  these  cir- 
ments  tense.    Dr.  Bennati,  an  Italian  physi-  cumflexes  as  follows : 

cian  who  died  a  few  years  ago,  devoted  much      L— Tn«  Numbbb  of  ComTirnxNT  Yooal  MovmocaiTi. 

attention  to  the  investigation  of  the  voice.    He  J-  5J°P^®  cireumflex  consiats  of  two  movements. 

^^^^,,^^^A    «-   ^««  «^flr.i4.   ^fi  k!o    «f,-.;i:Ac.    ♦I^ft*  2.  Compound  circumflex  coMiati  of  three  moTementa, 

announced   as   one  result  of  his    studies    that  g.  continuous  circumflex  consists  of  more  than  throe  more- 

phonation,  or  the  sounds  of  the  voice  in  speak-         ments. 

mg,  had    been   very  improperly  confounded       IL— Tn»  Duvcnoir  of  tb»  Fi«st  Yooal  Motxirkt. 

with  modulation,  or  the  sounds  of  the  voice  in  !•  Direct  circumflex  has  the  first  an  upward  moTement. 

Binging.     In  the  production  of  the  former  the  *•  l"''"'^  clrcumflei  h..  tb.  llnt .  aown««l  movement. 

larynx  alone  was  concerned,  while  in  the  latter  ,    "'T^  Di«.k..o».  or  th.  Tooa..  M"™--^ 

.,  1         *  xv     I.      •-!   I  fi  i.1.^  A. ^  1.  Equal  circumflex,  each  movement  of  equal  dimension. 

the  muscles  of  the  nyoid  bone,  of  the  tongue,  j.  unequal  circumflex,  each  movement  of  unequal  dimea- 

and  of  the  upper  anterior  and  posterior  parts         sion. 

of  the  vocal  tube  materially  modified  the  voice.  Acceleration  or  retardation  of  the  circumflex 

The  ordinary  compass  of  tiie  voice  in  singing  speech  note  may  occur  at  its  beginning  or  in 

in  the  laryngeal  notes  is  about  2  octaves.    Sev-  any  part  of  its  course,  as  in  the  simple  speech 

eral  eminent  singers  have  been  able  to  extend  note,  or  it  may  move  through  equal  spaces  in 

their  voices  to  3  octaves,  and  Oatalani^s  voice  equal  times.    The  variation  of  the  circumflex 

is  said  to  have  had  a  compass  of  8^.    In  speak-  as  weU  as  of  the  simple  speech  note  in  ordinary 

ing,  the  range  of  the  voice  is  much  less  than  in  use  is  very  great,  and  accounts  for  the  groat 

singing,  li  octaves  being  the  utmost  limit  with  number  of  sounds  which  are  heard  in  human 

go^  speakers. — ^The  musical  sounds  of  the  utterance.    The  voice  in  4ts  speech  notes  varies 

voice  are  treated  under  the  title  Music,  and  we  in  quantity  from  the  moderate  and  quiet  tones 

shall  therefore  speak  in  this  article  only  of  of  ordinary  conversation,  ranging  only  from  8 

phonation.    While  the  larnyx  alone  is  directly  to  5  notes  on  the  scale,  to  the  impressive  and 

concerned  in  the  production  of  the  speech  impassioned  utterances  of  the  more  powerful 

notes,  it  would  exhibit  a  very  partial  and  im-  emotions,  in  their  natural  expression  or  in  their 

perfect  view  of  the  subject  were  we  to  omit  all  rendering  by  a  skilful  elocutionist,  and  the  fall 

reference  to  the  indirect  influences  exerted  orotund  notes  of  the  orator.    In  conversation, 

upon  it  by  other  orsans,  muscles,  and  cavities  the  perfect  speech  note  in  woman  blends  some- 

of  the  body.    The  deep,  or,  as  they  are  often  thing  of  oral  softness  with  laryngeal  firmnesa, 

called,  the  chest  notes  of  the  base  voice  are  and  avoids  the  high  sharp  notes  of  the  soprano  ; 

due  in  part  to  the  action  of  the  intercostal  in  man,  the  firmness  of  the  laryngeal  note  is 

muscles,  and  to  the  expansion  and  contraction  modified  by  a  degree  of  pectoral  depth,  though 

of  the  trachea  and  bronchi,  which  force  an  in-  avoiding  the  other  extreme  of  the  low  notes 

creased  volume  of  air  from  the  lungs  through  of  the  base,  the  tenor  for  male  and  ^e  contralto 


142  VOLCANO 

YOLO  ANO  (Lat  VuleanuBy  the  god  of  fire\  relieve  the  sabtemnean  moTements  caoied  by 

an  opening  in  the  ornst  of  the  earth  from  whicn  the  commotion  of  the  bodiea  of  molten  matter 

proceed  heated  gaeea  sometimes  in  flames,  vol-  in  the  interior ;  or  it  may  be  that  tiiis  relief 

nmes  of  steam,  ernptions  of  ashes  mixed  with  may  come  by  the  outbreak  of  volcanoes  maoy 

Bcorin  and  large  stones  which  are  often  red>hot,  hundred  mUes  distant.     The  earthquake  of 

and  currents  of  melted  rock,  called  lava.    The  Kew  Madrid,  Missouri,  in  1811~'12,  which  con- 

Shenomenon  is  chiefly  limited  to  certain  regions  tinned^  almost  incessantly  for  several  months, 
1  different  parts  of  the  earth,  which  are  known  is  spoken  of  by  Humboldt  as  a  remarkable  in- 
as  voloanio  districts;  and  in  these  districts  es-  stance  of  such  a  phenomenon  far  from  any  ?oI- 
tablished  and  permanent  vents  may  continue  cano.    It  is  supposed,  however,  on  aocoont  of 
constantly  sending  forth  smoke  and  flame,  like  the  oontemporaneous  shocks  which  destroyed 
Stromboli  on  one  of  the  Lipari  islands  in  the  the  cities  of  Caracas  and  La  Guayra  in  Vene- 
Mediterranean ;  or  eruptions  of  more  fearftd  zuela,  that  this  district  may  be  upon  a  raoge  of 
character  may  take  place  at  irregular  intervals,  volcanic  tracts,  overlying  a  subterranean  ocean 
which  may  be  separated  by  the  laps6  of  bun-  of  lava,  that  extends  from  the  Andes  of  Gbiii 
dreds  of  years.    The  matters  thrown  out  from  northward  through  Mexico,  and  possibly  is 
volcanoes   generally  accumulate  around   the  continued  on  to  the  volcanic  district  of  Call- 
openings  or  craters  till  they  build  up  a  hill,  or  fomia  and  Oregon. — ^A  communication  from 
even  a  mountain  several  thousand  feet  high ;  the  interior  being  opened  to  the  surface,  the 
but  the  vent  may  continue  for  a  long  time  at  a  power  of  the  elastic  forces  beneath  is  exhibited 
low  level,  and  is  even  formed  beneath  the  sea,  in  the  eruption  of  clouds  of  steam  and  floods 
sometimes  without  rising  above  its  surface,  of  hot  water,  which  ofteii  bring  up  immense 
Instances  have  occurred,  of  which  one  is  de-  quantities  of  earthy  matters  in  the  form  of 
scribed  in  the  article  Gbaham  Island,  of  a  mud;  and  to  such  products  the  eruption  is 
volcanic  eruption  suddenly  forming  an  island  in  sometimes  altogether  limited.     The  currents 
the  midst  of  the  sea.   In  the  case  alluded  to,  the  of  mud  pouring  out  from  the  craters  have  in 
island  remained  for  some  time,  and  then  disap-  some  of  the  volcanoes  in  the  Andes,  described 
peared,beingwashedawayby  the  waves.  Oth-  by  Humboldt,  attained  enormous  dimensions, 
er  volcanoes  that  have  been  suddenly  raised  up  so  as  to  fill  up  valleys  and  cover  a  wide  sur- 
have  remained  permanently  in  the  form  of  face  of  country.     The  outflow,  whether  of 
mountains.    Such  are  the  volcano  of  Jorullo  mud  or  of  lava,  is  not  always  limited  to  a  sin- 
in  Mexico  (see  Jorullo),  and  the  volcano  of  gle  crater;  but  several  have  been  known  to 
Monte  Kuovo  (see  Vesuvius).    The  greatest  vol-  open  in  the  same  vicinity,  as  around  the  side 
canic  mountdns,  as  Etna,  Hecla,  and  Vesuvius,  of  a  mountain,  and  continue  in  action  at  the 
are  produced  by  accumulations  of  volcanic  same  time.    By  their  falling  into  each  other, 
matters,  as  beds  of  lava,  ashes,  and  scorias,  or  by  the  enlarging  of  a  single  crater,  immense 
sometimes  alternating  with  beds  deposited  be-  chasms  are  formed  of  great  depth,  sometimes 
neath  the  sea  charged  with  the  vestiges  of  ma-  several  miles  in  circumference.    These  are  dis- 
rine  animals,  the  collection  of  which  must  have  tinguished  from  the  craters  by  the  name  of 
occupied  long  periods  of  time.    This  is  espe-  eaUeras^  the  Spanish  word  for  caldrons,  and 
dally  apparent  m  the  case  of  Etna.    Volcanoes  in  the  base  of  these  soon  appear  new  craten 
sometimes  remain  inactive  so  long  as  to  lose  which   not  only  introduce  great  changes  in 
their  peculiar  character ;  but  they  may  at  any  the  form  of  the  calderas,  but  modify  the  form 
time  break  forth  again.     Vesuvius  was  not  and  add  to  the  dimensions  of  the  volcanic 
known  to  the  ancients  as  a  volcano,  though  pile.     This,  too,  may  change  by  subsidence 
it  was  apparent  from  the  form  of*  the  moun-  of  any  portion  of  it. — ^The  lavas  which  form 
tain  and  the  materials  of  which  it  was  com-  the  great  bulk  of  volcanic  products  consist 
posed,  that  such  must  have  been  its  char-  of  a  variety  of  mineral  substances  brought  to- 
acter  at  some  former  period.     The  earliest  gether  in  a  more  or  less  liquid  condition  by 
eruptions  of  Etna  of  known  date  commenced  fusion.    When  thoroughly  melted,  the  product 
about  2,800  years  ago,  and  of  Vesuvius  nearly  is  a  homogeneous  mass,  whioh  when  saddeQly 
18  centuries  back.     Ancient  volcanic  moun-  cooled  assumes  a  glassy  character  and  is  known 
tains  are  met  with  in  Hungary,  in  central  as  obsidian.    A  few  volcanoes,  as  that  in  the 
France,  and  other  places,  of  whose  eruptions  Island  of  Bourbon,  produce  this  kind  of  lara 
no  record  exists.     Such  are  termed  extinct  almost  exclusively ;  and  itisfound  toagreate^ 
volcanoes,  but  they  may  again  become  active,  or  less  extent  among  the  lavas  of  almost  aU 
— Volcanic   action    is   usually   preceded   by  volcanoes.    All  lavas,  when  thoroughly  melted 
earthquakes,  which  may  continue  for  a  long  and  suddenly  cooled,  assume  this  glassy  eon- 
time.    By  these  the  earth  is  rent  open  in  fls-  dition.    But  the  more  common  kind  of  lava  is 
Bures   through  which   volcanic   matters   are  that  known  as  the  stony,  which  even  when 
ejected,  and  in  which  they  become  consoli-  flowing  in  a  current  consists,  as  muntained  by 
dated,  forming  what   are  known   as   dikes.  Mr.  6.  Poulett  Scrope,  of  the  crystalline  grains 
Previous  to  the  production  of  Monte  Nuovo,  of  minerals  at  a  red  or  white  heat,  bnt  not 
earthquakes  had  been  of  common  occurrence  fused,  kept  apart  by  the  intervention  of  water 
along   the  Neapolitan  shore  for  two  years,  or  of  aqueous  vapor  in  a  peculiar  state  of  con* 
But  volcanic  eruptions  do  not  always  occur  to  densation  and  adhesion  to  their  surflioe,  whioo 


VOLOOrO  148 

idniti  of  their  moTiiig  as  freel/  one  npon  ordinary  flashes  of  lightning,  are  a  remarkable 
iDother  as  if  the  fusion  were  complete.  As  phenomenon,  espeoiaTly  at  night  over  the  cra- 
Uie  ptrtklas  become  consolidated  on  cooling,  ters.  The  cause  of  these,  for  a  long  time  un* 
they  form  Toloanio  rocks,  such  as  the  tra-  explained,  is  now  understood  to  be  the  fHction 
cbytM,  in  which  the  particles  remain  distinct;  of  the  ptftides  of  aqaeous  vapor  against  the 
lod  in  this  their  stmctnre  is  like  that  of  the  stony  substances  with  which  they  are  intermiz- 
roeb  daswd  as  igneous,  as  granite  and  gneiss,  ed ;  andtiie  phenomenon  is  exemplified  by  die 
I1)«  oompaotness  of  tiie  stony  lavas  varies  with  electricity  developed  on  the  jet  of  escape  steam 
Um  degree  of  pressore  to  which  they  are  sub-  from  a  boiler  bemg  directed  against  any  hard 
jeded  while  cooling.  The  current  of  lava,  substance.  The  enormous  power  required  to 
eooliog  under  tiie  pressure  of  the  atmosphere,  raise  a  column  of  melted  lava  2}  times  as  heavy 
larames  an  open  cellular  structure  from  the  as  water  to  the  summit  of  mountains,  can  un- 
gual escape  of  tiie  aqueous  particles  mixed  questionably  be  furnished  by  the  expansion  of 
among  the  mineral  substances.  Sometimes  the  steam  at  high  temperatures;  and  when  heated 
steam  in  escaping  so  distends  the  mineral  sub-  to  1000"  F.  it  is  calculated  that  the  power  ex- 
stanoe  as  to  give  it  the  form  of  pumice.  Oooled  erted  should  be  more  than  sufficient  to  sustain 
imder  the  surface  of  water,  the  lava  is  found  a  column  of  melted  lava  even  at  the  summit 
to  be  much  naore  compact;  and  that  cooled  of  the  peak  of  Teneriffe,  which  is  12,000  feet 
baneath  a  heavy  pressure  of  superincumbent  above  the  sea;  and  that  such  temperature  is  at- 
manes  of  rook,  hundreds  or  thousands  of  feet  tained  is  evident  from  its  effect  in  melting  met- 
thi^  must  doubtless  be  as  compact  as  the  als  exposed  to  its  influence.— Steam,  as  already 
aneieot  basaltic  formations,  the  composition  remarked,  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  prod- 
of  vhich  is  like  that  of  modern  lavas.  While  nets  of  volcanoes,  and  it  is  notable  that  the 
Che  lavaa  of  different  volcanic  districts  possess  situation  of  these  is  generally  near  the^a  or 
the  avne  general  character  and  com^ition.  accessible  to  other  large  bodies  of  water;  and 
those  from  different  localities,  like  varieties  of  in  the  vicinity  of  extinct  volcanoes  are  usually 
the  lame  rock  from  different  places,  have  some  found  indications  of  ancient  lakes  or  bays  from 
pacoliarities  by  which  they  mav  be  recognized,  which  the  water  has  disappeared.  But,  as  re- 
Iheie  may  conMt  in  the  prevalence  of  particu-  marked  by  Prof.  J.  D.  Dana  in  his  observations 
lar  Biiaersla,  a  great  variety  of  which  are  found  on  the  volcanoes  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  the 
crjitaUized  in  the  cavities  of  lavas ;  or  a  single  prodigious  volume  of  atmospheric  water  ab- 
tficim  may  be  peculiar  to  the  lavas  of  a  cer-  sorbed  through  the  porous  lava  of  which  the 
tatn  district.  The  minerals  of  which  lava  is  .volcanic  mountains  are  composed,  may  of  itself 
DoaCly  compocHdd  are  feldspar  and  augite  (or  aflbrd  sufficient  steam  for  propelling  the  melt- 
hornblende),  and  oxide  of  iron ;  and  through  ed  matters  upward  even  to  the  summit  of  conee 
tU  mass  nude  np  of  these  are  interspersed  S  miles  high.  An  excellent  illustration  of  the 
amneroas  others,  often  crystallized,  many  of  power  of  steam  thus  dispersed  to  produce  such 
vhjdk  are  also  ooounon  to  the  ancient  crystal-  an  effect  is  afforded  upon  a  small  scale  in  the 
hae  rocksw  Among  the  most  abundant  of  these  explosions  which  take  place  in  the  tall  blast  fhr- 
ire  olivine,  leacite,  garnet,  idocrase,  epidote,  naces  used  for  smelting  iron,  when  these  are  too 
sad  fltilbite.  Sulphur,  the  presence  of  which  rapidly  heated  before  the  mortar  used  in  the 
m  ?iat  quantitiea  is  indicated  in  the  fumes  that  mason  work  has  become  thoroughly  dry.  Of 
oeape  from  the  crater,  is  found  in  various  the  active  volcanoes  remote  from  the  sea,  some 
oKtaiUe  combinations,  and,  sublimed  by  the  of  the  most  important  are  Sangay  and  Fragua 
heat,  coQecta  around  the  walls  of  many  era-  of  the  Andes  group,  the  one  112  and  the  other 
ten;  and  If  it  be  removed,  new  layers  soon  156  miles  from  the  coast.  In  central  Asia  the 
f>thef  even  daring  the  periods  of  comparative  two  volcanoes  of  Pe-shan  and  Ho-tcheou,  in  the 
npoae  of  the  volcano.  The  ashes  projected  Thian-shan  mountains,  are  about  1,500  miles 
fivm  the  craters  are  but  the  comminutea  frag-  distant  either  from  the  Arctic  or  Ind[ian  ocean. 
OKBtiof  the  lavaa;  and  with  them  are  thrown  — The  quantity  of  volcanic  matter  brought  to 
aot  the  Itt^ser  fragments  termed  scoria),  to-  the  surface  during  the  eruption  of  volcanoes  is 
9>ther  with  maases  of  rock  of  all  sizes.  In  often  wonderful  for  its  magnitude;  and  among 
diaerafter  the  mineral  substances,  more  or  less  the  most  striking  examples  are  the  grdat  beds 
thoroughly  oMlted,  are  pressed  upward  by  the  of  lava  and  ashes  under  which  Herculaneum  and 
axptnaon  of  the  elastic  vapors  oeneath ;  and  Pompeii  were  buried,  and  the  formation  in  a 
>■  the  force  of  these  fluctuates,  tiie  fluid  mass  short  time  of  the  mountain  of  Jornllo  in  Mexico 
riaca  and  fidla,  often  with  great  violence  and  in  1750,  and  that  of  Monte  Kuovo  in  1588,  al- 
^jtfoogh  long  distances.  By  sudden  produc-  ready  referred  to.  The  currents  of  lava  which 
^  and  escape  tA  great  bodies  of  steam,  the  flowed  for  two  years,  commencing  in  1738, 
^va^ted  fragments  are  thrown  with  immense  from  the  Skapta  Jokul  in  Iceland,  extended  in 
**te  lugfa  into  the  air,  and  the  sky  is  filled  one  direction  50  ul  and  in  another  40  m.,  with 
«ith  the  fine  atony  particles,  which  float  away  breadths  respectively  of  15  and  7  m.  The  lava 
la  Toleanio  ashea,  and  are  finally  precipitated  covered  a  large  portion  of  the  surface  over 
^  the  surface,  it  may  be  hundreds  of  miles  which  it  flowed  to  the  depth  of  100  feet,  and 
^Btaat  (See  Aaaas,  voL  iL  p.  202.)  In  these  in  the  valleys  sometimes  attained  a  depth  of 
^f^iptktts  flashea  of  ^eebio  light,  greater  tiian  600  feet    Its  total  bulk  has  been  estimated  at 


144 


VOLCANO 


21  cobio  milefl.  The  lava  cnrrents  of  Yesn- 
yias  in  1787  have  been  estimated  at  over 
83,680,000  cubic  feet,  and  in  1794  at  about 
46,000,000 ;  and  those  of  Etna  in  1669  at  about 
94,000,000  cubic  feet.  The  eruptions  in  the 
Sandwich  islands  have  also  been  remarkable 
of  late  years  for  their  enormous  quantities  of 
lava.  One  of  the  most  no^ed  of  these  is  Mauna 
Loa  in  Hawaii.  (See  Mauna  Loa.) — Volcanoes 
vary  greatly  in  the  frequency  of  their  eruptions, 
and  the  same  volcano  is  generaUy  very  une- 
qual in  its  periods  of  activity  and  quiescence. 
Periods  of  inactivity  extend  to  any  time,  and 
at  Ischia  an  interval  of  17  centuries  between 
two  successive  eruptions  is  recorded.  Some 
volcanoes  however  continue  almost  incessantly 
in  action.  This  is  especially  the  case  witli 
Stromboli,  which  for  full  2,000  years  has  been 
burning  and  sending  forth  lava  which  hourly 
ascends  and  overflows  the  sides  of  the  crater. 
The  volcano  of  Rancagua  in  Chili  is  of  similar 
character.  The  most  active  of  all  known  vol- 
canoes is  Sangay,  a  mountain  S.  E.  of  Quito, 
17,000  feet  high,  which  has  been  in  eruption 
ever  since  1728,  and  every  quarter  of  an  hour 
exhibits  the  greatest  quantity  of  fiery  and 
widely  luminous  eruptions  of  scorisD.  The  ra- 
pidity of  its  explosions  sometimes  causes  a  con- 
tinuous roar,  which  istso  loud  that  it  has  been 
heard  at  a  distance  of  348  geographical  miles. — 
The  great  mtgority  of  volcanoes,  active  and 
inactive,  are  near  the  coast  of  the  Pacific  ocean 
and  upon  its  islands,  including  Australia  and 
New  Zealand.  This  ocean  may  in  fact  be  re- 
garded as  a  vast  basin  bordered  by  an  almost 
continuous  line  of  recent  and  extinct  volcanoes, 
and  of  rocks  of  igneous  origin,  and  owing  its 
conformation  to  subterranean  movements,  of 
which  the  volcanic  outbreaks  are  the  exponents. 
As  enumerated  by  Humboldt,  the  total  number 
of  volcanoes  in  action  upon  the  globe  during 
the  last  100  years  amounts  to  226,  and  the  total 
number  extinct  and  active  to  407,  which  are 
distributed  as  follows : 


BegioBi. 

ActlTe. 

TotaL 

Europe ,.,... 

4 
8 
1 

15 

110 

6 

86 

56 

T 

Atlantio  islAndM 

U 

AMca 

8 

Continental  Astn 

85 

AsiAtio  islAods 

189 

Indian  ocean 

9 

8outh  sea 

40 

America 

180 

Total 

925 

40T 

The  actual  number  no  doubt  greatly  exceeds 
these  figures,  especially  in  the  islands  of  the 
Padfic,  very  many  of  which  are  of  volcanic 
character ;  and  in  the  vast  archipelago  around 
Borneo,  from  the  Nicobar  islands  to  the  Phil- 
ippines, it  is  stated  by  M.  Laugel  in  the  Be- 
9U6  deB  devx  monda,  xiii.  368,  that  the  num- 
ber of  volcanoes  is  fully  900.  Java  alone  is 
said  by  F.  Junghuhn  to  contain  46  and  Sumatra 
19.  Nearly  all  the  volcanoes  are  found  within 
80®  of  the  equator ;  and  the  others  are  scatter- 
ed over  all  latitudes,  even  to  Mt  Erebus  in  lat. 


77"*  82'  N.  In  America  they  are  most  numer- 
ous along  the  rduge  of  the  Andes,  upon  which 
are  found  the  highest  volcanic  peaks  on  the 
globe.  The  most  elevated  of  these  is  Goto- 
paxi,  the  summit  of  which  is  18,858  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.*  Few  of  the  vol- 
canoes of  America  are  near  the  Atlantic.  Three 
are  met  with  in  the  chain  of  the  Lesser  An- 
tilles in  the  West  Indies,  and  a  few  in  Central 
America  and  Mexico  are  not  very  remote  from 
the  coast ;  but  the  great  minority,  from  the 
southern  extremity  of  South  America  to  the 
polar  regions,  are  near  the  Pacific.  In  the  Unit- 
ed States,  the  only  volcanoes  are  found  near  the 
coasts  of  Oregon  and  California,  and  these  have 
never  been  known  as  remarkably  active.  The 
Bocky  mountains  exhibit  indications  in  manj 
places  of  ancient  volcanic  action.  Fisher's 
peak  in  Arkansas  appears  to  be  an  extinct  vol- 
cano. Central  America  contains  18  active  vol- 
canoes, and  Mexico  6.  In  Europe,  the  chief 
volcanic  district  is  that  of  Italy,  Sicily,  and 
the  neighboring  islands,  containing  the  active 
volcanoes  of  Vesuvius,  Etna,  Stromboli,  &c. 
Another  is  that  of  the  Grecian  archipelago,  in 
which  the  most  active  volcano  is  Santorin  on 
the  island  of  Thera.  In  the  Atlantic  ocean  are 
many  volcanic  islands,  of  which  the  most  re- 
markable are  Iceland,  Teneriffe,  and  Pico  of 
the  Azores.  Others  of  the  Azores  and  of  the 
Canaries,  and  other  islands  off  the  coast  of  Eu- 
rope and  Africa,  exhibit  indications  of  having 
formerly  been  volcanic.  Between  Cape  Palinas 
on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa  and  Cape  St.  Roque 
on  the  E.  coast  of  South  America,  in  the  nar- 
rowest part  of  the  ocean,  is  a  tract  frequently 
disturbed  by  earthquake  shocks,  and  supposed 
to  be  of  volcanic  character  beneath  the  sea.  It 
is  traced  over  about  9  degrees  of  longitude  and 
8  or  4  degrees  of  latitude.  The  bottom  pre- 
sents great  irregularities  of  surface,  protruding 
upward  in  peaks  between  which  are  deep  de- 
pressions. Many  volcanoes,  both  active  and 
extinct,  are  neai*  the  inland  seas  in  the  S.  W. 
part  of  Asia.  The  volcanic  action  in  this  re- 
gion would  seem  to  have  been  more  energetic 
in  ancient  than  in  modern  times ;  but  on  the  8. 
and  £.  coasts  and  throughout  the  islands  of  this 
portion  of  Asia  is  found  the  most  active  vol- 
canic district  upon  the  globe.  Although  in  the 
above  table  Africa  is  said  to  contain  only  one 
active  volcano,  many  have  of  late  years  been 
discovered  in  the  mountains  of  the  Moon, 
which  extend  N.  and  S.  near  the  £.  coast  of 
the  continent.  An  eruption  of  one  of  these, 
called  Jebel  Dubbeh,  occurred  in  May,  1661.— 
Sir  John  Herschel  notices  two  striking  features 
connected  with  active  volcanoes.  The  first  is 
their  tendency  to  a  linear  arrangement  when 
insular ;  instances  of  which  he  cites  in  the  Aleu- 
tian islands,  where  28  active  volcanoes  lie  almost 
precisely  in  a  right  line  of  900  geographical 

*  Lahiuna,  a  voleanio  i»OQiit«ln  In  Bollrla,  Is  vid  t<>  ^ 
88,850  feet  hleh ;  and  Aooncainia,  to  Chili,  88,000  feet  bifb. 
U  probably  not  of  rolcanle  character,  tboQf  h  dUa  repate<i 
M  taoh.   (8ee  Amn,  vol.  L  p.  Ml,  note.) 


146  VOLK  VOLOGDA 

and  indade  leather,  glass,  earthenware,  paper,  1788  he  inherited  a  fortone,  and  hi  the  asme 

potash^  tar,  and  charcoal.    Zhitomir,  the  ci^  year  set  out  for  the  East     He  spent  Bome 

ital,  Berditohev,  and  Dubno  are  the  principal  months  in  a  convent  on  lit.  lihanns  in  the  study 

towns.  of  Arabic,  travelled  two  jears  in  Lower  Egypt 

YOLK,  WiLEBLM,  a  Prussian  author  and  and  Syria,  returned  to  France  in  1787,  and  soon 

mystic,  bom  in  Berlin  in  1804.    He  was  edu-  ktteTpnhhBhedh\»Voy<igeenJ3yrieH€n£gypU, 

cated  at  Gdttingen,  and  in  1888  became  a  mem-  This  was  at  once  received  as  the  most  graphic 

her  of  the  council  of  Erfurt,  which  office  he  and  complete  description  of  Syria  and  Egypt 

still  holds.    Though  of  Protestant  family  and  that  had  appeared.    About  the  same  time  he 

education,  he  early  devoted  his  attention  to  the  was  named  director-general  of  commerce  and 

study  of  the  Roman  Oatholic  faith,  and  espe-  agriculture  in  Corsica,  but  resigned  the  position 

cially  to  the  doctrines  and  teachings  of  the  upon  being  elected  deputy  to  the  national  assem- 

mystics.    At  the  time  of  the  affair  of  Cologne  bly  for  theiSnechaumee  of  Aigou.    In  1791  he 

(1888)  he  defended  the  archbishop.    He  sub-  retired  to  Corsica  to  cultivate  a  property  which 

sequently  published  a  work  entitled  **  The  £c-  he  had  purchased  there,  but  the  msurrection 

static  Virgins  of  the  Tyrol,**  in  which  he  en-  headed  by  Paoli  compelled  him  to  quit  the  IeI- 

deavored  to  explain  the  mystic  phenomena  by  and  early  in  1798.  During  this  sojourn  he  made 

analogies  drawn  from  the  nature  of  the  human  the  acquaintance  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  then 

soul.    Since  1846  he  has  written  under  the  nom  an  officer  of  artillery.    In  the  spring  of  1793  ho 

de  plume  of  Clams,  and  has  published  a  "  His-  was  sent  to  prison  by  Robespierre  as  a  royalist, 

tory  of  Spanish  Literature  during  the  Middle  and  remained  in  confinement  10  months.   He 

Ages,"  **  Sweden,  Ancient   and   Modem,"  a  was  appointed  professor  of  history  in  the  newly 

^'  Manual  of  Italian  Literature,"  and  two  pam-  established  normal  school  in  1794^  and  on  its 

phlets  which  have  led  to  numerous  replies,  viz.,  suppression  in  1795  came  to  the  United  States, 

*^  Avowals  of  a  Protestant,"  and  '*  Apprentice-  and  remained  here  until  1798,  when  he  returned 

ship  of  Faith."    He  has  also  edited,  translated,  to  Europe.    He  is  supposed  to  have  taken  part 

ana  republished  the  works  of  eminent  mystic  in  the  contrivance  of  tne  revolution  of  the  18th 

writers  of  the  Catholic  church ;  among  otiiiers  Bruraaire,  which  placed  Bonaparte  at  the  head 

the  "  Complete  Works  of  St.  Theresa,"  the  of  affairs,  and  was  made  senator.    When  Bo- 

^  Mystic  City"  of  Maria  d^Agreda,  two  volumes  naparte  assumed  the  imperial  title,  Yolnej  of* 

of  the  ^^Meditations"  of  St.  Hildegond,  and  the  fered  to  resign  his  seat  in  the  senate,  but  was 

'*  Spiritual  Revelations"  of  St.  Brigitta.  In  1865  prevailed  upon  to  retain  it,  though  he  seldom 

he  became  a  Roman  Catholic.  attended  the  sessions,  and  when  he  did  so  voted 

YOLKMANN,  Alfssd  Wilhblv,  a  German  with  the  opposition.    He  accepted  however  the 

physiologist  and  physician,  bom  in  Leipsic  in  titles  of  count  and  commandant  of  the  legion 

1801.    He  was  educated  at  Leipsic,  and  from  of  honor.    He  voted  in  favor  of  the  decree  for 

boyhood  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  nat-  the  deposition  of  Bonaparte  in  April,  1814  and 

nral  science  and  medicine.    He  received  his  in  June  following  was  elevated  to  the  peerage 

doctor's  degree  in  1826,  in  1828  became  a  fel-  by  Louis  XYIII.    In  addition  to  his  work  on 

low  of  the  medical  faculty  of  Leipsic,  in  1884  i^ypt  and  Syr||,  he  wrote  LeB  rtttnei,  wffUdi- 

professor  extraordinary  in  the  university  of  tation$  mr  lea  rholutiofis  de$  empirei  (Geneva, 

that  place,  and  in  1837  professor  of  physiol-  1791);  LaloinatureUe^oueaUehitmeduciUn/en 

ogy  at  Dorpat.    He  acquired  considerable  rep-  Franffait    (Paris,   1798) ;    Simplification  dft 

utation  by  his  Anatomia  Animalium  (Leipsic,  languet  arientales^  &u  methode  noutelU  et  fa- 

1881-^8),  followed  by  his  Neue  Beitrdge  tur  die  d^apprcndre  lis  langueB  Arahe^  FermMjt 

Phyaiohgie  da  Oeaichtmnnea  (1886),  Die  Lehre  Turque^  avec  dee  earaeth^  Eunfpeeni  (179'>); 

torn  leibliehen  Leben  (1837),  and,  in  coi^jnno-  and  Tableau  du  climat  et  du  eol  ae$  jStatf-l'nii 

tion  with  F.  H.  Bidsler,  Die  Selbetdndigheit  d^Amerique  (2  vols.  8vo.,  1808).    In  his  Buha 

dee  eympathetieehen  Nerceneyateme  (1842).    In  he  first  avowed  those  infidel  opinions  to  which 

1848  he  was  recalled  to  Germany  as  profes-  his  name  now  owes  its  chief  notoriety.    Chris- 

sor  of  X)hysiology  at  Halle,  to  which  was  sub-  tianity,  as  well  as  all  other  religious  beliefe.  he 

sequently  added  the  chair  of  anatomy ;  and  on  considered  merely  a  system  of  symbols,  very 

the  death  of  Meckel  he  was  made  conservator  much  like  that  developed  by  Dupuis  in  his 

of  the  anatomical  museum  collected  by  that  em-  Origine  dee  eultee^  a  work  with  which  Volnev 

inent  anatomist.    Dr.  Volkmann  has  been  oc-  was  probably  acquainted,  though  at  that  time  it 

cupied  for  some  years  with  investigations  on  was  still  in  manuscript.    In  his  Bistoire  de 

the  irritability  of  the  muscles,  has  made  valua-  Samuel^  inventeur  du  saerS  dee  roie  (1819),  poh* 

ble  contributions  to  Wagner^s  **  Physiological  lished  Just   before   the  coronation  of  Loo^^ 

Dictionary,"  and  in  1850  publiahed  a  treatise  XVIIL,  he  showed  little  respect  for  either  the 

entitled  Hdmodynamik,  prophet  or  the  Hebrew  Scriptures. 

VOLNEY,  CoNSTANTiw  FsANQois  Chassx-        VOLOGDA,  a  northern  government  of  Eu- 

BOEUF,  count  de,  a  French  author,  bom  at  ropean  Russia,  bounded  by  Olonetz,  Archangel, 

Oraon,  Feb.  8, 1767,  died  April  25,  1820.    He  Tobolsk,  Perm  (from  which  it  is  separated  by 

was  educated  at  the  colleges  of  Ancenis  and  the  Ural  range),  Viatka,  Jaroslav,  and  Kov> 

Angers,  and  subsequently  studied  medicine  and  gorod;  area,  148,240  sq.  m.;  nop.  in  1^^^* 

the  Arabic  and  Hebrew  languages  at  Paris.   In  951,598.    The  suifaoe  is  an  undulating  pla^^* 


148  VOLTAIRE 

mnoh  preferred  the  making  of  verses  to  the  CBdipe.     Pleased  with  the  performances,  the 

reading  of  Jnstinian.  Beside,  the  abb6  de  Ch&-  regent  released  him,  and  added  to  the  favor  a 

teannenf  had  already  introdnced  him  to  the  considerable  donation.    ^^  Thanks,  your  rojal 

brilliant  and  licentious  society  which  his  mis-  highness,^'  said  YolUure,   **  for  yonr  care  of 

tress  Ninon  frequented,  and  the  leading  spirits  my  board,  but  no  more   of  your  lodgings. 

of  which  were  the  Yend^mes,  the  Contis,  the  if  you  please ! "     (Edipe  was  soon  afterward 

La  F^res,  the  Sullys,  and  the  Ohaulieus.    It  (1718)  produced  on  the  stage,  and  won  instantly 

was  an  assemblage  of  loose  lords,  libertine  a  most  brilliant  success.    The  critics  tliougbt 

abb^s,  satirical  rhymers,  and  yoluptuous  wo-  they  saw  in  the  young  writer  a  worthy  disciple 

men,  who,  idready  reacting  against  the  severe  and  continuator  of  Oomeille  and  Racine ;  the 

asceticism  brought  into  the  court  of  Louis  public  crowded  the  theatre ;  and  the  good  fa- 

XIV.  by  Mme.  de  Maintenon,  anticipated  the  ther  himself  relented,  and  was  reconciled  to 

morals  and  the  literature  of  the  regency,  and  the  career  of  author  which  the  son  had  chosen. 

practised  without  restraint  according  to  the  The  play  was  certainly  an  extraordinary  work, 

rules  of  Epicurus,  while  they  delighted  each  abounding  in  impressive  scenes,  lofty  charac- 

other  wiUi  jovial  mockeries  at  all  established  ters,  and  a  most  fervid  and  beautiful  declama- 

institutions,    religious,    political,    and    social,  tion;  it  has  since  kept  possession  of  the  stage; 

His  law  studies  were  of  course  interropted,  but  tried  by  the  standards  of  pure  tragedy,  it 

and  this  fact,  together  with  the  composition  was  rather  a  series  of  impassioned  and  eloquent 

of  a  poem  in  1712  on  the  decoration  of  the  dialogues  than  a  drama.    Its  faults,  howerer, 

ohoir  of  Notre  Dame,  led  his  father  to  connect  were  those  of  nearly  all  French  classics,  while 

him  with  the  embassy  of  the  marquis  de  Ch&-  its  merits  were  marked  and  original.    The 

teauneuf  to  the  United  Provinces.     It  was  fame  it  secured  the  writer  won  for  him  also 

supposed  that  absence  from  Paris  might  detach  new  introductions  into  society,  new  compan- 

him  from  his  injurious  associations,  but  at  the  ions,  new  festivals,  and  new  gallantries.    ^Nev* 

Hague  his  dissipations  passed  from  the  trivial  ertheless,  he  labored  much,  and  he  began  to 

to   the   disorderly.     An   intriguing  woman,  travel  much.    He  passed  from  chateau  to  cLa- 

named  Dunoyer,  accused  him  to  the  ambassa-  teau,  to  visit  illustrious  friends ;  he  jonmejed 

dor  of  the  seduction  of  her  daiighter,  though  to  Holland,  to  study  at  Amsterdam ;  passed 

she  was  herself  suspected  of  having  favored  some  time  at  Brussels,  and  sought  out  Jean 

the  crime,  and,  to  make  money  out  of  an  infa-  Baptiste  Rousseau  in  his  place  of  eiile.    Yet 

mous  speculation,  published  the  love  letters  of  in  the  midst  of  these  diversions  he  found  time 

the  young  offenders.    The  scandal  was  greater  to  compose  two  new  tragedies,  ArUmire  and 

than  Voltaire  could  bear,  and  he  was  obliged  Mariamne,  and  a  comedy,  VinditereU  and  to 

to  return  to  Paris.    His  father,  of  course,  re-  complete  the  grander  labor  of  the  Eenriade. 

ceived  him  with  frowns  and  reproaches,  and  The  tragedies  met  with  indififerent  succes^s  in 

pardoned  him  only  on  condition  that  he  should  the   representation,  and  the  comedy  Wiis  a 

resume  his  studies  with  a  notary.    A  friend  of  failure.      "With  all  his  vivacity,  wit,  kno^l* 

the  family,  M.  de  Oaumartin,  compassionating  edge  of  the  world,  and  adventure,  the  genius 

his  sufferings,  procured  permission  for  him  to  of  Voltaire  was  unequal  to  those  ludicrous 

gass  a  few  months  in  his  country  residence  at  combinations  of  events  and  characters  Trbich 
t.  Ange.  This  was  only  a  new  means  of  ex-  genuine  comedy  requires.  But  his  epic,  sug- 
citing  his  passion  for  literature.  The  father  of  gested  by  the  reign  of  Henry  the  Great,  having 
this  friend,  an  old  and  well  instructed  bishop,  been  purloined,  altered,  and  published  under 
had  lived  in  his  youth  with  those  who  still  re*  the  title  of  La  ligue^  by  a  rascally  copyist 
membered  Henry  IV.  and  Sully,  and  the  sto-  named  Desfontaines,  became  rapidly  popular. 
ries  he  told  of  the  times  of  the  liberal  king  The  sensation  it  produced,  even  in  the  muti- 
filled  the  boy  with  much  of  his  own  enthusi-  lated  and  factitious  form  in  which  it  had  been 
asm.  He  began  to  meditate  two  of  his  most  given  to  the  public,  compelled  the  author  to 
important  works,  the  Henriade  and  the  his-  hasten  his  own  final  revisions.  Certain  bold 
tory.  On  his  return  to  Paris,  however,  he  sentiments  of  philosophy  and  tolerance,  how- 
found  himself  suddenly  and  strangely  enough  ever,  scattered  among  the  poetic  beauties, 
arrested  and  transferred  to  the  Bastile.  Louis  aroused  the  suspicions  of  the  clergy,  and  be 
XIV.  had  just  died;  satirical  and  witty  pam-  could  not  procure  the  license  for  printing. 
phlets  celebrated  the  event  as  a  happy  deliver-  Though  he  offered  to  dedicate  the  poem  to  the 
ance ;  and  some  of  the  lampoons  or  epigrams  king,  the  obstacles  put  in  the  way  of  its  ap- 
beine  ascribed  to  Voltaire,  though  he  was  pearance  were  found  nearly  insuperable.  WhiJo 
barely  20  years  of  age,  the  regent  issuea  orders  he  was  yet  struggling  to  remove  them,  an  inci- 
for  his  confinement.  It  was  for  him  a  misfor-  dent  occurred  which  suddenly  changed  the  tenor 
tune  which  disguised  blessings.  During  the  of  his  life.  At  the  table  of  the  duke  de  Solly 
year  he  spent  in  prison,  he  was  not  only  sepa-  he  took  part,  in  a  manner  too  free  and  spirited, 
rated  from  his  usual  distractions,  pleasures,  in  a  discussion  that  arose,  and  formally  contra- 
and  gallantries,  but  he  was  enabled  to  devote  dieted  a  chevalier  Rohan-Ohabol^  who  received 
his  hours  to  serious  labors.  He  wrote  a  part  the  impertinence  in  high  dudgeon.  ^^  Who  is 
of  the  Henriade^  and  completed  a  tragedy,  be-  this,^*  asked  the  chevalier,  warmly,  "  that  pre- 
gun   some   years   before,   with  the   title  of  sumes  to  talk  so  loud  9"    ^'  A  young  man,^'  re- 


150  VOLTAIBE 

lady  oelebratldd  for  her  love  of  mAthematios  riral  author;  the  conrt  adopted  thenew&Tor- 
and  abstrtne  sciences,  and  who  read  Leibnits  ite,  and  Voltaire,  in  a  fit  of  disgost,  quitted 
and  Newton  in  the  original  Latin.  During  the  Pans  for  Berlin.  Frederic  received  him  with 
several  years  of  his  residence  with  Mme.  da  transports  of  Joy  (1750).  '^Aatolpho/^hesavs, 
Oh4telet,  a  connection  which  Lord  Brougham  ^^  was  not  better  received  in  the  palace  of  Al- 
dellends  as  entirely  Platonic,  he  wrote  his  JSU^  oina."  He  was  lodged  in  the  apartments  of 
fMfu  de  la  philoMphie  de  ifewtan,  in  which  he  Marshal  8axe ;  the  king's  cooks,  servants,  aod 
explained  the  theories  of  the  great  discoverer  horses  were  placed  at  his  dispo^;  he  iras 
with  clearness,  eloquence,  and  learning,  though  granted  a  pension  of  20,000  francs,  and  he  aud 
not  always  with  accuracy.  He  composed,  in  the  king  studied  together  for  two  hours  a  day, 
pursuance  of  its  method,  a  treatise  on  fire ;  but  whUe  he  was  welcomed  to  the  king's  table  in 
the  bent  of  his  genius  lay  rather  in  the  domain  the  evening.  At  first  the  connection  seemed  a 
of  fancy  and  imagination  than  of  fact.  He  al<-  charming  one.  Voltaire  completed  his  SikU 
ways  turned  with  delight  to  works  in  which  de  Loui»  Quat&ru,  and  Frederic  wrote  verses 
his  gayety,  his  wit,  his  sarcastic  spirit,  his  fer-  and  essays  which  he  submitted  to  the  criticism 
tility  of  invention,  and  his  deep  interest  in  the  of  the  poet  But  both  were  imperious,  both 
life  and  movements  of  mankind  might  find  their  irritable,  both  witty,  while  the  one  was  a 
fbll  scope  and  display.  The  fruits  of  his  activ«  king  and  the  other  only  a  poet.  Distrosts  soon 
ity  at  this  time  were  his  Ahire  ^1786),  Mahomet  arose,  bickerings  followed,  and  in  the  end  there 
(1741),  dedicated  to  the  ^ope,  Merope  (1746),  and  was  a  violent  rupture.  Other  favorites,  Man- 
a  multitude  of  lighter  pieces,  among  whidi  the  pertuis,  a  philosopher,  whom  Voltaire  lampoon- 
pen  hesitates  to  write  La  pueelU^  the  most  dis-  ed  under  the  name  of  Dr.  Akakia,  and  Lamet- 
gnsting  and  ribald  of  his  performances.  He  tre,  a  physician,  widened  the  breach.  At 
also  wrought  upon  his  most  important  work,  the  length  Voltaire  resolved  to  escape,  and,  carry- 
Beaai  »ur  lee  maure  et  eur  Veeprit  dee  natiane  ;  ing  some  of  the  king's  poems  with  him,  he  was 
collected  materials  for  his  Si^le  de  Louie  Quo'  arrested  at  Frankfort  under  circumstances  of 
f^TM/ and  amused  his  leisure  in  the  production  considerable  annoyance  and  disgraoe  (1753). 
of  plays  for  aprivate  theatre,  which  he  built  and  All  friendship  was  then  at  an  end,  and  the  in- 
managed. — Voltaire's  residence  at  Cirey  was  dignant  poet  abused  the  monarch  afterward  as 
marked  by  the  opening  of  his  correspondence  fireely  as  he  had  once  flattered  him.  Strange 
with  the  prince  royal  of  Prussia,  afterward  Fred-  to  say,  their  corresoondence  was  subsequently 
eric  the  Great.  It  was  begun  by  the  prince,  renewed,  and  though  they  criticized  each  other 
who  admired  both  his  genius  and  the  audacity  severely  for  the  past,  each  thinking  himself  in 
with  which  he  had  assailed  the  government  the  right,  they  resumed  many  of  their  old  re- 
and  clergy  of  France.  Voltaire,  flattered  by  the  ciprocal  flatteries. — ^Not  caring  to  go  back  to 
notice,  expressed  the  highest  admiration  of  Paris,  Voltaire  purchased  an  estate  near  Gene- 
the  prince,  whom  he  pronounced  a  Trigan  and  va,  in  Switzerland,  which  he  called  Les  Polices 
Pliny  combined.  When  Frederic  succeeded  to  (1756),  and  there,  amid  the  most  beautiful  see- 
the throne  of  Prussia,  he  asked  Voltaire  to  nery  of  nature,  prosecuted  once  more  his  litera- 
visit  him  (1740) ;  the  poet  declined  at  first,  ry  projects.  But  he  became  involved  in  dis- 
preferring  the  society  of  Mme.  du  OhAtelet  to  putes  with  his  more  rigid  Swiss  neighbors;  tlie 
the  companionship  of  a  monarch  who  was  also  publication  of  the  abominable  poem  of  La  pu- 
a  busy  warrior;  but  on  the  death  of  the  lady  eelle  created  many  enemies;  forged  verses  in 
C1749)  he  was  more  inclined  to  accept  the  in-  ridicule  of  Louis  XV.  and  Mme.  de  Pompadour 
vitation.  He  had  lived  altogether  18  years  at  ascribed  to  him  started  new  rumors  of  lettm 
Cirey;  yet  he  did  not  spend  the  whole  of  his  de  cachet;  and  the  innumerable  epigrams  made 
time  in  that  retreat.  Many  visits  of  greater  or  upon  him  by  the  gadflies  of  literature,  whose 
less  length  were  made  by  him,  in  company  with  stings  he  returned  with  more  than  their  own 
the  marchioness  generally,  to  different  cities  sharpness  and  venom,  embittered  his  life.  Like 
and  towns.  In  1786  the  scandal  occasioned  by  most  wits  he  was  indeed  peculiarly  sensitive  to 
his  Mondain  compelled  him  to  spend  several  ridicule,  and  throughout  his  life  more  or  less 
months  in  Brussels.  Twice  he  repaired  to  Ber-  involved  in  petulant  controversies  with  writers 
lin,  once  in  1740,  to  see  his  beloved  Prince  who  ought  to  have  been  held  beneath  his  no- 
Frederic,  and  again  in  1744,  on  a  political  mis-  tice.  The  only  exception,  perhaps,  was  that 
lion  for  preserving  the  peace  of  Europe,  with  strange  compound  of  sensibility  and  sense,  Jean 
which  he  had  been  charged  by  the  French  Jacques  Rousseau,  with  whom  he  tried  to  main- 
cabinet.  For  a  while  also,  in  1746,  he  remov-  tain  a  friendship,  but  whose  whimsical  irrita- 
ed  to  Paris,  where  he  wrote  and  brought  out  bility  was  more  than  any  patience  could  endure, 
other  tragedies,  trained  Le  Kain  in  the  art  Voltaire,  however,  had  never  restrained  in  pri- 
of  the  actor,  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  vate  the  mockeries  and  jests  for  which  the 
French  academy,  and  received  the  appointment  oddities  of  his  friend^s  character  and  the  ab- 
of  historiographer  of  France  from  Louis  XV.  surdities  of  his  speculations  gave  but  too  frc- 
But  the  favors  and  smiles  of  the  court  did  not  quent  occasion.  These,  coming  to  the  ears 
continue  long ;  his  cynicism  displeased  the  mis-  of  the  object  of  them,  provoked  recriioina- 
tress  of  the  king,  and  the  Jesuits  always  work-  tions  and  a  final  rupture.  In  1762  he  re- 
ed against  him.     Or^billon  was  set  up  as  a  mov«d  to  an  estate  which  he  had  purohas(^<I 


152                    VOLTKRBA  VOLUNTEER 

VitMinemmt  du  Ohriiiianwne.  Of  the  nn-  /  later  the  royalists  reoaptored  0%|azzo  after  a 
merous  editions  of  his  works,  the  best  probably  severe  engagement,  and  on  Oct  1  and  2  a  hard- 
is  that  of  Benohot  (70  vols.  8yo.,  1829-'d4).  fonght  battle,  resulting  in  the  ntter  defeat  of 
Among  the  best  lives  of  Voltaire  are  those  by  the  royalists,  took  place  on  the  S.  bank  of  ihd 
Condoroet,  Maznre  (1821),  and  Longchamp  and  river,  the  king  of  Naples  commanding  in  per- 
Wagni^re  (2  vols.  8vo.,  Paris,  1826).  son  on  the  one  side  and  Garibaldi  on  the  other. 
VOLTERRA  (anc.  Volat&rra),  a  town  of  VOLUNTEER,  literally,  a  person  who  en- 
Italy,  in  the  district  of  Pisa  and  the  late  grand  ters  into  service  of  his  own  accord,  or  who  in 
dnchy  of  Tuscany,  built  on  a  height  between  time  of  war  offers  his  services  to  his  country, 
the  Era  on  the  N.  and  the  Cecina  on  the  S. ;  .  In  most  armies  the  term  is  applied  to  those  offi- 
pop.  4,600.  It  is  an  episcopal  see,  and  the  seat  cers  or  men  who  offer  to  take  part  in  an  enter- 
of  a  college  and  episcopfd  seminary.  It  oc-  prise  of  peculiar  danger,  as  the  assault  of  a 
cnpies  a  small  part  of  the  ancient  Volaterrse,  formidable  battery  or  the  storming  of  a  fortress, 
one  of  the  oldest  and  most  important  of  the  in  which  case  thby  comprise  what  is  called  the 
Etruscan  cities.  It  adhered  to  the  Latins  in  forlorn  hope,  and  the  survivors  receive  promo- 
their  war  with  Tarquinius  Prisons,  resisted  L.  tion  or  other  substantial  rewards.  Another 
Scipio  in  the  8d  century  B.  0.,  and  subse-  class  of  volunteers  were  those  bodies  of  citizen 

auently  in  the  same  century  was  reduced  to  soldiery  who  came  forward  in  Great  Britain  in 
lie  condition  of  a  dependent  ally  of  Rome.  1794,  and  subsequently  in  1808,  when  over 
It  was  the  last  stronghold  of  Marius  in  Italy,  400,000  men  were  under  arms,  under  the  ap- 
and  did  not  surrender  to  Bylla  till  after  a  two  prehension  of  a  French  invasion ;  or  who  in 
years' siege.  Its  inhabitants  received  the  rights  1813-14  enrolled  themselves  among  the  Ger- 
of  Roman  citizens,  and  were  protected  by  Ci-  man  armies  to  accomplish  the  overthrow  of 
oero  from  the  effort  made  during  his  consulship  Napoleon,  resuming  their  ordinary  occupations 
to  dispossess  them  of  their  territory  by  an  agra-  after  the  consummation  of  that  event.  In  May, 
rianlaw.  There  are  no  allusions  to  it  in  the  his-  1859,  in  consequence  of  renewed  fears  of  *a 
tory  of  the  Roman  empire,  but  after  the  fall  of  French  invasion,  the  formation  of  volunteer 
the  western  empire  it  again  came  into  notice  as  corps  of  riflemen  was  commenced  in  England 
a  stronghold  in  the  wars  of  the  Goths  with  under  the  auspices  of  government,  and  the  or- 
Narses.  Of  the  ruins  and  antiquities  of  Vol-  ganization  now  comprises  150,000  well  equipped 
terra,  the  most  remarkable  are  two  of  the  an-  and  drilled  men,  enrolled  in  all  parts  of  the  king- 
cient  ^ates  of  the  city,  one,  the  Porta  alP  Arco,  dom,  and  whose  services,  in  the  event  of  a  s^ud- 
retainmg  in  a  perfect  condition  its  sculptured  den  declaration  of  war,  would  be  of  great  value 
arch,  by  some  attributed  to  the  Etruscan,  by  to  the  government. — In  tiie  United  States  the 
others  to  the  Roman  period.  Many  Etruscan  uniformed  militia,  an  organization  which  ex- 
ornaments  of  alabaster,  coins,  &c.,  have  been  ists  in  each  state  of  the  Union,  constitute  a 
found  here.  permanent  and  important  force  of  volunteer 
VOLTERRA,  Danisle  Riooisbslli  di,  an  soldiery,  whose  services  have  proved  invaluable 
Italian  painter,  bom  in  Volterra  in  1509,  died  in  quelling  riots  and  protecting  the  public  prop- 
in  Rome  in  1666.  He  was  instructed  by  n  So-  erty.  The  term  volunteer,  however,  applies 
doma  and  Baldassare  Peruzzi,  and  settling  in  more  particularly  to  a  class  of  troops  which 
Rome  became  an  assistant  of  Perino  del  Vaga,  have  been  from  time  to  time  raised  by  oon^esi* 
then  engaged  upon  the  Vatican.  He  received  for  temporary  purposes,  and  have  played  an 
instruction  and  advice  from  Michel  Angelo,  important  part  in  the  military  history  of  the 
and  from  his  designs  executed  several  of  his  country.  Such  troops  when  once  enrolled  are 
most  important  works.  He  is  chiefly  known  exclusively  under  the  authority  of  the  United 
by  his  series  of  frescoes  in  the  church  of  La  States,  each  state  furnishing  a  quota  of  the 
Trinita  del  Monte,  in  Rome,  representing  the  whole  number  called  out  proportioned  to  its 
history  of  the  cross,  one  of  which,  known  as  population,  and  superintending  the  organiza- 
the  **  Descent  from  the  Cross,''  was  esteemed  tion,  while  the  arms,  equipments,  and  uniforms 
one  of  the  8  finest  pictures  in  Rome.  This  was  are  provided  by  the  general  government.  A 
greatiyii^uredbybeingdetachedby  the  French  frequent  feature  of  these  organizations  is  the 
from  the  wall  on  which  it  was  painted ;  but  a  election  by  the  men  of  their  oflScers,  whose 
good  idea  of  it  can  be  obtained  from  the  excel-  commissions  are  granted  in  the  manner  pre- 
knt  line  engraving  by  Dorigny.  scribed  by  law  in  the  states  or  territories  to 
VOLTURNO  (anc.  Vultumua%  a  river  of  S.  which  they  belong.  The  appointment  of  gen- 
Italy,  in  the  former  kingdom  of  Naples,  rising  erals  of  brigade  or  division  for  such  volun- 
in  the  province  of  Molise,  flowing  8.  E.  and  W.  teer  forces  rests  with  the  president  and  sen- 
past  Capua,  and  falling  into  the  Mediterranean  ate.  Volunteers,  after  being  mustered  into  the 
SO  m.  S.  E.  from  Gaeta,  after  a  course  of  about  United  States  service,  are  amenable  to  the  same 
90  m.  On  Sept.  19,  1860,  the  troops  of  Gari-  laws,  receive  the  same  pay,  and  are  subject  to 
baldi  made  an  attack  upon  the  royalist  army  the  same  treatment  as  regular  troops,  the  chief 
drawn  up  along  the  bank  of  the  river  in  front  distinction  between  the  two  organizations  con- 
of  Capua,  and,  after  driving  them  from  the  sisting  in  the  manner  of  appointing  the  officers 
town  of  Cfljazzo,  assailed  the  outer  works  of  and  the  shorter  periods  for  which  volunteers 
Capua,  but  were  repulsed  with  loss.    Two  days  are  usually  enlisted.    These  are  nevertheless 


164                 VORONTZOFF  VORSTIUB 

gmeral  slope  southward.    It  is  drained  by  the  of  Seience^^),  and  was  afterward  one  of  the  ed- 

on  and  its  tributaries,  the  Sosna,  the  VoroneJ,  iters  of  the  "  Athensum."    In  1830  he  became 

and  the  Bitjug,  the  Khop,  and  the  Donetz.  a  member  of  the  Hungarian  academy  founded 

The  principal  mineral  productions  are  iron  that  year  at  Pesth,  and  soon  afterward  its  sec* 

and  saltpetre;    and   there  are  considerable  retary.     The  patriotic   song   entitled  Stazat 

quantities  of  limestone  and  sandstone,  suit-  Q*'  The  Appeal  *'),  for  which  he  reoeiFed  from 

able  for  building  purposes.    The  climate  is  the  Hungarian  academy  a  ducat  a  line,  became 

agreeable  and  healthful,  but  the  winters  are  the  great  national  song  of  his  i>eopIe;  and  after 

seyere.    The  soil  is  extremely  fertile,  and  the  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  of  1848  he  was 

government  is  one  of  the  most  productive  agri-  elected  from  the  county  of  Bucs  to  the  national 

cultural  regions  of  the  empire,  wheat  being  the  assembly.  There  his  moderate  views  made  him 

principal  crop,  beside  which  barley,  oats,  buck-  unpopular  wi^  the  extreme  men,  and  the  fiery 

wheat,  hemp,  flax,  tobacco,  and  the  vine  are  young  poet  Pet6.fi,  formerly  his  warm  admirer, 

raised  to  some  extent    The  horses  are  gener-  wrote  a  poetical  address  to  him  renouncing 

ally  of  superior  breed,  and  many  of  them  are  his  friendship.    After  the  suppression  of  the 

trained  for  hunting.    The  rearing  of  bees  is  rebellion,  he  was  condemned  by  the  Austrians, 

extensively  practised,  and  honey  is  an  impor-  but  was  finally  pardoned.    Themi^ortunes  of 

taut  article  of  export.  Some  coarse  cloths,  iron  his  country,  however,  had  broken  his  ^irit, 

ware,  soap,  tallow,  and  beet  sugar  are  manu-  and  for  several  years  he  lived  in  retirement, 

ilactured.    The  exports  are  wheat,  cattle,  hides,  entirely  renouncing  the  pen.    At  last  in  1854 

honey,  wax,  fruits,  and  hardware. — ^Vobonisj,  his  friends  succeeded  in  inducing  him  to  resume 

the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Yoronej  river,  his  literary  labors,  and  he  undertook  a  version 

near  its  confiuence  with  the  Don,  ISO  m.  E.  of  Shakespeare^s  plays,  some  of  which  he  bad 

from  Koorsk ;  pop.  in  1858,  40,439.    It  is  built  already  translated ;  but  he  did  not  live  to  com- 

on  a  steep  hill,  and  has  a  strong  position.    It  plete  the  task.    The  principal  edition  of  his 

consists  of  an  upper  and  lower  town  with  collected  works  is  that  of  Bsgza  and  Toldy  (10 

extensive  suburbs.     Some  of  the  streets  are  vols.,  Pesth,  1845-^7). 

narrow,  dark,  and  gloomy,  but  the  principal  YORSTIUS,  Oonrad,  a  German  divine,  bom 

thoroughfare  and  several  of  the  others  of  later  in  Cologne,  July  19, 1569,  died  in  TOnningen, 

date  contain  many  imposing  buildings.    There  Holstein,  Sept.  29, 1622.*  He  was  the  son  of  a 

are  over  20  churches,  severed  convents  and  hos-  dyer  who  had  secretly  embraced  the  Protestant 

pitals,  a  military  orphan  asylum,  and  a  gymna-  religion ;  and  after  receiving  his  early  ednca- 

sium  and  other  schools.     The  manufactures  tion  in  a  village  near  Oologne,  he  studied  at 

comprise  soap,  tallow,  leather,  and  vitriol.   The  DOsseldorf  from  1583  to  1586,  and  afterward  at 

town  has  a  large  commerce  by  way  of  the  Don.  Oologne  and  Herbom.    In  1598  he  went  to 

Peter  the  Great  founded  a  palace  here,  and  Heidelberg,  where  in  the  following  year  he  was 

erected  extensive  dockyards  and  arsenals  for  created  a  doctor  of  divinity ;  and  in  1505  he 

the  construction  of  a  navy  on  the  sea  of  Azof;  journeyed  to  Switzerland,  vinting  the  univer- 

but  most  of  these  establishments  were  subse-  sities,  taking  part  in  theological  discussions,  and 

quently  removed  to  Tavrov,  in  the  same  gov*  giving  lectures  on  theology  at  Geneva,  where 

emment,  and  Rostov,  and  tne  palace  has  been  he  was  offered  the  professorship  of  divinity.   In 

destroyed  by  fire.  1596  he  accepted  a  professorship  at  Steinfnrt, 

ypRONTZOFlT.    See  Wobonzoff.  where  a  divinity  school  had  been  founded  by 

VOROSMARTT,  MinALT,  a  Hungarian  poet,  Count  Arnold  of  Bentheim,  at  whose  reqne^ 

born  in  Ny^k,  in  the  county  of  Fejerv&r,  in  he  soon  afterward  went  to  Heidelberg  to  dear 

1800,  died  in  Pesth,  Nov.  9, 1856.    He  studied  himself  of  a  charge  of  Socinianism.    Though 

law  at  Pesth,  and  in  1824  was  admitted  as  an  acquitted,  suspicion  still  clung  to  him.    In  1610 

advocate,  but  afterward  gave  up  practice  in  he  succeeded  Arminius  in  the  professorship  of 

order  to  devote  himself  exclusively  to  litera-  theology  at  Leyden.    This  appointment  gave 

ture.    During  his  student  years  he  wrote  the  great  alarm  to  the  Oalvinistic  party  of  Holland, 

drama  of  **Mng  Solomon^^  (1B21),  founded  on  and  Vorstius  was  very  bitterly  attacked,  espe- 

the  history  of  ^ng  Solomon  of  Hungary,  which  cially  for  his  treatise  De  Deo  (Steinfurt,  1 610). 

was  followed  by  '^  The  Tnurophs  of  Fidelity^'  James  I.  of  England,  on  receiving  the  book, 

(1822)  and  the  drama  of  *^King  Sigismund^'  drew  up  a  catalogue  of  heresies  contained  in  it, 

(1824).    In  1824  also  appeared  his  epic  of  Za-  and  sent  it  to  his  minister  at  the  Hague  with  a 

lAnfatdsa  O^The  Flight  of  Zalan"),  in  1825  command  to  express  to  the  states  his  detestation 

the  drama  of  Kont^  in  1826  CterhaUm^  and  in  of  these  errors.    He  also  had  it  burned  publicly 

1827  TUndervOlgy  (''  Fairy  Valley''),  the  last  at  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  London,  and  told 

two  being  esteemed  the  finest  narrative  poems  the  states  that  if  they  did  not  dismiss  Vorstius 

in  the  Hungarian  language.    These,  the  subse-  from  his  professorship,  none  of  his  subjects 

quently  published  epic  Eger  (^^Erlau"),  and  should  be  allowed  to  go  to  Leyden.    Subse- 

numerous  fine  ballads  and  lyrical  poems,  es-  quently  he  wrote  a  tract  in  whidi  he  declared 

tablished  his  fame  as  the  greatest  master  of  that  burning  was  altogether  too  mild  a  punish- 

Hungarian  poetical  diction.    For  some  time  he  ment  for  the  unfortunate  professor.    As  the 

was  editor  of  a  Hungarian  literary  magazine  controversy  in  Holland  became  very  bitter, 

entitled  TudomAnyci  gyHjtemeny  (*^  Repository  Vorstius  was  obliged  to  leave  the  country,  and 


156                      V08SIDS  VRIES 

edition  of  Homer,  which  created  a  great  sensa-  a  treatise  De  Idololatria;  Ariitarchuit  tke  dt 
tion  among  the  scholars  of  Germany.  In  1806,  Arte  Orammatiea;  De  HutorieU  GraectM;  Ik 
the  elector  (afterward  grand  duke)  of  Baden  HUtorieU  LatinU;  and  yarious  other  treatises 
having  invited  him  to  Heidelberg  with  an  offer  on  history,  poetry,  rhetoric,  logic,  and  the  miith- 
of  a  pension  of  1,000  florins,  he  removed  thither,  ematical  sciences.  His  collected  works  are  in  6 
and,  devoting  himself  again  to  literary  studies,  vols.  foL  (Amsterdam,  1695-1701).~I6aac,  a 
produced  improved  editions  of  his  previous  Dutchauthor,  son  ofthe  preceding,  bom  in  Ley- 
works,  beside  numerous  new  ones,  among  which  den  in  1618,  died  at  Windsor  castle,  England, 
were  translations  of  Horace  (1806  and  1821),  Feb.  10, 1688.  His  education  was  condnctedei- 
Hesiod  (1806),  Theocritus,  Bion,  and  Moschus  clusively  by  his  father.  After  his  studies  were 
(1808),  TibuUns  and  Lygdamus  (1810),  Aris-  completed  he  travelled  for  three  years  in  Italj, 
tophanes  (1821),  and  Aratus  (1824).  When  68  France,  and  England,  and  in  1648  was  invited 
years  old,  he  began,  in  conjunction  with  his  to  Sweden  by  Queen  Christina.  A  misunder- 
sons  Heinrich  and  Abraham,  a  translation  of  standing  with  Salmasius  exposed  him  to  the 
Shakespeare,  which  was  not  very  successful,  queen^s  displeasure,  and  he  returned  to  Hoi- 
and  was  not  completed  at  the  time  of  his  death,  land  in  1658.  He  was  reouested  by  the  states 
His  early  friend,  Oount  Fried  rich  Stolberg,  hav-  of  Holland  to  write  a  nistory  of  the  war 
ing  been  converted  to  the  Rom  an  Catholic  reli-  between  England  and  Holland,  and  refused; 
gion  in  1800,  Voss  in  1819  published  an  essay  upon  which  he  was  deprived  of  a  pension  be 
on  the  event  entitled  Wie  icard  Fritz  Stolberg  had  hitherto  enjoyed,  and  in  1670  went  to  £ng- 
ein  Uhfreier,  in  which  he  attacked  the  Roman  land.  At  Oxford  he  was  made  a  doctor  of  laws, 
Catholics  and  the  Protestant  mystics  of  Ger-  and  Charles  II.  made  him  a  canon  of  Windsor 
many.  This  led  to  a  literary  warfare,  which  in  1678,  and  assigned  him  apartments  in  the 
divided  all  Germany  into  two  parties.  Yoss^s  castle.  Among  his  best  known  works  are  bis 
learning,  especially  in  all  departments  of  ancient  Variarum  Observationum  Liber;  De  SibyUinU 
literature,  was  of  the  fullest  and  most  accurate  aliisque  qua  Christi  Natalem  praceetere  Oram- 
character.  As  a  philologist  he  ranks  with  Les-  lis;  De  Poematum  Cantu  et  Viribus  Ryihmi; 
sing  and  Wolf;  as  a  translator  his  position  in  and  editions  of  Catullus  and  Pomponius  Mela. 
German  literature  is  unsurpassed;  and  as  a  poet  YOUET,  Simon,  a  French  painter,  bom  in 
he  holds  a  very  high  rank.  The  most  famous  of  Paris  in  1682,  died  therer  in  1641.  In  1611  bo 
his  poems  is  the  Lxiise,  He  translated  much  from  visited  Constantinople,  where  he  painted  from 
Fk-ench  and  English.  His  shorter  pieces  were  memory  a  portrait  of  the  sultan  Achmet  I.  He 
published  in  1829  under  the  title  of  Kritieehe  shoi-tly  afterward  went  to  Rome,  and  while 
JSldtter,  nebst  geographieehen  Abhandlungen  there  his  reputation  gained  him  the  patronajre 
(2  vols.,  Stuttgart).  His  life  by  Paulus  was  of  Louis  XIIL,  who  gave  him  the  appointmcRt 
printed  at  Heidelberg  in  1826,  and  another  life  of  king^s  painter.  On  his  return  to  Paris  his 
by  Schmid  was  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  his  commissions  were  so  numerous,  that  he  em- 
poetical  works  (Leipsic,  1885).  ployed  a  large  number  of  assistants,  some  of 
YOSSIUS,  Gerabd  Johannes,  a  Dutch  au-  whom  became  in  after  years  more  celebrated 
thor,  born  near  Heidelberg  in  1577,  died  in  Am-  than  Youet  himself.  It  is  asserted  that  he  was 
sterdam,  March  17, 1649.  He.began  his  studies  the  founder  ofthe  French  school  of  painting, 
at  Dort,  in  1595  entered  the  university  of  Ley-  YOWEL.  See  Language,  vol.  x.  p.  297. 
den,  and  upon  the  conclusion  of  his  academ-  YRIES,  Hans  Fbedeman  db,  a  Dutch  paint- 
leal  course  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the-  er,  bom  in  Leeu warden,  Friesland,  in  1527. 
ology,  ecclesiastical  history,  and  the  Hebrew  He  studied  for  6  years  under  an  Amsterdam 
language.  At  the  age  of  22  he  was  appointed  painter  named  Gerritsz.  When  Oharles  V.  and 
master  of  the  public  school  of  Dort,  in  1614  di-  lib  son  Philip  made  their  triumphal  entry  into 
rector  of  the  theological  college  at  Ley  den,  and  Antwerp  in  1549,  De  Yries  was  engaged  in 
in  1618  professor  of  eloquence  and  chronology  painting  the  arches.  He  publislied  a  treatise 
in  the  latter  institution.  In  1620  the  synod  of  on  perspective,  of  which  he  was  a  complete 
Tergou  deprived  him  of  his  professorship  on  the  master ;  and  26  books  of  prints  of  his  architec- 
charge  of  Arminianism,  founded  upon  his  HU-  tural  and  other  designs  have  been  publbhed. 
toria  de  Controvereiis,  qu<u  Pelagiut  ejusque  YRIES,  Martin  GsBBirzooN,  a  Dutch  nari- 
Reliquia  moverunt ;  but  the  next  year  the  synod  gator,  who  was  intrusted  by  Yan  Diemen,  the 
of  Rotterdam  restored  him  upon  the  condition  governor-general  of  the  Dutch  possessions  in 
that  he  should  neither  speak  nor  write  against  India,  with  the  command  of  an  expedition  to 
the  synod  of  Dort.  For  some  years  he  refused  explore  the  countries  north  of  Japan.  He  soiU 
to  comply  with  the  condition,  and  in  the  mean  ed  from  Batavia  in  1648  with  two  vessels,  and 
time  was  prohibited  from  teaching  in  public  or  examined  the  islands  in  the  vicinity  of  Fe- 
private.  Archbishop  Laud  procured  him  a  pre-  rouse^s  strdt.  Schaep,  his  second  in  command, 
bend  in  the  cathedral  of  Canterbury,  which  he  and  some  of  the  crew  of  Schaep^a  vessel,  ^rere 
was  permitted  to  hold  as  a  sinecure  until  1629,  seized  by  the  Japanese  on  suspicion  of  intro- 
when  he  visited  England  and  was  installed.  He  ducing  Portuguese  priests  into  the  empire,  and 
returned  to  Holland  soon  after,  and  in  1683  kept  in  prison  about  a  year.  A  narrative  of 
was  appointed  professor  of  history  in  a  coUl^  the  voyage  appeared  at  Amsterdam  in  1646,  and 
then  newly  founded  at  Amsterdam.    He  wrote  an  abstract  of  it  is  given  by  Thdvenot 


VULOAN  VULTURE                    167 

YULCAN,  the  latin  niftne  of  the  Greek  ridge  seen  in  the  falconida  ;  wings  long  and 

Hephsstoa,  the  god  of  fire.    According  to  the  pointed  ;  tarsi  short,  stout,  bare  of  feathers, 

Hesiodic  theogonj,  he  was  one  of  the  12  great  and  covered  with  scales ;  toes  moderate,  thu 

gods  of  Olynipns ;  but  one  aceonnt  made  him  hind  one  short  and  rather  elevated,  and  all 

the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno,  the  other  of  Juno  with  strong,  blunt  claws ;  in  the  typical  forms 

alone,  who  bore  him  by  her  own  unaided  genei^  the  head  and  neck  are  bare,  or  clothed  only 

itire  power.    In  Somer  he  is  represented  as  with  a  woolly  down.    They  are  cowardly,  filthy 

deformed  from  his  birth,  and  his  appearance  so  birds,  feeding  on  carrion,  gorging  themselves 

di>gasted  his  mother  that  she  dropped  him  to  a  stupid  inactivity,  and  emitting  a  disgust- 

from  Olympus  into  the  sea,  where  he  was  re-  ing  odor  and  a  fetid  secretion  from  the  nostrils. 

cdved  and  kindly  treated  by  the  marine  deities  As  soon  as  an  animal  is  dead,  and  sometimes 

Thetis  and  Eurynome,  with  whom  he  remained  before  death,  the  carcass,  in  warm  climates,  is 

nine  rears.    Later  writers  relate  that  he  was  surrounded  by  these  birds,  which  suddenly  ap* 

broogbt  up  in  heaven  with  the  other  gods,  and  pear,  coming  firom  all  quarters,  where  one  was 

that  once  interfering  in  behalf  of  his  mother,  not  visible  before.    Disgusting  as  are  their 

vho  bad  been  fiistened  by  Jupiter  with  a  gold-  habits,  they  are  invaluable  in  tropical  regions 

en  chain,  he  was  kicked  by  the  latter  out  of  in  devouring  animal  substances,  whose  speedy 

OljmpQs.    Nine  days  he  spent  in  passing  to  decomposition  would  otherwise  engender  pes- 

the  earth,  and  at  length  fell  in  the  island  of  tilential  diseases.    They  make  use  of  the  beak 

lemnos.    His  leg  was  broken  by  the  fall,  and  rather  than  the  claws  in  tearing  and  seizing 

in  this  way  he  was  rendered  lame.    There  he  their  food ;   their  gait  is  awkward,  and  the 

toilt  himself  a  palace,  and  constructed  work-  wings  so  long  that  tiiey  hold  them  half  extend- 

sbc>{)s  and  forges.    Afterward  he  returned  to  ed  when  walking ;  their  voracity  is  extreme, 

Olrmpas  and  acted  as  mediator  between  Jupi-  and  their  crop  very  prominent  after  feeding ; 

ter  and  Juno.    The  works  attributed  to  hmi  their  very  attitude,  half  inclined,  as  contrasted 

Were  very  celebrated  in  Grecian  story.  with  the  erect  position  of  the  eagles,  shows 

VCLGATE.    See  Bible,  vol.  iii.  p.  232.  their  cowardly  and  ignoble  disposition ;  they 

YULPIUS,  Ghsibtian  August,  a  German  an-  are  the  only  gregarious  birds  of  prey,  and,  if 

thor,  bom  in  Weimar,  Jan.  23, 1762,  died  there,  the  eagle  be  compared  to  the  lion,  the  vulture 

Jane  26,  1827.     He  was  educated  at  Jena  and  maybe  likened  to  the  jackal  or  thehyssna. — ^The 

Erlangen.  and  having  been  led  by  translations  group  of  bearded  vultures  {gypaetin(jB\  coming 

of  French  and  Italian  books  of  chivalry  to  the  nearest  the  eagles  in  appearance  and  habits,  has 

stodj of  German  romance,  he  published  i^oman-  been  sufficiently  noticed  under  LAMHEBosTEfi, 

tifht  Gaehichten  der  Vorzeit  (12  vols.,  Leip-  the  largest  of  European  birds.    The  TulturituB 

si^  179W8),  and  Anehdoten  au»  der  Vorzeit  (2  or  true  vultures  occur  in  both  hemispheres, 

Jo'a,  Leipsic,  1797).    From  1788  to  1797  he  though  they  are  principally  confined  to  the 

iivtid  in  Franconia,  and  subsequently,  after  hav-  warm  regions ;  a  few  prey  upon  small  living 

cu  resided  in  various  cities,  jeturned  to  Wei-  animals,  but  most  feea  upon  carrion,  which 

oar,  where  he  received  the  position  of  secretary  they  detect  by  the  sense  of  sight  at  great  dis- 

of  the  court  theatre,  then  under  the  direction  tances ;  they  are  good  fliers,  soaring  to  a  great 

vf  Goethe.    He  now  wrote  Einaldo  Rinaldini  elevation  and  sailing  in  large  circles ;  the  nest 

^3  Tols.,  Leipsio,  1799),  which  was  received  is  made  on  the  ground,  amid  inaccessible  rocks, 

vith  omversal  applause,  was  translated  into  and  sometimes  in  trees ;  the  eggs  are  2  to  4. 

tlmost  all  the    modem  languages,   and  has  In  the  genus  f>uUur  (Linn.)  the  bill  is  large, 

£}nned  the  model  of  a  countless  number  of  elevated,  and  arched ;  8d and 4th  quills  longest; 

robber  romances.    He  also  composed  numer-  shafts  of  tail  feathers  strong  and  projecting 

OQS  comic  stories  and  stories  of  the  middle  beyond  webs;  claws  slightly  curved  and  sharp, 

^  dramas,  and  operas,  and  contributed  to  and  with  the  bill  more  like  those  of  the  ordu- 

Ti.noQs  periodicals.    At  a  later  period  he  was  nary  birds  of  prey ;  head  with  scattered  down, 

Bade  Bccretary  of  the  library,  and  devoting  and  hind  head  generally  with  a  transverse  crest 

lupself  still  more  to  the  study  of  hbtory,  nu-  of  thicker  down,  and  ruff  of  neck  advancing 

Bismatics,  heraldry,  and  ^nealogy,  published  toward  It.    The  flight  is  slow  but  elevated ;  the 

C^trimtdlin  derphyBwlogiKh-literariach'^rtu-  nest  is  very  slightly  made,  and  the  young  are 

M-kiMtorUehen  Vor-  ttnd  Mitwelt  (10  vols.,  fed  with  the  regurgitated  food  of  the  parents. 

weiBiar,  1811-^26).    At  the  time  of  his  death  The  Arabian  or  cinereous  vulture  (  K.  mona- 

^^aa  overseer  of  the  cabinet  of  coins,  first  chus,  linn.)  is  about  8^  feet  long,  dark  brown, 

^inriaQ,  and  a  member  of  the  ducal  council. —  with  a  fawn-colored  collar  rising   obliquely 

Hb  nater,  OHBiarnns,  was  originally  the  mis-  toward  the  occiput ;  it  inhabits  the  mountains 

tei,  and  afterward  the  wife  of  Groethe.  of  S.  Europe,  Arabia,  and  Africa.— The  griffon 

VCLTlkE,  the  common  name  of  the  car-  or  tawny  vulture  (gyps/ulvvt,  Sav.)  is  3}  feet 

^iotk-eiJdng,  diurnal  birds  of  prey,  of  the  family  long  and  8i  in  alar  extent,  of  a  brownish  gray 

^turidtt.    The  bill  is  elongated,  sometimes  color,  approaching  fawn,  the  down  of  the  head 

•ttder,  never  so  strong  as  in  the  eagles,  straight  and  neck  cinereous  white,  and  the  collar  mixed 

u  the  basal  portion,  and  suddenly  hooked  but  white  and  brown ;  quills  and  tail  brown ;  the 

||o^  toothed  at  the  tip ;  eyesonthe  level  of  the  biU  is  large  and  swollen  at  the  sides.    It  is 

°^.  or  without  the  prominent  superior  bony  widely  extended  among  the  mountiuns  of  the 


168                      VYA8A  W 

old  world,  freqnentiiig  in  floclu  the  Alpa,  Fy<-  bird  of  North  ibnerica,  being  over  4  feet 
r^n^es,  and  Caacasns  in  summer,  going  sondi  long  and  about  10  in  extent  or  wings ;  it  is 
in  winter  ;  the  nest  is  sometimes  made  in  loftj  shining  black  above,  duller  below,  with  seo- 
trees. — The  sociable  vnltnre  (ptogyps  auricular  ondaries  grayish,  white  band  on  wings,  bill 
fit,  Gray)  measures  10  feet  in  alar  extent ;  the  yellowish  white,  and  head  and  bare  neck 
prevailing  color  is  blackish  brown  above,  light-  orange  yellow  and  red ;  it  is  fonnd  west  of  the 
er  below,  with  head  and  most  of  neck  naked  Booky  mountains,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of 
and  red,  the  sides  of  the  latter  with  lengthen-  rivers,  and  is  inferior  in  size  only  to  the  condor, 
ed  wattles  from  below  each  ear.  It  is  a  moun-  which  it  resembles  in  habits.  The  black  vul- 
tain  species,  inhabiting  Afnca,  a  grand  and  ture  or  carrion  crow  {C,  atratua,  Bartr.)  is  23 
powerful  flier,  rising  so  as  to  be  lost  to  sight. —  inches  long  and  4i  feet  in  alar  extent;  the 
The  Egyptian  vulture,  sometimes  called  Pha-  color  is  deep  black,  with  a  bluish  gloss  on  the 
raoh^s  chicken  (neophron perencpterus,  Sav.),  is  back  and  wmgs;  shafts  of  quills  white;  head 
about  2^  feet  long,  with  a  very  long  and  slen-  and  naked  part  of  neck  with  warts  and  a  fev 
der  bill,  the  8d  quill  the  longest,  tau  moderate  hair-like  feathers,  and  bluish  black ;  bill  dark, 
and  wedge-shaped,  and  tarsi  plumed  below  the  yellowish  at  the  end.  It  is  found  in  the  south- 
knees;  the  adult  male  is  white  with  black  em  states  and  Central  and  South  America, 
quills,  the  female  and  young  brown.  It  is  a  gregarious,  associating  with  the  turkey  boi- 
carrion  feeder,  and  held  in  high  esteem  by  the  zara&  and  with  them  performing  the  verj 
ancient  and  modern  Egyptians  for  its  services  useful  office  of  scavengers,  even  in  the  streetj^ 
in  devouring  the  filth  of  their  cities  and  the  of  populous  cities.  It  is  conunon  in  Chili  and 
decaying  matters  brought  down  by  the  Nile  ;  Peru,  and  in  the  latter  Tschudi  speaks  of  it  as 
it  is  often  represented  on  their  monuments,  sitting  in  incredible  numbers  on  the  walls  of  the 
It  sometimes  aevours  small  living  animals.  It  streets  and  on  the  roofs  of  houses,  in  the  mid- 
follows  caravans,  consuming  every  thing  that  day  heat,  asleep  with  the  head  under  the  wines 
dies ;  devout  Mussulmans  have  occasionally  be-  VYASA,  or  Ved^vtasi.  (^  compiler  of  ^  e- 
queathed  property  for  the  support  of  a  certain  das"),  the  name  given  to  the  supposed  author 
number  of  these  useful  birds.  From  Africa  or  compiler  of  the  four  Sanscrit  Yedas,  and  of 
they  come  to  the  Pyr^n^es  and  Alps. — ^Among  the  Mandbharata,  a  poem  in  18  cantos  or  pavat 
the  American  species,  the  condor  and  the  tur-  on  the  wars  between  the  progeny  of  the  sun 
key  buzzard  have  been  described  under  those  and  of  the  moon.  (SeeBHAOAVATGiTA,BBAQ- 
titles ;  the  king  vulture  has  been  noticed  under  ha,  Sansobit,  and  Ybdas.)  Nothing  is  known 
the  former.  The  California  vulture  (cathartes  of  his  history,  nor  is  it  certain  indeed  tliat 
CalifomianuSf  Shaw)  is  the  largest  rapacious  any  such  person  ever  existed* 


W 

Wthe  28d  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  is  menced  by  the  expulsion  of  the  breath  througli 
^  peculiar  to  some  of  the  Teutonic  and  the  puckered  lips,  and  completed  by  the  sudden 
Celtic  languages,  being  foreign  to  the  Roman-  withdrawal  of  the  lower  lip.  In  German,  ex- 
ic,  and  in  sound,  though  not  in  form,  also  to  oept  in  the  cases  above  mentioned,  and  in 
the  Slavic  branches  of  the  Indo-European  Swedish,  in  which  for  a  long  period  it  has  been 
family,  while  retained  by  its  Asiatic  branches,  comparatively  disused,  it  has  the  value  of  our 
Its  earliest  historical  appearance  is  in  a  diplo-  «,  as  it  has  in  the  vulgar  English  of  London: 
ma  of  Clovis  III.  at  the  end  of  the  7th  cen-  and  Grimm  recommends  that  it  be  dropi)ed 
tury.  It  first  came  to  be  used  in  England  fh>m  the  German  altogether  as  needless,  the 
about  the  time  of  the  conquest,  when  it  was  sound  which  it  properly  represents,  tliat  of  the 
used  indifferently  in  writing  instea#  of  the  English  W,  bemg,  as  he  says,  unknown  to  the 
Anglo-Saxon  ]>.  It  is  formed,  as  its  name  in  language.  In  Danish  and  Icelandic  it  is  u^'^ 
English  shows,  by  the  doubling  of  the  letter  u  only  in  writing  foreign  words.  In  Wel>h. 
or  V.  In  English,  as  in  Dutch  and  Flemish,  and  w  represents  only  the  English  ooy  as  /ir/,  fool 
in  some  German  dialects  after  ich  and  e,  it  is  In  English,  at  the  end  of  words,  it  is  either 
so  pronounced  that  while  most  writers  de-  silent,  as  in  low^  row ;  or  it  modifies  the  pre- 
scribe it  as  a  semi-vowel,  others,  including  ceding  vowel,  as  in  new^  paw^  hov, — Origi- 
Koah  Webster,  have  classed  it  as  a  pure  vowel,  nally,  there  is  no  doubt  that  W  was  a  guttural, 
equivalent  in  fact  to  the  English  oo  ;  but  and  it  is  so  classified  by  Eraitsir  (see  Lax- 
Leon  Valsse  contends  that  in  these  cases  it  is  gtjage,  vol.  x.  p.  298) ;  while  the  close  re- 
a  perfect  consonant  of  the  labial  class,  being  lationship  with  the  gutturals  which  belongi^ 
produced  by  a  movement  of  the  larynx,  while  to  its  character  as  an  aspirated  letter  Is  gener- 
the  vowels  ore  sounded  by  a  steady  tension  of  ally  recognized.  In  French  writing  of  the 
the  walls  of  the  pharynx.  Jacob  Grimm  also  llth~14th  centuries  it  was  used  indifierentiT 
classes  it  as  a  labial  aspirate.  Its  sound  is  com-  instead  of  ^,  the  word  guidsy  for  instance,  being 


160                    WAOHLEB  WADDELL 

roman  de  Rou  (Bollo)  et  dea  dues  de  Kormandie,  few  months  he  ezchanged  this  ofiSce  for  that  of 

a  poem  written  aboat  1171,  partlj  in  Alexan-  professor  of  civil  law  at  the  nnivernt^r  of  Leip- 

drine  and  partly  in  octosyllabic  verse,  and  re-  sic  and  counsellor  of  the  conrt  of  Saxony.  E\» 

markable  as  a  monument  of  the  language  and  works  evince  a  profound  knowledge  of  German 

as  a  picturesque  record  of  memorable  events,  law  and  its  sources. 

including  the  battle  of  Hastings  and  the  Nor-  WACKERNAGEL,  Kabl  Hxnmicn  Wil- 
man  conquest  of  England ;  Le  Brut  d' Angle-  helm,  a  German  author,  born  in  Berlin,  April 
ttfrrtf  (1165),  a  paraphrastic  version  of  Geoffrey  23,  1806.  At  the  university  of  Berlin  he 
of  Monmouth's  "British  History;"  Le  ehro-  studied  the  early  literature  of  Germany  under 
nique  (ucendante  dee  duce  de  Normandie;  and  Lachmann,  and  in  1883  he  was  appointed  pro- 
some  shorter  poems  of  less  importance.  Sev-  fessor  of  the  German  language  and  literature 
eral  poems  of  doubtful  authenticity  have  also  at  Basel,  where  he  has  since  resided.  He  has 
been  attributed  to  him.  A  critical  edition  of  been  a  prolific  writer  on  subjects  connected 
the  Soman  de  HoUy  with  notes  by  F.  Pluquet,  with  literature,  (esthetics,  ethics,  the  fine  arts, 
was  published  in  Rouen  in  1827  (2  vols.  8vo.).  law,  and  theology,  and  has  a  considerable  rep- 

WAOHLER,  JoHANN  Fbiedbich  Ludwig,  a  utation  as  a  poet. 

German   literary  historian,  born   in  Gotha,  WAD  AY,  a  kingdom  of  central  Africa,  lyin^ 

April  15, 1767,  died  in  Breslan,  April  4, 1838.  S.  of  the  great  desert  and  W.  of  Darfoor.    The 

He  studied  in  his  native  city,  and  subsequently  natives  generally  call  it  Dar-8aleyh,  and  in 

at  the  universities  of  Jena  and  Gottingen ;  was  Darfoor,  Eordofan,  and  Bomoo  it  is  called  Bor- 

successively  professor  of  theology,  history,  and  goo.    Very  littie  is  known  of  it  with  anj  cer- 

philosophy,  and  again  of  history,  in  Rinteln,  tainty.    Its  surface  is  generally  level,  thongh 

Harburg,  and  Breslau ;  and  eventually  was  ap-  there  are  many  isolated  mountains.    It  has  al- 

pointed  chief  librarian  of  the  university  in  the  together  an  inclination  from  E.  to  W.,  from  the 

fast  named  city.    His  works  are  numerous,  and  foot  of  a  mountain  range  named  Jebel  Marra 

distinguished  by  erudition,  as  well  as  elegance  to  Lake  Kuku.    In  the  nortliem  provinces  of 

of  style.     The  principal  are :   Qeschiehte  der  the  country  there  are  large  desert  tracts,  witli 

Literatur,  &c.  (3  vols.,  1793);  Geechichte  der  small  watercourses  interspersed  at  intervals. 

hietoriechen  Forechung  und  Kunet   (2  vols..  The  southern  portion  of  the  country  is  better 

1812-^20) ;  Lehrbuch  der  Qeschiehte  (1817) ;  and  watered  and  more  fertile.    The  kingdom  com- 

Varleeungen  uber  die  Qeschiehte  der  deutschen  prises  in  all  about  26  tribes  of  negroes  and 

NdtionaUiteratur  (2  vols.,  1818).  Arabs,  and  is  governed  by  a  sultan  who  resides 

"WA0H8MUTH,  Ebkst  Wilhelm  Gottlieb,  at  Abeshr,  and  under  whom  there  are  4  pro- 

a  German  historian,  born  in  Hildesheim,  Dec.  vincial  governors.    The  largest  town  is  Eodo- 

28,  1784.    He  studied  theology  at  the  univer-  gus,  containing  about  600  houses.    Although 

sity  of  Halle,  where  he  received  the  instruction  Waday  is  mainly  a  pastoral  country,  immensely 

of  F.  A.  Wolf,  Schleiermacher,  and  Niemeyer,  ridi  in  horses  and  fiocks  of  every  kind,  it  has 

but  subsequently  devoted  himself  to  languages,  a  considerable  commerce,  which  is  subject  to  a 

literature,  and  history.    He  lectured  on  the  large  tax.    The  principal  articles  of  trade  are 

Italian  language  and  history  at  the  university  salt,  copper,  fine  cloths,  harnesses,  coats  of 

of  Halle,  and  was  afterward  professor  of  his-  mail,  beads,  calico,  paper,  needles,  ivory  (taken 

tory  at  the  universities  of  Kiel  and  Leipsic.  in  exchange  from  neighboring  countries  for  ex- 

His  principal  works  are:    Rellenische  Alter-  port),  and  tobacco.    It  appears  that  all  the  large 

thumshunae  (2d  ed.,  4  vols.,  Halle,  1843-^6) ;  bargains  are  made  in  cattle,  and  the  smaller  in 

Europ&ische  Sittengesckichte  (5  vols.,  Leipsic,  strips  of  cotton  cloth.    There  are  few  manDfac- 

1831-9) ;  Qeschiehte  des  Zeitalters  der  Eevolu-  tnres,  and  these  are  of  the  rudest  kind.    The 

tibn  (4  vols.,  Leipsic,  1846-^8) ;    Allgemeine  army  consists  of  7,000  cavalry,  of  whom  1,000 

Culturgeschichte  (3  vols.,  Leipsic,  1850-'52);  are  mail-clad.  The  country  has  long  been  racked 

and  Qeschiehte  der  politischen  Parteiungen  (4  with  civil  wars,  and  of  late  few  of  the  sultans 

vols.,  Brunswick,  1863-6).  have  died  a  natural  death.    The  religion  is  a 

WXOHTER,  Earl  Geobo  von,  a  German  mixture  of  Mohammedanism    and  paganism, 

publicist,  bom  in  Marbach-on-the-Neckar,  Deo.  but  Dr.  Barth  found  among  the  negro  tribes  a 

24,  1797.    He  was  educated  at  the  universities  translation  of  the  Lord's  prayer. — ^It  is  asserted 

of  Tabingen  and  Heidelberg,  at  the  former  of  that  the  foundation  of  what  is  now  the  kingdom 

which  he  was  in  1820  appointed  assistant  pro- .  of  Waday  was  laid  by  Abd-el-Eerim  as  long 

fessor  of  law.*    In  1822  he  became  titular  pro-  ago  as  1020.    He  established  his  seat  at  Mads- 

fessor,  in  1825  rector  of  the  university,  and  in  ba,  a  mountainous  district  near  the  town  of 

'  1836  professor  of  law  and  chancellor,  having  Wara,  the  meaning  of  the  latter  name  beini; 

during  the  previous  3  years  occupied  the  chair  literally  "  the  town  encircled  by  hills."    The 

of  law  at  leipsic.    As  chancellor  he  held  also  kingdom,  according  to  the  accepted  acconnts. 

the  position*  of  member  of  the  parliament  of  has  thus  existed  for  more  than  800  years,  with 

Wtlrtemberg,  and  from  1839  to  1851  presided  a  regular  succession  of  sovereigns, 

over  the  chamber  of  deputies.    In  the  latter  WADDELL,  James,  D.D.,  an  American  c]er- 

year  he  resigned  his  chancellorship,  and  was  gyman,  born  in  Newry,  Ireland,  in  July,  1T39. 

appointed  president  of  the  supreme  court  of  died  in  Louisa  co.,  Ya.,  Sept.  17,  1805.    1^)^ 

appeal  of  the  4  free  cities ;  but  at  the  end  of  a  parents  emigrated  to  Pennsylvania  during  hi^ 


168                 WADSWORTH  WAFER 

treasary  notes  a  legal  tender,  and  for  the  biUa  an  impression  like  sealing  wax.    (See  Brau) 

abolishing  ^averj  and  the  so  called  black  laws  — Oommon  wafers  are  made  from  fine  wheat 

in  the  District  of  Oolnmbia.    As  chairman  of  floor  formed  into  a  thin  paste  with  cold  water, 

the  territorial  committee,  he  reported  a  bill  in  to  which  coloring  matter  and  sometimes  &  lit> 

1862  abolishing  slavery  in  all  the  territories  of  tie  white  of  egg  or  isinglass  are  added;  and 

the  government,  and  prohibiting  it  in  any  that  this  paste  is  then  baked  between  plates  of  iron 

may  hereafter  be  acquired.     We  should  add  hinged  together,  like  those  used  for  making 

that  he  has  also  constantly  insisted  on  the  ut-  waffles,  which  have  been  previously  wanned 

most  economy  in  the  public  expenditures,  and  and  greased  to  prevent  adhesion.    After  re- 

on  holding  officiaJs  to  a  stringent  accountability,  maining  a  few  moments  over  the  fire,  the  baked 

WADSWORTH,  James,  an  American  phi-  paste  is  taken  out  in  a  sheet,  and  dried  in  the 
lanthropist,  born  in  Durham,  Oonn.,  April  20,  air,  when  it  becomes  firm  and  brittle.  Seyeral 
1768,  died  in  Geneseo,  N.  Y.,  June  7, 1844.  He  sheets  are  piled  upon  each  other  and  cnt  with 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1788,  and  in  hollow  punches  to  the  reouired  nze.  Trans- 
1790  removed  with  his  brother  to  the  Genesee  parent  wafers  are  prepared  by  dissolving  fine 
river,  purchasing  a  large  tract  of  land  in  what  glue  or  isinglass  in  sudi  a  quantity  of  water 
ia  now  the  town  of  Geneseo,  and  also  acting  as  that  the  solution  will  solidify  on  cooling;  color- 
agent  for  the  estate  of  another  person.  In  time  ing  matter,  and  in  some  cases  even  pcrfumess, 
he  became  one  of  the  richest  land  proprietors  are  added  to  the  hot  liquid,  which  is  then  pour- 
in  New  York.  He  interested  himself  warmly  ed  upon  a  plate  of  glass  previously  heated  bv 
in  the  cause  of  education,  printing  and  circu-  steam,  smeared  with  a  little  oH,  butter,  or  some- 
lating  publications  on  the  subject  at  his  own  times  ox  gall,  to  prevent  adhesion,  and  snr- 
expense,  employing  persons  to  lecture  on  it,  rounded  by  a  ledge  of  the  same  height  as  the 
and  offering  premiums  to  the  towns  which  required  thickness  of  the  wafers.  A  second 
should  first  establish  school  libraries.  As  early  plate  of  glass  is  then  placed  upon  it,  which  ei- 
aa  1811  he  proposed  the  establishment  of  nor-  pels  the  excess  of  liquid,  and  forms  the  npper 
m^  schools,  and  continued  to  urge  it  untU  the  surface ;  the  whole  is  allowed  to  cool,  when 
state  normal  school  was  founded.  He  procured  the  transparent  sheet  is  easily  removed,  and  is 
the  enactment  of  the  school  library  law  in  1888,  cut  into  wafers  with  pundies.  Medidlion  va- 
founded  a  library  and  institution  for  scientific  fers,  in  which  a  design  in  relief  is  shown  on  a 
lectures  at  Geneseo  and  endowed  it  with  darker  ground,  as  in  a  cameo,  and  which  ven- 
$10,000,  and  in  his  sales  of  land  always  stipu-  in  fashion  some  years  ago,  were  prepared  by 
lat^  that  a  tract  of  126  acres  in  each  township  moistening  a  plate  of  metal,  on  which  the  de- 
should  be  granted  free  for  a  church,  and  another  sign  had  been  engraved  in  intaglio,  with  a  soln 
of  the  same  size  for  a  schooL  His  donations  to  tion  of  gum  mixed  with  some  opaque  color. 
the  cause  of  education  exceeded  $90,000.  which  was  then  carefully  removed  from  the 

WAFER  (Dutch,  wafel),  a  thin  and  general-  smooth  uncut  part  of  the  surface,  and  a  colored 
ly  dronlar  cake  of  some  farinaceous  material  solution  of  glue  or  isinglass  was  poared  on  the 
made  for  a  variety  of  purposes.  The  principal  plate.  In  drying,  the  glue  and  gum  contracted 
kinds  of  wafers  are :  1,  the  wafer  of  unleavened  and  were  thus  easily  separated  from  the  mould, 
bread  used  in  the  administration  of  the  eucharist  and  the  wafers  were  then  punched  out  as  QsuaJ. 
by  the  Roman  Catholic  and  most  of  the  orien-  — The  colors  employed  for  wafers  are :  for  red, 
tal  churches,  as  also  by  a  portion  of  the  Luther-  vermilion,  carmine,  a  decoction  of  Brazil  wood 
aoa  of  Europe  (see  Loan^s  Suppbr)  ;  2,  a  thin  brightened  with  alum,  and  for  cheap  wafers 
round  cake,  often  formed  into  a  roll,  sold  by  red  lead;  for  yellow,  saffron,  turmeric,  or  a  de- 
pastry  cooks;  this  seems  to  have  been  the  ear-  coction  of  weld,  fustic,  or  Persian  berries;  for 
best  use  of  the  name  in  England,  and  the  per-  blue,  an  alcoholic  solution  of  sulphate  of  indigo 
sons  selling  them  were  formerly  called  *^  wa-  partially  neutralized  with  potash  or  chalk ;  for 
ferers ;"  and  8,  the  thin  disks  used  for  sealing  olack,  a  mixture  of  sulphate  of  iron  (green  Tit- 
letters  and  fastening  together  pieces  of  paper,  riol)  and  gall  nuts.  The  other  colors  are  pr^>- 
The  Genoese  appear  to  have  been  the  first  who  duced  by  mixtures  of  these.  The  opaque  colors 
made  wafers  for  the  last  named  purpose,  and  such  as  vermilion,  carmine,  and  red  lead,  c»n. 
caused  them  to  receive  the  impression  of  a  seal  of  course,  only  be  used  for  wafers  of  the  ordi- 
when  attached  to  legal  documents.  According  nary  kind.  The  ingredients  used  for  <^loring 
to  Beckmann,  red  wafers  thus  impressed  were  red  wafers  are  generally  of  a  poisonous  enarac- 
used  as  far  back  as  the  year  1624;  but  he  adds  ter,  and,  the  wafers  being  put  in  the  montli  to 
that  during  the  whole  of  the  17th  century  they  wet  them,  injurious  effects  have  attended  their 
were  never  used  in  the  chancery  of  Brandon-  use ;  and  in  some  instances  where  they  are  em- 
barg,  and  but  seldom  by  private  persons.  In  ployed  in  large  quantities,  it  has  been  foond 
the  duchy  of  Weimar  an  order  of  the  year  1716,  necessary  to  substitute  white  wafers  for  the 
fbrbidding  their  use  in  law  matters,  was  an-  colored. — ^A  patent  was  taken  out  in  1850  by 
nailed  in  1742.  At  present,  in  most  of  the  M.  de  Fontainemoreau  for  three  methods  of 
United  8tates  and  in  many  other  countries,  making  wafers  with  a  surface  of  metal  foil 
ihej  are  employed  not  only  to  attach  seals  of  In  the  first,  the  foil  was  coated  with  the  ordi- 
other  materials  to  legal  documents,  but  them-  nary  paste  used  for  wafers,  then  placed  in  tJie 
selves  serve  as  seals,  either  plain  or  receiving  wafer  iron  and  baked  as  usual;  a  wafer  with 


164  WAGNER  WAGTAIL 

Wagner,    He  was  resolved  to  write  for  tba  return  to  Dresden. — ^Wagner^s  merits  are  a  pe^ 
grand  opera,  however  long  he  might  have  to  feet  mastery  of  the  science  of  mnsio  and  a 
wait.    Meanwhile   he  consented   to  prepare  thorough  acquaintance  with  its  technical  laws, 
vaudeville  music  for  the  minor  theatres,  until  which,  however,  he  frequently  chooses  to  dis- 
it  was  intimated  that  his  compositions  were  al-  regard.    His  command  of  the  orchestra  is  al- 
together too  fantastic  for  the   purpose.     He  solute,  and  no  finer  instrumental  writing  than  his 
was  then  left  with  two  operas  on  his  hands,  is  extant.    His  fault,  in  the  view  of  the  public, 
*^Kienzi".and  the  Vaisseau /antome^  ajid  not  a  is  an  uncompromising  adherence  to  bis  own 
sou  in  his  pocket.    In  this  dilemma  he  took  to  peculiar  theories.    He  not  only  proclaims  hu 
writing  novels,  in  which  field  he  reaped  his  ownsystemtoheeverlastingly  true,  hut  he  also 
first  success.    But  literary  triumphs  were  not  denounces  all  other  systems  as  irremediablj 
what  he  sought  for ;  so,  selling  the  libretto  of  false.  ^  He  avoids  regular  melody  as  inconsis- 
his  Vameau  fantSme  to  pay  his  way,  he  re-  tent  with  the  highest  expression  of  artistic  feel- 
moved  to  Dresden,  where  '^Bienzi"  had  been  ing.    Apart  from  his   musical   compositions, 
accepted  at  one  of  the  principal  theatres.    On  Wagner^s  literary  works  have  received  much  at- 
his  route  thither  Wagner  conceived  the  in-  tention.    They  consist  mostly  of  critical  re- 
tention of  writing  an   opera   which   should  views  of  modem  music,  and  analytic  illustra- 
thoroughly  embody  his  theories  and  convic-  tions  of  his  own.    His  Lettre  iur  la  mvtiqne, 
tions  of  the  art — ^a  step  he  had  not  ventured  to  published  in  Paris  in  1860,  just  prior  to  the 
take  either  in  "  Bienzi^^  or  the  Vauaeau  fan-  production  of  Tannhduser  in  that  city,  brought 
tdme.    Tannhduser  was  afterward  the  result  of  upon  him  the  severest  rebukes,  and  proved 
this  conception.    At  Dresden  ^*  Bienzi "  was  *to  be  one  of  the  causes  of  the  harsh  treatment 
received  with  favor,  and  the  composer  was  re-  its  author  received  at  the  opera, 
warded  by  the  oflSce  of  chapelmaster  to  the        WAGNEB,  Budolph,  a  German  physiologist 
king  of  Saxony.    In  1843  the  Vaisseau/antdme  and  anatomist,  bom  in  Baireuth,  Bavaria,  in 
was  brought  out.    It  failed  utterly,  and,  al-  1805.    He  studied  at  £rlangen  and  Wurzburg. 
though  soon  after  reproduced  at  Berlin,  Gas-  and  under  Cuvier  at  Paris.    Betuming  to  Ger- 
sel,  and  other  musical  capitals,  never  receiv-  nmny,  he  practised  for  a  time  as  a  physician  at 
ed  a  popular  plaudit.    "  Bienzi "  failed  every-  Augsburg,  was  afterward  a  tutor  and  professor 
where  excepting  in  Dresden.    Wagner  persist-  of  zoology  in  the  university  of  Erlangen,  and 
ed,  however,  in  developing  his  theories  in  the  in  1840  was  chosen  to  succeed  Blumenbach  as 
composition  of  Tannhduser^  which  was  pro-  professor  of  physiology  in  the  university  of 
duced  in  1845  at  Dresden  after  unexampled  care  GOttingen.    Among  his  numerous  works  may 
in  its  preparation;  but  it  received  only  two  rep-  be  mentioned  Beitrdge  zur  aergleiehenden  J«fl- 
resentations.    The  composer,  however,  set  to  tomie  da  Blutes  (Leipsic,  1833) ;  Frodromt 
work  to  get  it  admitted  into  other  theatres.  Hutoria  Generattonis  jffominu  atque  Anima- 
Failing  in  this,  he  began  to  compose  Lohengrin^  Hum  ^1886) ;  Beitrdge  zur  Tergleichenden  Phy- 
an  opera  still  more  identified  with  his  peculiar  siologie  (1888) ;  Lehrhuch  der Phytiologie  (18-39; 
views  of  art.    It  was  about  to  be  produced  at  4th  ed.,  1854-^5) ;  Ic<mee  Zootomies  (fol.,  1841); 
Dresdenin  1849,  when  the  revolution  in  Saxony  Veher  doe  Verhdltnies  der  Physiotogie  zu  thn 
took  place.    Wagner  participated  in  it,  princi-  phyeuchen  Wiszenschc^en  (Gottingen,  1842^ ; 
pally  because  he  behoved  the  overthrow  of  Zehrbueh  der  Zootomie  (2  vols.,  Leipsic^  1843- 
the  government,  by  releasing  the  theatre  from  '7);  ffandtoorterhuch  der  Phyziologie  (6  vols. 
court  control,  would  leave  him  freer  to  establish  8vo.,  Brunswick,  1843-'58)  ;  NeunfogUche  Un- 
his  iOperatio  principles.    The  revolution  was  tersuehungen  (Gottingen,  1854),  &c.    He  is  od6 
speedily  suppressed,  and  Wagner  was  exiled,  of  the  most  eminent  opponents  of  the  material- 
He  retired  to  Switzerland,  and  lived  for  some  istic  school  of  science  in  Germany, 
years  at  ZQrich,  where  he  composed  Triztan       WAGBAM,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  on 
and  the  Nvbelun^en,     His  principal  advocate  the  left  bank  of  the  Bossbach,  11  m.  N.  E.  from 
during  this  period  was  the  pianist  Liszt,  who  Vienna,  celebrated  for  a  victory  of  NapoleoD, 
icaused  several  of  Wagner's  operas  to  be  repre-  July  5-6,  1809,  over  the  Anstrians,  commanded 
sented  at  Weimar,  where  they  gave  birth  to  by  the  archduke  Charles.    The  loss  was  very 
a  new  school  in  art,  Liszt  being  the  first  and  severe  and  nearly  equal  on  both  sides.    The 
most  devoted  convert.    Tlirough   his  efforts  immediate  result  of  the  battle  was  the  retreat 
and  those  of  his  followers,  Wagner's  name  now  of  the  Austrians  to  the  heights  of  Znajp, 
became  more  widely  known  than  ever.    In  where  after  a  second  engagement  an  arroibtice 
1857  his  TannhduzeTy  which  seems  to  have  was  concluded  on  July  12,  soon  followed  by  the 
been  accepted  as  his  representative  work,  al-  treaty  of  SchOnbrunn.    Berthier,  for  his  bril- 
though  he  always  declares  his  last  the  best,  was  liant  share  in  the  victory,  was  created  prince 
performed  at  Stuttgart  with  success.    In  1861  of  Wagram. 

It  was  given  at  the  grand  opera  in  Paris,  where  WAGTAIL,  a  name  applied  to  some  of  the 
it  failed  completely,  only  three  performances  European  motacilUnm^  a  group  of  birds  of  the 
being  tolerated.  At  Vienna,  in  1862,  it  was  re-  warbler  family,  from  the  remarkable  jerking 
ceived  with  greater  favor  than  had  ever  before  motion  of  their  long  tail.  They  somewhat  re- 
been  vouchsafed  it.  He  has  recently  been  par-  semble  the  larks,  having  a  rooderntely  Iot)^. 
doned  by  the  king  of  Saxony,  and  permitted  to  straight,  flattened,  and  slender  bill,  slightly 


166                   WAHISTAT  WAKE 

aboat  475  sq.  in. ;  pop.  in  1860,  42.    Oapital,  tions,  indnding  a  deaf  and  dumb  aBylrnn,  isd 

Oatblamette.  carries  on  a  considerable  trade,  especiiQlj  in 

WAHL8TAT.    See  Libgnttz.  wine.    It  is  an  old  town,  and  con4>i<!^oxu  in 

WAHOO.    See  £lm.  the  history  of  Hungary.    Beside  fieveral  bat- 

WAINWRIGHT,  Jonathan  Mayhsw,  D.D.,  ties  in  preceding  periods,  two  were  fought 

provisional  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  there  by  the  Hungarian    army  in  1849,  on 

church  in  the  diocese  of  New  York,  born  in  April  10  against  the  Austrians,  and  on  Jnlj  16 

Liverpool,  England.  Feb.  24, 1792,  died  in  Kew  against  the  Russians. 

York,  Sept.  21, 1864.    His  father  was  English,  WAIWOpE.    See  Watwode. 

but  on  his  mother^s  side  he  was  the  grandson  WAKE  (Anglo-Sax.  tcae\  a  holiday  festi- 

of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Jonathan  Maybe w,  a  distin-  val  once  universally  celebrated  in  the  countrj 

Siished  Oongregational  minister  in  Boston,  parishes  of  England,  and  still  annually  kept  up 
ass.  When  he  was  11  years  old  his  parents  m  some  secluded  districts.  Wakes  originated 
returned  to  the  United  States,  and  in  1812  he  at  the  period  of  the  conversion  of  the  Saxons 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college.  He  re-  to  Ohnstianity,  and  were  established  to  com- 
mained  for  some  time  at  that  university,  engaged  memorate  the  birthday  of  the  saint  to  whom  a 
in  teaching ;  but  having  resolved  to  enter  the  particular  church  was  dedicated,  and  the  anni- 
ministry  of  the  Episcopal  church,  he  studied  yersary  of  the  dedication.  As  the  ecdeBiasti* 
theology,  and  in  1816  was  admitted  to  deacon^s  cal  day  was  then  reckoned  from  sunset  to  sun- 
orders  by  Bishop  Griswold  in  Providence,  R.  I.  set,  the  festival  commenced  on  the  evening 
Soon  afterward  he  became  rector  of  Christ^s  previous  to  the  day  itself,  and  during  the  night 
church  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  where  he  was  or-  the  people  customarily  performed  their  devo- 
dained  priest  by  Bishop  Hobart  of  New  York,  tions  in  the  churches,  whence  the  name  wake. 
In  Kov.  1819,  he  became  an  assistant  minister  which  signifies  strictly  the  waking  or  \igil 
of  Trinity  chiirch,  New  York,  but  two  years  preceding  the  festival,  but  subsequently  in- 
later  assumed  the  rectorship  of  Grace  church  eluded  both.  Wakes  gradually  became  the  oc- 
in  the  same  city.  The  degree  of  D.D.  was  casions  of  boisterous  and  even  licentious  merry- 
conferred  upon  him  by  Union  college  in  1823,  makings ;  and  where  the  saint  was  of  high  re- 
and  by  Harvard  college  in  1835.  After  much  pute,  the  inhabitants  of  neighboring  parishes 
urging,  Dr.  Wainwright  consented  in  1834  to  nocked  in  large  numbers  to  his  annual  festival 
take  the  rectorship  of  Trinity  church,  Boston ;  So  injurious  did  these  frequent  celebrations 
but  3  years  later  he  returned  to  his  early  con-  prove  to  public  morality  ana  industry,  that  in 
nection  with  Trinity  parish.  New  York,  having  1636  Henry  VIII.  by  an  act  of  convocation 
St.  John^s  chapel  more  especially  in  his  charge,  ordered  the  festival  of  the  saint^s  day  to  be  dis- 
In  1848-^9,  Dr.  Wainwright,  principally  on  ac-  continued,  and  that  of  the  dedication  of  the 
count  of  his  health,  visited  Europe  and  the  church  to  be  celebrated  in  all  the  parishes  on 
East,  and  after  his  return  accompanied,  in  June,  the  first  Sunday  of  October.  This  gradnallT 
1852,  the  delegation  from  the  American  Epis-  fell  into  desuetude,  the  saint^s  day  being  the 
copal  church  to  attend  the  celebration  at  the  more  popular  festi^^l,  and  the  latter  still  enb- 
close  of  the  third  jubilee  year  of  the  society  for  aista  in  the  form  of  a  village  wake. — ^In  Ireland, 
the  propagation  of  the  gospel  in  foreign  parts,  according  to  Miss  Edgeworth,  "  a  wnke  is  a 
The  university  of  Oxford  conferred  upon  him,  midnight  meeting,  held  professedly  for  the  in- 
on  this  occasion,  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  He  was  dulgence  of  holy  sorrow,  but  usually  converted 
elected  provisional  bigihop  of  the  diocese  of  into  orgies  of  unholy  joy.^'  It  occurs  upon  the 
New  York  at  the  beginning  of  Oct.  1852,  and  death  of  one  in  humble  circumstances,  inrho^ 
was  consecrated  in  Trinity  church,  Nov.  10,  10  body,  laid  out  and  covered  with  a  sheet,  except 
bishops  bemg  present.  Bishop  Wainwright  the  face,  which  is  exposed,  and  surrounded  hj 
entered  upon  his  new  field  of  labor  with  a  zeal  lighted  tapers,  is  "  waked"  by  the  friends  and 
and  devotion  which,  in  the  feeble  state  of  his  neighbors  of  the  famOy.  After  much  vocifer- 
health,  hastened  his  death.  As  a  pulpit  orator  ous  lamentation  over  the  deceased,  the  com- 
be stood  among  the  first  of  his  day,  being  not-  pany  are  regaled  with  good  cheer,  of  \rhich 
ed  for  his  graceful  and  impressive  manner,  no  whiskey  forms  an  important  part ;  and  the  wake 
less  than  for  the  force  and  vigor  of  his  teach-  often  terminates  in  noisy  if  not  riotous  demon- 
ings.  He  was  the  author  of  a  number  of  occa-  strations  of  enjoyment, 
sional  sermons,  a  controversy  with  the  Rev.  WAKE,  a  central  co.  of  North  Carolina, 
Dr.  Potts  on  episcopacy,  and  2  volumes  of  -  drained  by  the  Neuse  and  Little  rivers ;  area, 
travels  in  Egypt  and  Palestine.  He  alsoecUted  1,010  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  28,627,  of  whom 
Bishop  Ravenscroft^s  memoirs  and  sermons,  and  10,733  were  slaves.  The  surface  is  hilly  and 
the  life  of  Bishop  Heber.  the  soil  fertile.  The  productions  in  1850  were 
WAITZEN,  or  Waizen  (Hun.  F<fa),  a  town  681,890  bushels  of  Indian  com,  80,038  of  oats, 
of  Hungary,  in  the  county  and  20  m.  N.  from  64,126  of  wheat,  180,960  of  potatoes,  109,142 
the  city  of  Pesth,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Dan-  lbs.  of  butter,  14,820  of  tobacco,  5,096  tons  of 
ube ;  pop.  about  13,000.  It  is  situated  in  a  fer-  hay,  and  2,059  bales  of  cotton.  There  were 
tile  plain,  is  the  see  of  a  Roman  Catholic  bish-  16  grist  mills,  16  saw  mills,  2  tanneries,  4  semi- 
op,  has  a  fine  cathedral,  an  episcopal  palace,  weekly  and  6  weekly  newspapers,  34  churches, 
and  various  educational  and  benevolent  institu-  and  2,001    pupils   attending   public   schools* 


168  WAKKFfKTJ)  WAKUAH 

and  ey^nts  of  the  period  of  the  French  revolu-  much  diligence,  a  vast  weapon  whieh  his  jndg* 
tion,  as  *^  The  Spirit  of  Ohristianity  compared  ment  was  totally  imable  to  wield/^ 
with  the  Spirit  of  the  Times,"  "  An  Examina-        WAKEFIELD,    Pbisoilla   (Trewmas),  an 
tion  of  *  The  Age  of  Reason,' "  and  a  philippic  English  writer  on  education,  and  one  of  the 
against  the  war  with  France,  entitled  "  Ke-  first  proposers  of  savings  banks,  bom  in  1V60, 
marks  on  the  General  Orders  of  the  Duke  of  died  in  Ipswich  in  1882.    She  first  became 
York,"  all  published  in  1794    He  edited  a  com-  known  as  an  author  by  works  entitled  ^'  Jove- 
plete  edition  of  Horace  (1794),  a  selection  of  nile  Improvement"  (1795);   *^  Leisure  Hours'^ 
Greek  tragedies  (1794),  a  volume  of  poetical  (2   vols.,  1796) ;    "  Introduction  to  Botany'* 
translations  (1795),  the  poems  of  Bion  and  (1796);  "Mental  Improvement"  (8  vols.,  1797); 
Moschus  (1795),  the  works  of  Virgil  (1796),  ''Reflections  on  the  Present  Condition  of  the 
Pope's  translation  of  the  Iliad  (11  vols.,  1796),  Female  Sex,  with  Hints  for  its  ImproTement'' 
and  the  De  Rerum  Natura  of  Lucretius  (8  vols.,  (1798) ;    "  Juvenile    Traveller"    (1801) ;  and 
London,   1796-7),  characterized  by  Dyer  as  "Familiar  Tour  through  the  British  Empire'' 
"  one  of  the  most  splendid  editions  of  a  classic  (1804).    In  1798  she  founded  at  Tottenham, 
author  that  ever  issued  from  an  English  press,"  near  London,  a  '*  children's  bank,"  and  in  18(^ 
and  by  the  publication  of  which  he  half  ruined  a  savings   banks   for  adults.    These  savings 
himself,  though  it  was  reprinted  after  his  death,  banks  were  superseded  by  others,  better  plan- 
He  also  wrote  *'  A  Reply  to  the  Letter  of  Ed-  ned ;  and  meanwhile  Mrs.  Wakefield  continued 
mund  Burke,  Esq.,  to  a  Noble  Lord"  (1796);  her  efibrts  for  the  young,  and  published  *'Do- 
•*  A  Letter  to  WiUiam  Wilberforce"  (1797)  ;  a  mestio  Becreation"  (1806);    "  Excursions  in 
tract  against  the  "Hecuba"  of  Person,  which  North  America"  (1806);  "Sketches  of  Human 
called  forth  the  satirical  toast  from  the  latter :  Manners"   (1807);   "Variety"  (1809);  "Per- 
"What^s  Hecuba  to  him  or  he  to  Hecuba?"  and  ambulations  in   London   and   its  £nyiroD»' 
"A  Reply  to  some  Parts  of  the  Bishop  of  (1810);    "Instinct  Displayed"  (1811);   ''The 
LlandaflT's  Address  to  the  People  of  Great  Brit-  Traveller  in  Africa"  (1814);   "An  Introduc- 
ain"  (1798),  in  which  he  exults  at  the  expected  tion  to  the  Knowledge  of  Insects"  (1815) ;  and 
French  invasion  and  conquest  of  England,  and  **  The  Traveller  in  Asia"  (1817). 
which  occasioned  a  prosecution  first  of  his        WAKUAFI,  a  nomadic  tribe  of  E.  Africa, 
publisher  and  then  of  himself,  and  caused  his  occupying  the  plains  of  the  interior  from  lat. 
nnprisonment  for  two  years  in  Dorchester  gaol.  2°  N.  to  lat.  4°  8.    They  are  tall  and  slender. 
His  friends  and  partisans  raised  a  subscription  with  handsome  features  and  rather  light  com- 
for  him  of  about  jC5,000.    He  printed  privately  plexions.    They  seem  to  be  of  Arabic  ori;;in, 
but  did  not  publish  his  *^  Defence,"  and  while  and  their  language  bears  some  affinity  to  the 
in  gaol  produced  an  imitation  of  the  10th  satire  Oushite  Arabic.    In  their  mode  of  life  they  bear 
of  Juvenal,  a  translation  of  some  essays  of  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  nomadic  Tartars. 
Dion  Chrysostomus,  and  a  volume  on  the  hex-  They  are  a  warlike  race,  and  in  their  Lattk-s 
ameter  verse  entitled  Noctts  Varceraruf.   After  carry,  beside  the  spear  and  shield,  a  formidable 
his  release  he  lectured  in  London  on  the  ^neid,  club  of  hard  wood,  which  they  hurl  with  great 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  had  made  con-  precision  at  the  heads  of  their  enemies  at  a  dia- 
siderable  collections  for  a  Greek-English  lexi-  tance  of  from  50  to  70  paces,  and  with  an  al- 
oon.     "  Condemned  as  an  enraged  Jacobin,"  most  invariably  fatal  effect.     "When  they  en- 
•ays  Disraeli,  "  by  those  who  were  Unitarians  camp  for  any  considerable  time  on  a  plain, 
in  politics,  and  r^ected  because  he  was  a  Uni-  they  construct  huts  covered  with  cowhides  or 
tarian  in  religion  by  the  ortiiodox,  poor  Wake-  grass,  and  surround  their  village  with  ditches 
field^s  literary  labors  were  usually  reduced  to  and  thorn  hedges.    The  subdivisions  of  age  are 
the  value  of  waste  paper."    His  scholarship  peculiar  to  them  among  the  African  tnbe<. 
was  very  defective,  though  it  was  compliment-  The  engerOj  children  under  14,  remain  at  home 
ed  by  Hcyne,  Jacobs,  and  moderately  by  Dr.  with  their  mothers ;  the  leiol'^  youths  from  U 
Parr.     ^  He  became  bigoted,"  says  a  reviewer,  to  20,  are  devoted  to  the  national  games  and 
**  to  almost  every  paradox  which  had  once  pos-  the  chase ;  the  elmoran,  young  men  from  20  to 
sessed  his  very  eccentric  understanding.    He  25,  are  the  warriors ;  the  Ichiekoy  men  from  25 
was  as  violent  against  Greek  accents  as  he  was  to  45,  are  usually  married,  and  engage  partly  in 
against  the  Trinity,  and  anaUiematized  the  final  war  and  partly  in  hunting ;  while  the  aged 
n  as  atrongly  as  episcopacy.    Whatever  coin-  men,  eekiminshoy  remain  at  home  and  are  the 
oided  not  with  his  ideas  of  rectitude,  justice,  councillors  of  the  nation.    At  the  head  of  the 
elegance,  or  whatever  else  it  Bught  be,  was  to  nation  is  the  oilkihroni  or  chief,  who,  in  con- 
give  way  at  once  and  to  be  rescinded  at  his  nection  with  the  oilehon  or  msgician,  rules  the 
pleasure,  on  pain  of  the  most  violent  reprehen-  people  with  a  very  absolute  sway ;    but  tlie 
rion  to  all  opponents.      These  exterminating  office  is  not  hereditary,  and  he  is  occasion- 
sentences  were  also  given  with  such  precipi-  ally  deposed.    Circumcision  is  generally  prac- 
tancy  as  not  to  allow  even  a  minute  for  con-  tised.    They  have  a  few  slaves  among  tlum- 
sideration.    By  faults  original  or  habitual,  his  selves,  but  do  not  traffic  in  slaves,  and  kill  all 
sincerity  became  offensive,  his  honesty  haughty  their  captives  taken  in  war  except  young  girl^- 
and  uncharitable,  his  intrepidity  factious,  his  They  hold  however  several  of  the  neighboring 
aouteness  delusive,  and  his  memory,  assisted  by  tribes  in  sabjection,  compelling  them  to  hunt 


IT*  WALDENSES    ^ 

of  the  empire  and  field  manhal.     He  com-  mostly  with  the  Hiumtes,  e^Mdallj  the  Tft> 

manded  the  Fronoonian  troops  at  the  siege  of  borites,  and  with  the  Bohemian  Brethren ;  a 

Vienna  by  the  Tnrks  in  16S8.    Returning  to  nnion  which  not  only  led  to  a  modification  of 

Holland,  he  was  appointed  marshal-general  of  their  views,  but  has  also  involved  their  his- 

the  army  of  the  United  Provinces,  and  was  de-  tory  in  greater  obscurity,  as  the  historkna  of 

feated  by  Marshal  Luxembourg  at  the  battle  of  the  middle  ages  did  not  mark  the  distinction 

Fleurusinl690.   11.  OHBisTiAKAnouBTn8(born  between  the  Bohemian  Waldeuses  and  those 

in  1744,  died  at  Lisbon  in  1798)  entered  the  of  other  countries.     The  persecution  of  the 

service  of  Austria  in  his  youth,  rose  rapidly  in  Waldenses  of  Piedmont  contmued  with  but  rare 

the  army,  distinguished  himself  in  the  war  interruptions  throughout  the  16th  and  l7th 

against  the  Turks,  was  appointed  lieutenant-  centuries.    In  1680  they  were  attacked  by  a 

general  in  the  war  against  France  in  1792,  lost  French  and  Italian  army;  8,000  were  killed, 

an  arm  at  the  siege  of  Thionville,  took  part  in  10,000  imprisoned,  and  8,000  of  their  children 

1798  in  the  attack  on  the  lines  of  Weissem-  distributed  in  Oatholic  towns  and  villages.   In 

bourg,  and  captured  Fort  Louis.    In  1794  he  the  following  year  they  received  permission  to 

succeeded  Gen.  Hack  as  quartermaster-general  emigrate,  and  about  5,000  left  the  valleys  for 

of  Flanders,  and  in  1797  was  appointed  to  the  Switzerland,  Holland,  Brandenburg,  Hesse,  and 

chief  command  of  the  Portuguese  army.  Wtlrtemberg.    In  the  last  named  country  full 

WALDEKSES,  or  Yaudois,  a  Christian  de-  freedom  of  religious  worship  was  guaranteed  to 

nomination  in  Italy.    The  nanie  is  commonly  them,  and  they  still  survive  in  10  oongregs- 

derived  from  Petrus  Waldus,  Peter  Waldo,  or  tions,  with  about  1,600  souls,  forming  at  pres- 

Pierre  de  Vauz,  an  opulent  citizen  of  Lyons  ent  part  of  the  state  church,  but  retaining  their 

(about  1170),  who  is  regarded  as  their  founder,  own  rites.  In  1694  the  duke  of  Savoy  invited 
)thers  claim  for  them  an  older  origin,  deriving  the  fugitives  to  return,  but  in  1780  they  suffer- 
their  name  from  the  Latin  i^allU,  valley,  so  that  ed  from  a  new  persecution.  Napoleon  gave  to 
it  would  denote  ^^inhabitants  of  the  valleys;"  their  clergy  for  their  support  landed  property, 
bat  nearly  all  recent  historians  r^'ect  both  the  of  which  they  were  again  stripped  in  1816 ;  bnt 
latter  derivation  of  their  name  and  their  early  the  king  of  Sardinia,  it  the  instance  of  the  Prus- 
origin.  The  opinion,  in  particular,  that  they  sian  government,  gave  to  each  of  their  minis- 
bad  had  an  apostolical  succession  of  bishops,  ters  a  small  fixed  salary.  About  1826  the  Prus- 
has  been  generally  given  up ;  yet  it  is  consid-  sian  government  began  to  interest  itself  more 
ered  probable  that  in  some  of  the  Alpine  val-  actively  in  their  behalf,  and  to  aid  them  in 
leys  there  had  been  maintained  ever  since  the  the  erection  of  churches  and  schools.  Still 
times  of  Bishop  Claudius  of  Turin  a  spirit  of  they  continued  to  be  excluded  from  all  civil 
opposition  to  some  practices  and  to  the  general  and  military  ofSces  until  1848,  when  Sardinia 
condition  of  the  Roman  Oatholic  church,  not  granted  them  full  religious  and  ecclesiastical 
substantially  differing,  perhaps,  from  the  sub-  liberty  and  equality  of  civil  and  political  rights 
sequent  preaching  of  the  Waldenses.  Petrus  with  the  Boman  Catholics.  The  successful  rey- 
Waldus,  by  reading  the  Bible  and  the  early  olution  of  1859-^60,  which  enlarged  Sardinia 
church  writers,  conceived  an  ardent  desire  to  into  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  gave  them  the  same 
bring  back  the  church,  which  in  her  external  rights  throughout  the  Apennine  peninsula,  ei- 
i^tpearanoe  seemed  to  him  utterly  corrupt,  to  cept  in  Eome  and  Venice.  Until  1846  they 
primitive  and  apostolical  purity.  He  gave  all  his  were  confined  to  8  retired  valleys  of  the  Cot- 
possessions  to  the  poor,  began  preaching,  and  tian  Alps,  Lusema,  Perosa,  and  San  Martino ; 
collected  a  body  of  associates,  who  were  com-  but  since  1848  they  have  organized  new  con- 
monly  called  the  *^Poor  of  Lyons,^'  Leonist»  gregations  in  other  towns  of  Sardinia,  and  since 
(from  the  Latin  name  of  Lyons),  Sabatati  (from  1858  in  all  parts  of  Italy.  In  the  valleys  they 
their  wearing  wooden  shoes  or  sandals),  or  Hu-  count  15  congregations  with  about  20,000  souls : 
miliati  (from  their  humility).  They  had  no  design  outside  of  them  they  had  in  186 1  confn'ega- 
ofaecedingf^om  the  church,  and  when  the  arch-  tions  at  Pigncrol,  Turin,  Genoa,  Nice,  Paler- 
bishop  of  Lyons  commanded  them  to  be  silent,  mo,  Aosta,  Milan,  Brescia,  Leghorn,  Pisa,  Eor- 
they  appealed  to  Pope  Alexander  III.,  who  like-  ence,  Casale,  and  Cormayeur,  with  a  number 
wise  forbade  their  meetings  (1179).  Waldus  of  stations  which  are  occasionally  visited.  In 
continued  however  to  preach,  teaching  that  1848  Turin  became  the  centre  of  many  of  their 
they  must  obey  God  rather  than  man,  and  in  operations ;  they  had  there  a  printing  pre«s,  a 
1 184  he  and  his  followers  were  formally  excom-  bi-monthly  periodical,  a  depository  of  fiibles  and 
municated  by  Pope  Lucius  III.  His  views  religious  tracts,  a  committee  for  the  evangeliza- 
Bpread  in  France,  Italy,  and  Bohemia,  and  his  tion  of  Italy,  8  day  schools,  and  several  other 
adherents  became  especially  numerous  in  Pro-  religions  associations.  When  all  Italy  was 
vence  and  in  the  valleys  of  Piedmont.  In  1242  opened  to  l^em,  they  fixed  upon  Florence  as 
they  were  again  condemned  by  the  synod  of  the  centre  of  their  denomination,  and  con- 
Tarragona,  and  a  large  number  of  them  were  sequently  the  theological  seminary  was  re- 
put  to  death.  Those  living  in  the  valleys  suf-  moved  thither  in  1860,  and  the  printing  pre^*' 
fered  especially  from  persecution,  and  under  with  the  publication  of  their  peculiar  organ  in 
Sixtus  IV.  a  crusade  was  preached  against  1862.  They  have  been  especially  active  since 
them.     In   Bohemia  they  afterward  united  1858  in  the  publication  of  religious  books,  and 


178  WALES 

ity  are  Merthjr  TydvU  and  Swansea  in  61a-  by  roolcs  of  Igneona  origin,  witih  a  few  Umhed 
morganahire,  Haverford  West  in  Pembroke-  districts  of  metamorpbic  scbists,  and  of  azoic 
shire,  Holyhead  on  Holyhead  island,  Llanelly,  rocks  referred  to  the  Cambrian  division.  Tibo 
Welshpool,  Wrexham,  Bangor,  Holywell,  Llan-  secondary  or  mesozoio  division  is  represented 
goUen,  Neath,  Newton,  Yawr,  and  Hawarden.  by  a  narrow  belt  of  the  new  red  sandstone  in 
— ^Wales  has  about  800  m.  of  coast  line,  8  of  its  the  N.  £.  county  of  Denbigh,  and  of  the  same 
ddes  being  washed  by  the  British  waters.  The  formation  overlaid  by  strata  of  the  lias  in  tbe 
estuary  of  the  Dee  at  the  N.  E.  forms  the  first  S.  extremity  of  Glamorganshire  on  Bristol  chan- 
indentation  in  the  coast  line,  and  is  succeeded  nel.  The  W.  portion  of  Wales  consists  of  the 
by  the  Menai  strait,  which  separates  the  island  more  ancient  formations,  chiefly  slates,  sand- 
of  Anglesea  from  the  mainland ;  S.  of  this,  stones,  and  conglomerates  of  the  lower  silnrian 
and  at  the  N.  W.  of  the  principality,  is  Caer-  formation,  which  range  in  a  N.  E.  and  8.  W.  di- 
narvon  bay ;  separated  from  the  latter  by  the  rection.  From  the  coast  of  Pembrokeshire 
long  peninsula  of  Caernarvon,  terminating  in  ranges  ofigneous  rocks  extending  N.E.  alternate 
Brarch-y-Pwall  head,  is  Cardigan  bay.  St.  in  narrow  bands  with  the  slates;  and  in  the N. 
Bride's,  a  small  bay  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Pem-  W.  counties  of  Anglesea,  Caernarvon,  and  Me- 
brokeshire,  Caermarthen  bay,  Swansea  bay,  rioneth  eruptive  rocks,  mostly  of  trappean 
and  the  broad  estuary  of  the  Severn,  are  the  character,  are  much  more  largely  developed, 
other  principal  indentations  of  the  coast.  The  irregularly  disposed  in  the  same  general  direo- 
principal  rivers  of  Wales  are  the  Severn  and  tion  among  the  lower  silurian  strata.  In  An- 
the  Dee,  both  in  the  E.,  and  both  having  their  glesea  the  prevailing  rocks  are  of  metamorphio 
source  and  their  embouchure  in  Wales,  though  character,  among  which  are  found  large  expo- 
a  considerable  portion  of  their  course  is  in  Eng-  sures  of  the  carboniferous  limestone,  including 
land.  Beside  these,  there  are  on  the  W.  side  a  narrow  but  productive  belt  of  the  coal  meas- 
numerous  small  streams  descending  fi*om  the  ures.  East  of  the  great  belt  of  lower  silnrian, 
mountains,  such  as  the  Clwyd,  Conway,  Dovey,  upper  silurian  strata  of  the  Wenloek  group  are 
Rheidiol,  and  Ystwith,  the  two  last  named  traced  in  an  irregular  line  of  oatcrop  from 
nniting  and  discharging  their  waters  into  Car-  Denbighshire  S.  through  the  E.  part  of  Mont- 
digan  bay;  theTeify;  the  Cleddy  and Cleddau,  gomeryshire  and  Radnorshire,  terminating  to- 
which  flow  into  the  head  of  Milford  haven ;  ward  the  S.  W.  in  a  long  narrow  strip  in  the 
the  Towy,  Bury,  Ebry,  and  Taf.  The  Romney,  S.  part  of  Caermarthenshiro.  To  the  8.  E.  of 
forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Wales  this  is  a  great  exposure  of  the  old  red  sand- 
and  England,  and  the  Usk  and  Wye,  which  rise  stone,  which  occupies  Brecknockshire  and  part 
in  the  E.  and  pass  into  England,  are  the  only  of  Monmouthshire,  spreading  over  the  adjoin- 
other  streams  of  any  importance.  A  few  of  ing  county  of  Hereford  in  England.  It  extends 
these  unite  and  form  estuaries  which  are  navi-  W.  in  a  narrow  belt  on  the  borders  of  Caer- 
gable  for  a  short  distance,  but  the  streams  marthenshire  and  Glamorganshire,  forming  the 
themselves  are  mostly  mere  mountain  torrents.  N.  boundary  of  Caermarthen  bay.  A  southern 
There  are  many  small  lakes  or  ponds,  but  none  limb  of  this  formation  passes  through  Newport 
of  considerable  size. — Nearly  the  whole  princi-  and  Cardiff  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  oev- 
pality  is  covered  with  mountains ;  the  island  em,  and,  together  with  the  carboniferous  lime- 
of  Anglesea  and  portions  of  Pembroke  and  stone,  which  overlies  it,  appears  on  the  penis- 
Glamorganshire  are  the  only  exceptions.  The  sula  W.  of  Swansea  bay  and  of  that  forming 
Cambrian  range,  as  it  is  designated,  is  consid-  the  S.  extremity  of  Pembrokeshire.  Between 
ered  as  an  offshoot  of  the  Pennine  range,  these  two  arms  of  this  older  formation  lie  the 
which  forms  the  great  watershed  of  the  N.  of  coal  fields  of  South  Wales,  the  one  occupying 
England.  It  consists  of  two  parallel  ranges,  the  greater  part  of  Glamorganshire  and  known 
one  following  the  N.  and  the  other  the  S.  coast  as  the  South  Welsh  coal  basin,  and  a  narrower 
of  Wales,  and  connected  by  a  central  range  one  continuing  the  same  range  on  the  other 
running  from  N.  to  S.  The  northern  range  side  of  Caermarthen  bay  through  the  Pembroke 
contains  the  highest  mountains  in  S.  Britain,  peninsula  to  St.  Bride^s  bay.  Another  coal  for- 
Its  culminating  points  are  Snowdon  in  Caer-  mation  is  traced  along  the  borders  of  the  river 
narvoDshire,  8,571  feet  high  (^e  highest  sum-  Dee  in  the  N.  E.  of  Flintshire,  and  extend^  S. 
mit  of  England  or  Wales),  Caern-y-Llewellyn,  from  the  upper  part  of  the  estuary  of  that  river 
and  Caern-y-David.  The  central  chain  has  past  Mold,  Wrexham,  and  Oswestry^nearly  to 
Cader  Idris,  8,660  feet,  Plynlinunon,  and  Arran  the  banks  of  the  Severn  in  the  N.  W.  comer 
Fowdy,  all  in  Merionethshire ;  and  the  south-  of  Montgomeryshire.  In  or  near  this  coal 
ern  chain  culminates  in  Brecknock-Beacon  in  field  are  worked  numerous  mines  of  coal,  iron, 
Brecknockshire,  2,862  feet  high.  The  north-  and  lead. — ^Wales  abounds  in  useful  minerals 
em  chain  is  frequently  called  the  Snowdon  of  great  variety.  Anglesea  in  the  N.  W.  ex- 
chain  ;  the  central  has  the  name  of  Berwyn,  tremlty  is  productive  m  copper  and  lead  ores 
and  the  soutbern  of  Black  mountains.  From  the  latter  containing  silver  sufficient  to  render 
these  principal  chains  spurs  of  less  elevation  its  extraction  profitable.  The  Parys  copper 
extend  to  the  lunits  of  the  principality. — ^Wales  mine  was  at  one  time  one  of  the  most  valuable 
18  a  region  composed  in  chief  part  of  palmozoio  mines  in  the  world.  In  Caernarvonshire  are 
formations,  broken  in  upon  in  a  few  localities  the  great  quarries  of  roofing  slate,  of  which 


174  WALES 

the  Chester  and  Holyhead,  foUowing  the  nominal  supremacy  over  Wales,  and  eiacted 
northern  shore  from  Chester,  crossing  the  an  annual  tribute  from  the  inhabitants.  Od 
Menai  strait  by  the  Britannia  tubular  bridge,  the  accession  of  William  the  Conqueror  this 
and  terminating  at  the  port  of  Holyhead  on  tribute  was  refused  by  the  people,  and  be  in- 
Holyhead  island,  the  extreme  K.  W.  point  of  vaded  the  country  with  a  considerable  army, 
Wales.  Both  lines  connect  by  other  railways  reduced  them  to  submission,  and  compiled  tho 
with  London.  There  are  two  canals  partly  in  princes  to  swear  alleg^anoe  as  his  vassals. 
Wales :  the  Montgomery  canal,  27  m.  in  length,  From  this  period  the  English  kings  laid  claim 
extending  from  Newtown  in  Montgomeryshire  to  Wales  as  their  dominion,  but  it  proved  an 
to  its  junction  with  the  Ellesmere  canal  in  unprofitable  one  for  some  centuries.  The 
Shropshire;  and  the  Ellesmere  and  Chester  Welsh  constantly  united  with  the  disaffected 
canal,  commencing  in  Denbighshire,  and  pass-  barons  in  their  opposition  to  the  kings,  and  d^ 
ing  through  Flintshire,  Shropshire,  and  Che-  vastated  the  English  border.  William  and  bis 
•hire  to  join  the  Mersey.  The  two  connect  son  bestowed  considerable  tracts  of  land  in 
the  Severn  and  Mersey.  The  coach  roads  or  Wales  upon  their  Norman  followers,  and  Hen- 
turnpikes,  especially  the  great  highway  from  ry  I.  introduced  a  colony  of  Flemings  to  whom 
Shrewsbury  to  Holyhead,  are  excellent,  but  he  gave  lands  in  Pembroke  and  Glamorgan- 
the  roads  in  the  principality  generally  are  shire.  North  Wales,  amid  all  tiiese  troubles 
much  inferior  to  those  in  England. — ^Education  affecting  the  other  portions  of  the  principality, 
is  advancing,  but  is  still  far  below  the  standard  maintained  its  independence.  In  1287  a  civil 
of  England  or  Scotland.  There  are  4  collegi-  war  commenced  between  the  prince  of  Korth 
ate  institutions :  St.  David^s  college,  Lampeter,  Wales  and  his  son  Gryff^th,  in  which  the  fo^ 
with  7  instructors;  the  Presbyterian  college  mer  invited  Henry  III.  of  England  to  «d  him 
at  Caermartben;  Brecon  Independent  college ;  in  maintaining  his  authority;  the  assistance 
and  Trevecca  college  at  Brecon.  The  people  was  rendered  on  condition  of  his  becoming  a 
are  almost  entirely  Protestants,  and  a  m%)or-  vassal  of  the  English  crown.  He  consented, 
Ity  of  them  dissenters.  There  are  4  episcopal  and  his  son  and  successor  adhered  to  the  corn- 
sees  in  the  principality,  St.  David's,  Bangor,  pact ;  but  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  the  son  of 
Llaftdaff,  and  St.  Asaph's.  Among  the  dissent-  Gryffyth  became  prince,  and  declined  to  do 
ing  denominations,  the  Oalvinistic  Methodists,  homage  without  hostages  for  his  safe  condnct, 
Baptists,  and  Presbyterians  are  most  numerous,  and  demanded  the  release  of  his  consort,  who 
The  Moiinons  have  made  a  large  number  of  was  held  a  prisoner  by  Edward.  This  led  to  a 
converts  in  Wales. — The  Eymry,  a  Celtic  tribe  war,  and  after  a  long  siege  the  prince  wiu 
who  had  emigrated  from  the  continent  before  obliged  to  submit  to  the  English  king.  In  a 
the  historic  period,  were  in  possession  of  near-  subsequent  insurrection  he  was  slain,  and  the 
ly  the  whole  of  S.  Britain  when  the  Romans  shrewd  Edward,  having  obtained  the  assent  of 
first  visited  the  country,  having  driven  their  the  Welsh  people  to  the  appointment  of  a 
ancient  enemies  the  Gael  into  Scotland,  Ire-  prince  who  was  a  native  of  their  own  conntrv, 
land,  the  Hebrides,  and  the  Isle  of  Man.  They  presented  to  them  his  infant  son,  afterward 
were  continually  harassed  but  never  wholly  Edward  II.,  who  was  bom  in  Caernarvon, 
conquered  by  the  Romans,  who  succeeded  in  Since  that  period  the  title  of  prince  of  Wales 
driving  them  into  the  country  W.  of  the  Sev-  has  generally  been  bestowed  upon  the  eldest 
em,  and  established  some  camps  in  their  terri-  son  of  the  reigning  sovereign  of  JSngland.  In- 
tory.  The  Anglo-Saxons  found  them  formida-  surrections  against  the  English  government 
ble  enemies,  but  could  never  dislodge  them  occun*ed  in  1295  and  subsequently,  bat  were 
from  their  mountain  fastnesses,  though  they  promptly  suppressed.  The  latest  and  most 
succeeded  in  wresting  from  them  the  present  miportant  of  the  efforts  made  by  the  Welsli 
oountiesH)f  Hereford  and  Monmouth.  Toward  to  regain  their  independence  took  place  in 
the  end  of  the  8th  century  Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century  under  Owen 
having  expelled  the  Welsh  from  tho  border  Glendower  or  Glyndwr.  (See  Glsndoweb, 
territory,  made  an  artificial  boundary  from  the  Owen.)  By  gradual  changes  during  the  reigns 
mouth  of  the  Dee  to  the  Wye,  at  the  point  of  Edward  I.  and  his  successors,  the  immuni- 
where  it  enters  Wales.  Traces  of  this  boun-  ties  and  privileges  of  the  Welsh  people  were 
dary,  known  as  Clawdd  Offa  or  Offals  dike,  assimilate  to  those  of  England ;  but  this  work 
still  remain.  In  the  9th  century  Roderic,  king  was  not  completed  till  the  reign  of  Henry  VIH. 
of  Wales,  divided  his  territory  among  his  three  By  the  statute  27  Henry  VEI.  c.  26,  the  corn- 
sons,  giving  the  divisions  the  names  of  Gwyn-  plete  idbntity  of  Wales  with  England  in  nearly 
edd  (North  Wales),  Dyved  (South  Wales),  and  all  its  provisions  of  law  and  citizenship  was 
Powys,  which  comprised  portions  of  Montgom-  secured.  By  statutes  passed  in  the  reigns  of 
eryshire,  Shropshire,  and  Radnorshire.  In  the  George  IV.  and  William  IV.  it  has  no  jurisdic- 
early  part  of  the  10th  century  these  divisions  tion  in  legal  matters  distinct  fh>m  England. 
were  nnited  under  one  king,  Howel,  sumamed  It  is  divided  into  3  circuits,  each  having  a  sin- 
Da,  "the  Good."  The  country  was  after-  gle  judge.  It  has  29  members  of  the  bonse  of 
ward  divided  into  two  principalities,  North  commons,  18  of  whom  are  from  boroughs,  and 
and  South  Wales.  During  the  10th  century  several  English  boroughs  are  partly  made  np 
Athelstan,  king  of  England,  had  obtained  a  from  Welsh  oonstituendee. 


176  WALEWSEI  .  WALKER 

1658),  with  a  small  Tocabnlarj;  and  peT]iiq)6  tions  in  1850  were  202,476  baebels  of  Indian 

the  most  useful  dictionary  is  that  of  John  Wal-  corn,  27,806  of  sweet  potatoes,  711  lbs.  of 

terjfLondon,  1794;  8d  ed.,  1828).  rice,  and  592  bales  of  cotton.    There  were  5 

WALEWSKI,  Flobian  Alkxandrb  Joseph  grist  mills,  4  saw  mills,  4  collieries,  2  new»- 

OoLoiTNA,  count,  a  French  statesman,  bom  in  paper  offices,  21  churches,  and  45  pupils  at- 

Walewice,  Poland,  May  4, 1810.    He  is  reputed  tending  public  schools.      Bituminous  coal  is 

to  be  the  natural  son  of  the  emperor  Napoleon  found,  and  there  is  an  abundance  of  choice  tim- 

I.  by  a  Polish  lady.    He  first  devoted  his  exer-  her.    Capital,  Jasper.    III.  An  £.  co.  of  Texas^ 

tions  to  the  cause  of  Poland,  and  at  the  age  of  bounded  K  E.  by  Trinity  river ;  area,  1,000 

19  went  to  London  to  interest  some  prominent  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  8,191,  of  whom  4,135 

statesmen  in  its  favor.    After  the  revolution  of  were  slaves.     The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil 

July,  1 830,  he  entered  the  French  army,  and  was  a  rich  alluvium.    The  productions  in  1850  were 

promoted  to  a  captaincy,  but  soon  resigned  his  102,475  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  17,590  of  sweet 

commission.    He  now  became  a  man  of  society,  potatoes,  878  bales  of  cotton,  and  6  hhds.  of 

a  publicist,  and  a  dramatic  author.    He  was  one  sugar.     There  were  2  newspaper  offices,  1 

of  the  founders  and  editors  of  the  Messager  church,  and  181  pupils  attending  public  schools, 

newspaper,  published  several  pamphlets,  among  Capital,  Huntsville. 

which  were  Un  mot  iur  la  question  (VAfrique  WALKER,  James,  D.D.,  an  American  divine, 
(1887)  and  VaUiance  AnglaUe  (1838),  and  in  late  president  of  Harvard  college,  born  in  Bur- 
1840  produced  a  6-act  comedy,  Vecole  du  lington,  Mass.,  then  a  part  of  Wobum,  Aug. 
monde,  ou  la  coquette  tans  le  savoivy  which  had  16,  1794.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
but  little  success.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  lege  in  1814,  was  educated  for  the  ministry 
sent  on  a  diplomatic  mission  to  Egypt  by  M.  at  Cambridge,  and  in  1818  was  ordained  over 
l^ers,  received  several  appointments  of  the  the  Unitarian  church  in  Charlestown,  of  which 
same  kind  under  the  Guizot  ministry,  and  was  he  remained  pastor  for  21  years.  During 
in  Buenos  Ayres  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  this  period  he  was  active  not  only  in  his  pas- 
revolution  of  1848.  On  his  return  home,  he  toral  duties,  but  in  the  cause  of  school  and 
was  favorably  received  by  President  Louis  Na-  college  education  and  of  literature  and  philos- 
poleon,  who  appointed  him  minister  plenipo-  ophy.  From  the  commencement  of  the  year 
tentiary  to  Florence,  and  afterward  to  Naples.  1831  to  March,  1839,  he  was  editor  of  the 
In  1864  he  became  ambassador  to  London,  and  "  Christian  Examiner,^^  part  of  the  time  vith 
on  the  resignation  of  Drouyn  de  Lhuys  was  the  Rev.  Dr.  Greenwood  and  part  of  the  time 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  department  of  foreign  alone.  He  was  also  prominent  as  a  public  lec- 
affairs,  in  which  post  he  was  succeeded  by  M.  turer.  In  July,  1839,  he  resigned  his  pastoral 
Thouvenel,  Jan.  4,  1860,  when  he  was  appoint-  charge,  and  in  the  following  September  entered 
ed  minister  of  state  in  place  of  M.  Fould.  He  on  his  duties  as  Alford  professor  of  moral  and 
was  made  grand  officer  of  the  legion  of  honor  intellectual  philosophy  at  Cambridge.  He  was 
Dec.  8,  1852,  and  senator  April  26,  1855.  elected  president  of  the  college  in  Feb.  1853, 

WALHALLA,  or  Valhalla.    See  Mythol-  and  held  the  office  till  Feb.  1860,  when  bodily 

OOT,  vol.  xii.  p.  81,  and  Batisboit.  infirmity  induced   him  to  resign    it.     Since 

WALKER.  I.  A  N.  W.  co.  of  Ga.,  border-  that  time  he  has  lived  in  comparative  retire- 
ing  on  Tenn.  and  Ala.,  and  drained  by  the  ment  at  Cambridge,  spending  his  leisure  hours 
Chattooga  and  Chickamauga  rivers ;  area,  630  in  the  revision  of  his  courses  of  '^Lowell  Lee- 
sq.  m.;  pop.  in  1860,  10,082,  of  whom  1,635  tures  upon  the  Philosophy  of  Religion,'^  and 
were  slaves.  It  is  traversed  by  Taylor's  ridge,  in  preparing  a  memoir  of  his  classmate  nnd 
and  Pigeon,  White  Oak,  and  Lookout  moun-  friend,  the  late  Judge  White  of  Salem.  He  has 
tains.  The  soil  along  the  streams  is  very  rich,  published  a  considerable  number  of  sermons,  ad- 
The  productions  in  1850  were  371,760  bushels  dresses,  and  lectures,  contributed  largely  to  the 
of  Indian  corn,  61,969  of  oats,  40,601  of  sweet  '*  Christian  Examiner,'*  edited  portions  of  Reid 
potatoes,  4,903  lbs.  of  rice,  and  359  bales  of  and  Stewart  for  the  use  of  college  students,  and 
ootton.  It  had  an  iron  furnace,  a  newspaper  published  in  1861  a  volume  of  sermons  that  he 
office,  21  churches,  and  984  pupils  attending  nad  preached  in  the  chapel  of  Harvard  college 
publio  schools.  Bituminous  coal,  marble,  lime-  while  a  professor  there. 
stone,  gypsum,  and  lead  abound,  and  there  are  WALKER,  Jambs  Barb,  an  American  clergy- 
several  fine  nuneral  springs.  Crawfish  spring,  man  and  author,  born  in  Philadelphia,  July  29, 
12  m.  N.  of  the  capital,  affords  water  sufficient  1806.  After  working  for  a  time  in  a  mannfac- 
to  float  a  steamboat  within  a  short  distance  tory  at  Pittsburg,  and  for  4  years  in  a  printing 
from  the  cavern  from  which  it  issues.  The  office,  improving  his  evenings  by  hard  study,  he 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Atlantic  and  West-  travelled  on  foot  at  the  age  of  20  from  Pitts- 
em  railroad.  Capital,  Lafayette.  II.  A  N.  burg  to  New  York,  became  a  clerk  in  the  office 
W.  CO.  of  Ala.,  drained  by  Mulberry  river  and  of  M.  H.  Noah,  and  was  afterward  principal  of 
Lost  creek,  affiuents  of  the  Black  Warrior,  and  an  academy  at  New  Durham,  N.  J.  Returning 
by  the  Sipsy  and  Blackwater  rivers ;  area,  to  the  West,  he  next  studied  law  in  Ravenna, 
828  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  7,980,  of  whom  619  Ohio,  and  in  1828  entered  Western  Reserve 
were  slaves.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  the  college,  Hudson,  from  which  he  witlidrev 
soil  in  the  vaUeys  very  fertile.    The  produo-  without  graduating  in  1881.  He  afterward  paV 


178                                                        WALEEB  • 

States.  Daring  the  administration  of  President    at  once  placed  on  a  footing  comparable  with 

Buchanan  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Kan-  that  of  the  other  large  planets.    Leaving  the 

sas  at  a  period  of  great  difficulty,  hut  resigned  observatory  soon  afterward,  he  was  invited  by 

in  consequence  of  disagreement  with  the  presi-  Prof.  Bache  to  take  charge  of  the  longitude 

dent,  and  has  since  taken  no  part  in  public  af-  computations  of  the  U.  6.  coast  survey,  an  ofSce 

fairs.    In  April,  1861,  he  made  an  address  at  in  which  he  continued  until  his  last  iUoess.  In 

a  mass  meeting  in  Union  square,  New  York,  the  autumn  of  1846,  previous  to  his  removal 

strongly  sustaining  the  government  in  the  civil  from  Philadelphia,  he  had  heea  invited  bj 

war  then  commencing.  Prof.  Bache  to  take  immediate  charge  of  ar- 

WALKER,  Seabs  Oook,  an  American  math-  rangements  for  determining  differences  of  lon- 

emotician  and  astronomer,  bom  in  Wilming-  gitude  by  telegraph ;  and  by  the  Joint  labors  of 

ton,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  March  28, 1806,  died  these  astronomers  the  method  of  telegraphic 

in  Cincinnati,  Jan.  80,  1863.    He  was  graduat-  longitude  determinations  had  been  developed 

ed  at  Harvard  college  in  1824,  taught  a  school  and  successflilly  carried  out  as  early  as  1849, 

near  Boston  for  two  years,  and  in  1827  remov-  with  greater  precision  than  was  attained  in 

ed  to  Philadelphia,  where  also  he  engaged  in  Europe  10  years  later.    The  introduction  of 

teaching.    He  took  an  active  part  in  the  various  the  cnronographic  method  of  recording  obser- 

scientific  societies,  and  gave  all  his  energies  to  vations  belongs  to  Walker  and  Bache.    The 

the  furtherance  of  scientific  interests  and  pur-  prosecution  of  the  telegraphic  method  of  longi- 

suits.    His  parallactic  tables,  first  prepared  in  tude  soon  led  Mr.  W&lker  to  the  discovery  that 

1884,  for  the  latitude  of  Philadelphia,  reduced  the  time  required  for  the  transmission  of  the 

the  time  needed  for  computing  the  phases  of  galvanic  signal  was  measurable,  and  the  veloci- 

an  occultation  to  less  than  half  an  hour.    In  ty  by  no  means  as  high  as  had  been  supposed. 

the  *^  Memoirs  of  the  Philosophical  Society"  In  Aug.  1861,  he  suffered  a  slight»Btroke  of 

(new  series,  vol.  i.)  he  published  a  long  series  paralysis.    This,  as  he  refused  to  intermpt  his 

of  observations  of  occultations  which  he  had  studies,  was  soon  followed  by  symptoms  of 

made  and  collected.    In  1886  he  became  actu-  mental  disorder,  which  continued  until  shortly 

ary  of  a  life  insurance  company.    In  1887  he  before  his  death. 

was  invited  to  prepare  a  plan  for  the  organiza-  WALKER,  Wiluam,  an  American  adventn- 
tion  of  an  observatory  in  connection  with  the  rer,  bom  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  May  8, 1824,  exe* 
Philadelphia  high  school,  which  was  the  first  cuted  at  Truxillo,  Honduras,  Sept.  12,  1B60. 
observatory  in  America  deserving  the  name,  '  The  son  of  Scottish  and  Kentucky  parents,  he 
if  we  except  the  one  at  Hudson,  Ohio,  which  studied  medicine,  which  profession  he  never 
was  built  about  the  same  time,  and  somewhat  practised,  although  to  complete  his  education 
earlier  provided  with  instruments.  From  the  he  went  to  Europe,  and  is  said  to  have  studied 
equipment  of  this  observatory  in  1840  until  at  Paris,  and  afterward  made  the  tour  of  Italy 
the  year  before  his  death,  he  published  in  the  and  Germany.  Keturning  to  Nashville,  where 
*'  Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  he  resolved  upon  the  law  as  his  favorite  pro- 
Society^*  and  the  "  American  Journal  of  Sci-  fession,  and  subsequently  removing  to  New  Or- 
ence"  frequent  and  copious  observations  and  leans,  he  became  attached  to  the  ^itorial  st&ff 
investigations  made  by  him'self  alone,  or  in  con-  of  the  '*  Crescent"  newspaper.  In  1860  he  went 
Jonction  with  his  half  brother,  Prof.  Kendall,  to  California,  where  he  was  one  of  the  editors 
then  connected  witii  the  Philadelphia  high  of  the  San  Francisco  "Herald,"  and  afterward 
school.  In  1841  he  published  a  valuable  me-  appeared  at  Marysville  as  a  lawyer.  In  July, 
moir  on  the  periodical  meteors  of  August  and  1863,  he  organized  an  expedition  in  San  Fran- 
November.  In  1846  Mr.  Bancroft,  then  secre-  cisco  for  the  conquest  of  Sonora.  His  first 
tary  of  tiie  navy,  invited  him  to  take  part  in  efiTort  to  set  sail  was  defeated  by  the  authori- 
the  Washington  observatory,  where  on  Feb.  2,  ties ;  but  on  Oct.  16,  1858,  he  made  good  hia 
1847, 4  months  after  the  detection  of  the  planet  exit  from  the  port,  and  landed  with  his  corn- 
Neptune,  he  made  the  discovery  that  a  star  ob-  panions  at  La  Paz  in  Lower  California,  pro- 
served  by  Lalande  in  May,  1795,  must  in  fact  claiming  the  independence  of  the  peninsula, 
have  been  this  planet.  The  prediction  conse-  and  declaring  himself  to  be  its  president ;  then, 
qnently  made,  that  the  recorded  star  would  not  after  capturing  without  difiSculty  two  or  tliree 
be  found  in  the  heavens,  was  confirmed  by  towns,  he  issued  a  new  proclamation  annexing 
Prof.  Hubbard  on  the  first  clear  evening,  and  the  state  of  Sonora  to  his  territories.  A  few 
the  determination  of  the  orbit  was  thus  render-  months  later  he  received  from  San  Francisco 
ed  easy  and  accurate  by  the  acquisition  of  an  a  re&nforcement  under  Col.  Watkins,  and  on 
observation  made  52  years  previously.  The  March  20,  1854,  with  100  men  set  out  overland 
same  discovery  was  made  independently  in  for  Sonora.  Their  nrovisions  being  exhausted, 
Europe  a  few  weeks  later  by  an  actual  exami-  the  party  was  dissolved  f^om  destitution,  and 
nation  of  tiie  heavens  through  270  square  de-  Walker  finally  surrendered  himself  to  the  U.  S. 
grees,  and  confirmed  by  an  examination  of  the  officials  in  San  Diego.  He  was  tried  at  Sao 
original  MSS.  of  Lalande.  By  the  subsequent  Francisco,  May  15, 1854,  for  violating  the  neo- 
alternating  computations  of  Peirce  and  Walker,  trality  laws,  and  acouitted.  Intestine  troubles 
the  former  investigating  the  perturbations,  and  having  become  virulent  in  Nicaragua,  Walker 
the  latter  the  orbit,  the  theory  of  Neptune  was  was  induced  by  some  American  speculators  to 


180  WALL  FLOWEB  WALL  PAPER 

the  long  and  slender  antennn  like  the  minnter  neoeesar/  in  winter  to  gnard  against  ezeeniTe 
apraj.  Baoh  are  the  walking-sticks  of  the  ge-  moisture  at  the  roots,  hy  which  loss  is  incnrred. 
nns  ipeetrum  (StoU)  or  phcuma  (Fabr.)*  very  A  slightly  acrid  property  is  pecaliar  to  the 
large  species  of  which  are  found  in  the  East  wall  flower,  and  in  Europe  the  plant  has  heeo 
Limes,  Australia,  and  South  America.  The  recommended  for  sowing  in  sheep  pastures  lus 
P.  gigai  (Fabr.),  of  the  East  Indies,  is  7  or  8  a  jx'eventive  of  the  rot 
incnes  long,  green,  but  with  large  reddish  gray,  WALL  PAPER,  or  Papsb  Hangikos,  called 
reticulated,  and  brown-spotted  wings,  and  by  the  French  pcqner  teint,  ornamental  colored 
spinous  legs.  The  common  walking-stick  of  paper  affixed  to  the  walls  of  houses  as  a  sub- 
the  northern  and  western  states  (S.femoratum,  stitute  for  the  ancient  tapestry  hangings.  The 
Say)  has  no  wings;  it  is  between  8  and  4 inches  Chinese  appear  to  have  employed  paper  for 
long,  and  i  to  i  wide ;  the  male  is  greenish  this  use  from  time  immemorial,  and  the  Englbh 
brown,  and  the  female  ashy  and  stouter ;  the  daim  to  have  first  introduc^  the  practice  into 
S,  bMttatum  (Say),  a  souUiem  species,  very  Europe.  On  the  other  hand,  the  French  aasert 
oommon  on  the  palmetto,  is  blackish  brown,  that  printed  paper  hangings  were  first  made  at 
with  2  yellowish  oorsal  stripes.  There  are  sev-  Rouen  as  early  as  1620  or  1680  by  one  Fran- 
eral  species  of  bacteria  (Latr.),  called  walking-  (ois,  and  that  the  art  was  perfected  in  the  kt- 
sticks,  in  South  America. — ^These  insects  are  ter  part  of  the  last  century  by  Reveillon  in 
inactive,  remaining  motionless  for  a  long  time,  Paris.  It  has  certainly  prospered  more  in 
and  moving  very  slowly  over  the  leaves  on  France  than  in  any  other  country;  and  so  much 
which  they  feed ;  they  are  not  so  numerous  as  taste  and  skill  has  there  been  devdoped  in  the 
to  be  considered  ii^urlous  to  vegetation ;  they  manufacture,  that  the  fVench  papers  have  been 
owe  their  safety  from  birds  and  other  enemies  sought  for  in  preference  to  M  others.  In  Paris 
to  the  similarity  of  their  color  to  that  of  the  are  numerous  factories  of  paper  hangings,  em- 
objects  on  which  they  live.  The  stories  of  the  ploying  more  than  8,000  worlonen ;  in  Ljons 
transformation  of  horse  hairs  into  worms  in  are  8  establishments,  and  one  each  at  MqI- 
water,  of  leaves  into  singular-shaped  and  mov-  house,  Strasbourg,  and  Metz.  Others  are  found 
ing  animals,  and  of  sticks  acquiring  legs  and  in  Belgium,  Germany,  Holland,  England,  and 
going  from  place  to  place,  said  to  have  been  Russia.  The  manufacture  is  successfally  car- 
founded  on  actual  observation,  and  for  a  long  ried  on  in  various  places  in  the  United  States, 
time  believed,  have  a  semblance  of  truth  for  as  in  New  York  city,  where  are  8  factories; 
their  foundation  which  may  well  excuse  the  Rahway,  N.  J. ;  Philadelphia,  where  6  factories 
credulity  of  those  ignorant  of  the  hair-like  g&T'  are  in  operation,  producing  annually  paper 
difUj  and  of  the  genertk  phyllium  sjid  pJuuma.  hangings  to  the  value  of  $800,000;  and  idso 
WALL  FLOWER,  a  perennial  garden  plant  in  several  establishments  in  New  England. 
belonging  to  the  natural  order  crueifercB,  and  The  production  of  these  works  already  sup- 
prized  for  the  delightful  fragrance  of  its  bios-  plies  a  large  portion  of  the  home  consumption 
soms  as  well  as  for  the  great  variety  of  colors  both*  of  l£e  oommon  and  finer  sorts.  Paper 
which  they  assume.  There  are  several  species  hangings  however  atill  make  the  largest  item  in 
which  occur  in  southern  Europe  and  northern  the  importations  of  paper.  Many  of  them  come 
Africa ;  but  the  most  familiar  is  the  ehHran'  from  the  south  of  France. — ^Paper  hangings  are 
thtu  eheiri  (Linn. ;  Arab.  hheyry\  a  plant  with  prepared  by  several  different  methods.  At  first, 
red,  sweet-scented  flowers.  The  genus  is  dis-  it  is  said,  the  ornamental  designs  were  laid  upon 
tinguishable  by  the  connivent  sepals,  the  lat-  the  sheets  of  paper  by  stencilling,  which  was 
end  ones  swollen  at  base,  the  pod  (silique)  lin-  applying  the  water  colors  with  a  brush  through 
ear,  compressed,  4-angled ;  the  valves  strongly  a  plate  or  pasteboard  in  which  the  pattern  was 
nerved  longitudinally ;  the  stigma  2-lobed ;  cut  out,  and  which  was  laid  against  the  paper. 
the  seeds  oval-compressed  and  arranged  in  a  To  this  mode  succeeded  the  printing  by  blocb 
single  row.  The  foliage  of  the  waU  flower  in  the  manner  described  in  Calioo  Psimtivo. 
consists  of  sharply  lanceolate,  very  entire,  A  groimd  color  mixed  with  size  is  first  laid  over 
smooth  leaves,  sometimes  covered  with  close,  the  whole  paper,  and  npon  this  the  designa  are 
bristly,  appressed  hairs,  the  lower  ones  sparsely  printed  by  blocks,  each  color  in  succession  with 
serrate ;  its  flowers  are  borne  in  racemose  its  own  block.  For  complicated  patterns  an 
apikes,  and  are  either  yellow,  brown,  rusty,  extraordinary  number  of  blocks  are  required. 
purple,  pinkish  rosy,  or  blood-colored,  fre-  For  printing  a  single  pattern  in  the  great  ex- 
quently  very  intense  and  rich  in  the  tints.  Its  hibition  of  1851,  representing  a  chase  in  a  for- 
trivial  name  is  derived  from  the  natural  habit  est,  no  fewer  than  12,000  blocks  were  nsed. 
of  the  plant  to  grow  on  ruined  walls ;  but  it  Zuber  of  Rixheim,  near  Mulhouse,  invented 
flourishes  equally  well  in  the  garden.  By  long  several  ingenious  methods  of  applying  the  col> 
cultivation  about  a  dozen  distinct  varieties  ors.  Longitudinal  stripes  were  produced  by 
have  been  produced,  of  which  several  wiUi  passing  the  paper  under  a  box  divided  into 
multiplex-petalled  flowers  are  known,  perpetn-  compartments,  each  containing  its  own  color, 
ated  by  cuttings,  which  strike  root  easily  under  which  was  allowed  to  ooze  out  just  sufficientlj 
a  bell  glass.  The  seeds  may  be  sown  either  to  color  the  paper.  The  elegant  "  satin  pa- 
in epring  or  autumn,  the  plants  blossoming  pers*'  are  prepaid  by  mixing  with  the  color- 
better  in  the  second  year.    Some  protection  ia  ing  matter  some  aulpfaate  of  lime  or  of  aln- 


182  WALLACE 

but  dissensions  arose  among  the  chieft  in  the  of  the  earl  of  Monteith.    He  was  taken  in  the 

Scottish  army,  and  a  treat  j  of  capitulation  was  neighborhood  of  Glasgow,  and  at  once  convejed 

agreed  npon  at  the  instance  of  the  bishop  of  to  London.    Hie  day  after  his  aniv^  the  form 

Glasgow,  Douglas,  Brace,  and  others.   Wallace  of  a  trial  was  gone  throngh  in  Westminster  hall; 

and  Murray  of  Both  well  alone  of  the  leaders  the  prisoner,  in  derision  of  his  preteosions  to 

protested,  and  retired  into  the  northern  coun-  the  throne  of  Scotland,  being  decorated  with  a 

ties,  where  they  speedily  recraited  a  powerful  crown  of  laurel.    He  was  condemned  to  death, 

force,  and  surprised  and  captured  the  English  and  the  same  day  dragged  at  the  tails  of  horses 

Sirrisons  at  Aberdeen,  Dunottar,  Forfar,  and  to  the  scaffold  in  Smithfield,  and  there  behead- 

ontrose.    These  events,  including  the  fight  at  ed ;  his  body  was  quartered,  according  to  tlie 

Lochmaben  and  the  subsequent  treaty  at  Ir-  custom  of  the  day,  and  sent  to  different  parts 

Tine,  took  place  in  1297;  and  Wallace  had  of  the  kingdom. 

commenced  the  siege  of  Dundee,  when  he  '  WALLACE,  William  Ross,  an  American 
heard  of  the  advance  of  a  powerful  Englbh  poet,  born  in  Lexington,  £[y.,  about  1819.  He 
army  toward  the  river  Forth  in  the  direction  is  the  son  of  a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  was  ed- 
of  Stirling,  the  very  heart  of  the  kingdom,  ucated  at  the  Bloomington  and  South  Hanorer 
To  prevent  the  invading  force  from  crossing  colleges  in  Indiana,  and  after  his  graduation 
the  river  was  a  point  of  paramount  impor-  studied  law  in  his  native  place.  He  had  alreadr 
tance.  He  therefore  abandoned  the  siege  of  acquired  some  literary  reputation,  when  abont 
Dundee,  and,  recruiting  as  he  went,  reached  the  age  of  22  he  went  to  New  York,  where, 
Stirling  with  40,000  foot  and  180  horse,  in  with  the  exception  of  a  year  and  a  half  spent  in 
time  to  defend  the  pass  there.  The  Eng-  Europe,  he  has  since  resided,  engsged  in  lit- 
lish  numbered  60,000  foot  and  1,000  horse ;  but  erary  avocations.  In  1848  he  published  a  poem 
when  Surrey,  the  commander-in-chief,  reached  entitled  '*  Alban,  the  Pirate,"  and  in  1851  a 
the  bridge,  and  saw  the  force  on  the  opposite  collection  under  the  title  of  "Meditations  in 
bank  of  the  river,  he  appears  to  have  despaired  America,  and  other  Poems."  He  is  at  present 
of  the  result  of  an  attack.  Several  titled  de-  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  joumahi.  Mr. 
serters'from  the  Scottish  army,  who  were  with  Wallace  has  ready  for  publication  a  long  na- 
Surrey,  were  depntcd  to  persuade  Wallace  to  tional  poem  entitled  "  Chants  in  America,''  a 
capitulate,  a  free  pardon  being  offered  uncon-  poem  entitled  "  Pleasures  of  the  Beantifnl/' 
ditionally  in  the  name  of  the  English  king,  and  a  collection  of  his  minor  poems. 
The  terms  were  rejected,  and  a  large  portion  WALLACE,  William  Vincent,  an  Irish 
of  Surrey^s  force  were  ordered  at  once  to  cross  composer,  bom  in  Waterford  in  1815.  He  re* 
the  river.  The  result  was  extremely  disastrous  ceived  his  earliest  musical  iastruction  from  his 
to  the  English  army.  From  their  advantageous  father,  a  military  band  master,  and  at  the  age 
position  Wallace^s  men  drove  them  back  with  of  15  could  play  with  some  degree  of  skill  on 
terrible  fUry,  and  pursued  them  to  the  south  every  instrument  of  the  orchestra,  and  had 
aide  of  the  river,  and  throngh  the  country  to  written  numerous  marches,  fantasias,  and  sim- 
the  border  town  of  Berwick.  King  Edward^s  ilar  compositions  for  military  bands.  As  & 
forces  were  almost  completely  cut  to  pieces,  performer  on  the  pianoforte  and  violin  he 
and  Wallace,  by  general  consent,  in  the  absence  showed  great  excellence.  At  the  age  of  18,  on 
of  the  lawful  monarch,  was  declared  governor  account  of  failing  health,  he  sailed  for  Ncv 
and  guardian  of  the  kingdom  of  Scotland.  South  Wales,  and  for  a  long  time  was  engaged 
Following  on  this  was  a  severe  famine,  which  in  agricultural  pursuits.  He  gave  his  first  con- 
suggested  the  raising  of  an  army  to  invade  the  cert  at  Sydney  with  great  success,  and  thence- 
northern  counties  of  England  for  the  purpose  forth  travelled  extensively  over  the  Boothem 
of  procuring  supplies.  Wallace  laid  waste  the  hemisphere,  deriving  large  emoluments  in  the 
country  A*ora  the  borders  to  Newcastle,  and  Spanish  American  cities  from  his  performances 
returned  with  his  spoils,  to  attempt  an  organi-  on  the  violin  and  the  pianoforte.  After  a  pro- 
jsation  of  the  country  committed  to  his  care,  fessional  tour  in  the  United  States  he  returned 
Meanwhile  King  Edward  had  raised  an  army  to  England,  where  his  first  opera,  *^  Maritana,'' 
of  80,000  infantry  and  7,000  horse.  A  portion  was  produced  with  forest  success.  He  then 
of  this  force  landed  by  sea  on  the  N.  E.  coast,  entered  upon  a  busy  career  as  a  composer,  prc- 
and  suffered  a  partial  reverse ;  but  the  main  ducing  in  rapid  succession  "  Matilda  of  Bun- 
body  advanced  northward  from  the  borders,  gary,"  "Luriei,""The  Maidof  Zflrich,"  "Gnl- 
fmd  on  July  22,  1298,  came  up  with  the  Scot-  nare,"  and  "  Olga,"  several  of  which  were  per- 
tish  forces  near  the  town  of  Falkirk,  where  a  formed  in  Germany  and  elsewhere  in  conli- 
decisive  engagement  was  fought,  in  which  the  nental  Europe.  In  1849  he  was  commissioned 
army  of  Wallace  was  defeated  with  a  loss,  ac-  to  write  an  opera  for  the  grand  opera  of  Paris, 
cording  to  various  historians,  of  16,000.  For  but  had  scarcely  commenced  the  work  when 
several  years  after  this  Wallace  appears  to  have  he  became  totally  blind.  For  the  purpose  of 
carried  on  a  sort  of  guerilla  warfare,  and  is  said  recovering  his  eyesight  he  made  a  voyage  to 
to  have  made  one  or  more  Journeys  to  Paris  with  Rio  Janeiro,  whence  in  1850  he  repaired  to  the 
the  view  of  securing  French  intervention.  Large  United  States.  Here  he  remained  several  ycw 
rewards  were  offered  by  King  Edward  for  his  employed  in  compositions,  after  which  ho  re- 
arrest, and  he  was  ultimately  betrayed  by  a  son  turned  to  England,  where  he  now  resides. 


184  WALLAOHIAN  LANCftJAGE  AND  LTTEBATUBE. 

troops,  a  frontier  gaard  of  about  7,400  men,  and  when  Dada  was  made  a  Boman  prorinoe,  tnd 

Ihe  national  police  or  gendarmerie  of  abont  gradnally  Romanized  bj  the  establishment  of 

$00,  making  a  total  of  18,200  men. — ^Walla-  nnmerona  colonies,  out  of  a  mixture  of  the  ori- 
a,  which  under  the  Romans  belonged  to  Da-  ginal  language  of  the  Dacians,  which  was  prob- 
oia,  was  daring  many  centuries  successiyely  oc-  ably  akin  to  the  Albanian,  and  the  Latin.    The 
cupied  by  barbarous  nations,  the  Goths,  Huns,  influence  of  the  Latin  has  been  in  almost  every 
Avars,  ]^ulgarians,  Petchenegs,  Uzes,  Cumani-  respect  formative ;  only  in  a  few  points,  as  the 
ans,  and  Mongols ;  but  toward  the  close  of  appending  of  the  article  to  the  substantive,  the 
the  ISth  century  it  became  a  separate  state,  Dacian  element  can  still  be  traced.    From  the 
subsequently  often  united  with  Moldavia,  or  Slavic,  with  which  the  Wallachs  came  into  close 
oonmiered  by  the  Hungarians.    In  1893  Mar-  contact  at  the  beginning  of  the  6th  century,  a 
fus  I.,  hospodar  of  Wdlachia,  was  defeated  by  large  number  of  words  were  derived,  but  the 
the  Turks,  whom  he  had  first  sought  as  allies  structure  of  the  language  was  not  affected  by 
against  the  Hungarians,  and  reduced  by  the  it ;  and  the  Wallachian  cannot  therefore  be 
treaty  of  Kicopolis  to  vaissalage  to  B^azet,  the  classed  among  Slavic  languages,  but  belongs, 
Turkish  sultan.    To  deliver  himself  from  their  with  the  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  Portuguese, 
repeated  invasions,  he  made  an  alliance  with  and  Romansh,  to  the  Romanic  family  of  lan- 
his  old  enemy  Sigismund,  king  of  Hungary,  and  guages.    It  is  spoken  in  two  slightly  differing 
after  defeating  the  Turks  the  two  appealed  to  dialects :  the  Draco- Wallachian,  the  language  of 
the  European  princes  for  aid.    The  appeal  was  the  great  majority  of  tiie  Walladis  of  the  Dan- 
heard,  but  the  European  leaders  were  defeated  ube,  in  Moldavia,  Wallaohla,  Transylvania,  the 
in  1896,  and  the  treacherous  Marcus  went  over  Bukovina,  the  Banat,  and  eastern  Hungary ;  and 
to  the  Turks,  only  to  form  new  alliances,  by  the  Macedo-Wallachian  (or  Kutzo-Wsllachian), 
which  he  eventuiSly  defeated  both  the  Turks  which  is  the  dialect  of  the  WaUachs  scattered 
and  the  Hungarians.    For  the  next  400  years  in  the  provinces  formerly  called  Thrace,  Mac«- 
the  history  of  Wallachia  is  simply  a  succession  donia,  and  Thessaly.    The  Wallachians  use  the 
of  struggles  against  the  Turkish  power  when-  Latin,  as  well  as  Qjrrillic  alphabet,  which  they 
ever  the  country  was  in  a  condition  to  endure  obtained  from  the  Bulgarians;  but  the  Greek 
war,  and  of  tributary  vassalage  when  exhausted  alphabet  is  also  occasionally  used.    The  follow- 
by  protracted  contests.    Sometimes  the  Turks  ing  are  the  principal  features  of  the  language, 
allowed  the  boyars  to  select  their  own  hospo-  The  substantives  are  indeclinable,  and  admit  only 
dar,  whom  the  sultan  invested  with  authority ;  for  the  plural  a  change  of  termination  similar  to 
sometimes  he  appointed  him  himself.    In  1807  the  Italian:  domnu,  master,  pi.  domni;  oehiu^ 
the  Russians  invaded  the  principality,  and  again  eye,  plur.  ochi  ;  os^  bone,  plur.  6»e  ;  pdne,  bread, 
in  1809,  holding  possession  of  it  till  the  peace  plur.  pdM.    For  the  formation  of  the  several 
of  1812,  when  it  again  became  tributary  to  the  cases  the  article  is  used,  which  is  appended  to 
sultan.    The  hospodar  Karudza  in  1818  with-  the  substantive;  as  domnu%  the  master,  gen. 
drew  from  the  principality  in  fear  of  being  de-  a  domnuHuiy  dat.  domnuHuiy  ace.  pre  domnu'ly 
posed,  and  the  sultan  nominated  as  his  succes-  voc.  o  domne,  abl.  dela  domnuH;  plur.  d&mni^ 
•or  Prince  Alexander  Souza,  who  only  survived  a  domnVlor^  &c.    The  indefinite  article  is  im. 
two  years.  At  his  death  a  general  insurrection  If  an  adjective  is  connected  with  a  substantive, 
broke  out,  extending  to  Greece  and  the  islands  the  article  with  its  case-ending  is  appended  to 
of  the  Grecian  archipelago,  of  which  Theodore  the  first-placed  of  Ihe  two,  whichever  it  may 
Vladimiresko,  a  native  boyar,  was  the  leader.  A  be,  as.  pomuH  duke  or  dulce  U  pomv^  the  sweet 
civil  war  of  the  most  terrible  character  follow-  apple.    There  are  two  genders,  masculine  and 
ed,  and  for  a  year  the  principality  was  ravaged  feminine,  the  latter  serving  at  the  same  time  as 
by  the  contending  armies,  till  it  was  utterly  neuter.    There  are  sever^  augmentative  (oiv^ 
desolated.    The  Turks  finally  subdued  the  in-  6n)  and  diminutive  {utiu,  isoru,  eltt^  eeltt^  &c.) 
Burrection  (see  Tpsilaktb),  and  reduced  the  endings.    The  comparative  is  formed  by  means 
oountry  to  vassalage,  under  which  it  remained  of  mat  (more),  and  the  superlative  by  means  of 
till  1828,  when  a  new  war  broke  out  between  juelu  mai^  plur.  qvea  maiy  or  by  pre  (very), 
the  Russians  and  Turks,  and  the  former  took  The  declension  of  the  pronouns  is  very  irrega- 
possession  of  the  principality ;  they  evacuated  lar,  and  the  possessive  pronoun  is  (as  in  Italian) 
it  the  next  year,  but  by  the  treaty  of  Adrian-  preceded  by  the  definite  article.    The  coi^jn- 
*ople  retained  the  right  to  exercise  a  protection  gation  is  idso  very  similar  to  the  Italian ;  as 
over  it.    The  subsequent  course  of  events  is  (jo)  lauduy  I   praise,  {tu)  laudi^  (el)  laudd^ 
narrated  under  the. title  Moldavia.    A  central  (run)  lauddmuy  (tat)  Idudaii^  (et)  Jaudd;  im- 
oommission  for  the  two  principalities  has  been  perf.  laudaam;  perf.  I.  Idudai;  perf.  II.  amu 
established  at  Fokshany  (a  frontier  town  partly  Idudatu ;  pluperf.  I.  amu/oitu  Idudatu  ;  pluperf. 
belonging  to  Moldavia),  the  president  of  which  IT.  Idudasem;  fnt.  toiu  Idudd;  imperf.  tavdd  ; 
is  a  Moldavian  and  the  vice-president  a  Wal-  infin.  laudare.    There  is  also  a  subjunctive  for 
laohian,  and  the  latter  has  also  been  appointed  every  tense,  a  supine,  a  gerund,  and  8  parti- 
minister  of  war  of  the  united  principalities.  ciples.     The  irregular  verbs  closely  resemble 
WALLAOHIAN'    LANGUAGE   and   LIT-  those  of  the  other  Romanic  languages.    The 
EBATURE.    The  Wallachian  or  Rouman  Ian-  Wallachian  language  has  been  most  thoroughly 
gnage  arose  at  the  beginning  of  the  2d  century,  treated  of  by  Diez,  Grammatih  der  romaniKhen 


186  WALLEN8TEIN 

there  to  Bologna  and  Padna,  where  he  espe-  his  forces  to  those  of  the  oonfederaoy.  Hans- 
oially  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  judicial  feld  and  Christian  of  Brunswick  were  rapid- 
astrology,  in  which  daring  his  whole  life  he  Ij  assembling  a  new  predatorj  army  on  tlie 
was  a  firm  believer.  He  also  travelled  through  side  of  France  and  the  Low  Countries.  Tbe 
Italy,  Germany,  France,  and  tlie  Netherlanos,  hereditary  dominions  of  the  house  of  Austria 
and  upon  returning  to  his  native  country  en-  were  in  a  disturbed  state,  and  there  was  no 
tered  the  army  of  the  emperor  Rudolph,  then  money  in  the  treasury  to  raise  or  equip  an 
fighting  in  Hungary  against  the  Turks.  Here  army.  At  this  crisis  Wallenstein  came  for- 
he  distinguished  himself  highly,  and  on  the  ward  and  offered  to  levy,  equip,  and  rapport 
walls  of  the  conquered  fortress  of  Gran  was  at  his  own  expense  an  army  of  50,000  men. 
made  a  captain  by  his  commander-in-chief,  There  was  no  one  connected  with  Uie  court 
Qen.  Basta.  With  this  rank  he  returned  after  who  did  not  regard  this  project  as  the  dream 
the  peace  of  1606  to  his  estates  in  Bohemia,  of  a  madman ;  but  the  emperor  confided  in 
and  married  an  aged  widow,  Lucretia  Nikessin  the  energy  and  genius  of  his  subject,  and  the 
▼on  Landeck,  by  whose  death  in  1614  he  be-  extraordinary  situation  of  his  affairs  rendernl 
came  the  possessor  of  large  estates  in  Moravia;  it  necessary  to  resort  to  extraordinary  meas- 
and  as  he  also  inherited  14  estates  from  his  nres.  Permission  to  raise  the  men  and  nomi- 
nncle,  he  became  one  of  the  richest  noblemen  nate  his  own  oflScers  was  therefore  granted. 
of  Bohemia  and  Moravia.  In  1617  he  tool(  a  The  prospect  of  advancement,  the  certainty  of 
prominent  part  in  the  archduke  Ferdinand^s  reward,  and  the  hope  of  booty  soon  drew  to 
war  against  Venice,  levying  at  his  own  ex-  the  standard  of  the  new  general  adventurers 
-pense  a  small  body  of  cavalry,  and  saving  from  all  parts  of  Germany.  In  a  few  months 
the  fortress  of  Gradisca  when  nearly  taken  by  he  left  the  Austrian  frontiers  with  an  armj  of 
the  enemy.  His  liberality  made  him  the  fa-  20,000  men;  his  march  to  the  borders  of  Lower 
vorite  of  the  soldiers,  and  his  boundless  activi-  Saxony  increased  his  force  to  80,000,  and  in  a 
ty  and  military  genius  gained  him  the  attention  short  time  it  exceeded  the  number  promised. 
of  Ferdinand,  whose  infiuence  raised  him  to  the  He  was  ordered  to  unite  his  army  with  the 
ranks  of  count  and  colonel.  The  same  year  troops  of  the  league  under  the  Bavarian  gen- 
he  was  married  to  Isabella  Eatharina,  daughter  oral  Tilly,  and  the  two  were  then  together  to 
of  Count  Harrach,  one  of  the  imperial  minis-  attack  the  king  of  Denmark.  But  the  imperial 
ters,  by  which  alliance  his  power  at  the  court  general  liad  no  mind  to  serve  a  subsidiary  part, 
was  largely  increased,  and  the  emperor  Mat-  or  to  contribute  by  his  aid  to  the  glory  uf  a 
thias  mi^e  him  count  of  the  holy  Boman  em-  rival ;  and  first  advancing  as  if  to  join  the  Ba- 
pire.  The  states  of  Moravia  made  him  com-  varian  army,  he  suddenly  turned  toward  the 
mander  of  their  militia;  and  on  the  outbreak  Elbe,  plundered  the  wealthy  and  as  yet  ud- 
of  the  30  years^  war  he  was  offered  a  command  touched  district^of  Grubenhagen,  Halberstadt, 
by  the  Bohemian  insurgents.  This  he  refused,  and  Magdeburg,  and  intrenched  himself  at 
and  his  estates  in  Bohemia  were  in  consequence  Dessau.  Christian  of  Denmark,  who  now  saw 
confiscated.  He  saved  the  military  chest  of  himself  threatened  on  both  sides,  sent  Mans- 
the  emperor,  raised-  a  regiment  at  his  own  ex-  feld  to  keep  the  army  of  Wallenstein  in  check. 
pense,  and,  with  the  rank  of  m^'or-general.  On  April  25, 1626,  Mansfeld  attacked  the  camp 
highly  distinguished  himself  in  the  campaign  of  the  imperialist  at  the  Dessau  bridge,  but  was 
of  1619  against  Count  Thurn  and  Gabriel  driven  back  with  heavy  loss.  Retreating  into 
Bethlen  of  Transylvania.  When  the  battle  of  the.  mark  of  Brandenburg,  and  there  reass^m* 
the  White  mountain  near  Prague,  Nov.  8,  bling  his  forces,  Mansfeld  broke  suddenly  into 
1620,  annihilated  the  hopes  of  the  Bohemian  Silesia,  and  from  there  into  Hungary  to  unite 
insurgents,  who  had  chosen  the  elector  pala-  his  troops  with  those  of  Bethlen,  in  order  to 
tine  Frederic  their  king,  their  estates  were  con-  carry  tlie  war  into  the  heart  of  the  Austrian 
fiscated  and  divided  among  the  adherents  of  states.  But  on  this  march  he  was  foUowed  by 
the  emperor.  Many  of  these  were  sold  by  Wallenstein  at  the  head  of  80,000  men,  and 
Ferdinand,  who  had  succeeded  Matthias,  for  a  the  two  armies  stood  facing  each  other  for  a 
small  sum  to  his  partisans,  and  Wallenstein  for  time,  while  disease  and  exposure  decimated 
the  price  of  about  7,000,000  gulden  received  the  ranks  of  both.  But  a  truce  with  Betlilen 
as  his  share  60  lordships.  In  1623  he  was  still  and  the  death  of  Mansfeld  relieved  the  empire 
further  rewarded  by  the  title  of  prince  of  from  any  danger  in  that  quarter,  and  Wallen* 
'Friedland.  He  at  this  time  possessed  a  for-  stein,  raised  in  1627  to  the  rank  of  duke,  now 
tune  of  80,000,000  gulden,  ana  was  constantly  prepared  for  a  campaign  in  northern  Germany. 
increasing  it  by  the  excellent  management  of  His  army  poured  like  a  torrent  over  Branden- 
his  estates,  and  the  collection  of  taxes.  In  burg,  Mecklenburg,  Holstein,  and  Scbleawii:. 
•  1626  the  situation  of  the  emperor,  in  spite  of  and  the  conauered  provinces  soon  felt  in  all  its 
past  successes,  was  alarming.  The  states  of  horror  the^plan  of  nuddng  war  self-supporting. 
Lower  Saxony  had  met  on  March  26  at  Sege-  Meanwhile  the  army,  supported  by  the  plunder 
burg,  and  entered  into  a  confederacy  for  the  of  the  suffering  lands,  was  raised  to  100,000 
preservation  of  their  religion  and  their  liber-  men.  The  commander  lived  in  kingly  state, 
ties.  Christian  IV.,  king  of  Denmark,  had  spending  vast  sums  on  his  follower^  and  giving 
been  elected  head  of  the  league,  and  had  Joined  away  vast  sums  to  increase  his  influence  at 


188  WALLENTSTEIN 

be  rewarded  and  punished  by  him ;  no  pardon  onist  and  of  retreadng  before  him,  called  a 
or  safe  condact,  even  if  signed  by  the  emperor,  oooncil  of  his  officers,  who  nnanimonsly  voted 
was  valid  unless  confirmed  by  him;  no  restric-  for  battle.  To  this  decision  he  was  more  in- 
tion  was  to  be  placed  npon  him  in  levying  con-  elined  to  listen,  because  the  astrologer  8eni  had 
tributions  or  in  disposmg  of  the  confiscated  assured  him  that  the  month  of  November  was 
property  of  the  enemy ;  his  demands  for  money  f^U  of  unfavorable  omens  for  Gustavus.  He 
or  provisions  were  to  meet  with  instant  atten-  therefore  maintained  his  position,  and  awaited 
tion  ;  no  peace  nor  truce  could  be  made  with-  the  attack  of  the  Swedish  army,  whidi  about 
out  his  consent,  or  at  least  his  knowledge ;  midday  of  Nov.  16  moved  to  the  assault, 
neither  the  emperor  nor  his  son  was  to  enter  The  battle  lasted  with  varying  success  until 
his  camp ;  and  finally,  remuneration  for  his  ez-  nightfall,  when  Wallenstein  retired  with  the 
penses  was  to  be  afforded  him  from  the  con*  loss  of  his  bravest  troops  and  all  his  artilleiy. 
quered  provinces  of  the  enemy  or  the  heredi-  The  Swedes  remained  masters  of  the  field,  but 
tary  countries,  and  the  possession  of  Mecklen-  had  purchased  their  victory  with  the  death  of 
burg  was  to  be  secured  by  a  special  article ;  their  king.  Wallenstein  now  abandoned  Sax- 
and  when  Bohemia  was  reconquered,  the  em-  ony,  and  fell  back  into  Bohemia,  where  be 
peror  was  to  take  up  his  residence  in  Prague,  made  an  effort  to  diminish  the  moral  effect  of 
Putting  his  army  in  motion,  Wallenstein  drove  his  defeat  by  executing  17  officers  for  coward- 
the  Saxons  out  of  Bohemia,  and  after  witness-  ice,  attaching  the  names  of  60  others  to  tiie  gal- 
ing  with  secret  pleasure  the  devastation  com-  lows,  and  rewarding  those  who  had  distingaish- 
mitted  on  the  territory  of  his  enemy,  Maximil-  ed  themselves  by  courage  or  skill.  The  winter 
ian  of  Bavaria,  he  marched  to  Eger  as  soon  as  he  spent  in  preparing  for  the  campaign  of  the 
Gustavus  Adolphus  threatened  to  enter  the  ensuing  year,  which,  in  spite  of  the  death  of 
Austrian  states.  By  a  series  of  feints  he  forced  Gustavus,  threatened  to  furnish  him  full  em- 
Gustavus  to  act  on  the  defensive,  and  give  up  ployment.  The  brave,  disciplined,  and  formi- 
his  plan  of  attacking  the  hereditary  countries,  dable  Swedish  army  still  remained  ;  and  a  sue- 
Uniting  his  forces  with  those  of  the  elector  of  cession  of  commanders  trained  in  the  school 
Bavaria,  he  mardied  at  the  head  of  an  army  of  of  Gustavus  would  not  give  up  their  conquests 
60,000  men  against  Gustavus,  intrenched  with  without  a  struggle.  In  May,  1683,  Wallenstein 
less  than  one  third  of  the  number  in  Nurem-  took  the  field  and  assembled  his  forces  between 
berg.  Confident  of  success,  he  boasted  that  a  few  Pilsen  and  Eger,  and,  after  delaying  his  enemy 
days  would  show  whether  he  or  the  king  of  Swe-  by  negotiations  and  armistices,  marched  to  the 
den  was  to  be  the  master  of  the  world.  But  the  frontiers  of  Silesia,  and  by  a  series  of  skilful 
presence  of  the  greatest  general  of  his  age  awed  movements  obtained  possession  of  a  number  of 
even  the  presumptuous  spirit  of  Wallenstein.  important  places  in  that  province^  in  the  mark 
For  8  weeks  he  remained  near  Nuremberg,  of  Brandenburg,  and  in  Lusatia.  In  October 
without  daring  to  attack  the  inferior  forces  of  he  surprised  a  body  of  6,000  Swedish  troops, 
his  foe,  who  at  last,  having  collected  his  troops  under  Counts  Thum  and  Duval,  at  Steinau 
from  every  quarter,  defiantly  offered  him  bat-  on  the  Oder.  He  now  determined  to  break 
tie.  But  Wallenstein  would  risk  nothing,  and  the  power  of  Sweden  by  carrying  the  im- 
on  Aug.  24,  1632,  Gustavus  led  his  troops  to  perial  arms  to  the  shores  of  the  Baltic  ;  bat 
the  assault  of  the  fortified  camp  of  his  antag-  the  intrigues  of  his  enemies  had  b^an  to 
onist.  After  a  battle  which  Wallenstein  de-  destroy  his  infiuence  at  court,  and  hia  own 
dared  was  the  most  desperate  he  had  ever  wit-  conduct  hastened  the  ruin  which  others  were 
nessed,  the  Swedish  army  retreated  with  a  loss  striving  to  effect.  Ferdinand  submitted  im- 
of  8,000  men.  For  14  days  longer  the  armies  patientiy  to  the  hard  conditions  whidi  bad 
stood  facing  one  another,  when  Gustavus,  se-  been  imposed  upon  him  in  his  hour  of  weak- 
curing  Nuremberg,  marched  away  unmolest-  ness,  and  countenanced  or  connived  at  eva- 
ed.  But  the  72  days  in  which  the  opposing  sions  of  his  promises,  so  as  to  reduce  the 
troops  had  watched  the  movements  of  each  power  conferred  upon  his  general.  The  cor- 
other  had  not  been  without  their  efibct  Fam-  respondence,  too,  which  Wallenstein  unceas- 
ine  and  disease  had  destroyed  more  than  the  ingly  carried  on  with  Saxons  and  Swedes,  was 
sword.  The  northern  monarch  had  lost  20,000  represented  to  the  emperor  as  traitorous ;  and 
men,  and  Wallenstein  found  his  army  reduced  his  personal  enemy,  Maximilian,  did  all  in  bis 
from  60,000  to  80,000.  Gustavus  now  pursued  power  to  place  many  actions  of  tlie  imperial 
his  conquests  in  Bavaria,  while  the  imperial  commander  in  a  suspicious  light,  which  indeed 
general  prepared  to  overrun  Saxony,  and  thus  was  in  many  cases  a  matter  of  no  difSculty. 
detach  that  powerful  state  from  the  Swedish  In  the  meanwhile  the  Swedish  army,  under 
alliance.  At  Merseburg  he  united  his  forces  Bemhard  of  Weimar,  rapidly  swept  over  Ba- 
with  those  of  Pappenheim,  but  the  rapid  march  varia,  and  began  the  siege  of  Ratisbon.  The 
of  tlie  Swedish  king  prevented  him  from  con-  emperor  ordered  Wallenstein  to  hasten  to  the 
summating  his  design  of  hindering  a  junction  relief  of  the  place ;  the  general,  though  indig- 
of  the  Swedish  and  Saxon  armies.  Gustavus  nant  at  the  violation  of  the  promise  made  bim 
oame  up  with  the  imperial  army  at  Ltltzen,  on  assuming  the  command,  did  not  openly  dis> 
half  way  between  Leipsic  and  Weissenfels,  and  obey,  but  rather  eluded  the  repeated  demands 
Wallenstein,  fearful  alike  of  meeting  his  antag-  for  succor.    Assistanoe  was  at  last  given,  bnt 


190  WALLER 

fi*om  ChippiDg-Wjoombe.    When  about  18  he  the  protector  to  return  to  England  in  1653, 

is  said  to  have  written  his  first  poem,  **  On  the  and'  in  1655  addressed  to  Cromwell  a  poem, 

Danger  his  Mfgesty  (being  Prince)  escaped  in  usually  deemed  his  best  prodoction,  entitled 

the  Road  at  St.  Andero ;"  but  if  composed  at  *^  A  Panegyric  to  my  Lord  Protector,  of  the 

this  time  it  was  doubtless  rewritten  at  a  later  present  Greatness  and  joint  Interest  of  bis 

period.    In  1681  he  was  married  to  a  London  Highness  and  this  Nation."   This  was  followed 

neiress,  Miss  Anna  Banks,  who  died  in  a  few  by  a  poem  **  On  a  War  with  Spain,^^  in  >vhicli 

years.    Waller  afterward  paid  court  to  Lady  he  recommends  to  the  protector  to  assume  the 

Dorothea  Sidney,  daughter  of  the  earl  of  Lei-  title  of  king.    Upon  the  death  of  Cromwell, 

oester,  whom  he  has  celebrated  in  his  love  Waller  wrote  a  poem  bewailing  that  event, 

songs  under  the  name  of  Sacharissa;  but  she  which  in  his  works  is  immediately  followed  by 

r^ected  his  suit.    They  seem  to  have  met  oc-  a  congratulatory  ode  to  Charles  II.  entitled 

casionally  in  after  years ;   and  it  is  said  that  *^  To  the  King  on  his  Miyesty^s  happy  Retuni.'- 

Sacharissa  in  extreme  old  age,  and  after  she  Though  full  as  flattering,  the  latter  is  by  do 

had  been  twice  married,  once  asked  the  poet  means  equal  in  point  of  poetical  merit  to  the 

when  he  would  write  verses  upon  her  again,  former ;  and  when  Charles  remarked  the  fact, 

**  When  you  are  as  young,  madam,"  was  the  Waller  replied  instantly :  ^^  Poets,  sir,  succeed 

nngallant  reply,   ^'  and  as  handsome  as  yoa  best  in  fiction."    After  the  restoration  he  w&s 

were  then."    He  finally,  however,  contracted  a  great  favorite  both  in  court  and  parliament 

a  second  marriage.    In  1640  Waller  acted  in  In  the  parliafaient  of  1661  he  sat  for  Hastings, 

parliament  with  the  partisans  of  the  popular  in  that  of  1679  for  Chipping-Wycombe,  in  thai 

cause,  and  in  the  long  parliament  was  selected  of  1685  for  Saltash ;  and  in  1675  Burnet  says 

to  present  and  enforce  the  articles  of  impeach-  that  he  was  the  delight  of  the  house,  and  at 

ment  of  Judge  Crawley  for  the  support  of  the  80  said  the  liveliest  things  of  any  among  them, 

ship  money ;  although  the  movement  proved  a  although  he  never  spoke  on  the  real  business 

failure,  Waller^s  speech  was  very  able,  and  was  before  them,  **  being  a  vain  and  empty  as  well 

BO  popular  that  20,000  copies  of  it  are  said  to  as  a  witty  man."    Ii^  1665  the  king  nominated 

have  been  sold  in  one  day.    He  was  no  thor-  him  to  the  proyostship  of  Eton  college,  but 

ough-going  partisan,  however ;  although  he  Clarendon  refused  to  put  the  seal  to  the  ncc(:s- 

retained  his  seat  in  the  house.  Clarendon  states  sary  papers  on  the  ground  that  the  office  could 

that  he  spoke  with, sharpness  and  freedom  be  held  only  by  a  clergyman;  and  on  thia 

against  many  of  the  proceedings ;  and  when  account  Waller  joined  the  cabal  which  caused 

Charles  set  up  his  standard  at  Nottingham  in  the  downfall  of  the  minister.    The  provostsUp 

Aug.  1642,  he  sent  him  1,000  broad  pieces,  was  again  ofifered  him  by  Cliarles,  but  tlic 

In  1643,  after  the  battle  of  Edgehill,  Waller  council  refused  to  sanction  his  appointment, 

was  one  of  the  three  commissioners  who  car-  One  of  his  latest  productions  was  entitled  *'  A 

ried  on  the  fruitless  negotiations  with  the  king  Presage  of  the  Downfall  of  the  Turkish  £m- 

at  Oxford.    Shortly  afterward  what  is  known  pire,"  which  was  presented  by  him  to  James 

as  Waller^s  plot  was  discovered,  although  there  ll.    A  new  edition  of  his  poems  appeared  in 

is  still  doubt  as  to  how  far  the  conspirators  1664,  and  in  1690  a  supplementary  volume  was 

intended  to  go.     By  the  parliament  it  was  published.    His  reputation  for  100  years  stood 

called  *^  a  popish  and  traitorous  plot  for  the  exceedingly  high,  but  has  not  been  maintain- 

subversion  of  the  true  Protestant  religion  and  ed  to  the  present  time.    He  was  considered  a 

liberty  of  the  subject,"  and  by  that  body  it  great  refiner  of  English  poetry,  and  his  smooth* 

was  evidently  understood  as  a  design  to  seize  ness  and  sweetness  have  been  praised  by  Dry* 

the  power  of  government,  and  gain  possession  den,  Prior,  and  Pope ;  but  his  lines  are  oft«n 

of  the  persons  of  the  leaders  of  the  parlia-  feeble,  and  his  language  is.  deformed  by  ei* 

mentary  party.    On  the  exposure  of  the  plot,  travogant  conceits. 

Waller,  according  to  Clarendon,  "  was  so  con-        WALLER,  John  Lightfoot,  LL.D.,  an  Amer- 

founded  with  fear,  that  he  confessed  whatever  ican  cler^man  and  editor,  bom  in  Woodford 

he  had  heard,  said,  thought,  or  seen,  all  that  oo.,  Ey.,  Nov.  28, 1809,  died  in  Louisville,  Oct 

he  knew  of  himself,  and  all  that  he  suspected  10,  1864.    He  was  educated  chiefly  at  home, 

of  others,  without  concealing  any  person,  of  and  from  1828  to  1835  taught  school  in  Jessa* 

what  degree  and  quality  soever,  or  any  dis-  mine  co.    He  then  became  editor  of  the ''  Bsp- 

course  which  he  had  ever  upon  any  occasion  tist  Banner,"  published  at  Shelby ville.    "  Tjio 

entertained  with  them."    Various  persons  im-  Baptist"  of  Nashville  and  the  ^'  Western  Pio* 

plicated  were  handed ;  but  Waller,  the  chief  neer"  of  Alton,  111.,  were  subsequently  merged 

conspirator,  escaped  with  his  life.    To  the  par-  in  it,  and  the  united  paper,  now  called  the 

liament  he  delivered  a  speech  begging  for  life,  *^  Baptist  Banner  and  Western  Pioneer/'  was 

which  for  meanness  and  servility  has  hardly  a  edited  during  2  or  8  years  by  Mr.  Waller  in 

parallel  in  history.   After  having  been  confined  coiyunction  with  the  Bev.  Drs.  Peck  and  How* 

m  prison  a  year,  and  subjected  to  a  fine  of  ell.    In  1840  he  was  ordained  to  the  ministry; 

£10,000,  he  went  to  France,  living  first  at  in  1841  resigned  his  editorship  to  become  the 

Rouen  and  afterward  at  Paris.  In  1644  the  first  general  agent  of  the  Kentucky  Baptist  general 

edition  of  his  poems  appeared.    Through  the  association ;   in  1843  succeeded  his  father  as 

influence  of  Col.  Scroop  he  was  permitted  by  pastor  of  the  Glen^s  creek  Baptist  church ;  and 


192  WALLOONS  WALNUT 

• 
ihe  ttniyeraitjarohiTes.   He  bad  in  1648  signed  de,  which  peels  off  and  leaves  tbe  net  white 
a  remonstrance  against  the  exeontion  of  Charles  and  clear  from  the  shell ;  its  flavor  is  delidouslj 
L,  and  he  now  favored  the  restoration,  after  sweefwhen  freshly  dried.    The  tree  is  resdOj 
the  accomplishment  of  which  he  was  confirmed  raised  from  the  seeds,  bearing  fruit  in  16  to  20 
in  both  his  academical  offices,  and  was  named  years.    The  better  varieties  are  propagated  bj 
one  of  the  king^s  chaplains  in  ordinary.  ^  He  grafting  or  by  bndding  them  upon  inferior 
complied  with  the  terms  of  the  act  of  nnifor*  sorts.    The  conmion  wiunnt  was  known  to  the 
mity.    His  Opera  Mathematica  were  published  ancients  as  the  royal  nnt,  whence  the  name^- 
in  8  vols.  (Oxford,  1697-9) ;  the  most  impor-  glam  {Jow  glavs^  Jove's  mast  or  food),  and  it 
tant  of  them  is  the  Arithmetica  Infinitorum^  in  is  particularly  mentioned  in  the  writings  of 
which,  as  in  some  of  his  other  writings,  he  Strabo.    The  value  of  its  timber  has  caused 
foreshadowed  some  of  Newton's  greatest  dis-  its  extensive  planting  in  various  parts  of  En- 
coveries,  such  as  the  binomial  theorem  and  the  rope ;  and  previously  to  the  employment  of 
method  of  fluxions.    He  wrote  also  Oramma^  the  North  American  species,  a  high  price  was 
Uea  Lingua  Angl%eanm{X^2t\In»titutu>Logicm  often  paid  for  large  trees  to  be  naed  in  the 
(1687),  and  several  theological  treatises.  manufacture  of  musket  stocks  alone.   When 
WALLOONS,  a  name   formerly  given  to  old  and  matured,  it  is  prized  as  the  most 
that  portion  of  the  Belgians  who  were  of  OeMo  beautiful  of  European  woods,  and,  being  Dei- 
origin,  and  whose  language  is  essentially  the  ther  liable  to  crack  nor  twist,  is  much  sought 
French  of  the  18th  oentury.   The  name  is  Ten-  by  turners,  cabinet  makers,  nuUwrighta,  &c. 
tonic,  and  is  etymologically  allied  to  Valais,  A  poor  and  hilly  soil  is  considered  the  best 
Wales,  &c.  The  ^*  Walloon  country"  comprised  to  produce  a  flne-grained  wood.    The  fruit  of 
the  present  provinces  of  Limburg,  Li^ge,  Namur,  the  walnut  is  well  known  on  tiie  table  as  a  de«- 
and  Luxemburg,  and  a  part  of  East  and  West  sert,  and  in  an  unripe  condition  is  emplojed  in 
ilanders.    More  than  1,800,000  of  the  present  pickling,  catsups,  soys,  and  o&er  sauces,  beiog 
inhabitants  of  these  provinces  are  mixed  Oelts,  gathered  when  tender  and  young  so  aa  to  be 
and  speak  the  Walloon  language.  readily  perforated  with    a  needle.   Gerarde 
WALLS,  GRA.VSL.    See  Gsavsl  Walls.  tells  us  that  the  nuts  ^^  boy  led  in  sngarares 
WALNUT  {jugloMy  Linn.),  the  name  of  pleasant  and  delectable  meate."    In  sonthen 
large  exogenous  trees  with  imparipinnate  and  Europe  an  oil  is  largely  manufactured  from  the 
somewhat  resinous  leavers  and  edible  fruits  kernels  which  is  employed  by  artists  in  mixinir 
which  abound  in  oil.    The  common  walnut  white  or  any  delicate  colors;  it  serves  also  as  a 
tree  is  a  native  of  Persia,  but  has  been  culti-  substitnte  for  olive  oil  at  table  or  for  cnlinarT 
vated  in  Europe  since  1662.    It  flourishes  in  use,  and  for  oil  of  almonds  in  medicine,  aod  for 
gardens  in  the  United  States  from  Massachu-  burning  in  lamps ;  and  the  marc  or  refuse  is 
setts  southward  and  westward,  and  is  known  employed  in  fattening  fowls  and  in  feeding 
in  New  England  as  ^^  English  walnut,  having  sheep  and  swine.    The  sap  of  the  tree  is  con- 
been  introdaced  there  at  an  early  period  from  rertible  into  sugar,  or  may  be  fermented  into 
the  mother  country.    The  8  species  of  the  true  wine ;  and  the  bare,  leaves,  husks,  and  roots 
walnuts  are  typical  of  the  natural  order  juglan-  yield  a  dark  brown  dye. — ^The  black  walnut  (/. 
daeea,  which  also  comprehends  the  hickories  nigra^  Linn.),  a  native  of  the  United  States, 
((Rirya),  trees  of  many  species  indigenous  to  Is  a  fine  tree,  with  a  broad  rounded  head  and 
North  America.    (See  Hiokobt.)    The  species  spreading  branches,  its  bark  rough  and  far- 
from  the  East,  also  called  commercially  the  rowed,  its  leaves  with  6  to  10  pinniB  and  an 
Madeira  nut,  has  several  distinct  varieties  ori-  odd   one,  its  fruit  round   and  on  s  short 
ginating  from  its  artificial  conditions.    The  footstalk.    The  sterile  flowers  are  loosely  set 
common  wdnut  («/.  regia,  Linn.)  is,  when  fully  on  green,  simple  catkins,  4  to  6  inches  long. 
grown,  a  large  and  lofty  tree  with  wide-spread-  and  issuing  from  the  axils  of  the  last  year's 
ing  branches,  the  foliage  abundant,  consist-  leaves ;  the  calyx  is  of  6  rounded  lobes  endos* 
ing  of  pinnate  leaves  of  8  or  4  pairs,  termi-  ing  20  to  80  green  short  stkmens.    The  fertOe 
niSed  by  an  odd  one  which  is  longer  than  the  flowers  are  sessile  on  a  terminal  common  foot- 
rest.    An  aromatic  odor  is  very  perceptible  in  stalk  an  inch  or  more  long ;  the  perianth  of  5 
them,  especially  if  they  are  bruised,  which  is  to  8  parts,  the  styles  2,  very  short;  the  stigmas 
sometimes  too  powerful  for  some  persons.  The  2,  fringed ;  the  fruit  globose,  nearly  smooth  or 
flowers  are  of  two  kinds;  the  barren  flowers  somewhat  granulate,  turning  to  a  dark  brown 
are  borne  in  pendulous  aments  near  the  ends  when  ripe ;  the  husk  or  outer  covering,  vbich 
of  the  shoots,  the  calyx  of  a  few  scales  sur-  is  thick  and  spongy,  enclosing  a  rough,  deeplv 
rounding  a  variable  number  of  stamens ;  the  fer*  fhrrowed,  round,  hard>shelled  nut,  with  a  sveet 
tile  flowers  are  sessile,  the  ovary  one-celled  with  rich  kernel  abounding  in  oil.  The  timber  of  the 
one  erect  ovule,  changing  into  a  4-lobed  seed  black  walnut  is  of  great  value,  the  wood  being 
with  crumpled  cotyledons.    The  fruit  is  green,  of  a  purple  or  dark  violet,  and  becoming  v^ 
oval,  and  contains  in  the  wild  species  a  small  dark  colored  with  age,  tne  grain  fine;  htfd, 
hard  nut,  while  in  the  cultivated  varieties  the  strong,  and  durable,  it  is  preferred  to  any  other 
nut  is  larger  and  its  shell  thinner,  so  much  so  material  for  gun  stocks ;  it  is  also  extenaire'j 
that  in  some  it  can  be  readily  crushed  between  employed  for  cabinet  work  and  door  panels, 
the  fingers.   The  kernel  is  covered  with  a  peUi*  and  in  outdoor  uses  for  posts.    The  tree  is  de- 


194  WALPOLE 

Towndiend  left  the  cabinet,  he  was  ito  supreme  aocording  to  Savage,  who  had  wen  him  Itmfl* 
head,  and  no  important  parliamentary  or  ad-  iarly  at  Lord  Tyrconners  hoase,  ranging  from 
ministrative  proceedings  took  place  in  which  obscenity  to  politics  and  from  politios  to  ob- 
he  was  not  the  chief  actor.    In  1788  he  intro-  scenity.    *^Bnt  however  ignorant  he  might  be 
dnced  a  scheme  for  converting  the  customs  da-  of  general  history  and  of  general  literature," 
ties  npon  certain  articles  of  import  into  duties  says  Macanlay,  *^  he  was  better  acquainted  tiian 
of  excise,  and  to  ameliorate  the  laws  of  the  ex-  any  man  of  his  day  with  what  concerned  him 
cise  in  such  a  way  as  to  obviate  their  abuse ;  most  to  know,  mai^ind,  theEnghsh  nation,  the 
bat  so  artfully  were  the  intentions  of  the  min-  court,  the  house  of  commons,  and  his  own  of- 
istry  misrepresented  by  the  opposition,  that  the  fice.    Of  foreign  affairs  he  knew  little,  but  his 
public  were  induced  to  believe  that  a  general  judgment  was  so  good  that  his  little  knowledge 
excise  was  contemplated,  and  a  storm  of  popu-  went  very  far."    He  was  probably  the  most 
lar  indignation  was  aroused,  which  fairly  shook  dexterous  party  leader  that  ever  sat  in  the 
^e  kingdom  to  its  foundations.    Walpole  there-  House  of  conunons,  and  by  the  exercise  of  rare 
fore  abandoned  the  bill  amid  universal  rejoio-  political  sagacity  was  retained  for  the  nnex- 
ings,  a  prominent  feature  in  which  consisted  in  ampled  period  of  21  years  in  his  place  of 
the  burning  of  himself  in  efSgy.    The  death  of  power.    The  charees  of  corruption  so  freelj 
QueenGarolineinl787,  and  the  public  hostility  brought  against  hmi  in  his  own  and  in  later 
of  the  prince  of  Wales,  were  the  first  circum-  times  have  probably  been  much  exaggerated; 
stances  tending  to  diminish  the  stability  of  his  and,  as  Lord  Mahon  has  observed,  *^  there  is  no 
administration.    The  king,  however,  whom  the  small  excuse  for  him  to  be  found  in  the  tone 
queen  on  her  deathbed  commended  to  his  care,  and  temper  of  his  age,"  which  was  cormpt  al- 
remained  his  firm  friend,  and  until  1789  he  was  most  beyond  precedent.    He  was  certainly  not 
enabled  to  maintain  tliat  pacific  policy  which  beyond  his  age  in  virtue,  but  he  was  himself 
had  been  one  of  the  main  objects  of  his  admin-  incorruptible  by  money,  and  the  heaviest  chargi? 
istration,  and  which  he  considered  necessary  that  can  be  brought  against  him  is  his  nncon- 
for  Uie  preservation  of  internal  tranquillity.   In  trollable  love  of  ofSce,  whidi  ultimately  cau&ed 
that  year,  in  accordance  with  the  wishes  of  the  his  fall,  and  almost  justifies  the  remark  of  Lord 
king  and  a  majority  of  the  cabinet,  the  Spanish  Chesterfield,  that  ^*  he  would  do  mean  thiDg< 
war  was  forced  upon  the  kingdom;  and  Wal-.  for  profit,  and  never  thought  of  doing  great 
pole,  who,  on  somewhat  doub&nl  authority,  is  ones  for  glory."    On  the  whole,  however,  his 
said  to  have  tendered  his  resignation,  which  the  administration  was  prudently  directed  to  the 
Idng  refused  to  accept,  was  compelled  against  maintenance  of  peace  abroad  and  the  progress 
his  own  convictions  to  yield  to  popular  clamor,  of  prosper!^  at  home.     II.  Hobatio,  Baron 
and  to  accept  an  unjust  war  for  the  sake  of  WaJpoleofWolterton,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
avoiding  a  stormy  session  or  perhaps  an  over-  bom  in  1678,  died  in  1757.    During  the  admin- 
throw  of  his  administration,  when,  *^had  he  istration  of  his  brother  he  held  several  impor- 
honestly  resisted,  the  nation  would  have  been  tant  public  offices,  and  officiated  as  a  diploma- 
flpeedily  restored  to  reason."  Discord  increased  tist  of  the  first  class.    He  was  also  known  as  a 
in  the  cabinet,  the  opposition  grew  bolder,  and  political  writer,  and  produced  a  reply  to  Boling- 
although  motions  for  his  dismissal  from  office  brokers  '^Letters  on  History."    In  1766 be  was 
were  in  1741  defeated  by  large  minorities  in  raised  to  the  peerage.     III.  Horace,  Sd  and 
both  houses  of  parliament,  he  found  his  strength  youngest  son  of  Sir  Robert  Walpolft,  and  4th  earl 
so  greatly  diminished  after  the  general  election  of  Orford,  born  Oct.  6,  1717,  died  in  London, 
in  the  same  year,  that  upon  being  defeated,  in  March  2, 1797.    He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
Feb.  1742,  on  an  election  case,  he  resigned  all  his  Eing^s  college,  Cambridge,  and  after  a  conti- 
offices  OB  the  11th  of  that  month,  having  two  nental  tour  in  company  with  the  poet  Graj,  vitl^ 
days  previous  been  created  earl  of  Orford.    The  whom  he  quarrelled  before  its  completion,  he 
king  received  his  resignation  with  great  emo-  returned  in  1741  to  England,  and  entered  par- 
tion,  and  having  wept  and  kissed  him  requested  liament  for  the  borough  of  Callington,  to  which 
to  see  him  frequently.     On  motion  of  Lord  he  had  been  elected  during  his  absence.   Bis 
Limerick,  a  secret  committee  was  appointed  to  father^s  political   overthrow  followed  a  few 
inquire  into  the  conduct  of  the  last  10  years  of  months  later,  and  Horace  Walpole^s  first  par* 
Walpole's  administration ;  but  in  spite  of  the  liamentary  speech  was  called  forth  by  the  mo- 
efforts  of  his  enemies,  no  charge  of  venality  tion  to  inquire  into  the  last  10  years  of  the  late 
could  be  substantiated  against  him,  and  the  re-  minister's  administration.    Witii  this  exception 
port  oft^e  committee  not  only  recommended  no  he  rarely  addressed  the  house,  in  which  he 
further  proceedings,  but  was  received,  according  held  a  seat  until  1768,  his  character  and  tastei^ 
to  Tindal,  with  public  contempt    The  ez-minis-  being  nnsuited  for  public  life,  although  he  took 
ter,  though  frequently  consulted  by  the  king,  a  considerable  interest  in  politica    A  whig  bv 
took  Uttle  part  tnenceforth  in  public  affairs,  and  the  accident  of  birth  and  hereditary  connections, 
died  at  his  seatat  Houghton  after  great  suffering  and  affecting  an  aversion  to  kings,  which  he 
from  ^6  stone. — The  general  acquirements  of  illustrated  by  hanging  in  his  house  a  facsimile 
Walpole  were  not  remarkable,  and  his  manners  of  the  death  warrant  of  Charles  I.,  with  the  in* 
were  coarse  and  boisterous  even  for  the  unre-  scription,  J/(^^eAarto,hewasatheartaconrtier 
fined  age  in  which  he  lived ;  his  conversation,  and  an  aristocrat,  talking  glibly  of  republican- 


196  WALP0R6IB  NIGHT  WALRUS 

the  aooesBion  of  Lord  Derby  to  oflSce  in  1653,  alons  merman  of  the  northern  seaa.    The  wfk 

he  entered  the  cabinet  aa  secretary  of  state  for  is  short  and  the  body  bulky,  broadest  at  th« 

the  home  department,  and  in  that  capacity  oar-  chest,  and  diminishing  to  the  very  short  tail: 

ried  through  parliament  the  measure  for  em-  the  limbs  are  short  and  less  fin- like  than  in  the 

bodying  the  militia.    After  leaving  office  he  seals,  the  inside  of  the  paws  protected  bj  a 

became  chairman  of  the  great  western  railway,  rough  homy  ooyering  against  violent  contact 

and  in  1850  he  was  elected  one  of  the  members  with  ice  and  rocks ;  the  fore  paws  are  a  kind 

of  parliament  for  the  uniyersity  of  Cambridge,  of  webbed  hand,  capable  of  wide  expansion 

which  constituency  he  still  represents.     He  and  3  to  8  feet  long.;  tiie  hind  limba  extend 

held  the  oflloe  of  home  secretary  in  the  second  straight  backward,  but  are  not  united ;  all  the 

Derby  ministry  until  March,  1859,  when  he  re-  fingers  and  toes  have  a  small  naU;  there  are  4 

si^ed  on  account  of  a  difference  of  opinion  ventral  mammas.    The  skin  is  between  1  and 

with  his  colleagues  in  regard  to  the  reform  bill  2  inches  thick,  with  a  covering  of  dose  brown 

prdbosed  by  the  conservative  party.  hair,  and  under  it  is  a  thin  coating  of  oily  fat, 

WALPUR6IS  NIGHT  (Ger.FFa^ntr^MTMk^O,  enabling  them  to  withstand  the  cold  of  the 

in  Germany,  the  night  before  the  first  of  May,  arctic  regions.    They  attain  a  length  of  IS  to 

or  the  vigil  of  St.  W alpurgis  (spelled  also  Wid-  15  feet,  sometimes  20,  a  circumference  of  6  to 

pnrga  or  Walburga),  a  sister  of  St.  WiUibald,  10,  and  a  weight  of  nearly  a  ton ;  the  color  is 

and  a  missionary  fromjlngland  to  the  Germans,  blackii^  in  the  young,  brownish  in  the  adnlts, 

who,  after  her  death  in  776  or  778,  was  can-  and  more  and  more  whitish  with  age.   They 

onized,  and  was   reputed   to  have  wrought  awim  very  rapidly,  but  are  awkward  on  land, 

many  miracles.    According  to  the  old  German  where  they  go  to  rest,  and  to  bring  forth  and 

superstition,  on  the  Walpurgis  night,  which  was  suckle  their  young,  moving  by  jerks,  asdstbg 

alao  the  vio^l  of  St.  Philip  and  St.  James,  the  their  advance  by  5ie  teeth ;  they  are  monoga- 

witches  and  wizards  held  their  annual  oonvoca-  mous,  contrasting  in  this  respect  with  many 

tiona,  the  most  numerous  and  important  being  of  the  seals,  and  gregarious  both  in  the  water 

that  on  the  Brocken,  in  the  Hartz  mountains ;  and  on  land ;  of  peaceful  disposition,  and  not 

and  it  was  an  old  custom,  still  preserved  in  afraidof  man  unless  when  hunted,  they  brarek 

some  places,  to  bum  straw  on  this  anniversary  defend  their  young  and  their  wounded  com- 

for  the  purpose  of  counteracting  the  malign  in-  panions ;  when  persecuted  they  become  nrr 

fluenoe  of  these  gatherings.    The  celebrated  wary,  and  when  asleep  on  the  ice  floes  or  the 

Walpurgis  night  scene  in  Goethe^s  "  Faust^*  Bf-  land  always  set  guards  which  awaken  the  herd 

fords  a  vivid  illustration  of  their  character.  by  loud  bellowings  if  danger  threatens;  thej 

WALRUS,  MoRBB,  or  Sea  Hoksk  (prieheehiu  will  carry  off  their  wounded  or  helpless  yocng 

rotmarui^  Linn.),  a  marine,  arctic  mammal,  with  their  fore  paws.    They  often  have  territir 

somewhat  resembling  the  large  seals  in  exter-  combats  with  tne  polar  bear  on  the  ice,  and 

nal  appearance,  but  having  many  affinities  with  with  the  narwhal  and  carnivorous  fishes  in  the 

the  pachyderms.    The  skull  is  not  very  large,  water.    They  lie  huddled  together  like  swine 

though  heavy,  and  its  processes  for  muscular  in  their  resting  places,  making  loud  roariog* 

inaertions  are  very  well  marked ;  the  facid  if  disturbed ;  they  may  be  domesticated  like 

portion  ia  more  elongated  than  in  the  seals,  the  seals,  if  taken  young,  though  they  are  in 

and  tiie  anterior  part  of  the  upper  Jaw  greatly  less  docile.    The  tuska  are  used  as  weapoitf^ 

developed  for  the  canine  teeth,  between  which  being  able  to  strike  a  heavy  blow  directlj 

the  lower  law  shuts.    In  the  young  animal  downward,  for  climbing  on  ice  and  advancing 

there  are  6  mcisors  in  each  jaw,  dl  falling  out  on  land,  and  for  tearing  up  the  sea  weeda  from 

during  growth  except  2  in  the  upper;   the  the  bottom.    For  accounts  of  their  habits  see 

upper  canines  are  very  long,  hanging  down  as  the  numerous  arctic  voyages  recently  pablished. 

pomted  tusks  between  the  small  camnes  of  the  and  especially  ^*  Seasons  with  the  Sea  Horses/ 

lower  jaw,  and  projecting  a  considerable  dis-  by  J.  Lament  (8vo.,  London,  1860).    The  food 

tance  below  th^  chin ;  their  points  are  some-  consists  almost  entirely  of  sea  weeds,  with 

times  bent  toward  each  other,  but  are  usually  the  bivalve  shells  attached  to  them,  as  in  the 

turned  outward;  they  weigh  ft'om  6  to  10  lbs. ;  manatee  and  the  so  called  herbivorona  ceU- 

the  molats  are  originally  Jzl,  but  fall  out  as  ceans.    Though  the  walrus  has  been  gencrallT 

X  advances ;  they  are  conical,  with  simple  classed  with  flie  seals,  it  has  not  the  camivor- 

ut  crowns,  worn  obliquely  at   the  apex,  ous  dentition  of  the  latter,  but  molars  adapted 

The  head  is  well  proportioned  to  the  body,  for  crushing  and    grinding;,  the  stomach  » 

rounded  and  obtuse ;  eyes  small  and  bright ;  elongated ;  the  thick  akin  and  shape  of  the 

no  external  eara,  and  auditory  openings  far  head  ^ow  pachyderm^  affinities;  it  may  he 
back;  nostrils  large, 
anout,  and  capable 

muzzle  very  wide , ^ __  _    _     ^^        . 

markably  thick  and  covered  with  large  trans-  hemispheres,  often  confined  to  limited  districts 

looent  bristles  looking  like  quills  of  straw ;  the  far  removed  from  each  other,  and  not  met  witn 

front  view  of  the  young  animal,  before  the  in  the  intervening  apaces ;  one  of  their  £iTonte 

tuaks  have  grown,  naa  a  very  human  aspect,  resorts  is  the  sea  about  Kamtchatka  and  10  to 

and  probably  baa  in  part  given  rise  to  the  fab-  16  degrees  on  each  side  on  the  American  and 


198                     WALTER  WALTON 

Mived  as  to  the  designs  of  Philip  n.  and  of  ham  in  parliament  from  1847  to  1869,  when  he 
Alexander  Farnese,  Walsingham  was  not  mis-  was  elected  one  of  the  members  for  Berkshire. 
led  for  a  moment.    He  is  said  to  have  been  a  WALTHAM,  a  post  Tillage  and  township  of 
match  for  his  snbtle  antagonists  in  all  the  de-  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  situated  on  the  ChAriM 
oeitfnl  arts  which  belonged  to  the  diplomacy  river  and  on  the  Fitchburg  railroad,  10  m.  W. 
of  that  period ;  and  there  is  a  popular  but  nn-  by  N.  from  Boston ;  pop.  in  1860,  6,397.   The 
fbnnded  story  that  he  cansed  a  fetter  of  Philip's  village  is  built  principally  on  one  extended 
disclosing  the  secret  of  the  armada  to  be  taken  street  more  than  a  mile  in  length,  and  has  nu- 
from  the  pope's  pocket,  and  then  delayed  the  merous  fine  residences,  a  bank  with  a  capital 
expedition  a  year  by  causing  the  bills  for  its  of  $200,000,  a  savings  bank,  several  churches, 
outfit  to  be  protested  at  Genoa*    He  was  a  man  and  a  gas  light  company  incorporated  in  1853. 
of  rigorous  personal  morality  and  entire  disin-  The  town  has  extensive  manufactories  of  bleach- 
terestedness,  dying  so  poor  that  his  friends  had  ed  cotton  goods,  hollow  ware,  machinery,  chemi- 
to  bury  him.    His  only  child,  a  daughter,  mar-  oal  preparations,  watches,  paper,  cabinet  ware, 
ried  in  succession  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  the  earl  of  boots  and  shoes,  &c.    The  Bobbins  and  Apple- 
Essex,  and  the  earl  of  Olanricarde.    His  state  ton  watch  manufactory  is  situated  in  Waltham, 
papers  and  letters  were  edited  and  published  andproduces  about  10,000  watches  per  annnm. 
by  Sir  Dudley  Digges,  under  the  title  of  "  The  WALTHER   VON   DER   VOGELWEIDE 
Complete  Ambassador"  (London,  1656).  Other  (Walter  of  the  bird  meadow),  the  greatest  of 
works  attributed  to  him  are  not  authentic.  the  German  minnesingers,  bom  in  Franconis 
WALTER.    L  John,  founder  of  the  London  or  Austria  between   1166  and  1170,  died  in 
*«  Times,"  bom  in  1739,  died  in  Teddington,  Wtlrzburg  about  1228.    He  was  of  a  noble  but 
Middlesex,  Nov.  16,  1812.    He  was  by  trade  a  not  wealthy  family,  and  learned  the  art  of  poe- 
printer,  and  about  1780  became  possessed  of  two  try  under  Reinraar,  whom  he  made  his  model. 
patents  issued  to  one  Henry  Johnson  for  an  in-  He  found  his  first  patron  at  Vienna  in  Duko 
yention  called  logography,  which  consisted  in  Frederic,  and  about  1187  began  to  compoiie 
printing  with  types  representing  entire  words  or  poems.    Upon  the  death  of  the  duke,  Waither, 
syllables,  and  various  combinations,  instead  of  about  the  end  of  1198,  began  to  visit  the  courts 
single  letters.    On  Jan.  18,  1785,  he  published  of  kings  and  princes,  and  for  many  years  led  a 
the  first  number  of  a  newspaper  entitled  "  The  wandering  life  through  all  parts  of  Gennany. 
London  Daily  Universal  Register,  printed  logo-  and  probably  beyond  its  borders.   He  went  first 
graphically,"  which  on  Jan.  1, 1788,  was  issued  to  the  court  of  Philip  of  Swabia,  but  in  12i»0 
onder  the  title  of  "  The  Times,  or  Daily  Univer-  was  again  in  Austria  at  the  court  of  Duke  Leo- 
sal  Register."   He  was  for  18  years  printer  to  the  pold  VII.,  the  brother  and  successor  of  Frederic. 
board  of  customs,  but  lost  that  employment  in  After  again  serving  in  the  train  of  Philip,  bo 
1805  on  account  of  the  animadversions  of  the  attached  himself  for  6  years  to  the  retinue  of 
"  Times"  on  Lord  Melville's  administration  of  Hermann,  landgrave  of  Thuringia,  and  after- 
the  admiralty  department.    II.  John,  son  of  ward  wandered  to  various  other  courts.  In  1220 
the  preceding,  bom  in  London  in  1784^  died  he  received  from  the  emperor  Frederic  11.  a  val- 
there,  July  28,  1847.    At  the  age  of  10  he  be-  uable  fief  in  Wttrzburg,  where  for  a  long  time  his 
oame  a  joint  proprietor  and  the  exclusive  man-  grave  was  shown.    In  1848  a  new  monument 
ager  of  the  "Times,"  which  then  circulated  was  erected  to  his  memory.     His  early  poems 
about  1,000  copies;  and  by  energy,  enterprise,  were  chiefiy  love  songs,  but  in  later  years  be 
and  tact  he  succeeded  in  increasing  the  circula-  treated  of  the  crusades  and  many  subjects  con- 
tion  within' 10  years  to  5,000  copies.    He  early  nected  with  the  civil  commotions  in  Germanf. 
Interested  himself  in  the  improvement  of  the  He  was  considered  by  his  contemporaries  as  the 
printing  press,  upon  which  he  expended  large  master  of  lyric  song,  and  by  the  later  minnesing- 
aams;  and  the  number  of  the  *' Times"  for  ers  was  placed  among  the  12  who  in  the  time 
Nov.  29, 1814,  was  announced  as  the  first  sheet  of  the  emperor  Otho  Iv.  created  the  poetic  art. 
ever  printed  by  steam,  being  executed  on  two  Lachmann  has  published  an  edition  of  hi8pooni:> 
of  KOnig^s  machines.    At  the  time  of  the  agita-  (Berlin,  1827),  and  Simrock  has  translated  them 
tion  of  the  reform  bill  and  Catholic  emancipa-  (^  vols.,  Berlin,  1888).     Under  the  title  of 
tion,  the  '*  Times"  had  reached  a  circulation  Wdlther  von  der  Vogelweidty  ein  altdenttchr 
of  about  10,000  copies.    In  1832  Mr.  Walter,  Dichter  (Stuttgart  and  Tobingen,  1822),  Uhland 
having  purchased  a  large  estate  in  Berkshire,  has  given  an  account  of  his  life  and  poetrr : 
was  returned  to  parliament  from  that  county,  and  Homig  has  furnished  a  complete  Gh^f^ 
He  was  rejected  in  1835,  and  in  1837  resigned  rium  for  his  works  (Quedlinburg,  1844). 
his  seat  in  oonsequence  of  a  difference  of  opin-  WALTON.    I.  A  N.  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  N. 
ion  between  him  and  a  majority  of  his  constit-  E.  by  the  Appalachee  river  and  drained  by  tlu- 
uents  on  the  new  poor  laws.    Subsequently  he  head  streams  of  the  Ocmulgee  and  Oconee 
sat  for  a  short  time  in  1841  as  member  for  Not-  rivers ;  area,  820  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 11,072. 
tingham.  III.  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  bom  of  whom  4,621  were  slaves.     The  surface  i^ 
in  London  in  1818,  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  elevated  and  undulating,  and  the  soil  generally 
Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  since  his  father^s  fertile.    The  productions  in  1850  were  426,516 
death  has  conducted  the  "  Times."  He  was  call-  bushels  of  Indian  com,  103,178  of  sweet  pota- 
ed  to  the  bar  in  1847,  and  represented  Notting-  toes,  7,280  lbs.  of  rice,  and  6,699  bales  of  cotton. 


200                        WALTZ  WANDERING  JEW 

metihods  in  the  inland  ooontiea.    The  example  diyersified  with  prairie  and  forest,  and  the  soil 
of  Wotton,  who,  he  tells  us  in  his  preface,  had  higHly  fertile.    Geneva  lake,  8  m.  long,  u  in 
intended  '*  to  write  a  discourse  of  the  art  and  in  the  8.  part,  and  there  are  a  number  of  smaller 
praise  of  angling,"  probably  influenced  him  on  lakes.    The  productions  in  1850  were  656,704 
this  as  on  a  previous  occasion  to  carry  out  the  de-  bushels  of  wheat,  215,242  of  Indian  com,  81,699 
sign  of  his  friend ;  and  he  modestly  adds  that  if  of  barley,  878,059  of  oats,  100,437  of  potatoes, 
Wotton '*  had  lived  to  do  it,  then  the  unlearned  833,012  lbs.  of  butter,  49,259  of  wool,  and 
angler  had  seen  some  better  treatise  of  this  27,198  tons  of  hay.    There  wera  10  grist  mills, 
art."  However  this  may  be,  Walton  lived  to  see  12  saw  mills,  22  churches,  and  5,140  pnpils  at- 
his  book  go  through  5  editions,  the  last  of  tending  public  schools.    The  county  is  inter- 
which,  published  in  1676,  was  accompanied  by  sected  by  the  Racine  and  Misossippi,  the  Ee- 
a  second  part,  **  being  instructioos  how  to  angle  nosha,  Rockford,  and  Rock  Island,  and  the 
for  a  trout  or  grayling  in  a  clear  stream,"  writ-  Fox  River  valley  and  Wisconsin  central  rail- 
ten  by  his  intimate  friend  and  adopted  son  roads.    Capital,  Elkhorn. 
Charles  Cotton,  with  whom  he  had  passed  WALWORTH,  Reuben   Htdb,  LLD.,  an 
many  pleasant  hours  angling  in  the  Dove,  which  .  American  Jurist,  bom  at  Bozrah,  Conn.,  Oct. 
flowed   past  Beresford  hfdl,  Qotton^s  seat  in  26,  1769.    When  he  was  4  years  of  age  his 
Staffordshire,  and  who  pays  a  beautiful  tribute  parents  removed  to  Hoosick,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
of  affection  and  reverence  to  "his  father  Wal-  was  brought  up  to  the. labors  of  a  farm,  and 
ton."    Cotton^s  treatise  is  mainly  devoted  to  received  only  a  conmion  school  education.   At 
fly  fishing,  and  has  ever  since  been  printed  the  age  of  17  he  commenced  the  study  of  law, 
with  that  of  Walton,  to  which  it  forms  a  fit  and  at  20  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  connty 
companion.     Of  the   many  editions  of  the  court,  and  two  years  later  in  the  supreme  court 
**  Complete  Angler"  since  published,  the  most  of  the  state.    He  settled  at  Plattsburg,  and  in 
noticeable  are  those  of  Migor  (12mo.,  London,  1811  was  appointed  master  in  chancery  and 
1844),  remarkable  for  its  numerous  admirable  one  of  the  county  judges.'    In  the  war  of  1813 
woodcuts  and  engravings,  and  of  Sir  Harris  he  was  an  ofScer  of  volunteers,  and  at  the  siege 
Nicolas  (2  vols.  imp.  8vo.,  London,  1836),  which  of  Plattsburg  in  1814  was  acting  a^utant-gen- 
was  7  years  in  preparation,  and  which,  beside  era!  of  the  U.  B.  forces.    He  was  a  member  of 
beingprofheely  illustrated,  contains  the  best  life  congress  from  1821  to  1833,  and  in  tlie  latter 
of  WflJton  yet  written.    An  American  edition  year  was  appointed  one  of  the  circuit  judges 
published  in  1847  contains  an  excellent  bibli-  of  the  state.    In  April,  1828,  he  was  appointed 
ographical  preface  and  other  valuable  matter  chancellor,  then  the  highest  judicial  ofiice  in 
by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bethune.    Walton^s  remaining  the  state,  which  he  held  for  20  years,  until  tho 
works  comprise  lives  of  Richard  Hooker  (1665),  abolition  of  the  court  of  chancery  in  1648,  un- 
Qeorge  Herbert  (1670),  and    Bishop  Robert  der  the  new  constitution.    Since  he  left  the 
8anderson(1678),  all  exquisitely  simple  in  style,  bench  Mr.  Wfdworth  has  confined  himself  to 
touching,  and  impressive ;  and  in  the  year  of  the  business  of  a  chamber  counsel,  and  to  the 
his  death  he  edited  with  an  introduction  John  investigation  of  legal  questions  referred  to  him. 
'  Chalkhill*8  **  Thealma  and  Clearchus,"  some-  His  residence  is  at  Saratoga  Springs.   His  pub- 
tunes  erroneously  attributed  to  himself.    Sev-  lished  decisions  as  chancdlor  are  contained  in 
eral  collective  editions  of  his  lives  have  been  11  volumes  of  Paige^s  reports  and  3  of  Bar- 
published.    He  died  at  the  residence  of  his  son-  bourns  (1830-^49).    Most  of  his  opinions  deliv- 
m-law.  Dr.  William  Hawkins,  a  prebendary  ered  in  the  court  for  the  correction  of  errors, 
of  Winchester  cathedral,  retaining  to  the  last  of  which  he  was  a  member  ex  officio^  were 
hia  cheerful  temper  and  love  for  angling,  and,  published  in  WendelPs  reports  (26  vols.),  11  ill's 
as  his  will  made  a  few  months  previous  re-  (7  vols.),  and  Denio^s  (6  vols.).      Chancellor 
oords,  **  in  perfect  memory,  for  which  praised  Walworth  has  long  been  identified  with  the 
be  God."    He  left  a  son,  Izaak,  who  received  leading  religious  and  benevolent  movements 
a  university  education  and  took  orders ;  but  no  of  the  day ;  he  was  for  many  years  president 
descendants  of  his  name  are  now  known.  of  the  American  temperance  union,  and  is  now 

WALTZ  (Ger.  waken,  to  roll),  a  dance  of  (1862)  vice-president  of  the  American  tract  so- 
German  origin,  tlie  music  of  which  is  written  oiety  and  of  the  American  Bible  society,  and 
in  f  or  I  time,  and  which  is  executed  by  two  one  of  the  corporate  members  of  the  AroericaD 
persons  placed  directly  opposite  and  idmost  board  of  commissioners  for  foreign  missions, 
embracing  each  other,  who  turn  round  on  an  WAMPUM,  shells  or  strings  of  shells  used 
axis  of  their  own,  while  moving  in  a  oiitsle,  by  the  North  American  Indians  as  money.  la 
the  radius  of  which  varies  with  the  dimensions  the  language  of  the  Massachusetts  Indians  the 
of  the  room.  The  waltz  was  once  almost  the  word  signifies  white,  the  color  which  general- 
only  form  of  round  dance  in  vogue,  but  of  late  ly  prevailed  in  wampum  belts.  Beside  their 
years  has  been  in  a  measure  superseded  by  the  use  as  money,  they  were  united  to  form  a  broad 
polka,  the  mazurka,  and  other  new  dances.  belt,  which  was  worn  as  an  ornament.    It  was 

WALWORTH,  a  8.  S.  £.  co.  of  Wisconsin,  called  icammtmpaque,  toampampeaque,  or  iram* 

bordering  on  Illinois,  and  drained  by  affluents  peaque,  and  of  these  words  wampum  seems  to 

of  Piahtf^  and  Rock  rivers ;  area,  676  so.  m. ;  be  a  contraction. 

pq>.  hi  1860,  26,606.    The  surface  is  level  and  WAND£RING  JEW.    See  Jxw. 


202                      WABBLEB  WABBUBTOIT 

one  with  his  extraordinary  resemblance  to  Ed-  lida,  including  many  snb-famifieB  and  a  great 
ward  IV. ;  and  by  some,  indeed,  it  has  been  nnmber  of  species.    They  are  characterized  bj 
suspected  that  he  was  really  the  illegitimate  a  bill  of  moderate  length,  slender,  broad  at  the 
son  of  that  monarch.    At  this  court  he  was  base  and  tapering  to  tiie  end ;  wings  long,  and 
taught  to  represent  Bichard,  duke  of  York,  tarsi  long  and  slender ;  they  are  very  sprightlj 
younger  brother  of  Edward  Y.,  generally  sup-  birds,  of  small  size,  many  being  exquisite  siDg- 
posed  to  have  been  murdered  by  his  uncle  ers,  and  some  having  a    beautifm   plumage. 
Bichard  in  the  tower.    In  1492,  when  there  They  are  spread  over  all  the  habitable  globe, 
was  prospect  of  a  war  between  France  and  and  perform  a  very  important  part  in  the  econ- 
England,  the  pretender  landed  at  Oork,  and  omy  of  nature  in  keeping  down  the  number 
was  joined  by  numerous  partisans.    At  the  in-  of  minute  insects  which  inhabit  flowers,  fruit, 
vitation  of  Charles  yill.*he  repaired  to  the  and  foliage,  and  which  but  for  these   birdi» 
court  of  France,  where  he  was  acknowledged  would  be  very  ii^urious  to  vegetation.    In  thu 
as  duke  of  York,  received  a  pension,  and  was  family,  according  to  Gray,  belong  the  wagtails 
attended  by  a  body  guard.    At  the  peace  of  (motaeillina\  the  titmice  (patina),  the  erytha- 
Estaples  he  was  dismissed  from  France  and  einm  (like  the  blue  bird,  and  the  old  world 
went  to  Flanders,  where  after  an  affected  dis-  robin,  pratincole,  and  redstart),  the  fnalnritta 
trust  he  was  received  by  the  duchess  of  Burgun-  or  soft- tailed  warblers  of  the  East  Indies  and 
dy  as  her  nephew.  The  belief  in  the  truth  of  his  Australia,  and  the  sylvinoB  or  Ivscinince^  the  typi- 
claim  was  not  only  shared  by  the  populace  of  cal  warblers.    The  last  seek  for  insects  on  t^ee^ 
England,  but  by  certain  ofthe  nobility,  and  some  and  shrubs,  eating  also  fruits  and  seeds;  the 
of  Uiem  openly  declared  for  him.    Henry  YII.  nest  is  generally  cup-shaped  and  neatly  made, 
by  means  of  spies  obtained  the  history  of  the  the  eggs  5  to  8,  and  the  broods  2  in  a  season, 
life  of  Warbeck  and  had  it  published,  and  like-  This  sub-family  contains  the  nightingale,  the 
wise  put  to  death  or  otherwise  punished  a  large  kinglets,  and  the  old  world  warblers  like  tbe 
number  of  the  domestic  conspirators.  Warbeck,  black-capped   tyhia,     (See   Blackcap.)     It 
finding  his  cause  losing  ground,  in  1495  made  would  be  impossible  in  an  article  like  this  to 
an  incursion  upon  the  coast  of  Kent  with  600  give  any  idea  of  the  plumage  of  the  40  war- 
men,  but  was  repulsed,  retired  to  Flanders,  biers  of  North  America,  placed  by  Baird  in 
soon  made  another  unsuccessful  attempt  upon  the  sub-family  syhicolina;  tibe  names  of  seme 
Ireland,  and  then  repaired  to  Scotland,  where  of  the  most  common  are :  the  prothonotarj. 
he  was  acknowledged  by  James  lY.  and  re-  mourning,  blue- winged  yellow,  golden- winged, 
ceived  in  marriage  Lady  Catharine  Gordon,  orange-crowned,    black-throated    green,    gra> 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Huntley.    He  accom-  and  blue  (3),  yellow-rumped,  Blackbumian  or 
panied  the  Scottish  monarch  in  an  inroad  upon  hemlock,  bay-breasted,  pine-creeping,  chestnut- 
the  northern  counties  of  England ;  but  in  con-  sided,  blue,  black  poll,  black  and  yellow,  and 
sequence  of  a  treaty  then  negotiating  between  prairie  warbler,  most  of  which  are  sufficiently 
the  two  countries,  he  retired  to  Ireland,  and  described  by  their  names ;  the  prevailing  colors 
from  there  went  to  Cornwall.    As  soon  as  he  are  yellowish  and  olive  green,  varied   with 
appeared  at  Bodmin,  he  was  jomed  by  8,000  of  black  and  blue.    For  descriptions  see  Audu-| 
the  inhabitants  and  began  the  siege  of  Exeter,  bon^s  "  Ornithological  Biography,^'  and  vol.  ix. 
taking  on  himself  for  the  first  time  the  title  of  ofthe  Pacific  railroad  reports,  pp.  237-290. 
Richard  lY.,  king  of  England.    The  march  of  WARBURTON,      Euot      Babthoi.omkw 
an  army  to  the  relief  of  the  place  forced  him  Geokoe,  a  British  author,  bom  in  Aughrim. 
to  retire  to  Taunton,  where,  although  at  the  county  Galway,  in  1810,  lost  in  the  steamer 
head  of  7,000  men,  he  gave  up  all  hope  of  sue-  Amazon,  burned  off  the  Land's  End,  Jan.  4, 1852. 
cess,  and  took  refuge  in  the  sanctuary  of  Beau-  He  was  educated  at  Queen's  and  Trinity  col- 
lieu  in  the  New  forest.  He  was  taken  prisoner,  leges,  Cambridge,  and  was  subsequently  calUd 
and  on  the  promise  of  pardon  made  a  confes-  to  the  bar,  but  soon  gave  up  practice  and  de-l 
sion  of  his  life  and  adventures ;  but  being  kept  voted  himself  to  the  improvement  of  his  estate?! 
in  custody,  he  broke  from  it  and  fled  to  the  in  Ireland.    In  1846  he  appeared  for  the  fir^i! 
sanctuary  of  Sheene.    On  being  again  taken,  he  time  as  an  author  by  a  book  of  travels  in  tliel 
was  placed  in  the  stocks  at  Westminster  and  East  entitled  **The  Crescent  and  the  Cro^s,'" 
Cheapside,  and  forced  to  read  aloud  to  the  peo-  which  in  1859  had  reached  its  15th  edition.: 
pie  his  previous  confession,  and  was  then  con-  His  other  works  are :  "  Prince  Rupert  and  tLei 
fined  to  the  tower.    There  he  opened  a  cor-  Cavaliers,''  designed  to  vindicate  the  reputa-' 
respondence  with  the  earl  of  Warwick,  who  tion  of  that  chieftain  (1849) ;  "  Reginald  Has- 
was  also  in  prison,  and  formed  a  project  for  tings,"aromanceof  the  same  period;  ^^Hoche* 
the  escape  of  both.    The  scheme  was  discov-  laga;''  and  "Parien,  or  the  Merchant  IVinoc,**i 
ered,  and  Warbeck  was  accordingly  arraigned,  a  story  published  after  his  death,  founded  oni 
tried,  and  executed.    Rey,  in  his  BuaU  histo-  the  history  of  the  Darien    colony.    He  a1«<^ 
riaue»eter%tiqu€98ur  Bichard  IIL(PeiTiB,lSlS\  edited  ^' Memoirs  of  Horace  Walpole  and  bi^^ 
takes  the  ground  that  he  was  the  son  and  law-  Contemporaries."     He  was   lost  whUe  on    ^ 
fbl  heir  of  Edward  lY.  voyage  to  America. 

WARBLER,  the  common  name  ofthe  denti-  WARBURTON,  Wiluam,  an  English  pix  1^ 

rostral  birds  of  the  family  Itiicinida  or  tyMeo-  ate,  bom  in  Kewark,  Nottinghamshire,  Deo^ 


204  WABD 

fidetitj  and  the  Abuses  of  Fuuttioism'*  (2  vols.  His  b^t  historical  pieces  are  his  "Rojal  FamOx 
12mo.,  1762).  In  an  appendix  to  the  edition  of  France  in  the  iVison  of  the  Temple,"  and 
of  the  second  part  of  the  *'  Divine  Legation"  "  Last  Sleep  of  Ar^Ie,"  the  latter  painted  for 
pnblidied  in  1766,  he  made  reflections  upon  the  the  new  palace  at  Westminster.  He  was  elect- 
ftther  of  Dr.  Lowth,  which  involved  him  in  ed  an  associate  of  the  royal  academy  in  1847, 
a  controversy  with  that  clergyman.  During  and  an  academician  in  1865. 
his  last  years  his  mental  fkculties  became  im-  WABD,  Jambs,  an  English  painter,  bom  in 
paired.  His  friend  Bishop  Hnrd  published  an  London  in  Oct.  1770,  died  Nov.  16, 1859.  He 
edition  of  his  works  (7  vols.  4to.,  1788),  and  was  instracted  in  engraving  by  an  elder  broth- 
in  1794  an  account  of  his  life,  character,  and  er,  but  from  choice  devot^  himself  to  paint- 
writings.  In  1809  appeared  a  volume  of  letters  ing,  and  became  so  exact  an  imitator  of  Mor- 
addre^ed  to  Hurd  under  the  title  of  ^'  Letters  land,  that  the  picture  dealers  did  a  lucrative 
of  Wai'burton  to  one  of  his  Friends ;"  and  in  business  in  buying  his  works  at  a  cheap  rate 
1841  an  addition  was  made  to  his  published  and  selling  them  at  a  considerable  advance  as 
writings  bya  work  entitled  ^^  Literary  Remains  original  Morlands.  His  horses  and  cattle  were 
of  Bishop  Warburton."  In  1789  Dr.  Parr,  from  perhaps  not  inferior  to  Morland^s.  He  was 
unfriendly  motives,  also  published  a  volume  of  however  for  a  long  time  compelled  to  use  the 
"  Tracts  by  Warburton  and  a  Warburtonian  graver  as  a  means  of  support ;  and  when  his 

gishop  Hurd],  not  admitted  into  the  respective  circumstances  enabled  him  to  resume  his  favor- 

tUections  of  their  Works."  ite  art,  instead  of  reproducing  those  scenes  of 

WARD,  Abtemas,  an  American  general  in  rustic  and  animal  life  in  which  he  had  shown 

the  revolutionary  war,  born  in  Shrewsbury,  so  much  early  promise,  he  attempted  history, 

Mass.,  in  1727,  died  there,  Oct  28,  1800.    He  allegory,  and  other  subjects  foreign  to  his  tastes 

was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1748,  and  and  capacity.    He  was  in  a  measure  led  to  this 

for  several  years  was  successively  a  representa-  class  of  subjects  by  becoming  the  suoces^ul 

tive  in  the  colonial  legislature  and  a  member  of  competitor  for  a  premium  of  £1,000,  offered 

the  council,  and  was  also  justice  of  the  court  for  a  design  illustrative  of  the  battle  of  Water- 

of  common  pleas  in  Worcester  county.    In  the  loo ;  and  he  subsequently  executed  for  Chel- 

IVench  and  Indian  war  he  served  as  lieuten-  sea  hospital  a  hu^e  allegorical  picture  on  the 

ant-colonel  under  Abercrombie,  and  in  1774  same  subject,  which  was  so  unmercifully  ridi> 

was  one  of  the  delegates  to  the  provincial  con-  culed  that  it  was  thrust  aside  for  evar.     He 

gross.    At  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolutionary  was  elected  associate  of  the  royal  academy  in 

war  he  was  appointed  a  m^or-general  of  mili-  1807  and  academician  in  1811,  and  painted  with 

tia,  and  was  m  command  of  the  army  which  undiminished  zeal  until  after  his  80th  year, 

began  the  siege  of  Boston.    On  the  election  of  WARD,  NATHAinsL,  an  English  clergyman, 

Washington  as  commander-in-chief  by  the  con-  bom  in  Haverhill  about  1670,  cued  in  Shenfield, 

tinental  congress.  Ward  was  made  second  in  Essex,  in  1658.    He  was  the  son  of  a  Puritan 

command,  and  when  the  former  arrived  at  clergyman,  was  educated  at  Emmanuel  college, 

Gambridge  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  Cambridge,  and  for  some  time  practised  law, 

tiie  right  wing  stationed  on  Roxbury  heights,  but  subsequently  turned  his  attention  to  theol- 

In  April,  1776,  a  month  after  the  surrei^er  of  ogy.  In  1626  he  became  preacher  at  8t.  Jtaness, 

Boston,  he  resigned  his  commission,  but  at  the  Duke's  place,  London,  and  afterward  rector  of 

request  of  Wa&ington  continued  to  act  until  Standon  Massye  in  Essex.    In  consequence  of 

the  end  of  May.    He  was  a  member  of  congress  adhering  to  nonconformist  priliciples,  he  was 

in  1780-'81,  and  again  from  1791  to  1795.  suspended  by  Archbishop  Laud  in  1638.     In 

WARD,   Edwahd   Matthew,    an    English  April,  1684,  he  sailed  for  Kew  England,  and  was 

Eunter,  bom  in  London  in  1816.  In  1834  he  soon  settled  in  Agawam  or  Ipswich  as  pastor, 
ecame  a  student  at  the  royal  academy,  and  in  In  Feb.  1637,  he  resigned  his  charge  on  account 
the  same  year  he  exhibited  his  first  picture  at  of  impaired  health,  and  in  1688  was  made  by 
the  gallery  of  the  society  of  British  artists.  Af-  the  general  court  one  of  a  committee  to  draw 
ter  several  years*  study  in  Italy  he  returned  up  a  code  of  laws  for  the  consideration  of  the 
to  London,  and  for  some  time  devoted  him-  freemen.  In  May,  1640,  he  with  several  others 
self  to  historical  subject&  To  the  cartoon  formed  the  settlement  of  Haverhill,  and  in  May, 
competition  at  Westminster  hall  in  1843,  he  1645,  was  selected  by  the  people  of  Essex  to 
contributed  a  composition  of  heroic  size,  enti-  act  on  a  committee  to  draw  up  laws  to  be  sub- 
titled **  Boadicea,"  which  attracted  little  no-  mitted  to  the  next  legislature.  Toward  the 
tioe ;  but  his  *^  Dr.  Johnson  perusing  the  Man-  end  of  that  year  he  returned  to  England,  became 
uscript  of  the  Vicar  of  Wakefield,"  produced  pastor  of  Shenfield,  and  as  minister  of  Uie  place 
soon  after,  elicited  universal  praise,  and  he  was  a  subscriber  to  the  ^^  Essex  Testimony."  In 
soon  took  his  place  among  the  most  popular  1647  he  published  **The  Simple  Gobbler  of 
contemporary  painters  of  history,  and  of  that  Agawam,"  and  subsequently  a  satire  against 
combination  of  history  and  genre  illustrated  by  the  London  preachers  entitled  **  Mercurius  An- 
such  subjects  as  his  "  South  Sea  Bubble"  and  timecharius,  or  the  Simple  Oobbler^s  Boy,  with 
**  Scene  in  Lord  Ohesterfield^s  Ante-Room,"  or  his  Lap  full  of  Oaveats." 
his  ^'  Ante-Room  at  Whitehall  during  the  Dy-  WARD,  Robert  Pluhsb,  an  .English  author 
ingMomentsofOharlea  II.,"  exhibited  in  1861.  and  publicist^  bom  at  Gibraltar,  March  19, 


WABD  WARDLAW  205 

1765,  died  at  Okeover  faftU,  Aug.  18, 1846.    He  the  East  India  company  to  settle  at  Serampore. 

vtt  edocated  at  Qhristchnrch,  Oxford,  and  in  He  at  once  applied  himself  to  the  language,  and 

1790  was  admitted  to  the  har  at  the  Inner  Tem-  to  the  printing  of  Dr.  Carey's  translations.    In 

pie.    In  1805  he  was  appointed  hy  Pitt  one  of  1800  he  printed  the  Bengalee  New  Testament, 

Uie  Welsh  jodges,  shortly  afterward  became  and  afterward  seyeral  other  translations,  while 

nnder  secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs,  earnestly  engaged  also  in  missionary  labors, 

from  1807  to  1811  was  a  lord  of  the  admu^ty,  In  1819  he  returned  to  En^and  on  account  of 

IB  1811  became  clerk  of  the  ordnance,  and  in  impaired  health,  visited  Holland  and  America. 

1^  was  made  one  of  the  auditors  of  the  civil  and  went  to  Calcutta  in  1821.    He  published 

bit.    In  1882  he  served  as  high  sheriff  of  the  ^*  An  Account  of  the  Writings,  Beligion,  and 

cotmty  of  Herts,  and  for  a  long  time  was  a  Manners  of  the  Hindoos'*  (4  vols.  4to.,  Seram- 

member  of  parliament.    He  wrote  a  ^' History  Ppre,  1811),  reprinted  in  England  and   the 

ofUie  Law  of  Nationsin  Europe  from  the  Time  United   States;    "Biographical  Accounts   of 

of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  to  the  Age  of  Gro*  Four  Converted  Hindoos''  (Serampore,  1814) ; 

tias"  (1795);  ''An  Inquiry  into  the  Conduct  '* A  Sketch  of  Bev.  Andrew  Fuller;"  '*Fare- 

of  European  Wars"  (1803) ;   ''  Tremaine,"  a  well  Letters  to  Friends  in  America"  (1821) ; 

noTel  (1825);   *.«De  Vere,"  a  novel  (1827);  "  Memoir  of  Kushnapul,  a  converted  Hindoo" 

^^Dlostrations  of  Human  Life"  (1837) ;  ''Pic-  (Serampore,  1822);    ''Short   Meditations   on 

tores  of  the  World  "  (1888) ;  "  Historical  Essay  Various  Passages  of  Scripture"  (2  vols.  12mo., 

00  the  Revolution  of  1688"  (2  vols.  8vo.,  1888) ;  Serampore,  1822) ;  and  a  number  of  sermons, 
ind  ''De  Clifford,"  a  novel  (1841).    From  1809        WABDLAW,  Balph,  D.D.,  a  Scottish  cler- 

imtil  late  in  life,  Mr.  Ward  kept  a  diary  relet-  gyman  and  author,  bom  in  Dalkeith,  Mid-Lo- 

m%  to  nolitical  affairs,  which  has  been  pub-  thian,  Dec.  22, 1779,  died  in  Glasgow,  Dec.  17, 

liihed  down  to  1820  in  the  "  Memoirs  of  the  1863.    He  entered  the  university  of  Glasgow 

Political  and  Literary  life  of  Bobert  Plumer  at  the  age  of  12,  and  from  1796  till  1800  at- 

Ward,  Esq."  (2  ToU.  8vo.,  1860).    The  later  tended  the  divinity  hall  of  the  Secession  church 

portion  has  been  withheld  from  publication  on  at  Selkirk.    He  then  decided  to  join  the  Soo^ 

•eeonnt  of  its  severe  strictures  upon  living  men.  tish  Independents,  a  denomination  then  organ- 

VARD,  Scnz,  an  English  divine  and  mathe-  izing  under  the  Haldanee,  Aikman,  and  Ewing, 

mttician,  bom  in  Buntingford,  Hertfordshire,  and  in  1808  took  charge  of  a  congregation  in 

m  1618,  ^ed  in  Knightsbridge,  Jan.  6,*  1689.  Glasgow,  where  he  remained  till  his  death;  and 

H«  ira<i  educated  at  Sidney  Sussex  coUege,  in  1811  he  was  elected  professor  of  systematic 

Cambridge,  of   which  he   became  a  fellow,  theology  in  the  theological  academy  of  the  In- 

When  the  civU  war  broke  out  he  published  in  dependents  in  that  city.    In  1818  he  received 

eooneotion  with  others  a  treatise  against  the  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Yale  coUege.    In  }868 

**  Solemn  League  and  Oovenant,"  and  in  conse-  the  completion  of  the  60th  year  of  his  ministry 

qsence  was  deprived  of  his  fellowship;  but  in  was  celebrated  by  a 'public  meeting,  in  connec- 

1649  be  was  appointed  Savilian  professor  of  as-  tion  with  which  a  large  sum  of  money  was  col- 

trooomy  in  Oxford,  in  1669  principal  of  Jesus  lected  and  expended  in  erecting  the  ^^  Wardlaw 

tt^ege,  and  afterward  president  of  Trinity,  but  Jubilee  School  and  Mission  House"  at  Dove  hill, 

Rn^oed  at  the  restoration.    In  1660  he  was  a  destitute  part  of  the  city.    In  1838  Dr.  Wajd- 

ftisented  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Lawrence,  Old  law  delivered  a  course  of  8  lectures  in  London  in 

Mwry,  tnd  in  1661  was  made  dean  and  in  1662  defence  of  Congregationalism,  and  in  1839  an- 

^<^  of  Exeter.    In  1669  he  was  translated  other  course  of  the  same  number  in  reply  to 

to  the  see  of  Salisbury,  and  in  1671  was  made  Dr.  Ohalmers^s  lectures  on  church  establish- 

ditBoeUor  of  the  order  of  the  charter,  which  of-  ments.    His  published  works  are  very  numer- 

fioetbrongh  his  representations  was  restored  and  ous.    The  most  important  are:  "Lectures  on 

far  erer  annexed  to  the  see.  He  published  some  Bomans  iv.  9-26,"  a  defence  of  infant  baptism 

t^Mological  works  and  sermons,  but  his  astro-  (1807) ;  "  Discourses  on  the  Socinian  Contro- 

^tnical  and  mathematical  works  have  given  versy"  (1814);    *^  IJnitarianism  incapable   of 

^  greater  repntation,  and  comprise  a  treatise  Vindication  "  (1816) ;  "  Expodtory  Lectures  on 

Dt  C9meU$  (4to.,  Oxford,  1663) ;  Idea  TriganO'  the  Book  of  Ecdesiastes"  (2  vols.  8vo.,  1821) ; 

*itrim  Demomtratm  (1664) ;  and  A9tr&nomia  "  A  Dissertation  on  the  Scriptural  Authority, 

^^mitriea  (8vo.,  London,  1666).    He  also  left  Nature,  and  Uses  of  Baptism"  (1826) :  "  The 

t  vork  on  the  philosophy  of  Hobbes  (1666).  Dissuasion  to  the  Toung  against  the  Entice- 

Bisbop  Ward  was  the  founder  of  several  char-  '  ments  of  Sinners'*'  (1826) ;  *^  Man  Besponsible 

itaUe  institutions,  but  his  severity  toward  the  for  his  Belief "  (1826) ;  ^^  Discourses  on  Frayer" 

B'Hieoaformiats  has  sullied  his  reputation.  (191^V) ;   ^*  Essays  on  Assurance  and  Pardon" 

Ward,  Wiluaic,  an  English  misadonary  and  (1830) ;    *'  Essays  on  Faith  and  Atonement" 

^or,  bom  in  Derby,  Oct.  20,  1769,  died  in  (1831) ;  '*  Discourses  on  the  Sabbath"  (1832) ; 

Sennipore,  Hindoetan,  March  T,  1828.    After  ^* Lectures  on  Ohnstian  Ethics"  (1833);  "A 

"'ving  an  apprenticeship  to  a  printer,  he  studied  Treatise  on  Miracles"  (1862);  and  *^  Lectures 

nr  the  minuby,  and  in  1798  offered  himself  to  on  Systematic  Theology"  (3  vols.  8vo.),  pub- 

il«  Baptist  missionary  society  as  a  missionary  lished  after  his  death. — See  '*  Memoir  of  the 

^  printer.    In  M^y,  1799,  he  saUed  for  Oal-  Life  and  Writings  of  Balph  Wardkw,  D.D.," 

^^  bat  was  eompeUed  by  the  oppontion  of  by  W.  L.  Alexander,  D  J). 


206  WARE 

■ 

WARE,  BsD  or.  See  Bbd  and  Bedstbao.  gan  of  the  Unitariaa  denominatioiiY  which  a 
WARE,  a  S.  E.  co.  of  Georgia,  bordering  on  few  years  later  took  its  present  tiUe  of  the 
Florida,  bounded  N.  E.  by  the  Little  Satilla  "  Ohristian  Examiner."  In  1828,  in  conseonence 
riyer,  and  intersected  by  die  Satilla  river,  and  of  his  ill  health,  his  parish  elected  Mr.  Kalpb 
also  drained  by  its  nnmerons  tributaries ;  area,  Waldo  Emerson  as  his  colleague ;  and  in  1829, 
1,720  sq.  ra. ;  pop.  in  1850,  8,888 ;  in  1860,  having  received  the  appointment  of  profes:K)r 
2,200,  of  whom  877  were  slaves.  The  surface  of  ^^  pulpit  eloquence  and  the  pastoral  care*'  io 
is  level  and  in  many  parts  swampy.  Okefino-  the  theological  school  at  Cambridge,  he  took 
kee  swamp,  in  the  8.  part,  extending  into  Flori-  leave  of  his  parish,  and  passed  a  year  in  £d> 
da,  is  80  m.  long  and  17  m.  wide.  The  soil  is  rope,  after  which  he  entered  upon  his  new  dn- 
generally  fertile.  The  productions  in  1850  ties.  In  July,  1842,  he  resigned  his  professor- 
were  68,270  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  44,522  of  ship  and  removed  toFramingham.  In  1824  he 
sweet  potatoes,  40,825  lbs.  of  rice,  and  894  delivered  a  poem  entitled  **  A  Vision  of  Liber- 
bales  of  cotton.  Oranges  and  figs  are  produced  ty,"  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society  at  Cam- 
in  considerable  quantities.  There  were  15  bridge.  He  published  many  discourses  and 
churches,  and  95  pupils  attending  public  schools,  essays,  contributing  often  to  the  religious  and 
The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Savannah,  literary  periodicals  of  the  tim^.  A  ^^  Memoir"' 
Albany,  and  Gulf  railroad.  Capital,  Wares-  of  his  life  by  his  brother  John  (Boston,  1846; 
borough.  contains  a  catalogue  of  his  published  works, 
WARE.  I.  Henbt,  D.D.,  an  American  der-  which  have  since  his  death  been  printed  in  4 
gyman,  born  in  Sherburne,  Mass.,  April  1,1764,  volumes  (Boston,  1847).  III.  Johk,  MD.,  an 
died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  July  12,  1845.  He  American  physician  and  author,  brother  of  the 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1785,  and  preceding,  born  in  Hingham,  Mass.,  Dec.  19, 1795. 
remained  in  Cambridge,  engaged  in  the  study  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  181 3,  re- 
of  tlieology,  at  the  same  time  teaching  the  ceived  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1816,  commenced 
grammar  school  of  the  town,  until  October  of  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Duxbury,  Mass., 
tfiat  year,  when  ho  was  ordained  at  Hingham,  and  in  1817  removed  to  Boston,  where  he  still 
Mass.  In  1805  he  was  elected  Hollis  professor  resides.  In  1832  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  divinity  at  Harvard  college.  His  election  of'  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the 
was  the  subject  of  exciting  discussions  on  ac-  medical  department  of  Harvard  colleffe,  which 
count  of  the  liberality  of  his  theological  views,  office  Ilo  held  till  1858.  He  has  published  va- 
and  was  the  signal  for  the  development  of  rious  medical  lectures  and  discourses,  essays  on 
causes  which  eventually  divided  the  old  Con-  "  Croup,"  on  "  Delirium  Tremens,"  and  on 
gregational  ecclesiastical  system  of  New  Eng-  '^  Hasmoptysis,"  a  volume  on  the  *'  Philoeoph j 
land,  and  established  a  new  denomination.  A  of  Natural  History,"  and  a  *^  Memoir  of  H. 
protracted  controversy  at  length  arose  out  of  Ware,  Jr."  (Boston,  1846).  IV.  Wiluam,  an 
it.  Dr.  Ware  and  Dr.  Woods  being  among  the  American  clergyman  and  author,  brother  of 
principal  champions  of  the  two  sides  respec-  the  preceding,  bom  in  Hingham,  Mass.,  Aug.  3, 
tively,  the  result  defining  the  lines  that  now  1797,  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  19,  l8o2. 
separate  the  Unitarians,  to  whom  Dr.  Ware  ad-  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  181 6« 
hered,  from  the  orthodox  Congregationalists.  devoted  4  years  to  the  study  of  theology,  and 
He  held  the  office  of  professor  in  Qie  college,  in  1821  was  ordained  over  Uie  first  Congrega- 
and  in  the  theological  school  which  at  a  later  tional  church  in  New  York.  In  1836  he  re- 
day  was  established  in  connection  with  it,  for  signed  his  charge,  and  removed  to  Brookline, 
85  years,  resigning  it  in  1840  in  conseqnence  near  Boston.  He  had  previously  commenced 
of  the  loss  of  his  eyesight.  In  1820  he  pub-  in  the  "  Knickerbocker  Magazine"  the  publica- 
fished  a  volume  entitled  *^  Letters  to  Trinitari-  tion  of  the  ^^  Letters  from  Palmyra,"  which 
ans  and  Calvinists,"  occasioned  by  Dr.  Woods's  were  published  in  2  vols,  in  1837,  and  are  now 
^<  Letters  to  Unitarians ;"  and  in  1821  his  '*  An-  better  known  under  the  present  title  of  '^  Zeno- 
swertoDr.Woods'sReply,"  with  a  "Postscript"  bia."  A  sequel  to  this  work,  now  known  as 
in  1822.  After  his  retirement  from  his  professor-  "Aurelian,"  was  published  in  1888,  under  the 
ship,  he  also  publi^ed  some  of  his  academical  name  of  "  Probus."  In  June,  1837,  he  was 
lectures  under  the  title,  "An  Inquiry  into  the  settled  over  the  second  Congregational  church 
Foundation,  Evidences,  and  Truths  of  Religion"  in  Waltham,  Mass.,  and  remained  there  till 

gl  vols.,  Cambridge,  1842).    II.  Henbt,  Jr.,  D.  April,  1838,  when  the  society  was  united  to  the 

.,  an  American  clergyman,*  eldest  son  of  the  older  parish  in  the  place.    After  a  short  resi- 

preceding,  bom  in  Hingham,  Mass.,  April  21,  dence  in  Jamaica  Plain,  he  removed  to  Cam- 

1794,  ""        "  ■   *■      " 

He  was 
spent 

lips  Exeter  academy,  at  the  same  time  prose-  settled  over  the  Unitarian  society  in  West  Cam- 
outing  his  theological  studies,  which  he  com-  bridge.  Ill  health  soon  obliged  him  to  give  op 
pleted  at  Cambridge  under  the  direction  of  his  preaching,  and  he  returned  to  Cambridge.  In 
ikther,  and  was  ordained  minister  of  the  second  1848  he  travelled  in  Europe  for .  a  year,  pub- 
church  in  Boston,  Jan.  1,  1817.  He  became  lishing  after  his  return  a  volume  of  travels 
the  editor  of  the  "  Christian  Disciple,"  an  or-  called  "  Sketches  of  European  Capitals"  (Bos- 


208  WARMING  AKD  VENTILATION 

WARMING  AND  YENXILATION.     The  quickly,  kUls  by  over-action.     The  Hfe  pw>- 

principles  upon  which  these  arts  depend  are  cesses  are  thus  graduated  to  the  constitution 

BO  mutually  involved,  that  it  is  impracticable  to  of  the  atmosphere,  and  the  healthfulness  of  the 

consider  them  separately.     Apartments  lose  former  depends  upon  the  constancy  of  the  lat- 

their  heat  at  a  rate  proportional  to  the  excess  ter.     In  close  inhabited  apartments  variouf 

of  theit  temperature  above  the  outward  atmos-  causes  conspire  to  deteriorate  the  air.     Not 

phere.     Large  quantities  escape  through  too  only  is  there  loss  of  oxygen  by  respiration,  but 

thin  glass  windows.    Glass,  though  a  bad  con-  its  place  is  supplied  by  an  equivalent  volume 

ductor,  is  so  excellent  an  absorbent  and  radia-  of  the  narcotic  poison,  cfl[rbonic  acid  gas.    In 

tor,  and  the  plates  used  are  so  thin,  that  it  op-  the  general  atmosphere  this  dement,  though 

poses  but  a  slight  barrier  to  the  heat,  permit-  constant,  is  not  sufiered  to  rise  higher  than  the 

ting  it  to  escape  almost  as  readily  as  plates  of  jj^  part,  a  proportion  which  we  may  assume 

iron  of  equal  thickness.    Three  fourths  of  the  to  be  inoffensive;  but  when  it  is  increased  20 

heat  which  escapes  through  the  glass  would  fold,  that  is  to  1  per  cent.,  the  air  becomes 

be  saved  by  double  windows,  whether  of  two  soporific,  depressing,  and  altogether  injurious, 

sashes,  or  of  double  panes,  only  half  an  inch  From  6  to  8  per  cent,  of  carbonic  acid  in  the 

apart,  in  the  same  sash.    Heat  also  escapes  air  renders  it  dangerous  to  breathe,  and  from 

tibrough  walls,  floors,  and  ceilings,  at  a  rate  10  to  12  per  cent,  makes  it  speedily  destructive 

proportional  to  the  conducting  power  of  the  to  life.    The  average  amount  of  air  respired 

materials  of  which  they  are  composed.    Much  per  day  is  stated  by  Yierordt  to  be  806  cubic 

heat  is  conveyed  away  by  the  currents  neces-  feet,  and  by  Valentin  898  cubic  feet,  7  per 

sary  to  maintain  combustion ;  much  is  lost  by  cent,  of  the  entire  air,  or  85  per  cent,  of  its 

leakage  of  warm  air  through  various  fissures  oxygen,  being  absorbed  at  each  breath.     A 

and  openings,  and,  where  ventilation  is  attend-  person  robs  of  all  its  oxygen  nearly  4  cubic 

ed  to,  by  &e  outflowing  currents  of  vitiated  feet  of  air  per  hour,  and  diminishes  its  natural 

air.    To  renew  the  heat  thus  rapidly  lost  is  the  quantity  5  per  cent,  in  80  cubic  feet  per  hour, 

object  of  the  various  devices  for  warming.    At  The  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  in  Uie  expired 

first,  heating  contrivances  consisted  only  of  breath  is  100  times  greater  than  in  the  natural 

open  wood  fires,  or  braziers  filled  with  char-  atmosphere.    A  person  by  breathing  adds  1  per 

coal,  the  smoke  and  offensive  fumes  of  which  cent,  of  carbonic  acid  to  55^  cubic  feet  in  an 

were  often  masked  by  the  burning  of  spices,  hour,  or  would  vitiate  to  this  extent  nearly  a 

The  first  capital  step  of  improvement  in  this  cubic  foot  per  minute.    Open  combustion  in  a 

direction  consisted  in  the  invention  of  chim-  room  contaminates  the  air  in  the  same  way.   A 

neys  about  the  18th  century.    (See  Chimnsy.)  pound  of  mineral  coal  requires  120  cubic  feet 

From  that  time  arrangements  for  warming  have  of  air  to  burn  it,  although  if  the  combustion  is 

been  slowly  multiplied,  and  improved  with  properly  conducted  the  contaminated  air  is 

the  advance  of  civilization. — ^The  necessity  of  steadily  withdrawn.    But  tiiis  is  not  the  case 

ventilation  results  from  the  very  nature  of  in  illumination,  as  the  products  of  combustion 

the  respiratory  process;  for  if  that  be  inter-,  are  here  accumulated  within  the  room.     A 

rupted  but  for  a  few  moments  in  the  higher  candle  (6  to  the  pound)  will  consume  i  of  the 

ammals,  death  is  the  consequence.    The  rate  oxygen  from  10  cubic  feet  of  air  per  hour; 

of  change  in  animals  depends  upon  the  respira-  while  an  oil  lamp,  with  large  burner,   inll 

tory  apparatus,  and  its  perfection  determines  change  in  the  same  way  70  cubic  feet  per  hour, 

their  activity  and  power.    Oxygen  of  the  air,  A  cubic  foot  of  coal  gas  consumes  from  2  to  S^ 

with  its  wide  range  of  intense  attractions,  flows  cubic  feet  of  oxygen,  and  produces  from  1  to  8 

incessantly  through  the  lungs  into  the  blood,  cubic  feet  of  carbonic  acid.    Thus  ev^ry  cubic 

and  is  borne  on  to  all  parts  of  the  body,  muscles  foot^  of  gas  burned  imparts  to  the  atmosphere  1 

and  brain  being  maintained  in  a  state  of  func-  cubic  foot  of  carbonic  acid,  and  charges  lOCi 

tional  activity  by  the  arterialized  stream.    The  cubic  feet  of  it  with  1  per  cent,  of  this  noxion.« 

brain,  weighing  but  ^  of  the  whole  body,  re-  gas.    Beside  these  sources  of  impurity,  subtile 

ceives  from  4  to  yV  o^  ^^  ^^®  blood  sent  from  streams  of  effete  organic  matter  are  constantly 

the  heart.    A  torrent  of  oxygen  is  thus  poured  exhaling  into  the  air  from  the  lungs  and  skin  of 

incessantly  into   the  material   apparatus  of  every  living  animal.  The  current  escaping  from 

thought  to  carry  forward  those  physiological  the  ventilator  of  a  crowded  room  has  an  insuf- 

changes  upon  which  thinking  depends.    If  the  ferably  nauseous  odor,  and  if  passed  through 

arterial  current  be  cut  off  from  a  muscle,  it  is  pure  water  quickly  renders  it  putrescent.   Thus^ 

paralyzed ;  if  from  the  brain,  unconsciousness  morbid,  organic  poisons,  so  subtile  and  minute 

mstantaneously  occurs.    In  proportion  to  the  as  to  elude  chemical  detection,  may  be  engen- 

exercise  of  a  muscle  is  its  demand  for  oxygen ;  dered  in  the  confined  air  of  over-crowded 

in  proportion  to  the  activity  of  the  mind  is  the  rooms,  and  become  the  germs  of  fever,  the 

brainward  flow  of  arterial  blood.    If  air  be  seeds  of  pestilence.    Another  and  a  f^quent 

rarefied,  or  deficient  in  oxygen,  its  respiration  cause  of  deterioration  of  the  air  in  close  apait- 

depresses  all  the  powers  of  the  constitution,  ments,  is  the  withdrawal  of  its  moisture  by 

physical  and  mental.    If  the  natural  amount  is  heating.    While  the  other  ingredients  of  the 

mcreased,  there  is  augmented  activity  of  all  the  atmosphere  are  constant,  its  moisture  depends 

bodily  functions.     Pure  oxygen,  if  respired  upon  temperature.    At  zero  a  cubic  foot  of  air 


210  WARMING  AND  VKNTILATIOlSr 


$ 


the  walls,  ceiling,  floor,  and  fhrnitnre  of  the  rooms  alternately.    In  Amott^s  new  grate  the 
rdom ;  a  portion  of  it  is  reflated  in  varions  coal  is  introduced  below,  the  fire  working  iu 
directions,  and  the  rest  is  absorbed.    The  ob-  way  downward   and  consuming  the  smoke. 
Jects  which  receive  it  are  warmed,  and  gradu-  Grates  should  not  be  set  too  low,  for  as  heat  is 
ally  impart  their  heat  to  the  air  in  contact,  constantly  diffused  through  the  room  by  as- 
thus  producing  general  and  equalizing  currents,  oending  currents  of  warm  air,  the  upper  partf 
Ab  the  fireplace  is  situated  at  the  side  of  the  will  be  most  comfortable,  and  the  main  object 
apartment,  and  as  radiant  heat  decreases  rap-  of  the  grate  should  be  to  Warm  the  floor.    If 
idly  in  intensity,  the  heating  is  very  unequal,  situated  very  low,  the  heat  rays  will  not  strike 
The  air  near  the  fire  may  be  very  hot  and  at  a  dis-  the  floor,  but  pass  along  parallel  with  the  car- 
tance  cold,  while  a  person  can  be  warmed  only  pet,  as  the  sun^s  rays  at  sunrise  pass  along 
on  one  side  atthe  same  time.  The  open  fireplace  the  surface  of  the  earth.    If,  however*  the 
is  the  most  wasteful  of  all  the  arrangements  for  fire  be  raised,  its  downward  radiations  strike 
warming,  as  a  copious  stream  of  air  passes  up  upon  the  floor    at  some  distance  back  with 
the  chimney  which  takes  no  part  in  combus-  sufiScient  force  to  waf  m  it,  just  as  the  sun> 
tion,  but  carries  off  with  it  much  heat.  In  the  influence  becomes  more  intense  as  he  ascend» 
earlier  flreplaces  },  Rumford  says  \4,  of  all  the  in  the  heavens.    The  open  fireplace  secure.« 
heat  generated  escaped  upward  through  the  considerable  ventilation,  for  wherever  there  \i 
chimney,  and   in   the  best  constructed  ones  active  combustion  there  must  be  a  stream  of 
probably  from  i  to  i  is  thus  lost.    Peclet  has  air  passing  out  of  the  room  through  the  cliim- 
proved  that  the  heat  radiated  from  burning  ney.    If  the  room  be  tightly  closed  there  is  no 
wood  is  but  i,  and  from  cool  but  i,  of  the  draught,  and  the  chimney  will  smoke.     The 
whole  amount  produced.    The  coal  grate  is  a  magnitude  of  the  open  space  above  the  fire, 
more  economical  contrivance  for  warming  than  which  has  been  mentioned  as  a  source  of  wa^te 
the  larger  wood  fireplace,  chiefiy  because  it  heat,  represents  the  ventilating  capacity  of  the 
lessens  the  current  of  air  which  enters  the  chimney.    But  it  is  from  the  air  below  the 
flue.    Like  the  fireplace,  it  is  closed  on  8  sides,  level  of  the  mantel,  the  purest  in  the  apart- 
and  these  should  be  of  some  slow-conducting  ment,  that  the  fire  is  supplied,  the  vitiated  air 
substance,  and  not  of  iron,  which  conducts  above  being  only  withdrawn  as  it  cools  and 
away  the  heat  so  fast  as  to  deaden  combustion,  descends.  In  cold  weather,  when  the  fire  is  ac- 
The  art  of  burning  fuel  to  the  best  advantage  tive,  disagreeable  currents  of  cold  air  are  swept 
in  open  grates  is  to  maintain  the  whole  mass  along  the  floor  toward  the  fire.    The  changes 
in  a  state  of  bright  incandescence  by  prevent-  which  of  late  have  been  effected  in  the  con- 
ing all  unnecessary  abstraction  of  heat,  either  struction  of  the  fireplace  to  save  its  beat,  the 
by  contact  of  surrounding  metal  or  currents  of  contracting  its  dimensions,  and  the  lowering 
cold  air  flowing  over  the  fire.    A  circular  front  of  the  chinmey  piece,  have  been  unfayorable  to 
favors  radiation  into  the  room,  but  it  exposes  ventilation.    The  double  fireplace  is  an  admi- 
the  fire  to  so  much  air  that  in  cold  weather  the  rable  arrangement,  both  for  heating  and  ven- 
oombustion  may  be  seriously  obstructed ;  and  tilation.    A  fireplace  of  soapstone  or  other 
fuel  may  thus  smoulder  away  with  the  produc-  material  is  set  up  within  another,  leaving  a 
tion  of  very  little  sensible  heat.    To  be  burned  vacant  space  between  them  into  which  cold  air 
with  economy,  it  must  consume  rapidly  and  is  admitted  from  without,  warmed  and  thrown 
with  vivid  combustion.    To  insure  this  perfect  into  the  room  through  an  opening  or  regi>t<T 
combustion,  the  air  which  comes  in  contact  above.    The  efficiency  of  the  single  fireplace  in 
with  the  fuel  must  part  with  the  whole  of  its  also  increased  by  introducing  a  flue  of  some 
oxygen.    Every   particle  of  air   passing  up  thin  material  into  the  chimney,  the  lower  ex- 
through  the  fire  which  does  not  aid  combus-  tremity  communicating  with  the  external  air 
tion,  obstructs  it,  flrst  by  carrying  off  a  portion  *and  the  upper  one  with  the  apartment.     In 
of  the  heat,  and  secondly  by  cooling  the  ignit-  connection  with  the  fireplace  may  be  mention- 
ed surface  so  that  it  attracts  the  oxygen  with  ed  the  Franklin  stove  (see  Stove),  which*  so- 
less  vehemence.    Air  entering  below  a  fire  rap-  cures  both  warming  and  ventilation. — Stoves 
idly  loses  its  oxygen  and  becomes  contaminated  heat  by  radiation  in  all  directions  from  their 
with  carbonic  acid,  both  changes  unfitting  it  surfaces ;  they  also  heat  the  air,  which,  rising 
for  carrying  on  the  process  actively  in  the  up-  to  the  upper  part  of  the  room,  is  diffused  by 
per  regions  of  the  fire.    If  therefore  the  mass  circulation.    Stoves  are  sometimes  made   of 
of  burning  material  be  too  deep,  the  upper  por-  brick,  earthenware,  or  porcelain,  thoueh  chii^fly 
tions  bum  feebly  and  at  least  advantage ;  or  if  of  iron.    Where  a  room  is  tight,  with  no  lo?^ 
the  pieces  of  coal  be  very  large,  scarcely  any'  of  heat  by  outflowing  air,  and  the  smoke  cs- 
depth  of  ftiel  will  be  sufficient  to  decompose  capes  into  the  chimney  at  the  temperature  of 
the  whole  of  the  air  which  rises  through  the  the  room,  the  stove  becomes  the  perfection  ivf 
wide  spaces.    The  modiflcations  of  flreplace  economy  in  heating.    Air-tight  stoves  aduiit 
and  grate  are  innumerable.    An  iron  plate  for  the  air  in  small  and  regulat^  quantities  so  as 
a  fire-back  has  been  employed  to  warm  an  ad-  to  produce  a  slow  combustion,    but  this  is  los 
joining  room  behind  the  fireplace.    For  the  economical  than  is  generally  supposed,  causing 
same  purpose  grates  have  been  hung  upon  a  low,  smothered,  incomplete  combustion,    a 
pivots,  BO  as  to  revolve  and  thus  warm  two  kind  of  dry  distillation,  in  which  muoh  imcon- 


WABIONG  AND  YENTILATIOK  211 

fiinMd  tad  esotpM  in  »  gaseous  fonn ;  whereas,  buildingone  seventh  smaller,  costing  bnt  $86,- 

to  eroke  the  largest  amount  of  heat,  oombus-  000."— -The  old  £ngliah  cockle  stove,  introduced 

uoo  ihonld  be  at  once  carried  to  its  maximum  by  Mr.  Strutt  toward  the  close  of  the  last  cen- 

hy  tht  production  of  carbonic  acid  and  water,  tury,  warming  houses  bj  the  distribution  of 

like  desirable  points  in  stoves  are  self-acting  heated  air,  was   the  progenitor   of  our  hot 

motrivanoes  to  regulate  the  draught ;  accurate  air  furnaces.    It  consisted  of  a  cylindrical  i^ 

BtUDg  of  the  parts ;  enclosure  of  the  fire  space  chamber  with  a  dome-shaped  head,  which  was 

Tith  slow  conductors,  as  fire  brick ;  and  the  placed  in  a  bed  of  masonry,  with  a  grating  and 

bringing  of  all  the  heated  products  of  oombus-  ash  pit  below.  This  part,  which  from  its  shape 

::io  in  contact  with  the  largest  possible  ab-  was  called  the  cockle,  was  enclosed  at  a  little 

siirbing  and  radiating  metallic  surface,  so  that  distance  by  a  concentric  wall  of  brickwork,  the 

tiie  iron  will  give  out  its  warmth  at  a  low  interval  forming  a  hot  air  space.    Air  intro- 

>fflpentnre.    The  ventilation  commonly  af-  duced  from  without  was  thrown  into  this  space 

forded  by  stoves  b  very  imperfect,  only  the  against  the  surface  of  the  iron  chamber,  and, 

ffliJlest  amount  of  air  being  removed  from  the  being  heated  and  rarefied,  ascended  tiirough 

ipartmeot  which  is  necessary  for  combustion,  openings  and  was  conveyed  to  the  rooms  re» 

Thiie  they  unqnestionably  exert  a  more  or  less  quired  to  be  warmed.    This  method  was  va> 

d«I«terioas  action  upon  the  remaining  air  when  riously  modified  and   much  improved.    Mr. 

oo«le  very  hot.    Precisely  what  the  effect  of  Sylvester  applied  it  to  the  Wakefield  luna- 

r«d-bot  iron  is  apon  air  or  persons  is  not  deter-  tic  asylum  so  effectually  as  to  change  the 

'siiied,  and  in  the  absence  of  clear  knowledge  whole  air  of  the  building,  400,000  cubic  feet, 

•^n^h  is  said  with  but  very  little  warrant.  For  each  hour.    The  modem  hot  air  furnace  is 

f  iimple,  it  u  often  stated  that  red-hot  iron  similar  in  construction  to  the  Strutt  heater.    It 

\<imn  the  oxygen  oat  of  the  air.    This  effect,  consists  of  an  iron  stove,  which  may  be  of  va- 

^•ireTer,  b  so  slight  as  to  be  of  no  practical  rious  shapes,  and  which  is  surrounded  either 

im;iortance.    The  compound  formed  by  tiie  by  an  iron  or  a  brickwork  case,  with  a  hot  air 

ciiuD  of  oxygen  and  iron,  under  these  circnm-  chamber  between.    It  is  situated  either  in  the 

Xttccs,  contains  82  parts  by  weight  of  the  basement  or  cellar,  while  air  brought  from 

fyrmtr  to  83  of  the  latter ;  that  is,  it  will  re-  without,  or  too  commonly  from  the  subter- 

)iire  32  lbs.  of  oxygen  entirely  to  consume  a  ranean    apartments,    is   introduced   through 

<OTe  weighing  82  lbs.,  or  all  the  oxygen  in  proper  openings,  heated,  and,  rising  through 

l.y)0  cubic  feet  of  air.   A  stove  heated  red-hot  air  flues,  is  distributed  to  tiie  different  apart- 

aod  exposed  to  the  air  would,  if  completely  bum-  ments ;  entering  them  by  registers  at  Uie  base 

rd  io  300  days,  consume  6  feet  of  air  per  day,  or  ceiUng,  it  mingles  with  the  cold  air  and 

^  it  would  require  19  such  stoves  to  bum  the  warms  the  room.    It  is  urged  in  behalf  of  hot 

ir  as  fast  as  one  pair  of  human  lungs.    But  in  air  furnaces,  as  against  stoves  and  fireplaces, 

.<iiittting  the  efiTects  of  red-hot  iron  upon  the  that  they  are  out  of  the  way  and  save  space ; 

bmuk  system,  we  must  not  forget  that,  as  that  they  are  cleanly  and  give  but  little  trouble 

tHert  ire  variona  kinds  of  light  which  may  in-  in  attendance;  that  they  are  economical  in 

ittnce  the  eye  differently,  so  there  are  various  first  cost  and  in  consumption  of  fuel ;  that 

kinds  of  heat  which  may  affect  the  body  differ-  they  warm  the  whole  house,  or  such  parts  of  it 

eatjr.   The  luminous  heat  firom  red-hot  iron  as.  may  at  any  time  be  desired ;  and  that  they 

p^iMCrates  glass,  whUe  the  dark  heat  of  a  low-  afford  an  abundant  supply  of  air  for  ventila- 

fr  t«fnperature  is  arrested  by  it,  although  it  tion.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  urged  that  in  the 

vii]  pa«  freely  through  plates  of  rock  salt  way  they  are  generdly  constract^,  from  the 

Bj  decomposing  the  organic  particles  of  dust  expansion  and  contraction  of  the  metal,  their 

viiieh  float  in  the  air  of  inhabited  apartments,  joints  are  liable  to  open  so  as  to  allow  the  es- 

X  iron  oecaaaona  the  peculiar  odor  of  **  burnt  capo  of  ^e  combustion  products  into  the  air 

u*'"   Potting  aside  thdr  lack  of  ventilation,  chamber ;  that  sparks  of  fire  are  thus  often 

<^>v«9  aie  generally  regarded  as  the  cheapest  carried  through  the  building  with  the  greatest 

Bwde  of  warming,  but  we  can  give  to  this  danger  of  conflagration ;  and  that  their  red-hot 

^vm  only  a  qualified  acceptance.    Of  the  92  iron  surfaces  so  **  bum,"  or  in  some  way  diange 

iiiool  houses  under  the  cnarge  of  the  Kew  the  air,  as  to  render  it  unfit  for  respiration. 

York  board  of  education,  66  are  warmed  by  Indeed,  there  is  a  general  conviction 4hat  hot 

itrrn,  and  ita  committee  report  that  even  if  air  furnaces  are  unwholesome  and  injurious. 

*ij«T  afforded  adequate  ventilation,  so  fiuctu-  This  opinion,  being  the  result  of  extensive  ex- 

>^  b  the  temperature,  so  unequal  is  the  die-  perience,  is  probably  just ;  but  the  evils  are 

^^^Btioa  of  heat  they  give,  and  so  great  the  chiefly  those  of  fkalty  constmction  and  mia- 

^^eroffire,  that  they  ought  to  be  condemned,  management  in  their  use,  as  they  have  been 

^^H  beside  thia,  they  say:  "The  first  cost  of  employed  for  years  in  many  establishments 

^t^iiog  by  atorea  is  greater  than  by  any  other  with  entire  satisfaction.    Mr.  Henry  Kuttan, 

^''Jiod  known  to   your   committee.    In  an  ofOobourg,G.  W.,  has  introduced  an  arrange- 

tdistry  adiool  buOding,  for  instance,  cost-  ment  called  the  air  warmer,  which  seems  to 


212  WARMING  AND  VENTILATION 

another,  with  sufBcient  space  between  to  ad-  and  registers.    As  the  boiler  and  tnbea  contain 
mit  a  large  amount  of  air,  which  is  brought  considerable  water,  its  temperature  rises  slow- 
from  without,  enters  below  the  air  warmer,  Ij  when  fire  is  first  applied,  and,  the  qnantitj 
and  passes  into  the  room  above.    Instead  of  of  caloric  to  be  given  out  being  large,  it  cool- 
heating  a  small  quantity  of  air  to  a  high  tem-  with  equal  slowness.    Hence  tiie  arrangement 
perature,  the  principle  of  this  arrangement  is  is  well  suited  to  those  cases  where  permanent 
to  moderately  warm  a  large  amount  of  it,  and  and  unvarying  heat  is  required,  as  greenhouses, 
depend  upon  its  rapid  exchange  to  keep  the  graperies,  &c.    Hot  water  pipes  thus  arranged 
iq>artment8  at  a  proper  temperature.    The  air  are  a  source  of  steady  and  equable  heat ;  thej 
warmers  of  several  sizes,  varying  in  price  from  do  not  scorch  the  air  as  furnaces  are  apt  to  do, 
$26  to  $150,  are  placed  either  in  the  room,  the  and  they  produce  a  copious  and  pleasant  venti- 
hall,  or  the  basement,  and  may  warm  by  direct  lation,  but  are  too  expensive  for  common  n«c 
radiation,  as  well  as  by  circulation  of  air.    The  in  dwellings. — Steam  was  first  applied  to  heat- 
inventor^s  aim  was  to  secure  the  cheapness  ing  purposes  in  England  in  the  winter  of  1784- 
and  simplicity  of  the  stove  with  the  ventilat-  '6  by  James  "Watt,  who  employed  it  for  warm- 
ing efficiency  of  the  more  expensive  apparatus,  ing  his  study.    The  method  of  heating  bnild- 
and  his  arrangement  has  been  very  success-  ings  by  steam  depends  upon  its  rapid  condenea- 
fully  employed  in  private  dwellings,  railroad  tion  into  water  when  admitted  into  any  vessel 
cars,  and  various  public  institutions. — ^The  first  colder  than  itself.    In  condensation  the  large 
attem)>t  to  use  hot  water  as  a  means  of  warm-  amount  of  latent  heat  that  steam  contains  i^ 
ing  dates  back  as  far  as  1716,  when  Sir  Martin  imparted  to  the  enclosing  vessels  or  pipes,  and 
Triewald  warmed  a  greenhouse  by  it  at  New-  the  resulting  water  either  flows  back  to  the 
casUe-upon-Tyne.  But  the  first  successful  effort  boiler,  or  falls  into  reservoirs  at  various  points, 
on  a  large  scale  was  made  by  M.  Bonnemain,  and  may  be  drawn  off  by  a  cock.    We  maj 
in  an  apparatus  for  hatching  chickens  for  the  gather  an  idea  of  the  amount  of  latent  beat  in 
Paris  market.    The  employment  of  water  for  steam  from  the  fact  that  if  a  pound  of  it  is  con- 
heating  purposes  depends  upon  two  princi-  densed,  the  heat  set  free  is  enough  to  raise  5^ 
pies.    First,  when  unequally  warmed,  its  equi-  lbs.  of  water  from  freezing  to  boiling.     Steam, 
ubrium  is  disturbed,  and  it  is  thrown  into  move-  like  hot  water,  is  used  for  warming  in  two 
ment.    If  a  tube  passes  into  the  upper  part  ways :  either  by  heating  coils  of  pipee  or  com- 
of  a  boiler,  and,  ms^ng  a  circuit,  reenters  the  bined  metallic  sheets  arranged  in  the  various 
lower  part,  heating  the  water  in  the  boiler  gives  apartments,  and  which  warm  by  direct  radia- 
rise  to  a  circulation  through  the  tube.    The  tion;  or  by  heating  air,  and  sending  it  throupli 
hot  water  flows  away  above,  and,  cooling,  de-  the  building.    As  in  the  similar  case  of  hot 
scends  and  returns  to  the  boiler  bolow.    Sec-  water,  just  mentioned,  the  former  method  iii 
ond,  the  capacity  of  water  for  heat  is  so  great,  wholly  objectionable  from   its   lack    of  the 
that  is,  it  holds  so  large  an  amount  of  it,  that  it  slightest  provision  for  ventilation.    It  has  bet-u 
gives  out  a  large  quantity  as  it  cools,  and  is  estimated  that  the  boiler  adapted  to  an  engini- 
thus  an  admirable  medium  for  its  distribution,  of  one  horse  power  is  sufficient  for  heatin? 
When  the  heat  of  a  cubic  foot  of  water  is  im-  60,000  cubic  feet  of  space ;  and  that  if  steam 
parted  to  air,  whatever  be  the  number  of  de-  from  the  boiler  of  a  working  engine  is  to  be 
grees  through  which  the  water  falls,  it  will  used  for  warming,  the  boiler  requires  to  be  en- 
raise  through  the  same  number   of  degrees  larged  at  the  rate  of  one  cubic  foot  for  every 
2,860  cubic  feet  of  air.  There  are  two  modes  of  2,000  cubic  feet  of  space  heated  to  the  temper- 
warming  by  hot  water.    In  one  the  circulation  ature  of  70^  or  80°.    The  amount  of  heat  lost 
takes  place  through  a  system  of  small  tubes  through  windows,  walls,  and  by  escaping  air 
distributed  through  the  house,  and  constructed  has  been  variously  estimated  by  different  wri- 
to  fit  any  form  and  succession  of  rooms  and  ters.    Dr.  Amott  says  that  in  a  winter^s  day, 
passages;  or  they  are  coiled  into  heaps  in  va-  with  the  external  temperature  at  10**  below 
rious  situations,  and  impart  their  heat  by  di-  freezing,  it  requires,  to  maintain  an  apartnnent 
reot  radiation.    This  is  Perkinses  arrangement,  at  60°,  a  steam  pipe  heated  to  200^,  or  about 
It  has  no  boiler,  its  place  being  supplied  by  a  one  foot  square  for  every  6  feet  of  single  glaf^s 
portion  of  the  pipe  coiled  up  in  the  furnace,  windows;  as  much  for  every  120  feet  of  wall. 
and  is  a  high  pressure  method,  the  temperature  roof^  or  ceiling,  and  as  much  for  every  6  cubic 
of  the  water  rising  to  800°  or  860°.    The  feet  of  hot  air  escaping  each  minute  in  the  way 
warmth  diffused  from  a  coil  of  pipes  in  a  room  of  ventilation.    Hence,  a  room  16  feet  square 
is  mild  and  pleasant,  but  in  point  of  ventilation  by  12  feet  high,  with  two  windows,  each  7  by 
it  is  the  very  worst  contrivance  possible.    In  8,  with  ventilation  at  the  rate  of  16  cubic  feet 
the  other  form  of  hot  water  apparatus,  the  per  minute,  would  require  20  square  feet  of 
pipes  do  not  ascend  to  any  consiaerable  height  radiating  surface.    Steam  for  heating  is  used 
above  the  boiler ;  there  is  but  slight  pressure,  at  a  very  low  pressure,  and  the  varions  precan- 
and  the  heat  does  not  rise  above  the  boiling  tions  employed  render  it  quite  safe.    Its  ar- 
point.  The  boiler  and  masses  of  pipes  are  placed  rangements  are  so  perfect  also  that  it  is  man- 
m  the  cellar  or  basement,  and  airnrom  without,  aged  with  but  little  trouble,  and  the  ventila* 
warmed  by  passing  among  the  coils  of  tubing,  tion  is  very  satisfactory.    For  heating  lar^ 
IS  distributed  to  the  apartments  through  flues  establishments  this  method  has  oome  into  ex- 


214  WARNER  TTARRANTY 

WARNER,  StrsAx,  an  American  anthoress,  which   is   seldom   expressed^  the  courts  of 
bom  in  New  York  in  the  early  part  of  the  England  and  of  the  United  Statea,  after  some 
present  century.      She  is   the    daughter    of  fluctuation  and  uncertainty,  are  now  agreed  in 
Henry  W.  Warner,  a  lawyer  by  profession,  establishing  the  just  and  sensible  rule,  that  he 
and  author  of  an  ^^  Inquiry  into  the  Moral  and  who  sells  as  his  own  property  a  chattel  in  his 
Religious  Oharacter  of  the  American  Govern-  possession,   must  be  regarded  as  warranting 
ment"  and  "  The  Liberties  of  America ;"   and  that  he  owns  the  chattel  and  has  a  right  to 
for  a  number  of  years  she  has  resided  with  her  sell  it  in  that  way,  although  nothing  is  said 
family  on  Constitution  island  in  the  Hudson  about  the  title.    As  to  the  ouality,  the  var* 
river,  opposite  West  Point.    Her  first  essay  in  ranty  may  be  express  or  implied.    If  it  is  ex- 
literature  was  a  novel  entitled   "  The  Wide,  press,  it  is  always  open  to  such  constructioR 
Wide  World,"  published  in  1850  under  the  from  the  circumstances  and  character  of  tie 
pseudonyme  of  Elizabeth  Wetherell,  and  which,  transaction,  and  the  usage  in  similar  cases,  as 
as  a  picture  of  American  domestic  life,  attained  shall  make  the  engagement  of  warranty  conform 
a  considerable  popularity  both  in  America  and  to  the  intention  and  the  understanding  of  the 
Europe,  as    many  as    85,000  copies    having  parties.    But  words  of  warranty  are  aJways 
been  sold  in  the  United  States  alone.    It  was  subjected  to  a  precise  and  perhaps  severe  inter- 
succeeded  by  "  Queechy"  (2  vols.,  1862),  which  pretation,  because  the  buyer  may  and  should 
had  also  a  large  circulation,  and  like  its  prede-  always  take  care  that  the  warranty  gives  him 
cesser  has  been  translated  into  French,  and  just  the  protection  he  desired,  and  must  ahide 
"The  Hills  of  the  Shatemuck"  (1856),  contain-  any  loss  arising  from  any  deficiency  or  ambl- 
ing many  glimpses  of  American  scenery  in  the  guity  in  the  terms  used.    If  there  be  no  ex- 
neighborhood  of  her  residence.    8he  is  also  press  warranty,  then  it  cannot  be  doubted  that 
the  author  of  "  The  Law  and  the  Testimony^'  in  England  and  in  the  United  States,  and  witli 
(8vo.,  1853),  in  which  the  texts  proving  the  the  concurrence  of  all  the  courts,  the  principle 
great  doctrines  of  Ohristianity  are  brought  to-  of  caveat  emptor  (let  the  buyer  beware)  comes 
gether  under  their  appropriate  heads ;  of  a  prize  in.    This  may  indeed  be  regarded  as  a  law  of 
essay  on  "  The  Duties  of  American  Women ;"  sale.    Undoubtedly  it  is  a  rule  which  works 
and  of  a  volume  entitled  "Lyrics  from  the  much  hardship  and  covers  much  fraud.   £mi- 
Wide,  Wide  World."    The  prevailing  tone  of  nent  members  of  the  legd  profession,  and  some 
her  books  is  religious. — ^Anna  B.,  sister  of  the  in  high  office,  have  lamented,  and  perhaps  re- 
preceding,  has  also  a  considerable  reputation  proached  this  rule  as  the  cause  of  mnchini- 
as  an  authoress.    She  has  published  ^^  Dollars  quity.    It  is  obvious  however  that  courts  most 
and  Cents,  by  Amy  Lothrop"  (2  vols.,  1858),  have  a  general  rule  on  this  subject.    The  Jaw, 
"My  Brother's  Keeper"  (2  vols.,  1855),  and,  in  dealing  with  a  buyer  and  a  seller,  must  deter- 
connection  with  her  sister,  "  Ellen  Montgom-  mine  on  which  of  them  the  risk  and  responsdbil- 
ery's  Book  Case"  (1858-'5),  a  series  in  4  vols,  ity  rest.    It  must  therefore  adopt  the  rule  of 
for  young  persons.    In  1860  appeared  a  work  caveat  emptor,  and  say  that  it  is  the  doty  of  the 
entitled  "  Say  and  Seal,"  the  joint  production  buyer  to  take  sufficient  care  for  himself,  which 
of  the  sisters  (2  vols.  12mo.,  Philadelphia).  he  may  do  either  by  sufficient  examination  or 

WARRANTY,  a  term  used  in  law,  in  the  trans-  by  demanding  an  express  warranty ;  or  else  it 

fer  of  real  estate,  in  the  sale  of  chattels,  and  in  must  say  that  the  responsibility  must  rest  on 

contracts  of  insurance.    The  learning  of  real  the  seller,  and  that  whenever  the  thing  sold 

warranties  abounds  in  the  old  books,  and  was  turns  out  to  be  other  than  the  buyer  supposed 

subtle  and  technical  in  an  extreme  degree.    Sir  the  seller  must  make  it  good.    Either  of  these 

Edward  Ooke  spoke  of  it  as  "  one  of  the  most  rules  would  have  some  advantages  and  be  open 

curious  and  cunning  learnings  of  the  law."  to  some  objections ;  and  upon  the  whole,  we 

But  much  of  it  is  now  aboli^ed  in  England ;  believe  that  the  commercial  experience  of  Eng- 

much  is  of  little  practical  use  or  employment  land  and  of  this  country  is  decidedly  in  favor  of 

there ;  and  it  may  be  doubted  whether  it  ever  the  rule  of  caveat  emptor.  At  the  same  time,  the 

had  any  force  in  the  United  States.    It  is  quite  courts  have  applied  important  limitations  and 

certain  that  now,  through  all  the  states,  the  war-  qualifications  to  the  rule,  and  as  now  adminis- 

ranties  of  land  are  only  those  expressed  in  the  tered  it  seems  to^work  well. — ^In^  first  place. 

deed  of  grant  or  lease,  and  they  are  personal  cov-  the  rule  is  never  applied  to  fraud,  direct  or  in- 

enants,  although  they  may  run  with  the  land.  A  direct,  or  of  any  kind.    It  is  therefore  impor- 

deed  may  be  whoUy  without  warranty,  in  which  tant  to  know  what  is  meant  by  le^pal  frand. 

case  it  is  a  mere  deed  of  release  or  quitclaim ;  The  question  is  considered  in  many  cases,  and 

or  it  may  contain  such  limited  warranties  as  particularly  in  one  of  much   interest  which 

the  grantor  chooses  to  give  and  the  grantee  is  came  before  the  United  States  supreme  conrt 

willing  to  accept. — ^Warranty  in  contracts  of  (2  Wheaton,  178).    In  this  case  Chief  Justice 

insurance  has  been  treated  under  Insurance,  Marshall  declared  that  neither  buyer  nor  seller 

and  this  article  will  be  confined  to  warranty  is  bound  to  communicate  to  the  other  informa- 

in  the  sale  of  chattels  or  personal  property,  tion  possessed  exclusively  by  him,  where  the 

This  warranty  may  be  a  warranty  of  title  in  the  means  of  intelligence  are  equally  accessible  to 

i;eller,  or  a  warranty  of  the  character  or  quality  both  parties.    The  numerous  cases  on  this  qnes- 

»f  the  thing  sold.    As  to  warranty  of  title,  tion  are  not  in  harmony ;  but  from  them  the 


216  WABRANTT  WABREK 

po8e  of  habitation,  ooonpation,  or  cQlti^atioiii  distinct;  for  a  seller  with  warranty  is  eauDy 

or  are  adapted  for  the  particnlar  purpose  for  liable  for  the  breach  of  it,  whether  be  new 

which  tiiey  are  bought  or  hired.    But  in  many  that  the  warranty  was  false,  or  was  ignormt 

cases  where   this  question  might  arise,  the  of  this.    It  is  also  certain  that  whenever  a 

buyer  or  hirer  may  undoubtedly  have  a  remedy  buyer  with  warranty  has  the  right  to  rescind 

of  some  kind\i£ainst  the  seller  or  lessor,  al-  the  sale  and  return  the  goods  because  of  a 

though  not  for  breach  of  warranty. — ^In  prac-  breach  of  the  warranty,  he  must  do  this  at 

tice,  the  question  what  is  a  breach  of  warranty  once;  for  any  unnecessuy  delay  in  doing  w, 

arises  under  the  sale  of  horses  ^^  warranted  or  any  act  equivalent  to  acceptance,  employ- 

sound,"  more  frequently  than  elsewhere.  From  ment,  or  disposition  of  the  thing  bought  aiter 

the  multitudinous  and  contradictory  cases  on  he  knows  the  breach,  wiU  be  construed  to  be  a 

this  subject,  it  can  only  be  said  here,  that  a  waiver  of  his  right  of  rescission,  and  will  limit 

defect  impairing  the  animal  for  present  service,  him  to  his  recovery  of  damages. — ^It  shonld  be 

or  which  in  its  ordinary  and  natural  progress  added,  that  there  is  in  general  no  impli^  var- 

must  do  so,  is  generally  admitted  to  be  un-  ranty,  and  indeed  none  that  is  not  precisely 

soundness.    Thus^  a  **  bone  spavin,"  the  *^  na-  expressed,  in  judicial  sales,  as  sales  under  ex- 

vicular  disease,"  **  ossification  of  the  cartilages,"  ecution  or  any  order  or  decree  of  court.   This 

and  "  thick- wind  "  have  all  been  held  to  be  un-  rule  has  the  sanction  of  the  supreme  court  of 

soundness.    *^  Crib-biting"  and  *^  curby  hocks"  the  United  States,  and  is,  we  suppose,  nnlTer- 

are  not.    "  Roaring"  has  been  held  to  be,  and  sally  admitted. 

also  not  to  be,  unsoundness.  But  a  defect  like  WARREN,  the  name  of  counties  in  14  of 
crib-biting,  though  not  unsoundness,  is  *^  a  the  United  States.  I.  A  N.  £.  co.  of  N.  T., 
rice ;"  and  if  the  horse  is  expressly  warranted  partly  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Lake  George,  in- 
free  from  vice,  it  constitutes  a  breach. — It  is  tersected  and  partly  bounded  S.  and  W.  by  the 
sometimes  an  i];nportant  question:  What  are  Hudson  river,  and  drained  by  the  Scbroon 
the  rights  and  remedies  of  one  who  buys  with  river;  area,  912  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  21,434. 
warranty,  when  there  is  abroach  of  warranty?  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  only  about 
On  the  whole,  we  should  say  that  he  may  choose  one  third  of  the  county  is  susceptible  of  col- 
either  to  rescind  the  sale  and  return  the  thing  tivation.  The  productions  in  1666  were  123,- 
bought,  and  defend  against  a  suit  for  the  price,  817  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  6,497  of  wheat, 
or  bring  his  action  for  it  if  he  have  paid  it ;  or  120,847  of  oats,  10,962  of  rye,  19,214  of  buck- 
he  may  retain  the  thing  bought,  and  bring  his  wheat,  178,828  of  potatoes,  482,786  lbs.  of  but- 
action  for  the  breach  of  warranty,  and  then  his  ter,  64,684  of  cheese,  18,616  of  maple  sugar, 
damages  will  be  diminished  by  the  actual  value  39,001  of  wool,  and  22,088  tons  of  bay.  There 
of  the  thing  bought  and  retained.  So  if  he  were  6  grist  mills,  68  saw  miUs,  14  tanneries 
sells  a  part  of  the  goods  before  he  discovers  88  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  7,812 
the  breach,  and  therefore  cannot  return  them  pupils  attending  pupU  schools.  There  is  an 
all,  he  may  still  return  all  that  he  can,  and  will  abundance  of  iron  ore,  and  limestone,  marl,  and 
then  be  liable  only  for  the  market  value  of  the  black  lead  are  found.  Capital,  Caldwell.  IL 
part  which  ho  does  not  return.  But  if  he  can  A  N.  W.  co.  of  N.  J.,  bounded  W.  by  the  Dels- 
return  the  whole,  he  shonld  either  return  or  ware,  which  separates  it  from  PennsylvanU, 
retain  it  all.  If  he  tenders  the  goods  to  the  and  S.  E.  by  the  Musconetcong  river,  and  in- 
soUer  and  the  seller  refuses  to  receive  them,  tersected  by  the  Paulinskill  and  Pequest  rivers; 
the  buyer  may  sell  them  at  once,  with  due  area,  about  660  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  28,434. 
notice  to  the  seller,  and  due  precaution  to  Blue  mountain  is  in  the  N.  W.  part>  and  Jenny 
have  a  fair  sale  for  a  fair  price ;  and  then  he  Jump  and  Scott^s  mountains  in  the  S.  E.  The 
may  recover  from  the  seller  whatever  he  loses  elevated  portions  are  well  adapted  to  pastur- 
by  this  resale,  with  the  expense  of  keeping  the  age,  and  the  soil  of  the  valleys  is  fertile.   The 

goods  or  chattels  and  selling  them.  Tnere  are  productions  in  1860  were  108,760  bushels  of 
owever  authorities  which  limit  the  right  of  wheat,  781,026  of  Indian  com,  224,176  of  rye, 
the  buyer  to  his  action  for  the  breach  of  war-  230,966  of  oats,  117,996  of  buckwheat,  79S,259 
ranty,  and  give  him  no  right  to  rescind  the  sale  lbs.  of  butter,  48,764  of  wool,  and  22,628  tons 
and  return  the  goods  except  in  case  of  fraud,  of  hay.  There  were  72  flour  and  grist  mills, 
Tlie  United  States  courts  tend  to  this  view,  and  86  saw  mills,  12  distilleries,  6  woollen  factories, 
it  is  favored  in  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ken-  2  furnaces,  8  iron  founderies,  7  tanneries,  3 
tncky,  and  Tennessee,  and  in  some  cases  in  newspaper  offices,  48  churches,  and  4,295  pa* 
England.  If  a  seller  with  warranty  brings  his  pila  attending  public  schools.  Magnetic  iron 
suit  for  the  price,  a  mere  breach  of  warranty  ore,  hematite,  bog  iron  ore,  zinc,  manganese, 
witibont  fraud  is  held  by  many  English  author-  marble,  soapstone,  and  roofing  slate  are  found. 
ities,  and  by  some  in  this  country,  to  be  no  bar  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Morris  canal 
to  the  action,  but  only  to  give  the  buyer  the  and  the  New  Jersey  central  railroad.  Capitali 
right  to  set  off  against  the  price  whatever  dam-  Belvidere.  III.  A  N.  W.  co.  of  Penn.,  border- 
ages  he  has  sustained  by  the  breach.  It  must  ing  on  K.  Y.,  intersected  by  the  Alleghany 
be  remembered,  however,  that  the  law  of  war-  river,  and  drained  by  Brokenstraw,  Conewan- 
ranty,  although  often  complicated  in  fact  with  go,  and  other  creeks ;  area,  832  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in 
the  law  of  fraud,  is  in  its  own  nature  entirely  1860,  82,279.    The  surface  is  hilly,  and  the  soil 


218  WARREN 

Henderson  river  and  several  smaller  streams ;  mate  correspondence  with  the  two  Adamses, 
area,  640  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  18,886.    The  Jefferson,  and  other  distinffnished  patriots,  vbo 
surface  is  level  and  the  soil  highlj  fertile.    The  were  accustomed  to  consult  her  on  momentous 
productions  in  1850  were  122,645  bushels  of  occasions.    Her  earliest  productions  were  po- 
wheat,  1,021,542  of  Indian  com,  174,806  of  litical  satires  in  a  dramatic  form,  and  in  1790 
oats,  188,495  lbs.  of  butter,  51,277  of  wool,  and  she  published  a  volume  of  poems,  includiDg 
8,293  tons  of  hay.    There  were  5  grist  mills,  two  tragedies,  entitled  '^  The  Sack  of  Rome'' 
11  sawmills,  18  churches,  and  409  pupils  at-  and  ^^  The  Ladies  of  Castile."   Her  most  impor- 
tending  public  schools.    Bituminous  coal  and  tant  work,  however,  was  her  ^^  History  of  the 
limestone  abound.    The  county  is  intersected  American  Revolution"  (3  vols.  8vo.,  Boston, 
by  the  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy  rail-  1805),  prepared  from  notes  taken  daring  the 
road.    Capital,  Monmouth.    XIII.  A  S.  co.  of  war,  and  which  was  long  a  standard  anthoritr. 
Iowa,  intersected  by  South,  Middle,  and  Upper       WARREN,  Sm  John  Borlasb,  an  English 
Third  rivers,  and  drained  by  several  other  naval  officer,  born  at  Stapleford,  Nottingham- 
tributaries  of  the  Des  Moines,  which  crosses  shire,  in  1754,  died  in  Greenwich,  Feb.  27, 
the  N.  £.  corner ;  area,  482  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1822.    He  was  sent  to  Winchester  school,  hot, 
1860,  10,282.    It  has  a  diversified  surface  of  having  a  passionate  love  for  the  sea,  ran  swav, 
prairie  and  woodland,  and  the  soil  is  very  fer-  andthrough  the  influence  of  friends  was  receired 
tile.    The  productions  in  1859  were  16,994  on  board  the  Aldemey  sloop  of  war  as  midship- 
bushels  of  wheat,  492,612  of  Indian  com,  17,-  man.    After  having  served  in  that  capacity  for 
682  of  oats,  17,655  of  potatoes,  151,189  lbs.  of  some  time  in  the  North  sea,  he  returned  to 
butter,  5,404  tons  of  hay,  and  15,566  galls,  of  England,  became  a  member  of  Emmanuel  col- 
sorghum  molasses.    Bituminous  coal  is  abun-  lege,  Cambridge,  and  took  the  degree  of  M.A. 
dant.    Capital,  Indianola.    XIY.  An  E.  co.  of  in  1776.    In  1774  he  entered  parliament  as 
Mo.,  bounded  S.  by  the  Missouri  river ;  area,  member  for  Mario w,  and  in  1775  was  created  a 
850  sq.  m ;  pop.  in  1860,  8,883,  of  whom  1,034  baronet.    On  the  breaking  out  of  the  American 
were  slaves.    It  has  a  varied  surface,  and  the  war  he  accepted  a  lieutenancy  in  the  Nonsuch, 
soil,  especially  along  the  river,  is  extremely  in  1779  became  commander  of  the  Helena  sloop 
fertile.    The  productions  in  1850  were  85,782  of  war,  in  1780  was  reelected  to  parliament  for 
bushels  of  wheat,  865,496   of  Indian   com,  Mario w,  and  in  1781  attained  the  rank  of  post- 
52,831  of  oats,  60,639  lbs.  of  butter,  17,090  of  captain.    In  1793,  on  the  commencement  of 
wool,  and  431,000  of  tobacco.     There  were  the  war  with  France,  he  was  appointed  to  the 
20  churches,  and  582  pupils  attending  public  Flora  frigate,  in  1794  was  made  a  knight  of  the 
schools.    Limestone  and  sandstone  of  excellent  bath,  and  in  1795  commanded  the  expedition 
quality  abound.    Capital,  Warrenton.  to  Quiberon  bay  to  assist  the  insurrectionist? 
WARREN,  James,  a  revolutionary  patriot,  of  La  Vendue,  which  was  unsuccessful.  In  17^" 
bom  in  Plymouth,  Mass.,  in  1726,  diea  there,  he  obtained  the  command  of  the  Canada  of  74 
Nov.  27,  1808.    He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  guns,  served  off  Brest  under  LordBridport,  aud 
college  in  1746,  and  for  a  number  of  years  was  was  detached  with  a  strong  force  to  the  coast 
engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits.    At  the  death  of  Ireland,  where  on  Oct.  11, 1798,  he  fell  in 
of  his  father  in  1757  ho  succeeded  to  a  large  with  a  French  squadron  destined  for  the  inTa- 
patrimonial  estate  in  Plymouth,  and  was  ap-  sion  of  that  country,  ond  captured  the  Hoche 

Eointed  high  sheriff,  an  office  which  his  father  line-of-battle  ship  and  3  frigates.  For  this  he 
ad  previously  held,  and  which  he  retained  till  received  the  thanks  of  both  houses  of  parjia- 
the  commencement  of  the  war.  He  was  a  ment,  and  was  subsequently  made  rear-admiral 
member  of  the  general  court  from  Plymouth  of  the  blue.  In  1793  he  had  been  elected  to 
in  1766,  an^  was  uniform  in  his  support  of  the  the  house  of  commons  for  Nottingham,  and  in 
rights  of  the  colonies,  and  of  all  the  measures  1802  was  reelected  for  the  same  place.  He 
brought  forward  by  the  revolutionary  leaders,  continued  in  the  naval  service  until  the  peace 
In  1773  he  proposed  the  establishment  of  com-  of  Amiens,  when  he  was  made  privy  conncilh>r 
mittees  of  correspondence  for  the  different  and  sent  to  Russia  as  ambassador  extraordinart 
colonies,  a  measure  generally  adopted.  During  and  minister  plenipotentiary,  and  there  man- 
the  revolution  he  was  for  some  years  speaker  aged  some  delicate  negotiations  with  regard  to 
of  the  house  of  representatives.  He  was  offered  the  retention  of  Malta  with  great  ability.  On 
the  office  of  lieutenant-governor  of  the  state,  his  return  he  again  entered  into  service,  suh^ 
and  also  of  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  but  quently  became  vice-admiral,  and  in  1812  re- 
declined  both,  and  finally  accepted  a  seat  in  the  ceived  the  chief  command  in  North  Aroi-rica 
navy  board.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  re-  and  the  West  Indies,  but  two  years  afterward 
tired  from  public  life. — ^Mebot,  an  American  gave  up  the  post.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
authoress,  wife  of  the  preceding,  born  in  Bam-  he  was  admiral  of  the  white,  and  knight  grand 
stable,  Mass.,  Sept.  25, 1728,  died  in  Plymouth,  cross  of  the  bath.  He  is  the  supposed  author 
Oct.  19,  1814.  She  was  the  sister  of  James  of  an  anonymous  work  entitled  **  A  View  of 
Otis,  the  patriot  and  orator,  and  was  married  the  Naval  Force  of  Great  Britain^*  (8vo.,  IW)- 
at  the  age  of  26.  Her  feelings  were  strongly  WARREN.  I.  Jossrn,  an  American  patriot, 
enlisted  on  the  popular  side  during  the  rev-  born  in  Rozbury,  Mass.,  in  1741,  killed  in  tl.e 
olutionary   struggle,  and   she   was   in   inti-  battle  of  Bunker  hill,  June  17,  1775.    He  waa 


WABBEK  219 

* 

fndimted  at  Harrard  college  in  1759,  staged  Banker  Mil  nnattended,  and  with  a  mnaket  in 

medicine,  and  at  the  age  of  28  settled  in  Bos-  his  hand;  and  as  he  crossed  the  American  works 

tom  where  he  soon  acquired  an  extensive  prao-  he  was  met  by  Pntnam,  who  offered  him  the 

Qce.    He  earlj  embraced  the  canse  of  the  col-  command.    This  he  declined,  and  passed  on 

i«ie9  in  the  controversy  with  the  British  gov-  to  the  redoubt,  which  was  expected  to  be  the 

erament    His  first  appearance  in  pnUic  was  chief  point  of  attack,  and  there  again  Uie  com- 

AS  the  occasion  of  the  second  anniversary  of  mand  was  offered  to  him  by  GoL  Prescott.    *^I 

the  Boston  massacre,  March  5, 1772,  when,  in  have  come,"  he  answered,  ^^  to  take  a  lesson 

co-^.^eiQence  of  the  refusal  of  Samuel  Adams  to  of  a  veteran  soldier  in  the  art  of  war."    He 

'ieliver  the  address,  Warren  was  invited  to  dis-  was  one  of  the  last  to  retire  from  the  field,  and 

^Lirge  the  duty,  and  acquitted  himself  with  his  person  being  in  great  danger,  Major  Small  of 

;rcit  ability.     Three  years  afterward,  when  the  British  army  called  out  to  him  by  name  from 

:b«  exasperation  between  the  troops  and  the  the  redoubt  and  begged  him  to  surrender,  at  the 

dtizeos  had  risen  to  a  much  grea^r  height,  same  time  commanding  his  men  to  cease  tiieir 

itr  tisain  delivered  the  address,  although  the  fire.    The  order  came  too  late.    As  he  turned 

i-irr  was  attended  with  considerable  danger,  around  at  the  voice  a  ball  struck  him  on  the 

In  1772  be  had  been  made  a  member  of  the  forehead,  killing  him  instantly.    When  Cren. 

co-nmittee  of  correspondence  formed  for  the  Howe  was  assured  that  Warren  was  killed,  he 

porpose  of  communicating  with  the  several  declared  that  his  death  was  a  full  offset  for  the 

uivus  in  Maasachusetts.    Later  he  was  a  dele-  loss  of  500  men.    His  remains  were  buried  on 

gilt  to  the  convention  of  Suffolk  county  which  the  spot  on  which  he  fell,  but  the  next  year 

att  to  prevent  Crov.  Gage  from  carrying  out  were  removed  to  a  tomb  in  the  Tremont  oeme- 

^  determination  of  fortifying  the  southern  tery,  and  were  finally  placed  in  the  family  vault 

atiance  of  Boston  by  drawing  lines  across  the  under  St.  Paul's  church  in  Boston.    His  death 

c«ci[  MHmecting  it  with  Boxbury.     He  was  was  a  source  of  universal  grief  to  his  country- 

sttde  chabman  of  the  committee  appointed  to  men.    **'  Among  the  dead,"  says  the  official  ao- 

petfive  an  address  to  the  governor  upon  the  count  of  the  battle  of  Bunker  hill  by  the  Mas- 

nbject,  and  sent  to  him  two  papers,  both  writ-  sachnsetts  congress,  **was  Major-General  Joseph 

>ii  br  himself,  which  were  afterward  commu-  Warren,  a  man  whose  memory  will  be  en- 

ticated  to  the  continental  congress.    In  the  deared  to  his  countrymen  and  to  the  worUiy 

irinui  of  1774  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  in  every  part  and  age  of  the  world,  so  long  as 

*^'.  Msssadiusetts  congress,  of  which  he  was  virtue  and  valor  shSU  be  esteemed  among  man- 

=^e  president,  and  also  chairman  of  the  com-  kind."    As  his  wife  had  died  before  him,  his 

ciittee  of  public  safety,  consisting  of  18  mem-  orphan  children  were  left  to  the  care  of  their 

b«i  of  the  congress,  to  whom  the  executive  paternal  gpndmother ;  but  the  year  after  his 

''■•ver  was  intrusted.    By  the  fiict  of  holding  fiJl  the  continental  congress  pamed  a  resolu- 

ii««e  tvo  offices  he  became  the  virtual  head  tion  that  his  eldest  son  should  be  educated  at 

^  the  new  oommonwealth.     To  his  energy  the  public  expense,  and  a  few  years  later  a 

vtt  in  great  measure  due  the  successful  resodt  further  resolution  was  passed  that  public  pro- 

^  ^  battle  of  Lexington,  and  by  him  Paul  vision  should  be  made  ror  the  education  of  the 

r^cTere  and  Dawes  were  sent  on  their  midnight  other  children  until  the  youngest  should  be  of 

*  Ir  to  inform  the  inhabitants  of  the  coming  age.     A  statue  of  Gen.  Warren,  by  Henry 

';  'w.e  British  troops.    Warren  was  at  West  Dexter,  was  inaugurated  on  Bunker  hill,  June 

~r:iVndge  when  the  British  troops  returned,  17,  1867,  the  82d  anniversary  of  the  battle, 

^i  in  the  skirmish  there  a  bullet  passed  so  by  the  ^^  Bunker  Hill  Monument  Association.** 

*'  •«  to  his  head  as  to  carry  away  a  lock  of  His  life  has  been  written  by  A.  H.  Everett,  in 

^  above  his  ear.    On  June  14, 1775,  he  re-  Sparks*s  ^*  American  Biography."    U.  JoHir, 

^rrl  from  the  Massachusetts  congress  a  com-  M.D.,  an  American  physician,  brother  of  the 

=-*s:'jpn  as  nuyor-general,  having   previously  preceding,  bom  in  Koxbury,  Mass.,  July  97, 

nhaed  one  as  sorgeon-general.      When  the  1758,  died  in  Boston,  April  4, 1815.    He  was 

:v<Oni  of  the  occupation  of  Charlestown  graduated  at  Harviurd  college  in  1771,  and 

>-At9  by  the  provincial  troops  was  under  passed  two  years  in  the  study  of  medicine 

c^M;<ration.he  opposed  the  project,  against  the  under  the  direction  of  his  brother,  whose  pa- 

^i  -r  of  Prescott  and  Putnam,  on  the  ground  triotic  views  he  fully  shared  and  aided  with  his 

f  tile  wist  of  ammunition  sufficient  to  resst  pen.   He  commenced  practice  in  Salem  in  1773. 

*=-^  itjHc  of  the  British  troops.    When  a  ma-  He  was  with  the  Salem  regiment  in  the  battle 

.-  r^  of  the  eoimcfl  of  war  determined  to  for-  of  Lexington,  and  remained  a  fortnight  at  Gam- 

^  3saker  lull,  he  however  resolved  to  have  bridge  in  charge  of  the  wounded.    In  June  he 

t  KjBie  in  the  action  that  would  take  place,  offered  himself  at  camp  as  a  volunteer,  and  was 

^^  atlfndtng  to  his  duties  in  the  committee  appointed  senior  surgeon  to  the  hospital.    He 

^?2^i!ie  safety,  he  was  warned  by  Elbridge  accompanied  the  army  in  all  its  worst  perils 

^*=^  ania<t  the  hazard  of  exposing  his  per-  and  hardships  during  two  years ;  after  which 

*?L  *1  know  that  I  may  fall,"  was  the  reply  he  was  appomted  to  the  charge  of  the  military 

'*>^T«a;  ^  bat  where  is  the  man  who  does  hospitals  m  Boston.    He  soon  obtained  the 

^  ^"^.'^  l^orioQs  and  delightful  to  die  for  confidence  of  the  public,  both  as  surgeon  and 

-*  eRBtryf*     About  3  o'clock  he  went  to  physician,  and  eventually  acquired  a  larger 


220  WABREN 

■■ 

practice,  probably,  than  any  one  in  Boston  be-  gical  Journal,"  the  Boston  society  of  natural 
fore  or  since  his  time.    He  joined  the  expedi-  history,  the  American  academy,  &c,  be  pub- 
tion  of  Gen.  Greene  to  Rhode  Island  in  1778,  lished  a  volume  on  *' Diseases  of  the  Heart" 
and  another  against  the  insurgent  Shays  in  (1809);  a '^Comparative  View  of  the  Sensorial 
1786.    In  1780  he  gave  a  course  of  dissections  System  in  Man  and  Animals"  (1820);  *^Re- 
to  his  colleagues,  then  a  great  novelty,  and  con-  marks  on  Dislocation  of  the  Bip  Joint"  (1626); 
ducted  with  great  secrecy  on  account  of  popu-  *' Surgical  Observations  on  Tumors"  (1837); 
lar  prejudices.    His  enthusiastic  interest  m  his  "Etherization"  (1848);   and  *^ Mastodon  6i- 
subject,  and  his  faculty  of  vivid  description,  ganteus"  (1862).    A  memoir  of  Dr.  Warren 
led  to  the  establishment  of  a  medical  school  (2  vols.  8vo.,  Boston,  1859)  has  been  published 
under  his  auspices  attached  to  Harvard  college ;  by  his  brother,  Edward  Warren,  M*D. 
and  he  was  appointed  professor  of  anatomy.        WAKREN,  Sib   Psteb,  an  English  naval 
He  continued  to  take  an  active  part  in  all  pub-  officer,  born  in  Ireland  in  1708,  died  in  that 
lie  events  to  the  time  of  his  death.    In  surgery  country,  July  29,  1762.    He  early  entered  the 
he  was  a  very  successful  operator,  and  intro-  navy,  in  1727  was  first  appointed  to  a  command, 
dnced  many  operations  previously  unknown  and  on  June  16, 1746,  being  then  a  commodore, 
in  the  country.     His  principal  publications  distinguished  himself  by  tne  capture  of  Louis- 
were  as  follows :  the  first  fourth  of  July  ora-  burg.    For  tliis  service  he  was  made  rear  ad- 
tion,  delivered  in  1788 ;  a  "  Dissertation  on  the  miral  of  the  blue,  and  after  his  return  to  Eng- 
Mercurial  Practice  in  Febrile  Diseases;"  an  ad-  land  rear  admiral  of  tho  white.    In  1747  he 
dress  before  the  humane  society ;  a  eulogy  on  was  made  second  in  command  of  the  fleet  under 
the  Hon.  Thomas  Russell ;  and  an  address  to  Anson,  and  for  his  share  in  the  victory  over  the 
the  lodges  of  freemasons,  of  which  he  was  French  fleet,  bound  for  the  recovery  of  Louis- 
grand  master.    He  contributed  many  valuable  burg,  was  invested  with  the  order  of  the  bath, 
papers  to  the  "  New  England  Journal  of  Medi-  and  made  vice-admiral  of  the  white,  and  in 
cine  and  Surgery,"  the  "Memoirs"  of  the  1748  vice-admiral  of  the  red.    In  1747 he  was 
American  academy,  and  the  "  Communications"  returned  to  parliament  for  Westminster,  and  in 
of  the  Massachusetts  medical  society.  III.  Johk  1762  was   elected  alderman   of  Billingsgate 
Collins,  M.D.,  son  of  the  preceding,  born  in  ward,  but  declined  tho  office  in  a  letter  en- 
Boston,  Aug.  1, 1778,  died  there.  May  4,  1866.  dosing  £200 ;    but  the  inhabitants  insisting 
He'  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1797,  upon  his  filling  tho  office,  he  was  finally  ob- 
and  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  with  his  liged  to  pay  £600  to  avoid  serving.    He  was 
fkther.    In  1799  he  went  to  London,  passed  buried  in  Westminster  abbey,  where  a  monu- 
one  year  as  dresser  at  Guy^s  hospital,  eigoying  ment  by  Roubiliac  is  erected  to  his  memory. 
the  advantages  of  instruction  from  William  and        WARREN,  Samuel,  an  English  novelist  and 
Astley  Cooper,  the  immediate  pupils  of  John  legal    writer,  born   in   Racre,  Denbighshire, 
Hunter,  attended  the  lectures  at  Edinburgh  for  May  23,  1807.    He  is  the  son  of  a  Wesleyan 
0  months,  and  then  went  to  Paris,  where  he  minister,  afterward  a  clergyman  of  the  church 
obtained  a  place  in  the  family  of  the  distin-  of  England,  and  began  the  study  of  medicine 
p:uished  surgeon  Dubois.    Returning  to  Boston  at  Edinburgh ;  but  abandoning  that  profession 
u  the  latter  part  of  1802,  he  soon  found  him-  for  the  law,  he  went  to  London  in  1828,  en- 
self  engaged  in  a  large  practice.    In  1806  he  tered  as  a  student  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  in 
was  chosen  a^unct  professor  of  anatomy  and  1831  began  to  practise  as  a  special  pleader. 
Borgery,  and  on  his  father^s  death  in  1816  was  In  1887  he  was  called  to  the  bar.    His  literary 
elected  to  his  professorship,  and  also  succeeded  taste  had  manifested  itself  at  an  early  age,  and 
to  his  practice.     The  Massachusetts  general  in  1824  he  had  contributed  to  '^  Blackwood^s 
hospital  was  opened  in  1820,  and  he  was  chosen  Magazine"  a  story  entitled  *^  Blucher,  or  the 
surgeon,  which  office  he  held  for  83  years.  He  Adventures  of  a  Newfoundland  Dog.*^   Be- 
soon  aconired  the  position  of  the  first  surgeon  tween  1830  and  1832  he  furnished  to  the  same 
in  New  England.   In  1820  he  became  an  active  periodical  a  series  of  articles  under  the  title  of 
member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  and  *'*>  Passages  from  the  Diary  of  a  late  Physician," 
for  several  years  he  was  president  of  the  Mas-  which,    though    somewhat   melodramatic  in 
sachusetts  society  for  the  suppression  of  intem-  character,  were  written  with  so  much  power 
perance.    In  1828  he  became  associate  editor  as  to  attract  great  attention,  and  were  de- 
of  the  "Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,"  nounced  in  a  medical  journal  for  revealing  the 
which  he  was  principally  iustrumental  in  estab-  secrets  of  the  sick  room,  on  the  supposition 
lishing.    Ho  made  a  second  and  a  third  visit  to  that  the  events  recorded  were  true.    11  is  more 
Europe  in  1837  and  1862.    In  1846  he  was  the  celebrated  work,  "  Ten  Thousand  a  Year,"  be- 
first  person  who  employed  ether  in  a  surgical  gun  in  *^  Blackwood^s  Magazine"  in  1839,  is  a 
operation,  and  to  his  sanction  it  owed  the  won-  novel  of  great  power,  written  strongly  in  the 
derful  rapidity  of  its  introduction  throughout  interest  of  the  conservative  party  in  England. 
America  and  Europe.    Beside  numerous  con-  It  was  followed  by  ^^  Now  and  Then,"  a  novel 
tributions  to  the  papers  of  the  Massachusetts  generally  regarded  as  far  inferior  in  interest 
medical  society,  the  *^  New  England  Medical  and  power  to  either  of  his  preceding  works. 
Journal,"  the  **  American  Journal  of  the  Medi-  In  1861,  at  the  inauguration  of  the  crystal 
cal  Sciences,"  the  *^  Boston  Medical  and  Snr-  palace,  he  published  an  allegorical  poem  in  un- 


WABRIOK  WAfiSAW                       221 

Ajiiied  broken  lines,  oiined  "The  JAlj  and  the  Capt.  Wales,  of  18  82-pomider  carronades  and 
Bm,"*  which  has  been  veiT-  generailj  and  se-  128  men.  On  board  her  was  found  £118,000 
Tcrely  criticized.  In  1854  his  contributions  to  in  specie.  8he  had  6  feet  water  in  her  hold 
^'Blsckwood^s  Magazine"  were  published  in  2  when  she  surrendered,  and  was  otherwise 
ocUto  volumes  called"  Miscellanies,  Oritical  and  much  cut  up,  and  her  loss  was  22  killed  and 
huginatiTe."  As  a  legal  writer  Mr.  Warren  wounded.  The  Peacock  sustained  but  little 
eajojs  a  high  reputation,  and  has  published,  ii^urj,  had  none  killed,  and  but  2  wounded. 
unoDg  other  works,  "  A  ropular  and  Practical  She  was  the  heavier  of  the  two  vessels,  though 
Introduction  to  Law  8tu4||Bs"  (1835 ;  new  ed.,  the  metal  of  both  was  nominaUy  the  same,  but 
rewritten  and  enlarged,  1845) ;  ^'  Select  £x-  the  disparity  in  the  loss  was  much  greater  than 
inets  from  Blackstone^s  Commentaries,  with  a  that  in  force.  The  Epervier  was  sent  into  Sa- 
Glossary,  Questions,  and  Notes"  (1887);  and  vannah  under  the  command  of  Lieut.  I.  B. 
^  Moral,  Social,  and  Plt>fessional  Duties  of  At-  Nicholson,  and  the  Peacock  continued  her 
tonieys  and  Solicitors"  (1848).  Beside  Uiese,  cruise  until  the  end  of  October,  when  she  ar- 
be  has  published  several  pamphlets,  and  works  rived  at  New  York,  having  captured,  princi- 
entitled'^  The  Intellectual  and  Moral  Improve-  pally  in  the  bay  of  Biscay,  14  British  mer- 
ment  of  the  Present  Age"  (8vo.,  1853),  and  chantmen.  In  Nov.  1814,  Capt  Warrington 
"^  Ubor,  its  Rights,  DifficiQties,  Dignity,  and  sailed  fronv  New  York,  still  in  command  of 
(Consolations"  (1856).  His  complete  literary  the  Peacock,  she  being  now  one  of  a  squad- 
works  have  been  published  in  5  volumes  ron  of  4  vessels  commanded  by  Commodore 
(185S-'5).  In  1851  Mr.  Warren  was  made  Stephen  Decatur,  jr.,  whose  flag  ship  was 
queen^s  counsel,  and  in  1854  he  was  elected  the  President,  44,  which  was  captured  by  a 
recorder  of  Hull,  in  which  capacity  he  in-  British  squadron  soon  after  sailing,  the  oliier 
creased  his  reputation  by  his  charges  to  the  ships  continuing  to  cruise.  Cn  June  30, 1815, 
srsnd  jury,  some  of  which  have  been  pub-  the  Peacock,  in  the  strait  of  Sunda,  fell  in  with 
H$bed.  In  1856  he  was  elected  a  member  the  East  India  company ^s  cruiser  Nautilus, 
of  parliament  for  Midhurst,  and  was  reelected  Capt.  Boyce,  and,  having  no  knowledge  that 
for  the  same  borough  in  1857,  but  is  not  a  peace  had  been  concluded,  exchanged  broad- 
member  of  the  present  house  (1862).  In  1859,  sides  with  her,  when  the  Nautilus  struck,  hay- 
upon  Lord  Derby's  accession  to  the  ministry,  ing  6  killed  and  8  wounded.  The  Peacock 
he  was  made  one  of  the  masters  in  lunacy.  sustained  no  injury.    The  Nautilus  was  imme- 

WARBICK,  a  S.  W.  co.  of  Indiana,  separated  diately  given  up,  and  the  Peacock  returned  to 

from  Kentuclry  by  the  Ohio  river;  area,  860  the  United  States.    In  Nov.  1814,  Warrington 

%].  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 10,057.    It  has  a  rolling  was  made  captain,  and  subsequently  performed 

«^rface,  and  'the  soU  is  very  fertile.    The  pro-  much  important  service  both  on  shore  and 

duetions  in  1850  were  88,479  bushels  of  wheat,  afloat,  at  one  time  commanding  a  squadron  on 

415.061  of  Indian  corn,  89,991  of  oats,  and  the  West  India  station.    From  1827  to  1830, 

1074  tons  of  hay.    There  were  10  grist  mills,  and  from  1840  to  1842,  he  served  as  a  member 

5  saw  mills,  20  churches,  and  985  pupils  attend-  of  the  board  of  navy  commissioners ;   and  in 

io^  public  schools.    Bituminous  coal  is  found.  Sept.  1842,  he  was  appointed  chief  of  the  bu- 

Tbe  county  is  intersected  by  the  Wabash  and  reau  of  ordnance  and  hydrography,  which  office 

I^e  Erie  canal.    Capital,  Booneville.  he  held  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

WAKRINGTON,  Lbwis,  an  officer  of  the  WARSAW,  a  government  of  the  kingdom 

r.  S.  navy,  born  in  Williamsburg,  Ya.,  Nov.  8,  of  Poland  in  Russia,  formerly  called  Masovift, 

1782,  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Oct.  12, 1851.  bounded  N.  by  the  government  of  Plock,  K 

Be  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  Jan.  by  Lublin,  S.  by  Radom,  S.  W.  by  the  Prussian 

ISOO,  and  served  in  the  early  part  of  his  pro-  province  of  Silesia,  and  W.  by  Posen ;   area, 

femonal  career  under  the  command  of  Conmio-  14,201  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1859, 1,699,461.    It  is  a 

dore  Edward  Preble  in  the  war  with  Tripoli,  level  country,  drained  by  the  Vistula  and  its 

Id  1807  he  was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant,  and  tributaries  the  Pilica,  Bzura,  Bug,  and  Warta. 

was  attached  to  the  Chesapeake  in  her  renconn-  It  is  divided  into  13  circles.    Somewhat  more 

ter  with  the  British  ship  of  war  Leopard  off  than  }  of  the  inhabitants  are  Roman  Catholics, 

the  cMpes  of  Virginia  on  June  20  of  that  year,  and  of  the  remainder  more  than  i  are  Jews. 

In  July,  1818,  he  was  made  master  comman-  The  government  has  a  large  trade  with  Austria 

dant,  and  in  March^  1814,  sailed  from  New  and  Prussia. — ^Wabsaw  (PoL  WdrKatta),  the 

Tori:  in  command  of  the  Peacock,  18.    On  capital  of  the  government  and  of  the  kingdom 

April  29  following  he  fell  in  off  Cape  Oarna-  of  Poland,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 

vmd,  Florida,  with  a  convoy  of  British  mer-  Vistula,  and  connected  by  a  bridge  of  boats 

chantmen  under  the  protection  of  a  sloop  of  with  its  fortifled  suburb  of  Praga  on  the  right 

war,  which  the  Peacock  engaged.    The  first  bank  of  that  river,  626  m.  from  St  Petersburg 

broadside  crippled  the  Peacock's  fore  yard,  and  324  from  Berlin ;  lat.  52"*  13'  5''  N.,  long, 

when  both  diips  ran  off  free,  and  a  close  con-  21''  2'  9"  E. ;  pop.  in  1859, 161,361,  about  j  of 

flict  at  yardarm  and  yardarm  was  maintuned  whom  were  Jews.    It  is  12  m.  in  circumfer- 

for  4S  minutes,  which  was  decided  in  favor  of  ence.    The  climate  is  not  very  severe,  though 

^  Peacock  by  £ur  superiority  of  gunnery,  the  cold  of  winter  is  uniform  and  long  oon- 

The  prize  prored  to  be  H.  B.  M.  brig  Epervier,  tinned.    The  mean  temperature  of  the  year  is 


222  WAESAW  WAET 

44.1^  F.,  of  the  winter  24.9°,  and  of  summer  city,  bnt  for  a  long  time  was  not  of  much  im- 
68.2°.  The  citj  proper  has  no  fortifications,  portance.  It  became  the  capital  of  Pol&iid  in 
except  its  citadel,  which,  first  built  in  1832,  has  1566  under  Sigismund  Augustus.  Under  its 
been  strengthened  under  Russian  rule  by  ad-  walls  in  1656  a  3  days^  battle  was  fought  be- 
ditional  works,  till  it  is  now  considered  almost  tween  the  Poles  and  Oharles  Gustavus^  king  of 
impregnable.  The  principal  edifices  of  the  city  Sweden,  and  his  ally  Frederic  William  of  Bran- 
are  the  cathedral  of  St.  John,  the  churches  of  denburg,  in  which  the  former  were  defeated. 
the  Holy  Gross  and  St.  Andrew,  and  a  mag-  It  was  taken  by  Charles  XII.  in  1703,  sur- 
nificent  Lutheran  church ;  the  Zamek,  the  piu-  rendered  to  Suwaro^  after  the  storming  of 
ace  of  the  ancient  Polish  kings,  now  one  of  ^e  Praga  in  1794,  taken  from  Prussia  in  the  i^ec- 
residences  of  the  czar,  and  containing  the  ar-  ond  partition  of  Poland,  and  entered  by  Murat 
chives  of  the  kingdom  and  the  hall  of  the  in  1806.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  grand  duchy 
Polish  diet;  the  government  palace,  an  im-  of  Warsaw  from  1807  to  1814.  The  congress 
mense  structure  of  recent  erection ;  the  palaces  of  Vienna  delivered  it  over  to  Russia  in  1815 ; 
of  Saze,  BrQhl,  Radziwill,  Poniatowski,  Za-  the  revolution  of  Nov.  1880,  made  it  free  for  a 
mojski,  Erasinski,  Pac,  Potocki,  Krassowski,  time,  but  Gen.  Paskevitch  took  it  in  Sept.  1831. 
and  others.  There  are  numerous  fine  squares,  In  1861  it  was  again  the  scene  of  serious  dia- 
the  most  interesting  being  the  Marieville  ba-  turbances. 

zaar,  a  copy  of  the  Palais  Royal  of  Paris,  in  or  WART,  a  well  known  excrescence  on  the 
adjoining  which  are  the  exchange,  the  new  skin,  consisting  of  elongated  papilla)  of  tLc 
theatre,  the  custom  house,  and  300  shops,  and  dermis  covered  with  cuticle.  Warts  are  often 
the  place  Sigismund,  adorned  with  a  colossal  superficial  and  movable,  but  generally  implant- 
statue  of  Sigismund  III.  and  a  statue  of  Ooper-  ed  in  the  substance  of  the  true  skin,  where  tbey 
nicus.  The  place  d'armes  is  sufiiciently  large  areretainedbydense,  whitish,  fibrous  filament.^. 
for  10,000  men  to  manoeuvre.  There  are  many  The  common  flat  wart  is  formed  of  small  sep- 
other  churches,  chapels,  and  synagogues,  6  hos-  arate  prolongations  of  the  dermis,  giving  to  it 
pitals,  5  theatres,  barracks,  a  mint,  a  school  of  a  furrowed  or  rough  appearance ;  the  shape  is 
artillery,  2  colleges  replacing  the  ancient  uni-^  usually  rounded,  and  the  tissue  firm  and  fibruQS, 
versity  (which  was  suppressed  in  1834,  its  sometimes  almost  cartilaginous ;  it  is  insensible 
library  of  150,000  volumes  being  removed  to  at  the  surface,  sensitive  at  the  base,  recei^iDg 
St.  Petersburg),  a  theological  seminary,  a  rab-  small  vessels  which  yield  blood  on  incision ; 
binical  college,  an  observatory,  a  botanic  gar-  they  are  commonly  painless,  paler  than  the 
den,  a  musical  conservatory,  2  gymnasia,  sev-  surface  on  which  they  rest,  and  seated  princi- 
eral  schools  of  art,  and  numerous  libraries  and  pally  on  the  hands.  They  are  sometimes  pro- 
learned  associations.  Among  the  finest  streets  uuced  by  compression  and  by  neglect  of  clean- 
are  the  New  World,  the  Cracow  suburb.  Sen-  liness,  and  by  the  syphilitic  virus  about  tlie 
ators^  street,  and  Honey  street.  Warsaw  has  openings  of  the  mucous  canals,  showing  the 
some  of  the  finest  promenades  to  be  found  in  analogy  between  the  skin  and  the  mucous  mem- 
any  city  of  Europe,  and  in  its  vicinity  are  costly  branes ;  they  come  and  go  without  apparent 
and  beautiful  villas ;  among  these  the  castles  cause,  especially  in  the  young,  and  may  go  on 
of  Willanow,  Belvedere,  and  Lazienki,  the  lat-  increasing  in  spite  of  all  treatment.  The  hard 
ter  of  which  has  an  equestrian  statue  of  John  variety  is  not  communicable  by  contact,  bnt  in 
Sobieski,  and  is  surrounded  by  public  grounds  some  situations,  where  the  cuticle  is  delicate, 
of  great  extent  and  beauty.  With  these  no-  they  exude  a  serous  fluid  which  is  commonlj 
ble  edifices  are  mingled  here  and  there  miser-  considered  contagious.  The  pediculated  warts 
able  hovels  of  wood,  which  greatly  disfigure  are  more  vascular  and  redder,  and  either  hard 
the  aspect  of  the  city.  Warsaw  has  consider-  or  soft ;  they  are  most  common  on  tlic  neck, 
able  manufactories  of  woollen  and  linen  goods,  chest,  and  back. — A  great  variety  of  rcme- 
hosiery,  hats,  gold  and  silver  ware,  salt,  sad-  dies  have  been  employed  to  remove  warts, 
dlery,  paper,  tobacco,  carriages,  chemicals,  mu-  some  very  absurd  and  founded  on  ignorance 
flical  instruments,  and  liquors,  cotton  printing  and  superstition.  The  most  approved  methinis 
works,  breweries,  and  brass  founderies.  It  is  of  treatment  are  by  caustics,  excision,  and  liga- 
the  literary  centre  of  Poland,  the  seat  of  the  ture,  the  latter  especially  for  the  pediculated 
national  bank,  and  the  entrepot  of  the  exports  kinds ;  a  common  way  is  to  pare  the  wart,  with- 
and  imports  of  the  region  traversed  by  the  out  bringing  blood,  and  touch  with  nitrate  of 
Vistula  and  its  navigable  branches.  It  has  two  silver,  or,  if  this  be  too  slow,  to  put  on  nitric  or 
great  fairs  annually,  in  May  and  September,  sulphuric  acid,  which  penetrate  more  deeply, 
which  are  frequented  by  merchants  from  many  and  sometimes  too  deeply,  ix\]uring  joints  or 
parts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  It  is  connected  with  making  indelible  scars.  Other  methods  arc  to 
Cracow  by  a  railroad  282  m.  long,  and  the  rail-  touch  with  a  mixture  of  1  part  of  muriatic  acid 
road  to  St.  Petersburg,  632  m.  long,  was  to  be  and  3  of  mnriated  tincture  of  iron ;  with  a  so- 
completed  by  Jan.  1862.  In  the  vicinity  of  lution  of  diacetate  of  lead ;  with  corrosive  sub- 
Warsaw  are  the  field  of  Wola,  where  the  Polish  limate,  muriate  of  ammonia,  and  alum  soln- 
diet  formerly  assembled  for  the  election  of  tions ;  with  muriate  of  soda  and  vinegar ;  with 
kings,  and  numerous  battle  fields  renowned  in  lime  water ;  or  with  various  vegetable  juices, 
the  history  of  Poland. — ^Warsaw  is  an  ancient  as  those  of  the  garlic,  onion,  and  sumach. 


224  WABTOK 

WABTON,  Joseph,  an  English  poet  and  Warton  in  1749  published  a  snccessfiil  an- 
critio,  bom  in  Dunsford,  Surrey,  in  1722,  died  swer  under  the  title  of  **  The  Trinmph  of  kis, 
in  Wickham,  Feb.  28,  1800.  His  father  was  occasioned  hj  Isis,  an  Elegy."  In  1761  be 
professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford.  He  was  edn-  became  a  fellow  of  Trinity,  and  in  that  coDege 
cated  at  Winchester  school  and  at  Oriel  col-  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life,  in  the  course  of 
lege,  Oxford,  and  became  a  curate.  In  1746  which  he  received  one  or  two  minor  eccleMiisti- 
he  published  a  volume  of  poems  under  the  cal  preferments^  After  publidiing  several  mw- 
title  of  "  Odes  on  Various  Subjects*'  (4to.,  cellaneous  poems,  incluoing  ^^  The  Progress  of 
London) ;  in  1748  was  presented  by  the  duke  Discontent*^  and  "  Newmarket,  a  Satire/'  he 
of  Bolton  to  the  rectory  of  Winslade;  and  brought  out  in  1764  his  *^  Observations  onthei 
in  1751  accompanied  that  nobleman  on  a  Faerie  Queene  of  Spenser,"  which  gave  him  a 
tour  to  the  south  of  France.  His  patron,  high  reputation  as  a  critic.  He  was  elected 
according  to  Dr.  Wooll,  Warton*s  biographer,  professor  of  poetry  in  1767,  and  filled  tliat  office 
had  two  reasons  for  desiring  his  company :  with  great  ability  during  the  10  years  to  which 
"the  society  of  a  man  of  learning  and  taste,  the  time  of  holding  it  is  limited.  Amoogtbe 
and  the  accommodation  of  a  Protestant  cler-  lectures  which  he  aelivered  was  his  dissertation 
gyman,  who  immediately  on  the  death  of  the  De  Foe$i  Bucoliea  Or<ic&rum^  subsequeDtly  eo- 
duchess,  then  in  a  confirmed  dropsy,  could  larged  and  prefixed  to  his  edition  of  Theocritus 
marry  him  to  the  lady  with  whom  he  lived,  (2  vols.  4to.,  1770).  In  1757  he  published  a 
and  who  was  universally  known  and  dis-  selection  of  Roman  inscriptions  under  the  title 
tinguished  by  the  name  of  Polly  Peachum.^^  of  Irueriptionum  Romana/mm  Metrieamm  hi- 
The  duchess,  however,  living  longer  than  was  lectus  (4to.,  London,  1768),  4  of  which,  nom- 
expected,  Warton  returned  to  England  before  bered  41,  44,  46,  and  47,  were  really  written 
she  died ;  and  on  asking  for  permission  to  re-  by  himself,  though  asserted  to  have  been  sent 
turn  after  her  death,  he  ducovered  that  the  duke  to  him  from  Italy.  To  Dr.  Johnson's  '*  Idler" 
had  been  married  by  another  clergyman.  Be-  he  contributed  Nos.  88,  98,  and  96.  Anions 
fore  this  time  he  had  published  occasional  poems,  his  remaining  works  are :  ^'  The  Life  and  Liter- 
and  having  made  a  translation  of  the  Eclogues  ary  Remains  of  Ralph  Bathurst,  M.D."  (1761); 
and  Georgics  of  Virgil,  added  to  it  Christopher  "  The  Oxford  Sausage,  or  Select  Pieces  written 
Pitt's  version  of  the  JSneid,  and  published  the  by  the  most  celebrated  Wits  of  the  University 
whole  in  1753  (4  vols.  8vo.).  Three  essays  on  of  Oxford"  (1764);  an  edition  of  the  Greek 
pastoral,  epic,  and  didactic  poetry,  which  ao-  anthology  (1766);  ^^The  Life  of  8k  Thomu 
companied  the  work,  gave  Warton  considerable  Pope,  Founder  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford" 
celebrity.  Soon  afterward  he  contributed  24  (1772) ;  and  his  great  work,  "  The  History  of 
critical  papers  to  the  **  Adventurer."  In  1754  English  Poetry,  from  the  close  of  the  Eleventh 
he  was  made  rector  of  Tunworth,  and  in  1766  to  the  commencement  of  the  Ei^teeoth  Cec- 
second  master  of  Winchester  school.  In  1756  tury,  to  which  are  prefixed  two  Dissertations: 
he  published  anonymously  the  first  volume  of  1,  on  the  Origin  of  Romantic  Fiction  in  Europe; 
his  "  Essay  on  the  Writings  and  Genius  of  2,  on  the  Introduction  of  Learning  into  Eui;- 
Pope,"  of  which  the  second  did  not  appear  till  land"  (vol.  i.,  1774;  ii.,  1778;  iii.,  1781;  the 
1782.  This  work  is  the  one  upon  whidi  the  fourth  and  concluding  volume  was  never  com- 
author^s  reputation  chiefiy  rests,  though  at  the  pleted).  This  work  was  violently  attacked  on 
time  it  gave  great  ofiTence  to  the  admirers  of  its  first  appearance  by  Ritson,  but  in  spite  of 
Pope,  and  was  not  very  successful.  From  1766  some  errors  it  has  still  maintained  its  ground  a* 
to  1798  he  was  head  master  of  Winchester  an  accurate  history  of  English  poetical  literatarc 
school,  in  1782  was  made  a  prebendary  of  St.  down  to  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  where  it  stops, 
Paul's,  and  in  1788  of  Winchester.  His  edition  The  best  edition  is  that  of  Richard  Price,  in  whicfc 
of  Pope's  works  (9  vols.  8vo.)  appeared  in  1797,  many  of  Warton's  mistakes  are  correct^H 
and  about  the  same  time  he  began  an  edition  of  vols.  8vo.,  London,  1824 ;  new  ed.,  8  vols.,  164()). 
Dryden,  of  which  2  volumes  were  finished.  His  During  the  controversy  in  regard  to  the  ^no* 
poetry  is  of  a  commonplace  character.  Anao-  ineness  of  the  Rowley  poems,  he  wrote  "Ari 
count  of  his  life,  with  selections  from  his  poems  Inquiry  into  the  Authenticity  of  the  PoeiM  st- 
and literary  correspondence,  was  published  by  tributed  to  Thomas  Rowley,  in  which  the  Arg^- 
Wooll  under  the  title  of  "  Biographical  Memoirs  ments  of  the  Dean  of  Exeter  and  Mr.  Bryant  are 
of  the  late  Rev.  Joseph  Warton,  D.D."  (4to.,  examined"  (8vo.,  London,  1782),  taking  lyr- 
London,  1806).— Thomas,  a  poet  and  critic,  whitt's  ground  that  the  poems  were  the  wors 
younger  brother  of  the  preceaing,  bom  in  Ba-  of  Chatterton.  In  1786  he  was  elected  Caniwn 
sinRStoke  in  1728,  died  in  Oxford,  May  21, 1790.  professor  of  ancient  history,  on  the  r^Jgn^^'^" 
In  May,  1748,  he  became  a  commoner  of  Trinity  of  Scott,  afterward  Lord  Btowell,  and  the  same 
college,  Oambridge,  and  in  1746  contributed  to  year  succeeded  Whitehead  as  poet  ^*^?J^_ 
"Dodsley^s  Museum"  a  song  and  a  prize  essay.  In  that  year  also  he  superintended  ^^^-^Iv  j 
His  poem  on  "The  Pleasures  of  Melancholy,"  of  "Poems  upon  several  Occasions,  *'°5*'fj 
written  the  same  year,  was  published  in  1747.  Italian,  and  Latin,  with  Translations  ^^^^^^^ 
Mason  having  written  a  poem  called  "  Isis,  an  Milton,"  which  was  his  last  literary  ^^r|K 
Elegy,"  in  which  the  Jacobitp  feeling  then  yerj  1802  Dr.  Mant,  bishop  of  Down,  P«t>lwJ^.^ 
prevalent   at  Oxford  was   severely  attacked,  edition  of  "  The  Poetical  Works  of  w  ^ 


Q36  WABWIGE 

arms  againBt  the  house  of  Lancaster  in  1465,  ed  him  to  the  tower.  The  Neville  faaSkj  mean- 
he  joined  the  dnke  of  York,  had  the  principal  while  had  gOTemed  the  new  king  and  the  king- 
credit  of  the  victory  of  St.  Alhans,  May  22,  and  dom.  Warwick  himself,  beside  being  chief 
was  rewarded  with  the  important  post  of  goy-  minister  and  general,  was  warden  of  the  west 
ernor  of  Calais,  to  which  Henry  Yl.  added  a  marches,  chamberlain,  and  goyemor  of  Calais, 
few  years  afterward  the  command  of  the  fleet  the  most  lucratiye  office  in  the  gift  of  the  crown ; 
/or  a  period  of  6  years.  In  May,  1458,  he  at-  and  of  his  two  younger  brothers.  George  wa^ 
tacked  a  fleet  of  28  sail  belonging  to  theHanse  archbishop  of  York  and  lord  high  chancellor, 
town  of  Ltlbeck,  and  captured  6  of  them  after  and  Lord  Montacute  had  receiyed  the  warden- 
a  battle  of  6  hours.  The  wars  of  the  roses  i^ipofthe  east  marches  ofScoUand,  the  earldom 
broke  out  afresh  in  the  following  year,  and  of  Northumberland,  and  the  confiscated  estates 
Warwick  came  oyer  from  Calais  witib  a  large  of  the  Percys.  The  royal  fayors  however  now 
body  of  troops  and  joined  his  father  at  Ludlow  began  to  flow  in  another  channel.  Edward 
about  the  end  of  September.  The  triumph  of  had  married  in  1464  Elizabeth  Woodville  (or 
the  Lancastrians  at  the  battle  of  Ludiford  cost  Widville),  the  widow  of  Sir  John  Grey.  The 
him  his  naval  office,  and  he  would  have  lost  queen^s  father  was  created  Earl  Rivers  and 
the  governorship  of  Calais  too,  had  he  not  held  made  treasurer  of  England  and  lord  higb  con- 
it  by  force  and  driven  away  his  appointed  sue-  stable,  and  the  WoodviUes  soon  supplanted  the 
cesser  at  the  mouth  of  his  cannon.  Collecting  Nevilles  in  the  confidence  of  the  king,  who 
a  fresh  army,  he  crossed  over  to  England  with  was  perhaps  only  too  eager  to  be  relea5ed 
1,500  men  in  June,  1460,  and  marched  upon  from  the  tutelage  of  his  old  favorite.  The 
London.  King  Henry  fied ;  40,000  soldiers  royal  marriage  itself  had  given  Warwick  great 
flocked  to  Warwick^s  standards ;  the  city  threw  offence ;  the  marriage  of  Margaret,  the  king's 
open  its  gates ;  and  the  great  victory  of  North-  sister,  to  Charles,  duke  of  Burgundy,  gave  still 
ampton,  July  10,  delivered  the  royal  person  more;  and  Edward  was  equally  displeased  by 
into  the  hands  of  the  Yorkists.  It  was  now  the  secret  marriage  in  1469  of  hia  brother 
arranged  that .  Henry  should  retain  the  crown  Clarence  to  Warwick's  daughter  Isabella.  Just 
for  life,  and  the  duke  of  York  should  succeed  at  this  time  an  insurrection  broke  out  among 
him.  But  Queen  Margaret  was  not  disposed  to  the  peasants  of  Yorkshire,  ostensibly  to  resist 
yield  so  easily,  and  collecting  an  army  gave  an  obnoxious  tax.  The  Nevilles,  if  not  the  in- 
battle  to  the  Yorkists  at  Wskefield,  Dec.  80.  stigators  of  it,  were  not  slow  to  seize  the  op- 
York  was  slain;-  Warwick's  father,  the  earl  of  portunity  to  overthrow  their  rivals.  The  tax 
Salisbury,  was  taken  prisoner  and  beheaded,  was  soon  forgotten,  and  the  insurgents  rallied 
The  discomfited  troops  made  another  stand  un-  at  the  name  of  Warwick  to  demand  the  re- 
der  Warwick  at  Bernard's  Heath,  near  St.  Al-  moval  of  those  "  seducious  persons'*  who  poi- 
bans,  Feb.  17, 1461,  and  suffered  another  defeat,  soned  the  king's  counsels.  Warwick,  Clarence^ 
Henry  was  set  at  liberty,  but  the  party  of  the  and  the  archbishop  of  York  were  summoned  to 
white  rose  had  now  flixed  their  hopes  upon  the  the  king's  assistance,  but  they  came  at  the  head 
young  Edward  of  York,  who  effected  a  junc-  of  the  disaffected,  defeated  part  of  the  roynl 
tion  with  his  cousin  Warwick's  forces  and  com-  forces,  captured  and  beheaded  the  father  and 
polled  the  royal  army  to  retire  to  the  north  brother  of  the  queen,  and  led  Edward  prisoner 
of  England.  Warwick  and  Edward  entered  tx>  Middleham,  where  he  was  held  in  cnstodr 
London  in  triumph,  and  the  young  duke  was  by  the  archbishop  (1469).  The  Lancastrian^ 
proclaimed  king,  March  4,  under  the  title  of  immediately  raised  the  standard  of  the  red 
Edward  lY.  Hastening  to  the  north,  whither  rose  in  Scotland,  but  Warwick  defeated  them. 
Edward  soon  followed  him,  Warwick  signally  Soon  afterward  Edward,  released  from  hi^ 
defeated  Henry  at  Towton,  March  29.  The  prison  by  some  mysterious  means,  reappeared 
contest  was  still  prolonged,  however,  less  by  m  London  to  the  astonishment  of  the  kingdom, 
the  feeble  efforts  of  Henry  than  by  the  indom-  pardoned  Warwick  and  Clarence,  and  restored 
itable  spirit  of  his  queen.  With  assistance  from  them  apparently  to  his  confidence.  Another 
France,  Brittany,  and  Scotland,  she  returned  quarrel  and  another  reconciliation  however 
to  England  in  1462,  and  got  possession  of  the  snortly  followed ;  and  when  an  insnrrection 
fortresses  of  Bamborough,  Dunstanburgh,  and  broke  out  in  Lincolnshire  in  1470,  Warwick 
Alnwick ;  but  Warwick  soon  recaptured  these  and  Clarence,  though  they  JEtccepted  the  king's 
strongholds,  and  Margaret,  after  losing  part  of  commission  to  subdue  it.  Were  secretly  the  in- 
her  ships  and  all  her  treasures  by  shipwreck,  stigators  of  the  whole  movement,  their  design 
escaped  with  her  son  to  Lorraine.  Henry  with  being  to  place  the  crown  on  Clarence's  head, 
a  few  Scots  and  exiles  attempted  to  carry  on  They  soon  threw  off  disguise,  and,  when  hard 
the  war,  but,  worsted  by  Warwick's  brotiier,  pressed  by  the  royal  forces,  escaped  from  Dart- 
Lord  Montacute,  he  took  refuge  among  the  mouth  on  shipboard  with  many  followers,  and 
Lancastrians  of  Lancashire  and  Westmoreland,  landed  at  Hu^eur.  In  France  they  were  re- 
After  lurldng  more  than  a  year  in  concealment,  ceived  with  open  arms.  Here  Warwick  met 
he  was  betrayed  in  June,  1466,  and  carried  a  his  old  enemy  Queen  Margaret,  with  whom,  br 
prisoner  to  London.  Warwick  met  him  at  the  influence  of  Louis  XL,  he  was  reconciled. 
Islington,  tied  his  feet  to  the  stirrups,  and  after  and,  to  the  great  disgust  of  Clarence,  arranged 
leadmg  liim  thrice  around  the  pillory  conduct-  a  plan  for  restoring  Henry  YI.  to  hia  throne, 


WABWIOEBHIRE  WASHINGTON                227 

Oliraaoe  being  siuuraiitaed  the  next  soooeBsion,  intenectioii  of  the  49ih  parallel  with  the  shore 

la  d«£iolt  of  male  iasue  to  Heniy.    Louis  for-  of  the  gnlf  of  Georgia,  runs  dae  £.  to  die  sum- 

atsbed  the  means  for  the  expedition,  and  Ed-  mit  of  the  Bocky  mountains,  the  line  of  which 

ward  having  been  decoyed  into  the  north  hj  a  it  follows  generally  S.  K  to  lat.  48*^,  long.  110* ; 

Cnded  iiksnrrection,  the  exiles  landed  at  thence  due  S.  to  lat  42** ;  thence  dae  n.  to  a 
ionth  and  Dartmouth,  Sept  18. 1470,  pro-  point  due  S.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Owhyhee  riv* 
dttmed  Henry  king,  and  marched  upon  the  er,  long.  117^;  thence  N.  to  the  mouth  of  that 
capital  amid  the  rejoicings  of  the  people.  Ed-  river,  and  with  the  Snake  river  to  the  point 
ward  fled  to  Holland  wiUiout  striking  a  blow ;  where  the  stream  is  crossed  by  the  46th  paral- 
Henry  waa  taken  from  the  tower,  and  washed  lei ;  with  that  parallel  W.  to  the  Columbia,  and 
and  clothed  (Warkworth^s  "  Ohronicle"),  and  with  that  river  to  the  ocean ;  with  the  shore 
the  NeviUea  were  reinstated  in  their  offices  and  of  the  ocean  N.  to  the  straits  of  Fuca;  thence 
hoQors,  Warwiclc  receiving  in  addition  the  poet  E.  with  the  shore  of  the  straits  and  N.  £. 
of  lord  high  admiraL  In  the  mean  time  Ed-  through  the  middle  of  the  channel  of  the  gulf 
ward  had  received  secret  aid  from  the  duke  of  Georgia  to  the  place  of  be^nning.  There 
0(  Baigoady,  and,  spreading  sail  at  Flushing,  is  a  dispute  between  the  United  States  and 
landed  on  the  En^ish  coast  with  2,000  well  Great  Britain  about  the  boundary  in  the  gulf 
armed  Englishmen,  March  14, 1471.  Olarence,  of  Georgia.  The  American  government  cl^ms 
with  whom  he  had  long  had  a  secret  under-  that  the  ''channel"  meant  by  the  treaty  of 
ftaoding,  came  over  to  his  side ;  he  entered  1846  is  the  channel  then  chiefly  if  not  exdn- 
Loodon  without  resistance,  and  the  archbishop  sively  used  by  shipping,  namely,  the  western- 
there  delivered  to  him  the  person  of  the  imb^  most  channel ;  whereas  the  British  govem- 
ei]e  Henry.  Two  days  afterward  he  left  the  ment  claims  that  Rosario  channel,  E.  of  the 
dtr,  to  attack  Warwick  at  Bamet  He  reached  islands  of  San  Juan  or  Bellevue,  Orcus,  and 
the  fleld  on  the  night  of  April  13,  and  between  Lopez,  and  several  others  of  minor  importance, 
4  and  5  o'clock  on  the  following  morning,  is  the  boundary.  The  total  amount  of  land  in 
whkh  waa  Easter  day,  began  the  attack.  En-  dispute  is  about  120,000  acres,  valuable  for  till- 
Tek>ped  in  a  thick  mist,  the  two  armies  fought  age,  and  perhaps  for  the  protection  or  proven- 
at  random  for  8  hours,  Edward  victorious  on  tion  of  smuggling,  but  of  no  use  for  military  or 
the  ri^t,  Warwick  on  Uie  left.  The  field  soon  legitimate  conmiercial  purposes.  The  territoty 
became  a  scene  of  hopeless  confusion,  the  Lan-  is  550  m.  from  E.  to  W.  iir  lat  48*,  480  m.  from 


Cslling  upon  their  own  men  as  tliey  N.  to  S.  in  loug.  114**,  and  840  m.  across  from 
returned  from  pursuing  the  enemy.  Edward  the  N.  W.  to  the  S.  E.  comer.  Area,  about 
tt  last  became  master  of  the  day  after  7,000  of  200,000  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 11,504,  of  whom 
his  adversaries  had  lost  their  lives,  Warwick  426  were  civilized  Indians,  and  8,446  were  males 
tod  his  brother  Montaoute  being  slain  fighting  and  8,148  were  females.  The  wild  Indians  are 
oa  foot.  Their  bodies  were  e3qx>sed  Jiaked  for  variously  estimated  at  10,000  to  80,000.  There 
3  days  on  the  pavement  of  St.  nul^s,  and  then  are  22  organized  counties,  viz. :  Ohehalis,  Olal- 
tojed  with  the  ashes  of  their  ancestors  in  the  lam,  Clark,  Oowlitz,  Island,  Jefferson,  King,  Kit- 
abbey  of  Biaham.  sap,  Klickatat,  Lewis,  Missoula,  Pacific,  Pierce, 

WABWIOESHIBE.    See  Wabwiok.  Suwamish,  Shoshonee^  Skamania,  Snohomish, 

WASCO,  a  N.  00.  of  Oregon,  bordering  on  Spokane,  Thurston,  Wahkiacum,  Walla  Walla, 

Wtfhington  territory,  from  whidi  it  is  separat-  and  Whatcom.    Olympia,  the  seat  of  the  terrl- 

•d  by  the  Columbia  river,  and  drained  by  Fall  torial  government,  is  situated  at  the  head  of 

er  Dee  Gbntes  river  and  its  branches  and  John  Puget  sound,  and  in  the  centre  of  the  western 

Dtj*s  river;  area,  about  8,600  8q.m.;  pop.  in  district  of  the  territory;   pop.  about  1,000. 

1860, 1,689.    The  Cascade  mountains  occupy  a  The  site  is  on  gently  doping  land,  which  in 

kz^  portion  of  the  W.  andN.  W.  part,  and  the  1849  was  covered  with  a  dense  forest  of  very 

other  portions  have  a  diversified  surface.    The  lar^  evergreen  trees,  the  roots  and  trunks  of 

•oil  of  the  valleys  is  extremely  fertile.    The  which  are  still  seen  in  the  streets  and  lots  of 

Cvlitmbi*  river  is  navigable  along  the  border.  the  town.    All  the  land  adjacent  is  still  cover- 

WASECA,  a  new  S.  co.  of  Minnesota,  inter-  ed  with  a  similar  forest.    The  houses  are  built 

Meted  by  Leeter  river,  an  i^uent  of  the  Blue  of  wood.    Large  vessels  lie  about  2  miles  from 

Etrth  river ;  area,  about  460  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  the  town,  the  sound  in  front  of  it  beii^g  very 

1M0«  9,601.    The  surface  is  undulating,  diver-  shallow  at  low  tide.    Two  miles  from  Olympia, 

i^ed  by  prsirie  and  woodland,  and  the  soil  is  at  the  falls  of  the  Des  Chutes  river,  is  the  town 

(tftfle.    dimital,  Wilton.  of  Tumwater,  which  contains  200  inhabitants, 

WASHINGTON,  an  organized  territory  be-  and  has  the  best  site  for  a  manufacturing  town 

iaiing  to  the  United  States,  and  occupying  the  in  the  vicinity  of  Puget  sound.     The  river 

5.  W.  comer  of  its  domain.  It  lies  between  lat.  within  a  distance  of  half  a  mile  fiills  75  feet, 

tf '  and  49**  N.  and  long.  110**  and  125**  W.,  and  and  furnishes  power  to  drive  a  large  number 

i»  boottded  N.  by  British  Columbia,  R  by  the  of  mills.    The  town  has  8  saw  mills  and  2  grist 

tBritoriea  of  Daootah  and  Nebraska,  S.  by  mills.    Vancouver,  with  a  population  of  1,200, 

^am  of  Utah  and  Nevada  and  the  state  of  is  situated  on  the  N.  banx  of  the  Columbia 

Oftgon,  and  W.  by  Oregon  and  the  Pacific  river,  very  near  the  old  trading  post  of  the 

Xho  boondary  line,  starting  fr^m  the  Hudson^s  bay  company  and  the  United  States 


228  WASHINGTON 

militarj  post  of  the  same  name.  The  site  is  a  of  a  mile.  West  of  the  Oasoade  moontaiitt  fte 
beautiftil  grassy  slope,  rising  gently  from  the  current  is  gentle,  the  banks  are  high  and  coTer- 
river.  Steilacoom,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Puget  ed  with  dense  evergreen  forests,  and  the  Bcenerr 
sound,  about  80  m.  from  the  capital  of  the  ter-  is  grand.  East  of  the  Oascade  mountjuiu  th« 
ritory,  has  a  population  of  800.  Seattle,  40  m.  current  is  swift,  the  banks  are  bare  and  rockj. 
to  the  northward,  on  the  same  side  of  the  and  the  scenery  is  desolate.  Ocean  steamek 
sound,  has  200  inhabitants.  Port  Townsend  can  ascend  at  low  water  to  the  ^^  Cascades,-- 1 
(as  the  people  of  the  territory  write  and  spell  town  buOt  at  a  point  where  there  ifl  a  fall  in 
the  name,  though  it  is  printed  *'Port  Towns-  the  river,  182  m.  from  the  ocean.  At  theM 
hend"  on  the  government's  maps  and  charts)  les,  60  m.  E.  from  the  Cascades,  there  is  u- 
lies  on  the  W.  trunk  of  Puget  sound,  which  is  other  fall,  and  another  interruption  of  naTig^- 
tiie  name  given  popularly  in  the  territory  to  tion.  From  the  Dalles  to  Walla  Walla,  120  sl. 
the  sheet  of  water  called  Admiralty  inlet  in  the  the  river  is  in  some  places  so  swift  that  steam- 
charts.  Port  Townsend  has  a  population  of  boats  have  great  difficulty  in  making  hetAvtj 
about  160  persons,  is  the  site  of  the  only  cus-  against  the  current.  There  is  now  no  regular 
tom  house  in  the  territory,  and  has  a  military  navigation  above  Walla  Walla,  but  steamers 
post  in  its  vicinity.  These  places,  small  as  they  have  run  up  to  Priest's  rapids,  60  m.  farther; 
now  are,  promise  to  become  towns  of  impor-  and  a  steamer  was  in  1860  used  above  those 
tance  in  the  future.  They  are  all  west  of  the  rapids.  The  river  is  navigable,  with  occasional 
Oascade  mountains,  and  their  prosperity  has  been  interruptions  by  rapids,  to  Oolvilie,  between  lat 
and  will  be  dependent  upon  commerce,  agricul-  48°  and  49° ;  but  the  stream  is  so  swift  in  manj 
ture,  and  manufactures ;  while  in  the  E.  part  of  places,  its  bends  so  great,  ftiel  so  scarce  and  dear. 
the  territory  a  number  of  mining  towns,  some  the  a^acent  country  so  sterile,  and  the  popnla- 
of  them  scarcely  a  year  old,  have  sprung  up  and  tion  so  scanty,  that  probably  many  years  wHl 
already  surpassed  their  more  aged  rivals.  Wal-  elapse  before  steamers  will  run  r^^sflj  ^ 
la  WaUa,  800  m.from  the  mouth  of  the  Golum-  frequently  up  and  down.  Snake  (or  LewidV 
bia  river  and  80  m.  S.  E.  from  the  junction  of  the  river  rises  in  the  S.  E.  comer  of  the  territorr. 
Sm&e  and  Oolnmbia,  is  the  chief  trading  point  and  after  a  course  of  about  800  m.,  all  of  it 
of  the  new  gold  mines  discovered  and  opened  within  the  limits  of  Washington,  save  for  150 
in  1861  in  the  basins  of  the  Salmon  and  Olear-  m;,  where  it  serves  as  a  boundary  on  the  Or^ 
water  rivers.  Walla  Walla  has  now  a  popula-  gon  side,  falls  into  the  Oolumbia  near  Walla 
tion  of  1,000  persons,  nearly  all  men,  and  near-  Walla.  During  the  last  600  m.  of  its  length  i: 
ly  all  of  them  dwelling  in  rude  huts  which  gains  very  little  in  size,  running  through  a  drj 
would  be  deserted  very  soon  if  trade  should  and  desolate  country.  In  many  places  it  is  deep 
prove  unprofitable.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  town  enough  for  navigation,  and  steamers  haTcar 
is  a  military  post,  called  NewFort  Walla  Walla  oended  it  to  Lewiston,  100  m.  from  its  month 
to  distinguish  it  from  Old  Fort  Walla  Walla,  Olark's  river  (called  also  the  Flat  Head  or 
which  stood  on  the  bank  of  the  Oolumbia  at  Pend  d^Oreille  river),  the  next  branch  of  the 
the  mouUi  of  Snake  river.  Lewiston,  75  m.  Oolumbia  in  size,  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part  ^' 
N.  E.  from  Walla  Walla,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Washington,  and  after  a  course  of  about  60'' 
Snake  river  near  the  mouth  of  the  Olearwater,  m.,  all  within  the  limits  of  the  territory,  has 
is  a  new  town,  40  m.  from  the  Olearwater  or  its  mouth  near  lat.  49**.  McGillivray'a  pr 
Nez  Percys  mines.  At  a  distance  of  87  m.  Flat  Bow  river  rises  and  has  its  mouth  is 
from  Lewiston,  on  the  bank  of  Oro  Fino  creek,  British  Oolumbia,  but  200  m.  of  its  course  are 
is  Oro  Fino  Oity,  the  chief  mining  camp  and  in  Washington.  Among  the  noteworthj  trib- 
centril  point  of  the  Nez  Percys  gold  mines ;  ntaries  of  the  Snake  are  the  Salmon,  the  Clear- 
the  dwellings  are  rude  cabins,  huts,  and  tents ;  water  (styled  Kooskooske  on  some  maps),  ao'j 
the  population  is  about  800.  Elk  Oity,  60  m.  the  Pelouse.  The  distance  from  the  mouth  of 
8.  E.  from  Oro  Fino  City,  on  the  bank  of  the  S.  the  Snake  to  that  of  Olark's  river  is  800  m- 
fork  of  the  Olearwater  river,  is  the  second  in  which  distance  no  stream  worthy  of  not* 
mining  town  in  size  in  the  Nez-Perc6s  mines ;  save  the  Spokane,  and  that  not  a  large  rivei. 
pop.  150.  Florence  Oity,  150  m.  E.  S.  E.  from  enters  the  Oolumbia  from  the  E,  The  Okin 
Lewiston,  is  the  chief  town  of  the  Salmon  agan,  an  outlet  of  Lake  Okinagan,  runs  v^' 
river  placers,  and  has  about  200  inhabitants,  the  Oolumbia  from  British  America.  '^^^ 
A  multitude  of  other  little  mining  camps  have  main  streams  running  from  the  E.  slope  of  t^ 
lately  arisen  in  the  Nez-Perc^s  and  Salmon  river  Oascade  mountains  to  the  Oolumbia  are  tbe 
placers. — Among  the  rivers  of  Washington,  the  Takima  and  Wenatchee,  whose  valleys  are  f^ 
Oolumbia  has  the  first  place.  It  is  a  large  far  chiefly  notable  for  tiieir  auriferous  ^^^^iH 
stream  where  it  enters  the  territory  from  Brit-  and  hostile  Indians.  The  Elickatat  river,  ^ 
ish  America,  and  after  running  about  400  m.  in  a  by  the  snows  of  Mt.  Adams,  runs  soutlivA^ 
southward  direction,  but  mining  great  bends,  and  has  its  mouth  near  the  Dalles.  West  oi 
it  turns  westward,  and  from  Walla  WaUa  800  the  Oascade  mountains,  the  Oathl^ootl  m 
m.  to  the  ocean  it  forma  part  of  the  southern  Oowlitz  rivers  are  the  only  streams  of  note  en 
boundary  of  the  territory.  The  general  width  tering  the  Oolumbia.  The  Nisqually,  Puy«H°[ 
below  Walla  Walla  is  from  a  quarter  to  half  a  White,  Green,  Oedar,  Snoqualmie,  Sqaani}«i> 
mile,  and  above  Walla  WaUa  nearly  a  quarter  Stolokwamiah,  and  Skaget  rivers  pour  dovs 


280  WASHDTGTON 

12,880  feet  high,  has  two  snmmita  ahont  4  m.  to  49**.  hat  there  has  .heeti  veir  little  minisg 

apart,  and  is  an  extinct  volcano.  Mt.  St.  Helen's,  there  Decause  of  the  difScnltj  of  getting  at  tk« 

in  lat.  46''  20',  is  0,550  feet  high,  and  almost  ex-  hars.    Miners  have  on  several  occaidoiis  under- 

tinct  as  a  volcano ;  the  only  sign  of  fire  in  its  taken  to  work  in  the  placers  of  the  Takima  and 

•bosom  is  a  thin  stream  of  white  steam -like  Wenatchee,  hut  have  been  driven  awaj  by  tbe 

smoke  whioh  ascends  from  its  summit  almost  Indians.    The   diggings   along  Clark's  rim, 

constantly.    Mt.  Adams,  40  m.  eastward  from  called  the  Colville  mines,  have  been  regnlarlj 

St.  Helen's,  is  9,000  feet  high,  and  is  an  extinct  worked  every  year  since  1855.    The  pIac€R 

volcano.    In  the  Rocky  mountains,  along  the  in  the  basins  of  the  Salmon  and  Clearwater 

eastern  boundary  of  the  territory,  there  are  rivers  were  discovered  in  1861,  and  very  little 

many  high  peaks,  the  most  remarkable  of  which  is  ^own  of  them  yet.    The  mines  of  these  two 

is  Fremont's  peak,  in  lat.  48*",  18,570  feet  high,  streams  may  be  considered  as  one  district)  ex- 

About  40  m.  to  the  westward  of  this  peak  are  tending  from  lat.  45°  30'  to  47**,  and  from  long. 

three  peaks  called  the  Three  Tetons ;  and  80  m.  114°  to  116°.    The  general  character  of  the 

farther  W.  are  the  Three  Buttes.    Many  spurs  gold  found  in  the  Olearwater  placers  or  Xez 

of  the  Rocky  mountains  run  down  into  the  ter-  Percys  mines,  as  they  are  called  from  the  fact 

ritory,  among  the  most  important  of  which  are  that  they  are  within  the  limits  of  a  reservation 

the  Salmon  River  mountains. — ^Most  of  the  till-  set  apart  for  the  Nez  Perc^  Indians,  is  fine— thit 

able  land  of  Washington  is  west  of  the  Cascade  is,  the  metal  is  found  in  small  particles;  wh3e 

range,  although  that  district  represents  only  the  Salmon  river  gold  is  coarse.    No  anrifer- 

about  one  eighth  of  the  area  of  the  territory,  ous  quartz  veins  have  been  found  in  the  basis 

The  soil  E.  of  the  Oascade  is  thin,  sterile,  stony,  of  either  river.    The  placers  are  found  near  the 

and  dry ;  and  its  unfitness  for  cultivation  is  surface,  and  the  gold  is  obtained  by  lyashing 

shown  by  the  scantiness  and  low  character  of  the  dirt  in  sluices  or  long  troughs,  as  in  Call- 

the  vegetation.  Deciduous  trees,  especially  such  fornia.    Some  hill  diggings  have  been  foand, 

as  delight  in  a  rich  soil,  and  luxuriant  shrub-  but  nearly  all  the  mining  as  yet  is  done  in  the 

beryj  are  seen  in  but  few  places ;  and  there  are  beds,  bars,  and  banks  of  small  streamB.-^Tbe 

districts  where  the  traveller  may  go  hundreds  western  district  of  Washington  has  a  climate 

of  miles  without  seeing  a  tree  save  stunted  exactly  like  that  of  England  in  temperatore. 

pines,  or  a  bush  save  the  desert-loving  wild  sage.  The   average   temperature   of   the  different 

This  is  the  general  character  of  the  eastern  part  months  of  the  year  is  as  follows :  JonDarj, 

of  the  territory,  but  there  are  exceptional  spots.  88° ;  February,  40° ;  March,  42° ;  April,  48'; 

Walla  Walla  valley  has  a  rich  soil ;  Mill  creek  May,  55°;  June,  60°;  July,  64°;  Augnst^  63': 

valley,  near  Fort  Colville,  yields  good  crops;  September,  57° ;  October,  62°;  Kovembcr,45': 

and  in  the  basins  of  the  Olearwater  and  Salmon  December,  89°.  The  mean  temperature  for  the 

rivers  there  are  fertile  tracts,  that  will  at  no  year  is  50°.    The  climate  is  very  wet.   Rain* 

distant  day  be  subjected  to  the  plough.    The  sleet,  and  fog  prevail  during  a  large  part  of  tbe 

soil  about  Puget  sound  is  mostly  fertile,  in  some  year.    The  average  amount  of  water  falling  an- 

places  very  rich,  in  others  sandy  and  gravelly.  nuaDy  is  58  inches,  against  48  inches  in  New 

The  vicinity  of  Seattle  is  said  to  have  the  best  York,  and  22  in  San  Francisco.    East  of  the 

soU,  that  of  Steilacoom  the  most  gravelly.   The  Oascade  mountains,  the  annual  fall  of  rain,  ei* 

greater  part  of  the  western  district  is  covered  cept  near  the  Rocky  mountains,  is  not  one 

with  dense  evergreen  forests,  which  require  fourth  so  much  as  about  Puget  sonnd.   The 

vast  labor  in  clearing.  Near  Olympia  are  found  winters  are  very  cold,  and  the  summers  very 

deep  beds  of  muck  made  by  the  decomposition  hot. — The  largest,  most  abundant,  and  mc^ 

of  vegetable  matter,  valuable  for  manure. —  valuable  trees  of  Washington  are  the  red  ur 

West  of  the  Oascade  mountains  the  tertiary  (Mes  Dougla»i%)  and  yellow  fir  (abiet  graniit), 

sandstone  prevails.    About  Puget  sound  it  is  which  grow  to  be  about  800  feet  high  and  6 

covered  by  a  very  deep  deposit  of  alluvium,  in  or  8  feet  in  diameter.     They  are  used  to  a 

some  places  100  feet  deep.    Lignite  or  tertiary  sreat  extent  for  industrial  purposes;^  such  as 

coal  is  found  in  many  places ;  at  Bellingham  building  houses  and  ships,  planking  streets  in 

bay  there  is  a  mine  which  supplies  large  quan-  Oalifomia,  and  furnishing  spars  for  shipping* 

titles  of  it  to  commerce.  In  the  Olympian,  Oas-  The  vegetation  of  the  territory  and  its  indige- 

cade,  and  Rocky  mountains,  granite  is  the  pre-  nous  quadrupeds  and  birds  aro  the  same  as  those 

dominant  rock.  Near  Mt.  Adams  there  is  a  large  of  Oregon.    The  waters  of  Washington  abo;md 

field  of  lava.    East  of  the  Oascade  mountains  in  fish,  and  when  the  Pacific  coast  of  this  con- 

the  rocks  are  chiefly  igneous  and  metamorphic.  tinent   shall  have  become  densely  ^opnlftted 

Trap  is  very  abundant,  and  in  many  places  there  Puget  sound  will  have  great  fishene^   ^* 

are  wide  plains  .covered  with  volcanic  scorisB.  mon,  of  which  there  are  a  dozen  species,  are 

Small  specimens  of  placer  gold  have  been  found  abundant  in  all  the  streams.    Hohbut  abounds 

in  various  little  streams  flowing  from  the  Olym-  in  the  straits  of  Fuca.    There  are  two  species 

plan  mountains  and  in  the  Skaget  river ;  and  of  fish  called  cod,  but  they  are  not  the  true 

rich  diggings  have  been  found  on  the  banks  and  cod  of  the  Atlantic,  nor  do  they  belong  to  the 

bars  of  the  w  enatchee,  Takima,  Okinagan,  Oo-  same  genus,  though  they  bear  some  resem- 

Inmbia,  Olark,  Salmon,  and  Olearwater  rivers,  blance  to  it,  and  are  valuable  for  food.    Ber- 

Gold  is  found  along  the  Oolnmbia  from  lat  4r*  rings  and  sardines  enter  Puget  sound  in  great 


282  WASHINGTON 

near  OolTiIle  have  permanent  dweUiogs — cabina  farms  some  French  Oanadians  settled  od 
or  lodges  made  of  skins — and  cnltivate  large  IVench  prairie,  and  engaged  in  &rmiug.  The 
fields  of  grain.  All  the  tribes  have  firearms  first  American  settlers  made  their  appearance  in 
and  horses,  some  of  them  large  herds.  Heredi-  1845,  and  since  then  there  has  been  a  dow  but 
tarj  slavery  is  common  among  the  Indians  in  regular  increase  of  population.  Many  of  the 
the  western  district,  and  the  proximity  of  the  remarks  about  the  history  of  Orq^n  will  also 
white  men  does  not  seem  to  have  had  much  ef-  apply  to  this  territory,  which  was  a  part  of 
feet  upon  it,  otherwise  than  by  decreasing  the  Oregon  until  March,  1858,  when  it  was  organ- 
number  of  both  masters  and  slaves.  It  is  the  ized  as  a  separate  territory,  its  southern  bonn- 
costom  among  most  of  the  tribes  owning  slaves  dary  being  then  the  Columbia  river  and  lat. 
to  flatten  the  heads  of  the  freemen  as  a  sign  of  46*^.  When  Oregon  was  admitted  as  a  state, 
their  honorable  social  position ;  and  an  Indian  Feb.  14, 1859,  one  third  of  its  area  at  the  east 
with  a  round  head  is  looked  upon  as  an  ill-fa-  was  cut  off  and  attached  to  Washington  terri- 
vored  fellow,  and  considered  a  slave  or  a  freed-  tory.  In  1854  a  survey  was  made  to  find*  a 
man.  The  great  chiefs  have  often  two  or  three  route  for  a  northern  Pacific  railroad,  to  term!- 
wives.  Polygamy  and  slavery  also  prevail  nate  on  the  bank  of  Puget  sound.  Gov.  StevenR, 
among  many  of  the  tribes  in  the  basin  of  the  who  was  at  the  head  of  the  survey,  reported  in 
Oolumbia. — ^It  is  supposed  that  the  first  white  favor  of  taking  the  road  through  the  Nahchess 
man  who  saw  the  land  of  what  is  now  Washing-  pass,  and  making  the  terminus  at  Seattle,  h 
ton  territory  was  a  Greek  called  Juan  de  Fuca  1855  the  whites  were  engaged  in  a  war  with 
(though  that  was  not  his  baptinnal  name)  in  the  Indians,  and  the  industxy  of  the  territory 
1592.  He  was  in  charge  of  a  Spanish  vessel  suffered  severely,  though  very  few  lives  were 
sent  out  to  fortify  the  supposititious  strait  of  lost  in  battle.  The  war  of  1855  was  in  Wash- 
Anian,  to  prevent  the  English  from  passing  ington  felt  chiefly  west  of  the  Oascade  moon- 
through  it  fh)m  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  tains.  In  1858  a  war  broke  out  east  of  that 
Fuca  reported  having  found  a  strait. between  chain.  The Pelouse, Klickatat,  Spokane, Okin- 
lat.  47°  and  48°,  but  he  made  no  fortifications,  agan,  Oayuse,  and  some  of  the  Goeur  d'Al^ne 
This  was  Just  after  the  English  cast  off  the  Ro-  Indians  formed  a  league  and  commenced  the 
man  Catholic  faith,  declared  the  grants  of  pos-  war  by  driving  the  settlers  from  the  Walia 
sessions  in  tiie  new  world  to  be  void,  and  as-  Walla  valley.  After  three  encounters  in  which 
pired  to  an  ^ual  share  with  Spain  in  the  trade  the  whites  were  defeated,  and  one  in  which 
and  domain  of  the  newly  discovered  lands  and  they  were  finally  victorious,  a  peace  was  made, 
seas.  It  was  nearly  200  years  before  Washing-  and  it  is  still  observed.  In  1858  the  excitement 
ton  was  seen  again.  -In  1775  Heoeta,  a  Spanish  in  California  about  the  Eraser  river  mines  at- 
navigator,  examined  the  coast  between  lat.  47°  traoted  15,000  persons  to  the  territory,  many  of 
and  48°  for  the  strait  reported  by  Fuca,  but  whom  landed  at  Port  Townsend,  and  others  at 
oould  not  find  it.  Three  years  later  Cook  made  Whatcom ;  and  the  latter  place  had  for  a  fev 
a  similar  vain  search.  In  1787  Berkeley,  an  weeks  a  large  population  and  a  busy  trade,  but  it 
Englishman,  saw  the  strait,  and  reported  it  to  soon  sunk  back  mto  its  former  obscurity.  The 
his  countryman  Meares,  who  entered  it  the  donation  law  passed  by  congress  in  1850  to  make 
next  year  and  ealled  it  after  Fuca,  whose  story  gifts  of  land  to  early  settlers  in  Oregon,  coo- 
had  then  fallen  into  great  discredit.  Gray*s  tinned  in  force  in  Washington  until  1855,  and 
harbor  was  discovered  by  Capt.  Gray,  an  800  claims  were  taken  up  under  it. 
American,  in  1791,  and  the  next  year  he  enter-  WASHINGTON,  the  name  of  counties  in 
ed  the  Columbia  river,  and  named  it  aft;er  his  28  states  and  territories  of  the  American  Un- 
ship. In  this  year  also  Vancouver  visited  the  ion.  I.  The  extreme  S.  E.  co.  of  Me.,  Beparated 
ooast  of  Washington,  4tnd  gave  the  first  clear  from  New  Brunswick  by  the  St.  Croix  river, 
and  accurate  account  of  the  straits  of  Fuca  and  bounded  S.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  drained  by 
Puget  sound.  The  first  white  men  who  saw  the  Schoodic  and  East  and  West  Machias rivers; 
the  interior  of  the  territory  were  Lewis  and  area,  about  2,700  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 43,635. 
Clark,  sent  out  on  an  exploring  expedition  dur-  The  surface  is  undulatine  and  the  soil  in  the 
ing  the  administration  of  President  Jefferson,  interior  fertile.  The  productions  in  1850  vere 
A  few  roving  white  hunters  and  trappers  were  87,710  bushels  of  oats,  144,188  of  potatoo^s 
found  along  the  shores  of  the  Columbia  about  401,608  lbs.  of  butter,  86,252  of  wool,  and 
1820,  but  the  first  settlements  were  made  about  20,942  tons  of  hay.  There  were  12  grist  mills. 
1828,  by  the  Hudson ^s  bay  company,  which  es-  120  saw  and  planing  mills,  19  shingle  milK  ^ 
tablished  posts  at  Vancouver,  Okinagan,  and  ship  yards,  8  tanneries,  46  churches,  8  news^^- 
Oolville.  In  1841  the  Puget  sound  agricultural  per  offices,  and  12,946  pupils  attending  V^'^"<^ 
company  (composed  of  members  of  the  Hud-  schools.  The  county  contains  numerous  lakes, 
aon^s  bay  company,  which  was  restricted  by  its  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Schoodic,  Big. 
license  to  tradmg)  took  possession  of  two  farms,  Bascaukegun,  and  Grand.  It  has  a  sea  coast  of 
one  between  the  Nisqually  and  Puyallup  rivers,  nearly  60  m.,  indented  with  numeroua  bajs  and 
and  another  at  the  bend  of  the  Cowlitz  river,  inlets,  which  aflford  excellent  harbors.  ?^' 
and  began  to  grow  grain  and  breed  cattle,  maquoddybay  is  on  the  B.E.  border.  TheOaJius 
mainly  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the'  fur  and  Baring  and  the  Machias  railroads  are  partlj 
company.    Before  the  establisnment  of  these  within  the  county.    Capital,  Machias.   H-  ^ 


284  WASHINGTON 

cotton,  and  4,895  lbs.  of  rioe.    There  vere  81  and  red  cedar  are  abundant.    Oapital,  BnQ< 

bhnrches,  and   450   pupils   attending   public  ham.    XY.  A  N.  W.  co.  (tf  Ark,  bordering  (m 

schools.     Limestone  and  buhrstone  abound,  the  Indian  territor j,  and  drained  hj  the  bead 

Near  the  county  seat  there  are  several  exten-  streams  of  White  and  Illinois  riverB ;  area,  870 

sire  caves,  in  which  have  been  found  a  great  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  14,678,  of  whom  l,4d3 

variety  of  fossils,  the  remains  of  mammoth  ani-  were  slaves.    The  surface  is  diversified,  and  the 

mals;  and  opal,  jasper,  agate,  and  chalcedony  soil  fertile.    The  productions  in  1850  were  667,- 

have  been  found  in  the  vicinity.    The  county  757  bnshels  of  Indian  com,  84,472  of  vheat, 

is  faitersected  by  the  Qeorgia  central  railroad.  186,086  of  oats,  20,278  of  sweet  potatoee, 

Capital,  SandersviUe.     X.  A  W.  co.  of  ila.,  108,496  lbs.  of  butter,  and  19,987  of  tobacco. 

boraering  on  the  gulfofMexico,  and  bounded  N.  There  were  14  churches,  and  1,081  pupils  at* 

and  W.  by  Choctawhatchee  bay  and  river;  area,  tending  schools.    Cattle  and  swine  are  exten- 

1,100  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in^  1860, 2,154,  of  whom  472  sively  raised  and  exported.    Capital,  Fayette- 

were  slaves,    bt  Andrew^s  bay  on  the  S.  bor-  ville.     XYI.  A  N.  £.  co.  of  Tenn.,  booDded 

der  forms  an  excellent  harbor.    The  surface  is  N.  E.  by  the  Watauga  river,  intersected  by  the 

iVidulating,  and  the  soil  fertile  in  the  interior  Nolichucky  river,  and  separated  from  K.  G.  bj 

and  poor  on  the  coast.    The  productions  in  Baldmoimtain;  area,  590  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 

1850  were  54,281  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  16,477  14,846,  of  whom  952  were  sutves.    The  surface 

of  sweet   potatoes,  6  hhds.  of  sugar,  2,880  is  diversified  by  mountains  and  valleys,  and  the 

gallons  of  molasses,  107  bales  of  cotton,  and  soil  of  the  latter  is  highly  fertile.   The  prodno- 

16,820  lbs.  of  rice.    Live  oak  is  abundant,  and  tions  in  1850  were  96,967  bushels  of  ixrbeat, 

forms  an  important  article  of  export.    The  895,742  of  Indian  com,  201,568  of  oats,  161,030 

Choctawhatchee  is  navigable  for  steamboats  lbs.  of  buttw,  and  4,265  tons  of  hay.   There 

along  most  of  the  W.  border.    Capital,  Holmes  were  25  grist  mills,  28  saw  mills,  14  tanneries, 

Valley.    XI.  A  S.  W.  co.  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  15  churches,  and  1,625  pupils  attending  public 

Hiss.,  and  bounded  E.  by  the  Tombigbee  river ;  schools.    Iron  ore  is  abundant,  and  bituminou 

area,  940  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  4,669,  of  whom  coal  is  found.    The  coimty  is  intersected  by  the 

2,494  were  slaves.    The  surfieu^e  is  uneven,  and  East  Tennessee  and  Virginia  railroad.  Capital 

the  soil  sandy  and  moderately  fertile.    The  Jonesborough.     XVn.  A  central  co.  of  Ey., 

S reductions  in  1850  were  101,488  bushels  of  In-  bounded  N.  W.  by  Chaplain^s  fork  of  Salt  riYer ; 

ian  com,  25,889  of  sweet  potatoes,  988  bales  area,  about  550  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 11,575, 

of  cotton,  and  44,800  lbs.  of  rice.    The  Mobile  of  whom  2,822  were  slaves.    It  has  an  uudn- 

and  Ohio  railroad  crosses  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  lating  surface  and  a  fertile  soil  resting  on  a 

county.     Capital,  Old  Washington.     XII.  A  limestone  formation.    The  productions  in  1850 

W.  CO.  of  Miss.,  separated  from  Ark.  by  the  were  28,658  bushels  of  wheat,  624,924  of  In- 

Mississippi  river,  bounded  E.  partly  by  the  Ta-  dian  com,  117,651  of  oats,  12,500  lbs.  of  tobac- 

zoo  river,  and  intersected  by  Sunflower  river,  co,  84,689  of  wool,  and  212  tons  of  hemp. 

SteePs  bayou,  and  Deer  creek ;  area,  1,220  sq.  There  were  80  grist  mills,  14  saw  mills,  p 

m. ;  pop.  in  1860.15,679,  of  whom  14,467  were  churches,  and  1,825  pupils  attending  public 

slaves.    The  surface  is  level,  liable  to  inunda-  schools.    Hemp,  cattle,  and  pork  are  exported 

tions,  and  inters^rsed  with  small  lakes  and  largely.    Capital,  Bpringfield.    XVIH  A  SX 

Sonds,  and  the  soil  is  highly  fertile.    The  pro-  co.  of  Ohio,  separated  from  Va.  on  ^e  S.  £.  by 

notions  in  1850  were  424,600  bushek  of  Indian  the  Ohio  river,  and  intorsected  by  the  Muskiu- 

oom,  22,815 ofsweet  potatoes,  and 26, 1Y8  bales  gum  and  Little  Muskingum  rivers;  area,  713 

of  cotton.    Capital,  Greenville.    XIIL  A  8.  E.  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  86,271.    It  has  a  diversi- 

parish  of  La.,  bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Miss,  (sep-  fied  surface  and  a  very  fertile  soil.    The  pro- 

arated  from  it  on  the  E.  by  Pearl  river),  and  ductions  in  1850  were  79,615  bushels  of  wheat, 

W.  by  the  Tangipaha,  and  intersected  by  Bogue  474,464  of  Indian  corn,  180,488  of  oats,  115,151 

Chitto  creek ;  area,  936  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  of  potatoes,  814,789  lbs.  of  butter,  95,066  of 

4,708,  of  whom  1,690  were  slaves.    The  surface  wool,  540,892  of  tobacco,  and  14,201  tons  of 

is  generally  undulating,  and  the  soil  sandy  and  hay.    There  were  14  grist  miUs,  28  saw  milk 

m^erately  fertile.    The  productions  in  1850  8  tanneries,  58  churches,  2  newspaper  offices, 

were  69,790  bushela  of  Indian  com,  698  bales  and  6,008  pupils  attending  public  schools.  Iron 

of  cotton,  and  159,750  lbs.  of  rice.    There  were  ore  is  found,  and  bituminous  coal  is  very  abun- 

9  churches,  and  500  pupils  attending  public  dant.     The  Marietta  and  Cincinnati  railroad 

schools.    Capital,  Franklmton.    XIV.  A  S.  E.  has  its  E.  terminus  at  Marietta,  the  capital. 

00.  of  Texas,  bounded  N.  by  Tegua  creek,  and  XIX.  A  S.  co.  of  Ind.,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 

£.  by  the  Brazos  river ;  area,  940  sq.  m. ;  pop.  the  Muscatatack  river^  and  drained  by  Lo^ 

in  1860,  15,216,  of  whom  7,941  were  slaves,  river  and  Great  Blue  nver  and  its  tributaries; 

The  surface  is  undulating  and  the  soil  generally  area,  510  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 17,929.   The 

a  deep  and  fertile  loam.    The  productions  in  '^  Knobs^' range  of  hills  are  in  the  R  part.   The 

1850  were  161,748  bushels  of  Indian  com,  surface  is  mostly  undulating,  and  tiie  soil  t'ery 

28,999  of  sweet  potatoes,  101,800  lbs.  of  butter,  fertile,  resting  upon  a  limestone  and  sandstone 

4,008  bales  of  cotton,  and  9  hhds.  of  sugar,  formation.  The  productions  in  1850  were  lOS,- 

There  were  5  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  262  bushels  of  wheat,  756,001  of  Indian  corn, 

and  856'  pupils  attending  schools.     Live  oak  215,595of  oats,  100,907  lbs.  of  tobacco,  272,199 


286  WASHINOTON 

above  the  river,  bnt  it  is  varied  by  several  ir-  state.    It  is  not  yet  quite  finished  (OeL  186S). 

regular  elevations  of  no  great  height,  most  of  The  whole  edifice  fronts  the  east.    The  old 

which  are  occupied  by  public  buildings.    Be-  building,  which  now  /onus  the  centre,  is  352 

yond  the  corporate  limits  is  a  circling  range  of  feet  4  inches  long  and  121  feet  6  inches  deep, 

low  wooded  hills,  affording  admirable  sites  for  with  a  portico  160  feet  ^ide,  of  24  coIthqds, 

villas  and  country  seats.    The  city  extends  from  with  a  double  facade  on  l^e  east  and  a  projec- 

N.  W.  to  6.  £.  4^  m.,  and  from  N.  £.  to  8.  W.  tion  of  88  feet  on  the  west,  embracing  a  recessed 

2i  m.    The  streets  run  from  N.  to  8.  and  from  portico  of  10  coupled  columns.    The  extensioD 

K  to  W.,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  consists  of  two  wings  placed  at  the  K.  and  8. 

and  distinguished  by  letters  and  numbers,  tnose  ends  of  the  central  building,  at  a  distance  of  44 

running  N.  and  8.  being  numbered,  and  those  feet  from  it,  with  connecting  corridors  56  feet 

running  E.  and  W.  being  lettered,  taking  the  8  inches  wide,  inclusive  of  t£eir  outside  colon- 

capitol  as  a  starting  point.    Their  width  varies  nades.    Each  wing  is  142  feet  8  inches  in  front 

from  90  to  110  feet.    There  are  beside  20  ave-  on  the  east  by  238  feet  10  inches  in  depth,  ei- 

nues,  named  after  the  older  states  of  the  Union,  elusive  of  the  porticos  and  steps.    The  porticos 

which  cross  the  streets  at  various  angles,  and  fronting  the  east  have  each  22  monolithic  fluted 

connect  ike  most  important  points  of  the  city,  columns,  and  extend  the  entire  width  of  the 

forming  at  their  intersection  with  the  streets  front,  having  central  projections  of  10  feet  4 

and  with  each  other  numerous  open  spaces  inches,  forming  double  porticos  in  the  centre, 

of  irregular  shape.    The  width  of  the  avenues  the  width  of  the  gable.    There  is  also  a  portico 

varies  from  180  to  160  feet    The  capitol  com-  of  10  columns  on  the  W.  end  of  each  wing,  105 

mands  Maryland,  Delaware,  New  Jersey,  Penn-  feet  8  inches  wide,  projecting  10  feet  6  inches, 


sylvania  avenue  extends  from  Georgetown  to  is  751  feet  4  inches,  and  the  greatest  depth, 
the  Anacostia,  a  distance  of  4  m.,  and  is  the  including  porticos  and  steps,  is  824  feet.   The 
main  avenue  of.  conmiunication  between  the  ground  actually  covered  by  the  building,  excTu* 
capitol  and  the  president's  house  and  the  chief  sive  of  court  yards,  is  153,1 12  feet,  or  a  little  oTer 
offices  of  government.     Between  these  two  8i  acres.    The  walls  of  the  central  building  are 
great  centres  of  the  city,  for  the  distance  of  a  constructed  of  white  sandstone  from  an  island 
mUe  and  a  half,  the  avenue  is  well  fiU^  with^in  Aquia  creek,  Ya.    The  extension  is  bniltof 
buildings ;  but  few  other  streets  are  seen  with-  fine  white  marble  slightly  variegated  with  hlue, 
out  frequent  vacant  spaces  which  are  yet  to  be  from  Lee,  Mass.    The  columns  are  of  white 
covered  with  houses. — Beside  the  capitol  and  marble  from  Maryland.  The  principal  story  of 
the   president's   house,  the  principal   public  the  capitol  rests  upon  a  rustio  basement,  which 
buildmgs  are  the  treasury  department,  the  state  supports  an  ordonnance  of  pilasters  rising  to 
department,  the  war  department,  the  navy  de-  the  height  of  the  two  stories  above.    Upon 
partment,  the  patent  office,  the  general  post  these  pilasters  rest  the  entablature  and  bean- 
office,  the  national  observatory,  the  arsenal  and  tiful  frieze,  and  the  whole  is  surmounted  hy  a 
navy  yard,  the  8mithsonian  institution,  the  marble  balustrade.    The  main  entrances  are  by 
Washington  monument,  and  the  city  hall.    The  the  three  eastern  porticos,  which  are  made  easy 
capitol  is  commandingly  situated  upon  the  brow  of  access  by  broad  flights  of  stone  steps.   Bat 
of  a  j>lateau  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  city,  90  as  the  principal  and  most  populous  part  of  the 
feet  above  the  Potomac.    It  is  surroudded  by  city  isnn  the  rear  of  the  capitol,  the  most  nBual 
a  beautiful  park  of  86  acres,  containing  a  great  entrances  are  on  that  side.    From  the  centre 
variety  of  trees  both  indigenous  and  foreign,  of  the  capitol  rises  a  cast  iron  dome,  surmonntiw 
Thecornerstone  of  the  original  edifice  was  laid  by  a  bronze  statue  of  Liberty  by  Crawford, 
by  President  Washington,  Sept  18,  1798,  and  rising  to  the  height  of  800  feet  above  the  base- 
the  north  wing  was  ready  for  the  first  sitting  of  dtent  floor  of  the  building.    Exactly  in  the  cen- 
congress  in  the  new  metropolis,  Nov.  17, 1800.  tre  of  the  capitol  is  the  rotunda,  a  circular  room 
The  south  wing  was  finished  in  1811,  and  the  96  feet  in  diameter,  and  rising  to  the  entire 
interior  of  both  wings  was  set  on  fire  and  de-  height  of  the  interior  of  the  dome.    It  is  Bur- 
stroyed  by  the  BritiMi,  Aug.  24, 1814.    The  re-  rounded  by  an  ordonnance  of  fluted  pilasters  80 
construction  of  the  wings  was  begun  in  the  fol-  feet  in  height.    On  the  walls  between  the  pi- 
lowing  year,  and  the  foundation  of  the  main  lasters  are  8  paintings  on  canvas,  each  18  feet 
building  was  laid  March  24, 1818,  and  the  whole  in  length  by  12  in  height.    Four  of  these  by 
finally  completed  in  1826.    After  the  lapse  of  a  John  Trumbull  illustrate  the  declaration  of  m- 
quarter  of  a  century  the  necessity  of  more  and  dependence,  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne,  the 
better  accommodation  was  recognized  by  con-  surrender  of  Oornwallis,  and  the  resignauon 
gross,  and  an  act  passed  Sept.  80,  1860,  provid-  of  Washington  as  commander-in-chief  of  the 
ed  for  the  extension  of  the  capitol  according  to  army  in  1788 ;  they  are  valuable  chiefly  for  the 
such  plan  as  might  be  approved  by  the  president,  portraits  they  contsdn.     The  remaining  foxa 
The  corner  stone  of  the  extension  was  laid  July  pictures  are  '*  The  Embarkation  of  the  Pilgrims 
4, 1861,  by  President  Fillmore,  and  an  address  m  the  Speedwell  at  Delft  Haven,"  by  Kobert 
delivered  by  Daniel  Webster,  then  secretary  of  W.  Weir;  "The  Landing  of  Columbus,    by 


288                                                    WASHINGTOlir  ^ 

York.    A  BtriMng  featare  of  Waahington  is  ex-  the  Virginia  house  of  delegates,  aod  the  next 
hibited  hj  the  great  hotels,  which  are  all  on  year  was  a  member  of  the  convention  to  ratifj 
Pennsylvania  avenue.    The  principsl  of  these  the  constitution  of  the  United  States.    He  after- 
establishments  are  Willard^s,  Brown^s,  and  the  ward  resided  successively  at  Alexandria  and 
national^  which  are  all  of  great  size,  and  al-  Richmond,  and  at  tiie  latter  place  reported  the 
ways  densely  crowded  while  congress  is  in  ses-  decisions  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  state.  In 
sion.    The  churches  of  Washington  are  not  re-  1798  President  Adams  appointed  him  one  of  the 
markable  for  their  architecture;   they  com-  judges  of  the  sunreme  court  of  the  United  States, 
prise  4  Baptist  churches,  5  Episcopal,  1  Friends*,  By  the  will  of  his  uncle  Gen.  Washington,  he 
8  Lutheran,  10  Methodist  Episcopal,  2  Meth-  became  the  possessor  of  the  Mount  Vernon  e»- 
odist  Protestant,  1  New  Jerusalem,  9  Presby-  tate,  and  during  tlie  latter  years  ofhis  life  resided 
terian,  5  Roman  Oatholic,  1  Unitarian,  1  Uni-  upon  it;  at  his  death  he  bequeathed  it  to  his 
versalist ;    and  for  colored  congregations,  2  nephew,  the  late  John  Augustine  Washington. 
Baptist,  5  Methodist,  and  1  Presbyterian.    The  WASHINGTON,  Gbokge,  the  leader  of  the 
educational  establishments  of  the  city  comprise  American  revolution  and  first  president  of  the 
Columbian  college,  under  the  control  of  the  United  States,  bom  in  Westmoreland  co.,  Va., 
Baptists,  the  buildings  of  which  are  near  the  Feb.  22  (11,  old  style),  1782,  died  at  Hoont 
western  boundary ;  Gonzaga  college,  a  Roman  Vernon,  Dec.  14,  1799.    The  house  in  which 
Oatholic  institution,  on   F   street  near  10th  he  was  born  was  situated  in  a  parish  called  hj 
street ;  a  system  of  public  schools,  and  many  the  &mily  name  of  Washington,  near  Pope's 
good  private  schools  and  academies.    There  creek,  a  small  tributary  of  the  Potomac,  and  at 
are  three  daily  newspapers,  prominent  among  the  distance  of  about  half  a  mile  from  its  jan^ 
which  is  the  ^^  National  Intelligencer,''  whose  tion  with  that  river.*    It  was  destroyed  hj 
existence  is  nearly  coeval  with  that  of  the  fire  during  the  boyhood  of  Washington,  but 
city.    There  are  idso  a  few  weekly  journals,  the  site  was  indicated  a  few  years  since  bj  one 
several  of  which  are  published  on  Sunday,  of  the  chimneys  which  was  yet  standing;  and 
Washington  is  oonnectCKl  with  Baltimore  by  a  in  1815  a  stone  with  a  suitable  inscription  was 
branch  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad,  and  placed  on  the  spot  by  Mr.  George  Washingtuo 
with  Alexandria,  9  m.  distant,  by  a  railroad  Parke  Oustis.    Having  since  been  ceded  to  tho 
commencing  on  the  Virginia  side  of  the  Poto-  state  of  Virginia,  it  has  been  endosed  hj  pub- 
mac.    A  horse  railroad  has  latety  been  con-  lie  autiiority.    The  family  to  which  Washiog- 
structed  through  Pennsylvania  avenue,  from  ton  belonged  is  satisfactorily  traced  back  io 
the  capitol  to  Georgetown. — ^Washington  was  England  to  the  12t^  century  and  to  the  countr 
founded  in  1790  by  the  firsts  president  of  the  of  Durhaifi.    Among  the  feudal  proprietors  es- 
United  States,  whose  name  it  bears,  and  was  tablished  in  that  part  of  the  island  shortly  after 
occupied  as  tiie  seat  of  government  in  1800.  the  Norman  conquest,  was  William  de  Bert* 
The  principal  events  in  its  subsequent  history  bum,  so  c^ed  from  his  estate,  which  is  pro- 
was  its  capture,  in  Aug.  1814,  by  a  British  sumed  to  be  the  modern  Hartbum  on  the  Tees. 
army  led  by  Gen.  Ross,  by  whom  its  public  This  estate  was  exchanged  by  him  for  that  of 
edifices  were  barbarously  burned.    In  1861  it  Wessyngton  in  the  same  county.    With  the 
was  threatened  by  the  forces  of  the  confederate  acquisition  of  this  new  manor,  the  family  name 
states,  when  it  was  secured  by  a  strong  system  underwent  a  corresponding  change,  and  grad- 
of  earthworks  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  giv-  nally  passed  into  that  of  Washington.   From 
ing  to  the  city  the  character  of  a  vast  intrenched  this  person,  thus  designated,  the  family  in  iu> 
camp.    In  September,  1862,  it  was  again  threat-  various  branches,  now  widely  spread  not  only 
ened  by  the  approach  of  the  confederate  forces  in  tho  United  States  but  in  England  and  on  the 
after  their  repulse  of  the  federal  attack  under  continent  of  Europe,  is  descended,    A  still 
Gen.  Pope  at  Bull  run  on  Aug.  29;  and  when  greater  antiquity  than  that  here  set  down  id 
Gen.  McClellan  at  the  head  of  the  principal  sometimes  claimed  for  the  family.    The  name 
Union  army  pursued  the  confederates  m  Mary-  of  Washington,  written  Washingatune,  is  suiv- 
land,  he  left  Gen.  Banks  (Sept.  7)  in  command  posed  to  occur  in  a  charter  of  Edgar  as  early 
of  the  forces  charged  to  defend  Washington.  as  the  10th  century .t    The  genealogy  of  a  per- 
WASHINGTON,  Bubhrod,  an  American  ju-  sonage  like  Washington  is  certainly  a  fair  sul>- 
rist,  born  in  Westmoreland  co.,  Ya.,  in  1769,  died  jeot  of  antiquarian  curiosity,  though  no  indi- 
in  Philadelphia,  Nov.  26,  1829.    He  was  the  vidual  of  our  race  had  less  need  to  borrow 
son  of  John  Augustine  Washington,  a  younger  honors  from  his  progenitors.    He  himself,  ia 
brother  of  George  Washington.    He  was  a  stu%  an  answer  to  a  letter  of  inquiry  from  Sir  Isaac 

dent  at  William  and  Mary  college  when  Vir- ■ ^ 

fldnia  was  invaded  by  the  British  under  Com-  ♦  in  somo  of  the  biompbioe  of  WMhington,  ]»«!;*'".{ 

wallisinthewinterofl780-'81  andvolynteer^  grA^.t^'U'^blirr^^ 

in  a  troop  of  horse  COnmianded  by  Ool.  J.  F.  is  tho  namo  of  a  smAll  strMm  nearly  panllet  toPopetcree^ 

prcercontinnmginfteeervicetilia^^^  S?,^,r:ir.WS;^r^thl>"3frHr. 

ing  of  the  troop  after  the  battle  of  Jamestown,  john  a.  Tbompwn,  of  Riehmond,  v»^  the  hoine»trt<i  oi 

He  afterward  studied  law  in  Philadelphia,  was  Uie  fluniiy  la  placed  between  tbe  .two  «"»*£  ^'c^ 

admitted  to  the  bar,  and  practised  successfully  S^M^^^J^JS'e^i,^*^^^^         **  "^ 

in  his  native  county.    In  1787  he  was  elected  to  t  •^Hutorioai  MaguiiM'*  lor  March,  isu,  ^  Vk 


240  aEOBGE  WASHINGTON 

ton  and  Snlgrave,  belonging  to  the  landed  gen-  Maiy  in  Virginia  were  the  onl  j  collegeB.  Con- 
try  of  the  conntj,  and  in  the  great  civil  war  eidering  that  the  father  of  Waahington  was  a 
anpporting  the  royal  oanse ;  the  Franklins  at  man  of  wealth,  living  at  no  great  distance  from 
the  village  of  Ecton,  living  upon  a  farm  of  80  Williamsburg,  it  is  somewhat  remarkable  that 
acres,  and  eking  out  its  produce  by  the  earn-  George  was  not  sent  to  that  seminary.  In 
ings  of  their  traditionary  occupation  of  black-  fact  it  would  have  been  quite  natural,  oonnect- 
amiths,  and  espousing,  some  of  them  at  least,  ed  as  the  Washingtbns  were  with  families  still 
and  the  father  and  uncle  of  Bemamin  Franklin  flourishing  in  England,  that  he  should  have 
among  the  number,  the  principles  of  the  non-  been  sent  *^  home,**  as  it  was  called,  to  be  edn- 
conformists.  The  Franluin  house  at  Ecton  is  cated  at  the  schools  and  universities  of  the 
still  standing,  and  Mr.  Simpkinson  thinks  he  mother  country.  For  whatever  reason,  his 
has  identified  that  of  the  Washingtons  at  opportunities  of  edpcation  were  confined  to 
Brington.  The  respective  emigrations,  germs  those  of  the  local  schools  of  the  neighborhood, 
of  great  events  in  the  history  of  America,  took  and  the  instruction  which  he  received  at  them 
place,  that  of  the  great-grandfather  of  Wash-  did  not  go  beyond  the  primitive  branches  of 
ington,  as  we  have  seen,  in  1667  to  loyal  Yir-  reading,  writing,  and  arithmetic,  with  the  ad- 
ginia,  and  that  of  Josiah  Franklin,  the  father  dition,  which  must  have  been  somewhat  excep- 
of  Bei^amin,  about  1685  to  Boston,  the  capital  tional,  of  bookkeeping  and  8urve;|ring.  Some 
of  Puritan  New  England. — ^About  the  time  of  of  his  school  books  and  manuscripts  are  still 
George  Washington's  birth,  the  manufacture  preserved.  His  handwriting  was  always  neat, 
of  iron  on  a  greatly  enlarged  scale  was  Intro-  stiff  in  youth,  but  afterward  flowing  and  shaiK:- 
duced  in  Virginia  by  Gov.  Bpotswood.  In-  ly,  retaining  its  regularity  and  firmneas  to  the 
deed,  the  governor  claimed  that  he  was  not  end  of  his  life.  He  was  apt  at  flgures,  method- 
only  "  the  first  in  this  country  (the  British  ical  in  keeping  accounts,  and  skilful  in  the  con- 
colonies),  but  the  first  in  North  America,  who  struction  of  tables  and  drawing  of  plans,  speci- 
had  erected  a  regular  furnace.  They  ran  alto-  mens  of  which  from  his  school-boy  days  stiU 
gether  upon  bloomaries  in  New  England  and  remain.  Uniform  tradition  represents  him  to 
Pennsylvania,  till  his  example  had  made  them  have  attained  an  early  development  of  physical 
attempt  greater  works.''  Four  furnaces  were  strength.  He  is  said  to  have  thrown  a  stone 
established  in  different  localities,  but  all  near  across  the  Rappahannock  opposite  his  father^s 
Fredericsburg.  Of  one  of  these,  called  the  residence,  a  feat  which  has  not  since  been  re- 
Principle  iron  works,  apparently  the  name  of  peated.  He  early  showed  a  military  taste, 
a  similar  establishment  on  .Chesapeake  bay  be-  and  he  was  the  willingly  obeyed  leader  of 
longing  to  the  same  proprietors,  Augustine  his  comrades  in  their  juvenile  battles.  He 
Washington  became  the  agent ;  and  his  house  took  the  lead  in  all  the  athletic  sports  and  ex- 
on  Pope^s  creek  having  been  destroyed  by  fire,  ercises  of  his  companions.  Mr.  Custis  relates 
he  removed  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  furnace  the  courage  and  skill  with  which,  while  yet  a 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Rappahannock  and  boy,  he  mounted  and  subdued  an  nntamable 
a  short  distance  below  Fredericsburg.  Here  blood  horse.  The  fierce  animal  burst  a  blood 
however  he  lived  but  a  short  time,  having  died  vessel  and  fell  dead  beneath  his  fearless  rider, 
in  lT4d,  when  George  was  in  his  12th  year,  who  by  his  frank  confession  amply  atoned  to 
He  left  a  large  landed  property  to  his  widow  his  austere  but  just  mother  for  the  loss  which 
and  5  children.  To  his  oldest  son  Lawrence  he  had  occasioned  her  by  this  iiyndicions  du^ 
he  gave  an  estate  on  the  Potomac,  afterward  play  of  horsemanship.  Though  no  great  reli- 
so  famous  as  Mount  Vernon ;  George  inherited  ance  can  be  placed  upon  most  of  the  anecdotes 
the  property  on  the  Rappahannock  occupied  which  are  related  of  Washington's  boyhood 
by  the  father  at  the  time  of  his  death ;  a  plan-  and  youth,  it  is  certain  that  he  srew  up  of  a 
tation  of  600  or  700  acres  was  bequeathed  to  vigorous,  and  in  early  life  spare  and  agile  mune, 
each  of  the  other  children ;  while  the  income  capable  of  much  physical  endurance,  remark- 
of  the  \rhoIe  property  was  given  to  the  mother  ably  strong  in  the  arms,  and  a  bold  and  grace- 
till  the  sons  respectively  should  come  of  age.  ful  rider.  Nor  is  there  any  doubt  that  he  early 
She  continued  to  reside  with  the  minor  chil-  acquired  among  his  contemporaries  that  char- 
dren  on  the  estate  below  Fredericsburg.  The  acter  for  justice,  veracity,  and  sterling  honor, 
mother  of  Washington  was  a  woman  of  intelli-  which  he  sustained  through  life.    Among  his 

gence  and  energy,  ruling  her  family  and  house-  youthful  manuscripts  still  preserved  is  one- 
old  with  a  strong  hand  and  a  firm  will,  and  which,  considered  as  the  work  of  a  boy  of  13, 
not  unwilling,  it  is  said,  occasionally  to  share,  is  highly  remarkable,  and  which,  more  than 
while  she  directed,  the  labors  of  her  servants  any  thing  else  recorded  of  his  early  day^  fore- 
in  Ihe  field.  The  means  of  education  at  that  shadows  a  great  man.  It  is  entitled  ^  Rules  of 
period  were  limited  in  all  the  British  colonies  Civility  and  Decent  Behavior  in  Company  and 
on  this  continent,  and  particularly  at  the  south.  Conversation,"  in  the  form  of  brief  maxims,  to 
Owing  to  the  scantiness  of  the  population,  day  the  number  of  110.  Mr.  Sparks,  in  his  invalu- 
Bohook  were  out  of  the  question,  except  in  able  edition  of  the  *^  Works  of  Waahington/^ 
a  few  large  towns ;  there  were  no  boarding  has  given  a  specimen  of  them.  It  does  not  ap- 
academies  of  note ;  and  Harvard  in  Massachu-  pear  whether  they  were  copied  in  a  body  from 
setts,  Tale  in  Connecticut,  and  William  and  some  manual  of  education,  or  selected  and  com- 


242  GEORGE  WASHINGTOUT 

life.  During  the  years  of  his  tutelage,  he  was  ter  of  Lord  Culpepper,  one  of  the  earlj  oolonial 
trained  by  her  in  habits  of  frugality  and  indn»-  governors  of  Yirgijiia,  and  the  ffrantee  of  a  tract 
try,  to  obey  rightful  authority,  and  to  speak  of  land  which  originally  included  the  whole  of 
the  truth.  Books  at  that  time  were  rare  the  northern  neck,  llie  grant  was  probably 
throughout  the  colonies;  few  were  printed  on  intended  to  be  bounded  on  the  west  b j  the  Bloe 
this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  and  not  many  import-  ridge,  which  however  had  not  yet  been  sar- 
ed  firom  England.  The  range  of  reading  for  the  veyed.  Governor  Bpotswood  appears,  about  the 
uneducated  did  not  extend  much  beyond  man-  time  of  Washington's  birth,  to  have  oondaet^ 
uals  of  devotion,  standard  sermons,  and  books  the  first  party  of  En^^lish  settlers  who  reached 
of  practical  piety.  Among  the  few  books  be-  that  then  savage  frontier.  Grants  were  frequent- 
ionging  to  the  elder  generation  of  Washingtons  ly  made  in  the  American  charters  of  all  landd 
which  have  come  down  to  the  present  day,  is  a  lying  between  certain  rivers,  supposed  in  gen- 
well  worn  copy  of  Sir  Matthew  Hale*s  ^^  Oon-  eral  to  run  E.  and  W.  from  ^e  mountama  to 
templatioDs,"  a  volume  which  had  belonged  to  the  sea,  or  even  between  certain  parallels  of 
George  Washington's  father,  and  in  which  the  latitude  from  ocean  to  ocean.  As  the  conntrr 
names  of  his  two  wives,  Jane  and  Mary,  are  was  explored,  Lord  Fairfax  or  his  agents  di»- 
written,  each  in  her  own  hand,  on  the  blank  covered  that,  although  the  Rappahaimock  had 
page.  It  would  not  be  dif3cult  to  point  out,  its  head  waters  in  the  Blue  ridge,  the  Potoxnai^ 
m  the  character  of  Greorge  Washington,  some  penetrated  that  and  several  other  parallel  moon- 
realization  of  the  rules  of  Ohristian  life,  as  laid  tain  chains.  In  consequence  of  this  diacovery, 
down  by  that  grave  and  upright  magistrate.  It  his  estate  was  construed  to  include  the  lower 
may  deserve  a  passing  remark,  that  though  he  valley  of  the  Shenandoah,  and  as  much  more  in 
had  not  received  a  college  education  himself,  the  north-western  region  of  Virginia  as  he 
Washington  entertained  a  decided  opinion  of  might  choose  to  claim.  By  way  of  confirming 
its  utility.  He  sent  his  adopted  grandson  Gustis  his  title  to  this  extensive  domain,  he  left  the 
to  Princeton  college,  and  the  correspondence  residence  of  his  relative  at  Belvoir,  built  a.  snb- 
between  them,  first  published  in  Mr.  Lossing's  stantial  stone  dwelling  in  the  valley,  which  be 
valuable  edition  of  **  Gustis's  Recollections,"  called  Greenway  Court,  and  there  lived  in  a 
will  show  that  Washington  entertained  dear  kindof  baronial  state  in  the  wildemeaa.  Wash- 
and  accurate  views  of  the  value  of  academic  ington,  for  a  reason  which  will  be  presently 
training.  He  appropriated  the  shares  in  the  Po-  mentioned,  was  much  at  Greenway  Oonrt^  and 
tomac  and  James  river  cands,  presented  to  him  there  is  no  doubt  was  greatly  benefited  by 
by  the  legislature  of  Yir^nia,  to  the  endow-  familiar  intercourse  with  a  nobleman  of  edncs- 
ment  of  collegiate  institutions.  A  national  uni-  tion  and  culture,  a  student  of  Oxford,  an  asso> 
versity  at  the  seat  of  the  general  government  ciate  of  the  men  of  letters  of  London,  and  « 
was  a  favorite  object  with  him,  and  was  recom-  reputed  contributor  to  the  **  Spectator.'*^  A 
mended  by  him  to  congress  in  his  last  annusl  disappointment  in  love  is  said  to  have  driven 
message.  He  accepted  himself  the  honorary  him  mto  voluntary  exile  in  Virginia,  where  he 
chancellorship  of  William  and  Mary  college,  passed  his  time  in  watching  and  promoting  the 
having  first  modestly  ascertained  that  no  duties  development  of  the  country,  following^  xhv 
were  incident  to  the  ofiice  which  required  an  hounds  through  the  primeval  wildemeaa.  and 
academical  education  on  the  part  of  the  incum-  cheering  his  solitude  with  books  and  a  limited 
bent. — George  Washington  had  ever  been  the  circle  of  friends.  Another  intimacy  formed  by 
fevoriteof  his  older  brother  Lawrence,  and  after  Washington  at  this  period  of  his  life,  and  dar< 
leaving  school  passed  much  of  his  time  at  Mount  ing  his  protracted  visits  to  Mount  Yemon,  w:i« 
Vernon,  occupied  in  summer  with  the  usual  that  of  the  son  of  the  proprietor  of  Belvoir, 
roatine  of  plantation  life,  watching  the  crops  George  William  Fairfax,  who  had  married  the 
and  the  operations  of  the  farms,  hunting,  fish-  daughter  of  Gol.  Garey  of  Hampton,  and  Lad 
ing,  and  visiting;  and  in  the  winter  season  and  brought  his  bride  and  her  sister  home  to  h'm 
the  studious  hours  of  the  year  devoted  to  his  father^s  house.  Washington,  at  every  period 
favorite  branch  of  surveying,  in  which  he  be-  of  his  life  somewhat  suscepMble,  seems  to  have 
came  a  great  proficient.  In  his  correspondence  formed  a  sentimental  attachment  to  the  sister, 
with  his  grandson  Gustis,  he  speaks  of  book-  and  to  have  found  solace  in  her  society  for  hi^ 
keeping  and  surveying  as  necessary  attainments  disappointment  in  another  quarter.  Hia  boy isfh 
for  a  man  of  fortune,  especially  a  landed  pro-  manuscripts  betray  the  secret  of  an  nnsncccss- 
prietor.  He  also  learned  fencing  and  the  man-  fnl  passion  for  a  person  whom  he  does  not  namv, 
oal  exercise  from  some  of  the  associates  and  but  whom  he  describes  in  prose  and  very  pro^ 
military  dependents  of  Gapt.  Washington.  The  saio  verse  as  a  *^  lowland  beauty."  Tradition 
captain  had  lately  married  the  daughter  of  Mr.  identifies  her  with  Miss  Grymes,  who  afterward 
William  Fairfax,' his  brother  officer  in  the  Span-  married  a  Gol.  Lee,  and  was  the  mother  of  Gen. 
ish  war,  and  now  his  near  neighbor  at  Belvoir  Henry  Lee,  a  distinguished  partisan  oflSoer  of 
on  the  bank  of  the*Potomac.  Mr.  Fairfax  was  the  revolution,  at  aU  times  a  favorite  of  Wash- 
the  near  relative  of  Lord  Fairfax,  at  that  time  a  ington.  But  the  social  reln^ons  formed  bv 
guest  at  Belvoir.  This  eccentric  nobleman  was  Washington  during  his  residence  at  Mount  Ver- 
Uie  owner  of  an  immense  American  domain,  non  and  his  freouent  visits  at  Belvoir  were  pr>o- 
inherited  firom  his  mother,  who  was  the  dangh-  dnctive  of  much  more  serious  results^  and  h«%^ 


244  GEORGE  WASHINGTON 

taoked  with  smallpox,  in  what  was  called  the  18  families  headed  by  Oapt.  Gist  established 
''natural  way."    He  had  the  disease  severely,  themselves  on  the  banks  d  the  MonoDgaheb. 
but,  favored  bv  the  mildness  of  the  climate  and  These  movements  were  watched  with  j^&loiuy 
skimil  medical  aid,  he  recovered  in  abont  three  by  the  French  Canadian  government    A!* 
weeks.    He  was  slightly  marked  through  life,  though  the  peace  of  Aix  la  Ohapelle  had  jost 
Ifinding  no  materia  relief  in  Barbados,  Law-  been  concluded,  emissaries  were  sent  to  the 
rence  Washington  proposed  to  remove  to  Ber-  tribes  N.  W.  of  the  Ohio,  to  persuade  them  to 
muda  in  the  spring,  and  George  was  sent  to  break  up  the  infant  settlements  of  the  Ohio 
America  to  conduct  his  sister-in-law  to  the  company.    Some  of  the  Anglo-American  tn- 
last  named  island.    He  reached  Virginia  after  ders,  it  is  said,  were  seized  and  sent  to  France. 
a  most  tempestuous  voyage ;  but  his  brother^s  Both  parties  erected  forts,  the  Yirginiana  in 
health  grew  rapidly  worse,  and  the  proposed  1754,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Mononnhela 
removal  to  Bermuda  was  abandoned.     This  and  Alleghany  rivers  (the  site  of  Pittsborg), 
was  the  only  occasion  on  which  Gen.  Washing-  tiie  Canadians  somewhat  earlier  on  a  branch 
ton  ever  left  the  American  continent.    Law-  of  French  creek  about  15  miles  8.  of  Lake  Erie, 
rence  Washington  returned  to  America  in  the  Gov.  Dinwiddle,  either  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
summer  of  1752,  without  having  derived  ma-  testing  against  these  measures  of  the  Frend 
terial  improvement  of  his  health  ftom  the  voy-  or  perhaps  of  obtaining  authentic  information 
age.    He  died  shortly  after  at  the  age  of  84,  of  their  character,  determined  to  despatch  a 
leaving  a  large  fortune  to  an  infant  daughter  special  messenger  to  the  residence  of  the  French 
who  did  not  long  survive  him.    By  his  will,  of  conmiandant.    After  others  to  whom  this  ap- 
which  Greorge  waa  one  of  the  executors,  the  poiutment  had  been  offered  had  declined  it,  it 
estate  of  Mount  Yemon  was,  on  the  demise  of  was  accepted  by  Mijor  Washington.   It  was  a 
the  daughter,  g^ven  to  Geoi^ge,  who  added  to  service  by  no  means  free  from  danger.  The 
it  materially  by  subsequent  purchases.  Though  distance  to  be  traversed,  most  of  the  wsy 
the  youngest  of  the  executors  named  in  the  through  an  unsettled  wilderness,  was  between 
will,  owing  to  his  more  intimate  acquaintance  500  and  600  miles;  winter  was  at  hand,  and 
with  his  brother's  affairs,  and  his  prospective  the  joumey|Was  to  be  made  without  piilittfT 
interest  in  the  property,  the  active  management  escort,  through  a  territory  occupied  bj  Indian 
of  the  estate  devolved  upon  him.    In  the  mean  tribes  that  still  and  long  aiterward  retained  tb( 
time  the  prospect  of  a  colliEdon  on  the  frontier  practice  of  inflicting  the  most  inhnmaii  tor- 
increased.    On  the  arrival  of  Dinwiddle  as  co-  tures  upon  their  prisoners.    Washington  co&ld 
lonial  governor,  the  military  establishment  was  honestly  have  pleaded  t^e  important  tnis:^ 
reorgfuiized,  and  the  province  was  divided  into  ■  committed  to  him  at  home  as  an  excuse;  hn: 
four  districts,  of  which  the  northern,  including  he  readily  undertook  the  somewhat  perilocs 
several  counties,  was  assigned  to  Washington  mission,  and  started  from  Williamsburg  Sot.  14, 
as  adljutant-general. '   He  engaged  in  the  dis-  1758.  At  Gist^s  settlement  on  the  Monongabeli 
charge  of  his  new  duties  with  nis  accustomed  he  was  joined  by  that  hardy  pioneer.    At  I/>s^ 
promptness  and  energy.    The  struggle  of  the  'town  he  held  a  conference  with  Tsnacharisj^'Q. 
French  and  English  for  the  possession  of  the  the  chief  of  the  friendly  Indiana  tiiere,  wlo, 
North  American  continent  was  the  great  event  with  two  or  three  others  of  the  tribe,  accoo- 
of  the  18th  century.   France  intrenched  herself  panied  Washington  and  Gist,  first  to  Venanp) 
at  the  mouths  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Mis-  and  then  to  the  post  of  the  French  command- 
sissippi,  and  aimed  by  a  lin^  of  posts  through  ant,  M.  de  St.  Pierre,  a  short  distance  taiha 
the  interior  to  confine  the  English  to  the  nar-  north.    Having  delivered  his  despatches  m 
row  strip  occupied  by  the  Anglo-American  received   the  reply,  fearing  that  the  Indians 
colonies  along  the  coast.    The  intervening  ter-  might  be  induced  to  intercept  his  partr,  be 
ritory,  watered  by  the  Ohio,  was  debatable  hastened  his  return.    The  weary  horses  were 
ground,  claimed  by  both,  but  settled  as  yet  by  sent  by  land  to  Venango,  while  Washington 
neither — ^in  fact,  occupied  by  Indians  and  be-  and  his  associates  descended  the  rirer  in  « 
longing  to  neither.    West  of  the  Mississippi,  canoe.    Appearances  of  hostility  thickened  ati 
although  some  of  the  English  charters  ran  from  Venango.     "I  cannot  say,"  Washington  re- 
sea  to  sea,  and  the  French  province  of  Louisi-  marks  in  his  joiurnal,  "  that  ever  m  my  life  1 
ana  extended   indefinitely  to   the  north  and  suffered  so  much  anxiety  as  I  did  in  this  affair. 
west,  neither  party  had  penetrated.    The  Ohio  Perceiving   tiie  danger  of  a  longer  sojourn.; 
company  was  bound  by  the  conditions  of  its  Washington  and  Gist  started  to  return  throng^ 
grant  of  500,000  acres  of  land  to  introduce  100  the  wHdemess  on  foot,  with  their  pac^^" 
families  within  7  years,  and  to  build  a  fort  for  their  backs  and  guns  in  their  hands.    Thet 
the  protection  of  the  settlers.    The  company  were  dogged  through  the  woods  by  Indians  iq 
proceeded  to  frilfil  these  conditions.    A  road  the  French  interest,  one  of  whom  joined  them 
across  the  Alleghany  mountains  was  opened,  the  following  day,  and  offered  his  services  as  d 
substantially  on  the  line  of  the  '^  Oumberland  guide.    He  soon  treacherously  led  them  off  tn^ 
road "  of  later  days,  and  an  agent  was  sent  to  track,  and  attempted,  by  all  the  futi  of  m^^ 
conciliate  the  Indians,  who  agreed  that  they  cunning,  butwitnout  success,  to  induce  Wasbi 
would  not  molest  the  Virginia  settlers  south  ington  to  give  up  his  gun.    At  m'ghtfal  P**^ 
of  the  Ohio  river.    Under  this  arrangement,  ceiving  them  to  be  worn  out  by  the  day's  tramp 


GEOBaB  WABHINGTOJSr  2i5 

in  the  woods,  and  calonlfltuig  no  doabt  that  be  a  candidate  for  the  colonelcy^  as  a  place  too 
they  would  he  too  weary  to  pursue  him,  he  arduous  for  his  youth  and  inexperience,  waa 
turned,  and  at  a  distance  of  16  paces  fired  at  appointed  lieutenant-^solonel.  He  moved  for- 
WishingCon  and  his  friend.  They  immediately  ward  with  a  part  of  the  force  as  soon  as  it 
mzed  hffli.  Gist  would  have  put  him  to  death  could  be  got  ready  to  take  the  field,  and  the 
<m  the  qtot,  but  Washington  insisted  on  spar*  chief  command  of  the  regiment  before  long  do- 
ing him.  They  accordingly  affected  to  consider  volved  upon  him  by  the  death  of  Ool.  Fry. 
the  firing  of  his  gun  as  accidental,  and,  releasing  Thus,  at  the  age  of  22,  and  with  no  experience 
Urn  St  a  late  hour,  onrsued  their  way  without  in  the  field,  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
Ithing  for  rest  ana  without  a  guide  through  force  destined  to  meet  the  first  blow  struck  in 
th«  long  December  night.  At  length  they  the  great  seyen  years'  war.  The  instructions 
rtftched  the  Alleghany  river,  nearly  opposite  of  Gov.  Dinwiddle  to  the  commander  of  the 
to  the  site  of  the  modem  city  of  Pittsburg,  regiment  assumed  the  existence  of  a  state  of 
Thej  had  hoped^  to  cross  it  on  the  ice,  but  un-  war,  and  commanded  him  "  to  drive  away,  kill 
forumately  the  river  was  neither  frozen  across  and  destroy,  or  seize  as  prisoners  all  persons, 
aor  wholly  open,  but  fringed  with  ice  for  60  not  the  subjects  of  the  king  of  Great  Britain, 
Xirdd,  while  the  middle  of  the  stream  was  filled  who  should  attempt  to  settle  or  take  possession 
with  eakes  furiously  drifting  downward.  It  of  the  lands  on  the  Ohio  river  or  any  of  its 
eoold  be  crossed  omy  on  a  nft,  which,  to  use  tributaries."  Lieut  CoL  WasMngton  reached 
Wiahingtoa^a  expression,  they  labored  all  day,  Will's  creek,  on  his  way  to  the  Ohio,  on  April 
"  vith  one  poor  hatchet,"  to  dbnstruct.  They  20.  Here  he  was  met  by  the  inteihgence  that 
luoched  it  upon  the  river,  but  were  soon  so  Oapt  Trent's  party,  whUe  engaged  in  building 
iarroonded  by  the  broken  and  drifting  mass-  the  fort  at  the  fork  of  the  Ohio,  had  been  fallen 
«,  that  they  expected  every  moment  that  it  npon  by  an  overwhehning  force  of  French  and 
voald  go  to  pieoes  beneath  them.  Washington  Indians,  and  compiled  to  abandon  the  work 
pqt  ofQt  his  setting  pole  to  stop  the  rait  till  the  they  had  just  commenced.  It  was  immediate- 
blocks  of  ice  sliould  float  by,  but  was  hurled  ly  taken  possession  of  by  the  other  party,  and 
Bto  the  river  where  it  was  10  feet  deep,  and  by  them,  when  completed,  called  Fort  Dn- 
«scaped  drowning  by  clinging  to  a  log.  Unable  ouesne,  in  honor  of  tne  governor  of  Oanada. 
tofime  the  raft  to  either  shore,  they  were  ob-  Although  it  eventually  appeared  that  the  re- 
lied to  leave  it,  and  passed  the  ni^ht  on  an  ported  numbers  of  the  French  and  Indians 
ijtad  in  the  middle  of  the  river.  Their  clothes  were  enormously  exaggerated,  the  state  of  af- 
frose  to  their  bodies.  Had  the  morning  found  fairs  was  extremely  critical.  OoL  Washington, 
tlMDi  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  they  however,  advanced  as  rapidly  as  possiblc^Hav- 
Toold  have  lio  doubt  been  overtaken  by  the  ing  received  information  from  tne  friendly  In- 
BtTiges.  Happily  the  river  froze  wholly  over  dians  that  a  party  of  French  had  been  out  for 
u  the  niuht,  and  at  dawn  they  crossed  in  safety,  two  days,  determined  to  attack  the  first  body 
Ibe  cold  was  so  intense  that  Oapt.  Gist's  feet  of  English  they  should  meet,  as  a  measure  of 
nre  frozen ;  his  companion  escaped  without  precaution  he  threw  up  an  intrenchment  on 
Mrioos  iigury.  Waahington's  journal  of  this  the  Great  Meadows — a  '*  charming  field,"  as 
peribos  expedition  was  sent  by  Gov.  Dinwiddle  he  called  it,  *'for  an  encounter!"  His  old 
to  Undon  and  pabUahed  there,  and  the  journal  friend  and  comrade  Gist  also  brought  him  in- 
^  his  eompanion  Gist  was  contributed  a  few  formation  that  a  party  of  50  IVench  had  been 
T«in  ago,  by  Dr.  Mease  of  Philadelphia,  to  the  at  his  settlement  the  day  before,  and  that  he 
opQeetioDs  of  the  Massachusetts  historical  so-  had  seen  their  tracks  within  5  miles  of  the 
^»  The  former  was  regarded  in  London  as  Great  Meadows.  This  information  was  con- 
tdoeomentttf  no  little  importance  for  the  light  firmed  during  the  nisht  by  an  express  from 
v^bidi  it  shed  on  the  designa  of  the  French  the  chief  of  the  frien^y  Indians.  Washington 
metnment  with  respect  to  the  interior  of  this  accordingly  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  50 
^mtinent  The  report  of  Migor  Washington  men,  and  in  company  with  a  band  of  friendly 
^  no  doubt  on  the  mind  of  Gk>v.  Dinwiddie,  Indians,  after  a  forced  and  laborious  night 
|bt  aU  attempts  to  extend  the  settlements  march,  came  upon  the  enemy  at  an  early  hour 
tovard  the  Ohio  would  be  forcibly  resisted  by  the  next  morning.  The  french  were  com- 
ihft  Oanadian  government.  He  accordingly  pletely  taken  by  surprise,  and  a  brief  action 
QosreBed  the  assembly,  and  reoommended  ao-  followed.  M.  JumonvUle,  the  Freneh  com- 
tire  meifores  of  preparation,  at  the  same  time  mander,  and  10  of  his  men  were  killed,  and 
^^Iliag  the  attention  of  the  other  colonial  gov-  the  rest  of  the  party,  22  in  number,  were 
<n>on  to  the  impending  danger.  Yirginia  voted  taken  prisoners.  On  the  side  of  the  Yirgin- 
V)  raiae  a  rmment  of  6  companies,  and  one  ians,  one  was  kUled  and  2  or  3  were  wounded. 
^^iBptaj  under  Oapt  Trent  was  immediately  One  of  the  Canadians  made  his  escape  during 
W.  forward  to  take  possession  of  the  poiut  at  tiie  action.  The  prisoners  were  marched  to 
jj  ^^P^i'^  <^  ^0  Alleghany  and  Mononsa-  the  Great  Meadows,  and  thence  under  guard 
«>t  which  M%|or  Waahington  had  especially  to  Williamsburg.  Exaggerated  accounts  of 
'^^^Quaended  as  the  site  of  a  fort.  The  com-  this  occurrence  were  published  in  France,  and 
^^of  the  regiment  was  given  to  Col.  Fry,  attempts  were  made  to  fix  on  Washington  the 
"^  wadungton,  who  had  modestly  refused  to  charge  of  having  assassinated  a  French  officer 


246  GEOBGE  WASHIKGTON 

while  employed  on  a  peaoefhl  mission.  An  to  him  a  copy  of  this  report,  he  indlgiiantlj 
epio  poem  entitled  Jumontfille  was  written  on  refutes  the  insinuation.  His  words  are:  ^^That 
this  tneorj  by  Thomas,  of  which  the  plot  and  yie  were  wilftiUj  or  ignorantlj  deceived  by  oar 
the  incidents  are  as  fabnlons  as  the  execution  interpreter  in  regard  to  the  word  assasunatiML. 
is  tame.  Considerable  reinforcements  were  I  do  aver,  and  will  to  my  dying  moment ;  bh 
raised  and  advanced  as  far  as  Winchester ;  but,  will  any  officer  present  The  interpreter  wa.« 
with  the  exception  of  an  independent  company  a  Dutchman,  little  acquainted  with  tne  "KrigliaK 
from  South  Carolina  under  Gapt.  Mackay,  none  tongue,  and  therefore  might  not  advert  to  the 
of  them  reached  the  Great  Meadows,  where  tone  and  meaning  of  the  word  in  English.  But 
the  whole  force  amounted  to  less  than  400  whatever  his  motives  were  for  so  doing,  car- 
men. As  Col.  Washington  anticipated  after  tain  it  is  he  called  it  the  death  or  the  lose  of 
the  defeat  of  Jumonville^s  party,  a  strong  force  the  sieur  Jumonville.  So  we  received  and  eo 
was  put  in  motion  against  him  from  Fort  we  understood  it,  until,  to  our  great  surprise 
Duquesne.  As  a  measure  of  precaution  he  and  mortification,  we  found  it  otherwise  in  a 
strengthened  the  intrenchment  at  the  Mead-  literal  translation."  It  is  a  noticeable  incident 
ows,  and  gave  it  the  name  of  Fort  Necessity,  of  this  painful  reverse  at  the  commencement 
To  the  other  difficulties  of  his  position  here  of  Washington's  military  career,  that  he  was 
was  added  a  claim  set  up  by  Oapt.  Mackay,  as  compelled  to  evacuate  Fort  Necessity  on  Jul y 
an  officer  holding  a  royal  commission,  to  take  4, 1754,  a  day  rendered  for  ever  memorable  ^ 
precedence  of  the  provincial  colonel.  To  pre-  years' later  by  the  declaration  of  the  inde pen- 
vent  a  collision  of  authority,  Washington  ad-  deuce  of  the  United  States.  Notwithstanding 
vanced  with  his  regiment,  leaving  Mackay  and  the  disastrous  termination  of  the  campaign, 
his  company  as  a  guard  at  the  fort.  Two  not  the  slightest  reproach  was  cast  on  the 
weeks  were  required  to  force  a  march  of  18  youthfbl  commander.  That  he  was  able  to 
miles,  through  a  gorge  of  the  mountains,  to  make  honorable  terms  of  capitulation  and 
Gist's  settlement.  Here  authentic  information  bring  off  his  little  force  in  sfliety,  notwith- 
wasreceived  that  the  enemy  at  Fort  Duquesne  standing  the  strength  of  the  enemy  and  the 
had  been  strongly  reinforced,  and  might  be  lawless  character  of  their  Indian  allies,  wa« 
shortly  looked  for.  Washington  having  deter-  regarded  as  proof  of  energy  and  fortitude,  &» 
mined  to  make  a  stand  at  the  settlement,  Gapt.  well  as  skill  and  prudence,  equal  to  the  sever- 
Mackay  was  sent  for  and  promptly  brought  up  est  trial.  The  following  year  formidable  prep- 
his  company.  It  was  however  decided  by  a  arations,  or  what  were  intended  to  be  such, 
council  of  war  that  the  enemy  was  too  strong  were  made  by  the  home  government  to  protect 
to  be  resisted,  and  a  retreat  to  Fort  Necessity  the  menaced  frontier  of  their  Anglo-American 
was  deemed  expedient.  The  retrograde  move-  possessions.  Two  regiments  of  royal  troop?; 
;nent  occupied  two  days,  and  they  were  soon  were  sent  out  under  the  veteran  Braddock,  & 
attacked  by  a  greatly  superior  force  of  French  brave  but  headstrong  and  opiniative  officer, 
and  Indians.  Ool.  Washington  drew  up  his  with  which  and  the  provincials  of  Virginia 
men  at  first  outside  of  the  fort,  where  they  re-  the  campaign  was  opened.  Washington,  dis- 
oeived  for  several  hours  the  fire  of  the  French  gusted  with  the  precedence  enjoyed  by  the 
from  the  cover  of  the  neighboring  wood.  Later  officers  of  the  regular  army,  threw  up  his  com- 
in  the  day  he  withdrew  his  men  within  the  mission,  but  tendered  his  services  as  a  volun- 
fi[>rt,  where  however  they  were  partially  com-  teer  aid  to  Gen.  Braddook,  who  gladly  accepted 
manded  from  the  enemy's  position.  At  length,  them.  In  consequence  of  a  severe  illness  Col. 
at  11  o'clock  at  night,  the  French  commander  Washington  was  left  behind  at  the  Great  Mead- 
proposed  a  parley.  Suspecting  this  to  be  a  ows,  where  he  consented  to  remain  with  re- 
rwe  to  send  an  officer  into  the  fort  in  order  to  luctance,  and  only  on  condition  that  he  should 
obtain  information  as  to  its  condition,  the  offer  be  allowed  to  join  the  army  before  an  engage- 
was  twice  declined  by  Washington.  At  length  ment  took  place.  The  limits  of  thb  article 
he  agreed  to  send  Gapt.  Yan  Braam,  a  Dutch  ,  will  not  permit  a  detaUed  account  of  the  mem- 
officer  who  spoke  IVench,  to  treat  for  a  capit-  orable  event  of  July  9, 1755,  still  freshly  ro> 
ulation  with  M.  de  Yillers,  the  French  com-  membered  in  American  history  as  BraddockV 
mander.  The  terms  of  the  capitulation  were  defeat.  Ool.  Washington,  though  greatly  en- 
honorable.  The  Virginians  were  to  retain  feebled  by  disease,  was  almost  the  only  offi- 
every  thing  in  their  possession  but  the  artil-  cer  of  distinction  who  escaped  from  the  calam- 
lery,  to  march  out  of  the  fort  with  the  honors  ities  of  the  day  with  life  and  honor.  The  other 
of  war,  and  to  be  allowed  to  retreat  unmolested  aids  of  Gen.  Braddock  were  disabled  early  in 
to  the  settlements.  In  the  articles  of  capitula-  the  action,  and  Washington  alone  was  lelft  in 
tion,  as  drawn  ug  in  French,  at  midnight,  un-  that  capacity  on  the  field.  *'  I  expected  every 
der  a  drenching  rain,  and  after  a  contest  pro-  moment,*'  said  his  friend  and  comrade  Dr. 
longed  for  12  hours,  the  death  of  Jumonville  Craik,  ^'  to  see  him  fall.'*  In  a  letter  written 
was  alluded  to  under  the  name  of  auamnat,  by  himself  to  his  brother,  he  says :  *^  By  the 
and  this  was  claimed  in  the  report  of  M.  de  all-powerfuldi8pensationsofProvidenoe,IhaTe 
Yillers  as  an  admission  of  that  crime  on  the  been  protected  beyond  all  human  probability* 
part  of  Washington.  In  a  letter  addressed  by  or  expectation ;  for  I  had  four  bullets  through 
Washington  to  a  friend  who  had  transmitted  my  coat  and  two  horses  shot  under  me,  yet  I 


248  GEOBGE  WASHINGTON 

of  this  letter  came  into  the  posseesion  of  the  his  oonuniasion  in  the  colonial  aernoe.    His 

writer  of  this  artide  in  1860 :  proved  courage,  discretion,  and  resources  had 

*"  Camp  at  Batb  Town,  2Sih  Ao«r..  1TS8.  gained  fov  him  the  confidence  of  the  c<Miceited 

JS!l?,/^^ti;;]XTi»Ti?h«S^t''.SJ«'^  «>d  pnigmatio^  Dinwiddie  and  the  hejd«tK«| 

tho'  I  woaid  feicn  hope  the  oontntry  u  I  cannot  ipeak  and.  arrogant  J>raaaocK,  as  tacy  Old  afterward 

pbinerwlthoat-batnlaay  no  more,  Mdlesveyoa  to  guess  ^f  the  circnmspect  and  persevering  Porbes; 

•*nm  now  famtohM  with  News  of  a  rery  inteiesUn;  but  in  England  they  earned  for  him  nothing  but 

natoie,  I  know  it  win  affect  yoa  bat  M  yon  must  hew  It  ftom  g  good-natured  rebnke  from  GeoTge  II.  and  a 

SSSrAnf.S^nVtJJSlnT'Srj^'jSSdll^S  sneer  from  Horace  W^pole     He  retired  from 

our  advanced  Post  at  Loral  Hannan  against  Fort  Da-qnesne.  the  service  the  jonthfnl  idol  of  his  COantI7* 

OnthoNiffht  o',^?  i»^i«J{J**J^  men,  but  without  a  civil  word  from  the  foun- 

aponaHUlnesrtoit:firom  whence  went  a  Party  and  Tlewd  ^  "^  ^  i.  o   -u  v  ^i.     j»_^ 

the  Works,  made  what  observation's  they  ooud,  and  burnt  a  tam  01  lionor.     bUCn  nowever  was  tne  Oistant 

Logd  House  not  tu  from  the  WsUfc  Egg'd  on  rather  than  preparation  for  his  next  appearance  in  the  field, 

natisfled  by  this  success,  Mi^or  Grant  must  needs  Insult  the  .a  A.  i  tr  --^«-o  fxf  i^A^vAmAn^  aa  ♦li^i  u  «»«««•». i.«j 

Enemy  next  MorningbySeattn«_^i»«  Eeveiiie  in  different  Mter  17  years  01  retu-ement,  as  the    Command* 

places  in  view,  this  causd  a  greatBody  of  Men  to  Saiiie  from  er-in-chief  of  the  army  of  the  united  colonies^ 

the  Fort  ukd  "obsUnate  rngagemw^^  was  ^nd  of  all  the  forccs  now  raised  or  to  be  raised 

maintained  on  Our  Side  with  the  utmost  efforts  that  bravery  ?^\y       ,,     « *"t™  ""  jw*au^  v*  w  v^  «^auc-u 

cond  yield,  till  being  overpowered  and  quite  Surrounded  they  by  tnem. '     DUCb  was  tne  COlOnial  poUoy    by 

8relfon"SSd^^[n?oI*^*^**^"'**^^**"  kuidand  which  the  horse  guards  occasionally  eared  a 

"ThtoisaheavybfowtoonrAflWisheT^andasadstroke  commission  for  the  third  SOU  of  a  doke,   by 

upon  my  Regiment,  that  has  lost  out  of  8  Offloers  and  148  which  the  crown  lost  a  Continent,  and  the 

that  was  In  the  Action,  6  of  the  former  killd  and  a  7th  Wound-  TTnifi^  AfAtPJi  trMn^A   a  t>1iu»a  in  thA  fAvnilv  a^ 

ed-and  «  of  the  Utter  kiUd  besides  wounded.  Amongthe  unitea  Diaies  gamctt  a  piacc  in  me  umuy  Of 

Slain  was  our  dear  Mirior  Lewis;— this  Gentleman  as  the  nations. — Shortly  after  his  marriage,  Washing' 

?i^^'^^^^'}^^S^^7*}^^'^^l!^jA^^I^^,^^  ton  removed  to  Mount  Vernon,  where  he  en- 

tho  wounded  in  different  places.    Your  old  acquaintance  i^,^^  xr,^  ^^^^^^   a«.k^ih«i.I!i  i-v^  , 

Cspt'n  Buiiett,  who  is  the  only  Officer  of  mine  that  came  of  largecL  tne  mansion,  emoeiiisnea  tne  grounds, 

nntouchd,  has  aoquird  immortal  honour  in  this  Engage-  and  added  to  the  estate  by  the  purchase  of  lands 

SSS'MriR'-SStt^^b^TSrrSSiZ  ^  the  neighborhood     A.  a  member  of  the 

the  behaviour  of  my  own  People  were  I  to  deviate  from  the  provmcial  assembly,  his  wmters  were  paased  m 

Nport  of  common  Pame.-but  when  you  consider  the  loss  Williamsburg.    He  was  at  no  period  of  his  life 

they  have  sustaind,  and  hear  that  every  month  resounds  «-*«.#«** e.^  ««       v  *    *  Jii  2*  j 

theirprais6s»  you  will  believe  me  impartiaL  an  acuve  partisan  leaaer,  but  at  ail  tmaes  and 

**  What  was  the  great  end  proposd  by  this  attempt,  or  in  all  assemblies  he  exercised  a  paramoont  in* 

3rnS!L^"'.^Ct'5??Slir  Stri^Si't  «««;«»  by  flonndne».of  judpnent  «.d  weight 

the  Enemy  lost  more  Men  than  we  did  in  the  Engagement  Of  character.     liuce  niS  lUUStnouS  COntempora* 

Thus  it  is  theiives of  the  bravo  are  often  disposd of-bnt  yjes  Jefferson  and  Franklin,  who  excelled  him 

who  is  there  that  does  not  rather  Envy,  than  regret  a  Death  ,      «^„«,„i  ^„u„««  v^  i*„^  \.^^^^  f^^^^^  i.- 

that  gives  birth  to  Honour  and  Glorious  memory.  in  general  culture,  be  nad  never  formed  him- 

**  I  am  extremely  glad  to  find  that  Mr.  Fairikz  has  eeo^t'd  gelf  to  the  habit,  perhaps  lilce  them  wanted  the 

Z^SSSS^.ll^'',^£:^S^^^SSl^:^^  requWte  natwal  talent^for  parlkmentary  d«^ 

place,  and  have  galnd  not  one  obvious  Advantage.    Bo  bate.    The  COUnscl  WhlCh  be  gave  tO  a  nephew 

mlserabhr  has  thte  Expedition  been  managd,  that  I  expect  j^g^  chosen  tO  the  assembly  nO  doubt  Conform- 

alter  a  Months  fhrther  Tryal,  and  the  loss  of  many  more  Men  -^  j  "       vo«**  «w  lix.^  «»»«     ^  j     »*  *:    u     ^»»*v«  "* 

by  the  Bword,  Cold,  and  Perhaps  Famine,  we  shall  give  the  Od  tO  niS  OWn  practice :       If  yOU  nave  a  mmd 

Upedition  over  as  Impracticable  this  Season  and  retire  to  to  command  the  attention  of  the  hoUSC,  the  onlv 

SSJ  FrfSSSL'^lVh^d'tSSJ  Sr'^J^  "^J^^t  •dvioe  I  will  offer  is  to  speak  seldom  bnt  oa  im- 

beliere  me,  in  playing  a  part  in  Cato  with  the  Company  yon  portaut  subjects,  except  SUCh    as   partlcnlarlT 

rSSSda  M  TOO  ffl^Mt  iSka  ^^^  ^  ****"*  *^*  ^""^  ^  '^'^  '®^**®  ^  y®"  constituents ;  and  in  the  former 

«  Your  agreable  Letter  contalnd  these  words.— <•  Mr  Bisters  oase  make  yoUTBClf  perfectly  master  of  the  sob- 

l^and  Nancy  oist  who  neither  of  them  expect  to  be  here  ject.    Never  exceed  a  decent  warmth,   and 

-tnrb^t'(Smiafmto!*A^^ft!r^  submit  your  sentimente  with  diffidence.     A 

Matrimonial  Scheme  f    Is  Miss  Fairfkx  to  be  transfbrmd  dictatorial  Style,  though  it  may  carry  oonvic- 

tatothat^^amingDjmwtick-aMarUn^^  tion,  is  always   accompanied  with  disimst.'^ 

Fa-re.    What  does  Miss  Gist  turn  to— A  Cocke— that  cant  be  itf  V .    _r    %  ^      «vwM»i#€»M*^    y  >i»«   ^»K  «*»«^ 

we  have  him  here.  W ashmgton's  occupations  at  Mount  Yemon 

JI2!S  ?J?*,"~i]l  *^  ****?  ^^.^^•'  J?  •»*  tf  I  MB  were  those  of  a  Virginia  planter,  and  tobacco 

not  tird  at  the  length  of  your  Letter  f    No  Madam  I  am  not,  .^;i    ^v^«*    «,^«^    ^Lf^,^  4\^^   •J«*vl«*;^«riil 

nor  never  can  be  whUe  the  Lines  are  an  Inch  assunder  to  «ld   Wheat   werC,  before  the   revolution,   the 

bring  Tou  in  haste  to  the  end  of  the  Paper,    you  may  be  staple  products  of  his  plantations.     The  wheat 

£i±Sf.J?5'L.t''^.?S.'S:^^r.«Xt'^  was  gronnd  to  flonr  upon  the  estate,  ^d  wh.t 

must  beg  the  ikvour  of  you  to  make  mr  Compliments  to  Was  not  wanted   for  bomC  consumption   Was 

c^Omt  and  the  Ladies  with  you,  and  beUeve  that  I  am  gold  at  Alexandria  or  shipped  from  the  river* 

**^r  Most  Obedt  and  Obii/d,  There  were  also  a  brick  yard  and  a  carpenter^a 

•"QoTwAamiioToif.**  .  establishment  on  the  estate,  and  a  valuable 
Washington  was  married  to  the  lady  to  whom  fishery  in  the  Potomac,  which  ihmished  a  per* 
this  letter  was  addressed  (Mn.  Martha  Oustis,  tion  of  the  food  of  the  laborers.  The  tobacco 
bom  Dandridge,  the  widow  of  John  Parke  was  usually  shipped  directly  to  Liverpool,  Bris- 
Custis,  Esq.)  on  Jan.  17,  1769.  Having  been  5  tol,  or  London,  from  which  a  part  of  the  re> 
years  engaged  in  the  military  service  of  the  turns  were  received  in  English  mannfaoturee ; 
country,  and  sought  promotion  without  success  almost  every  article  of  luxury  and  convenience, 
in  the  royal  army,  he  took  advantage  of  the  fdmiture,  implements  of  husbandry,  military 
fall  of  Fort  Duquesne  and  the  expulsion  of  the  equipmente,  books,  clothing,  down  to  the  mi- 
French  from  the  vaUey  of  the  Ohio,  to  resign  nuteet  articles  required  for  household  use,  be- 


252  GEOBQE  WASHINQTOK 

testifies  to  nothing  of  the  kmd ;  and  a  fSuniliar  strongly  iUostrates the  singlenessofptnpOBewit}! 
conversation  repeated  at  eeoond  hand,  after  a  which  he  devoted  himself  to  the  public  Benice, 
lapse  of  46  years,  surely  can  weigh  nothing  that,  during  the  8  years  of  the  war^he  mted 
against  sworn  testimony  at  the  time.  The  Mount  Vernon  but  once,  and  then  when  he 
writer  has  been  informed  by  Mr.  Sparks  that  took  it  directly  on  his  ,way  to  YorktowB,  in 
Gen.  Lafayette,  in  giving  him  a  detailed  ao-  company  with  the  count  de  Bochambeap.  In 
oount  of  the  affair  at  Monmouth,  made  no  men*  1784  he  crossed  the  Alleghanies,  partly  to  look 
tion  of  such'language.  Gen.  Lee,  in  his  angry  after  his  lands  in  that  region,  and  partly  to  ei- 
and  disrespectful  letter  of  July  1  (June  29),  plore  the  head  waters  of  the  rivers  which  t&ke 
1778,  to  Gen.  Washington,  which  was  among  their  rise  in  the  interior  of  Virginia,  with  a 
the  causes  ofhis  arrest  and  trial,  makes  no  men-  view  to  their  connection  with  the  western 
tion  of  profane  language  or  opprobrious  epi-  waters.  On  his  return  he  addressed  a  carefully 
thets.  He  speaks  only  of  ^*  singular  expressions,''  prepared  memoir  on  this  subject  to  the  legisla- 
which  ^*  implied  that  I  was  guilty  of  disobe-  ture  of  Virginia.  This  communication  had  a 
dience  of  oraers,  want  of  conduct,  or  want  of  powerful  effect  on  the  public  mind,  and  led  to 
courage.*'  Is  this  the  manner  in  which  a  migor-  the  organization  of  the  James  river  and  Foto- 
general  would  speak  of  the  blasting  epithet  mac  canal  companies.  Li  acknowledgment  of 
affirmed  by  the  anecdote?  Washington,  m  his  his  agency  on  this  occasion,  and  still  more  of 
reply  the  next  day,  and  when  the  supposed  hisrevolutionary  services,  the  state  of  Virginia 
ragfi  of  the  moment  had  had  time  to  cool,  says :  presented  him  with  60  ^ares  in  the  Potomac 
^'  lam  not  conscious  of  having  made  use  of  any  canal,  valued  at  $10,000,  and  100  shares  in  the 
very  singular  expressions  at  the  time  of  meet-  James  river  canal,  valued  at  $50,000.  He  ac- 
ing  you,  as  you  intimate.  What  I  recollect  to  cepted  the  donation  only  as  the  trustee  of  some 
have  said  was  dictated  by  dufy  and  warranted  public  object.  The  shares  in  the  James  river 
by  the  occasion."  Finally,  though  of  course  it  canal  were  appropriated  by  him  for  the  en- 
was  the  object  of  Gen.  Lee,  through  his  wit-  dowment  of  a  college  at  Lexington  in  Rock- 
nesses,  to  make  out  as  strong  a  provocation*  as  bridge  co.,  Va.,  which  in  consequence  assumed 
possible,  in  order  to  palliate  the  offence  of  writ-  the  name  of  Washington  college.  The  shares 
mg  the  letter,  which  was  the  specification  to  in  the  Potomac  canal  were  appropriated  as  the 
support  the  charge  of  ^*  disrespect  to  the  com-  endowment  of  a  university  at  the  eeat  of  the 
mander-in-chief,"  not  one  of  those  witnesses  federal  government. — ^The  United  States,  as  is 
affords  the  least  countenance  to  tiiis  anecdote.  weU  known,  after  the  revolution,  fell  into  a 
Lee  himself,  in  his  defence  before  the  court  state  of  governmental  inanition  bordering  on 
martial,  reported  no  doubt  with  accuracy  the  anarchy.  The  recommendations  of  the  conti- 
words  used  by  Washington.  "  When  I  arrived,"  nental  congress  were  without  weight,  no  ret- 
says  he,  '*  first  in  his  presence,  conscious  of  enue  accrued  to  the  treasury,  and  the  European 
having  done  nothing  that  could  draw  upon  me  debt,  principal  and  interest,  remained  unpaid.  • 
the  least  censure,  but  rather  flattering  myself  Foreign  governments  held  the  United  States  in 
with  his  congratulation  and  applause,  1  con-  low  repute;  tlie  Indian  tribes  scourged  the 
fess  I  was  disconcerted,  astonished,  and  con-  frontier ;  the  separate  states,  instead  of  actiDg 
fbunded  by  the  words  and  manner  in  which  his  in  harmony,  enacted  conflicting  laws  for  im- 
excellency  accosted  me.  It  was  so  novel  and  posing  duties  on  foreign  commerce;  in  a  word, 
unexpected  from  a  man  whose  discretion,  hu-  discontent  was  universal.  To  put  an  end  to 
manity,  and  decorum  I  had,  from  the  flrst  of  our  the  controversies  between  Maryland  and  Vir- 
acquaintance,  stood  in  admiration  of,  that  I  was  ginia,  relating  to  the  navigation  of  the  rivers 
for  some  time  unable  to  make  any  coherent  which  divided  their  territories,  a  meetine  took 
answer  to  questions  so  abrupt,  and  in  a  great  place  at  Alexandria  in  1785,  and  while  there  a 
measure  to  me  unintelligible.  The  terms  I  visit  of  the  members  was  made  to  Mount  Ver- 
think  were  these:  ^I  desire  to  know,  sir,  what  non.  This  led  to  the  call  of  a  convention  w 
is  the  reason  whence  arises  this  disorder  and  delegates,  which  was  assembled  at  Annapolis 
confiision?^ "  These  words,  rapidly  repeated,  in  1786,  of  which  the  object  was  "to  take  into 
and  in  a  tone  expressing  disappointment  and  consideration  the  trade  of  the  United  States ;  to 
indignation,  were  no  doubt  the  words  used  by  examine  tl^e  relative  situation  and  trade  of  the 
Wa&ington.— On  Deo.  23,  1788,  Washington,  said  states;  and  to  consider  how  far  a  nDi- 
in  a  parting  address  of  surpassing  beauty,  re-  form  system  in  their  conunerdal  regulations 
signed  his  conunission  as  commander-in-chief  may  be  necessary  to  their  common  interest  and 
of  the  army  to  the  continental  congress  sitting  permanent  harmony."  The  delegatesof  5  states 
at  Annapolis.  He  retired  immediately  to  Mount  only  attended  this  meeting,  and  some  of  them 
Vernon,  and  resumed  his  occupation  as  a  farm-  with  powers  too  limited  for  any  valuable  pur- 
er and  planter,  anxiously  shunning  idl  connec-  pose.  They  accordingly  drew  up  a  report  rec- 
tion  with  public  life.  Much  of  his  time,  how-  ommending  a  meeting  m  Philadelphia  the  lol- 
ever,  was  occupied  by  a  laborious  correspon-  lowing  May,  under  the  sanction  of  the  fedentl 
dence  jon  the  infinity  of  subjects  connected  congress.  Washington  warmly  approved  thtn' 
with  the  revolutionary  war,  and  by  the  throng  proceedings,  though  from  some  motive  of  per* 
of  visitors  from  every  part  of  the  Union  and  of  sonal  delicacy,  perhaps  as  a  riparian  proprietor 
Europe.  It  is  a  very  striking  fact,  and  one  that  on  one  of  the  rivers  whose  navigation  waa  the 


QEOBGE  WASHnirGIOH  253 

• 

crigittftl  cause  of  the  moyement,  he  dedined  to  jnst  hefore  the  constitiition  was  sunied  by  the 
wtrrt  as  a  delegate  to  the  preliminary  meeting,  members  of  the  conyention,  Mr.  Gorham  of 
He  howeyer  relnctantiy  accepted  an  appoint-  Massachnsetts,  a  person  of  great  inflnenoe  in  the 
Bcoi  as  one  of  the  delegates  from  Virginia  to  body,  rose  and  said:  '^  If  it  was  nottoo  late^  he 
the  conyention  which  met  at  Philadelphia  in  eonld  wish,  for  the  purpose  of  lessening  objeo- 
MtT,  1T87.  To  this  body  belongs  the  honor  of  tions  to  the  constitntion,  that  the  danse  dedar- 
hsm^  fruned  the  oonstitntion  of  the  United  ing  that  *  the  nmnber  of  representatiyes  shoiild 
Scafies.  Washington  was  nnanimoosly  elected  not  exceed  one  for  eyery  40,000,'  llhich  had 
its  prandent;  bat,  as  is  nsnal  in  deliberatiye  produced  so  mnoh  discnssion,  might  be  recon- 
bodiH  of  tlua  kind,  most  of  the  bnsiness  was  ndered,  in  order  to  strike  out  40,€NM)  and  insert 
transacted  in  commitdtee  of  the  whole,  Mr.  80,000.  This  wonld  not,  he  remarked,  establidi 
5stha&iel  Gorham  of  Massachusetts  being  that  as  an  absolute  rule,  but  only  giye  congress 
placed  by  Washington  from  day  to  day  in  the  a  greater  latitude,  whidi  could  not  be  thought 
chair.  On  Sept.  17, 1787,  the  trmt  of  the  labors  unreasonable.''  This  motion  was  seconded  by 
of  thiajMitriotic  body  was  giyen  to  the  people  Mr.  King  and  Mr.  OarrolL  When  Gen.  Wash- 
of  the  United  Stotea,  with  an  official  letter  from  ington  rose  for  the  purpose  of  putting  thequee- 
the  president  of  the  conyention.  This  instan-  tion,  he  said,  '^  that  although  his  ntuation  had 
BKat  of  goyemment,  under  which  the  United  hitherto  res^ined  him  fix)m  offering  his  senti- 
Slates  haye  so  mgnally  prospered  for  three  ments  on  questions  depending  in  the  house, 
quirters  of  a  centvy,  tiiouffh  not  deemed  per-  and  it  might  be  thought  ought  now  to  impose 
ket  in  eyery  point  by  Washington,  was  regard-  eilence  on  him,  yet  he  could  not  forbear  ex- 
cd  by  hhn,  and  declared  in  his  correspondence  pressing  his  wish  that  the  alteration  proposed 
to  be,  the  best  that  could  be  hoped  for — ^tiie  might  take  place.  It  was  much  to  be  desired 
only  altematiye  for  anarchy  and  ciyil  war.  Mr.  thai  the  objections  to  the  plan  recommended 
Gecrge  Ticknor  Ourtis,  in  his  **  History  of  the  might  be  made  as  few  as  possible.  The  smali- 
OoMtitotion,''  has  preseryed  the  tradition,  ness  of  the  proportion  of  representatiyes  had 
^  that,  wh^  Washington  was  about  to  sign  the  been  considered  by  many  members  of  the  con- 
instrument,  he  rose  from  his  seat,  and  holding  yention  an  insufficient  security  for  the  rights  and 
the  pen  in  his  hand,  after  a  short  pause  pro-  interests  of  the  people.  He  acknowledged  that 
acKawed  these  words:  ^Should  tne  United  it  had  always  appeared  to  himself  among  the 
ficates  reject  this  exodlent  constitution,  the  exceptionable  parts  of  the  plan ;  and  late  as  the 
probability  is  that  an  opportunity  will  neyer  present  moment  was  for  admitting  amendmenta, 
again  be  offered  to  cancel  another  in  peace ;  the  he  thought  this  of  so  much  consequence,  that 
next  will  be  drawn  in  blood.' "  Gen.  Washing-  it  would  giye  him  much  satisfaction  to  see  it 
Um  was  nominated  as  preddent  of  the  conyen-  adopted."  This  was  deui  ex  maehina.  "  No  op- 
tion by  Robert  Morris,  acting  by  instructions  position  was  made  to  the  proposition  of  Mr. 
of  Uie  ddegates  from  PenniTiyania,  from  Ck>rham,  and  it  was  agreed  to  unanimously." 
whom  this  compliment  came  with  especial  The  first  house  of  representatiyes,  with  a  ratio 
fraoe,  as  the  only  possible  competitor  for  of  80,000,  consisted  of  but  65  members  for  the 
the  diair  would  haye  been  Dr.  iVanklin.  Mr.  18  states.  The  earnestness  with  which  the 
John  Butledge  of  South  Carolina  seconded  the  lower  ratio  was  contended  for  will  not  be  snr- 
BQQtion,  and  the  choice  was  unanimous.  On  pridng  when  we  reflect  on  the  smallness  of 
taking  the  diair  (Jen.  Washington  (as  reported  this  number.  The  new  constitution  was  fiu* 
by  Mr.  Madison)  'Hhanked  the  conyention  in  from  being  warmly  or  generally  welcomed.  In 
A  very  emphatic  manner  for  the  honor  they  had  tiie  course  of  10  months  it  was  adopted  by  small 
mdmtd  on  him ;  reminded  them  of  the  noy-  minorities  in  the  conyentions  of  the  requisite 
dity  of  the  scene  of  business  in  which  he  was  number  of  states ;  and  it  is  a  matter  of  doubt  * 
to  act ;  lamented  his  want  of  better  qualifica-  whether  it  would  haye  been  ratified  but  for  the 
ticns ;  and  daimed  the  indui^^ce  of  the  house  transcendent  popularity  of  Washington,  who  had 
toward  the  inyoluntary  errors  which  his  giyen  it  his  cordial  approyal,  and  who  was  in- 
iaexperienoe  might  occasion."  He  spoke  stinctiydy  marked  out  by  public  expectation  as 
but  twice  during  the  pendency  of  the  con-  the  first  president.  He  was  chosen  by  the 
Milotiott  before  the  conyention,  and  then  but  unanimous  yote  of  the  electoral  colleges,  New 
A  few  words.  The  first  time  was  to  assign  York  done  not  haying  taken  interest  enouf^ 
A  maaan  for  his  yote  in  &yor  of  giying  to  the  in  the  organization  of  the  goyemment  to  ap- 
bouae  of  r^resentatiyes  the  exdusiye  origina-  point  electors.  Another  striking  proof  of  the 
tioQ  of  money  bills,  which  he  had  at  first  op-  stagnation  of  interest  in  the  country  with  ref- 
poaed.  **He  gaye  up  his  judgment,"  he  sdd,  erence  to  the  new  constitution  may  be  seen  in 
**beeaaae  it  was  not  of  yery  material  weight  the  fact,  that  dthoug^  the  4th  of  March  was 
vtih  him,  and  was  made  an  essentid  point  fixeduponfor  the  meeting  of  the  first  congress, 
with  others,  who.  if  disappointed,  might  be  a  bare  quorum  of  the  house  of  representatiyes 
ieas  oordid  on  other  points  of  red  weight."  did  net  assemble  till  the  1st  of  April,  nor  of 
The  other  oeeamon  on  which  WasMngton  spoke,  the  senate  till  the  0th.  It  was  not  till  the  80th 
ia  the  progreas  of  the  discussions,  was  of  greater  of  April  that  Preddent  Washington  was  inaugu- 
isBportance,  and  was  eyidentiy  a  matter  of  pre-  rated.  Debates  on  the  titie  to  be  giyen  to  the 
arrai^ement.'  On  the  rery  last  day,  and  newly  elected  preddent  had  delayed  the  organi- 


254  6E0BGE  WASHINGTON 

jeationofthegOTemment.  The  oommitteeof  the  for  the  treasury,  and  Gen.  Knox  for  the  de- 
senate  to  whom  the  sahject  was  referred,  con-  partment  of  war.  There  was  for  some  yean 
sisting  of  Richard  Henry  Lee  of  Virginia,  Mr.  no  navy  or  naval  department.  Foreign  affairs 
Izard  of  South  Gorolina,  and  Mr.  Dalton  of  Mas-  were  in  an  tmsatisfactory  condition.  England 
sachnsetts,  reported  in  favor  of  addressing  him  as  allowed  8  years  to  pass  from  the  treaty  of  1783 
"  his  highness  the  president  of  the  United  States  before  she  sent  a  mmister  to  tiie  United  States, 
of  America  and  protector  of  their  liberties."  although  a  minister  was  early  sent  to  London  by 
The  senite  favored  this  lofty  title ;  bnt  the  the  congress  of  the  confederation.  In  tiie  mean 
honse  of  representatives  deemed  it  inexpedient  time  active  causes  of  irritation  existed  between 
to  bestow  any  title  on  the  president  or  vice-  the  two  countries:  on  the  part  of  the  United 
president,  and  this  opinion  finally  prevailed.  States,  the  obstacles  thrown  by  state  legislation 
The  title  of  "  highness"  was  however  occasion-  in  the  way  of  recovering  debts  due  to  British 
ally  made  use  of  in  popular  parlance  at  the  subjects ;  on  the  part  of  England,  the  detention 
commencement  of  his  aoministration.  Wash-  of  the  western  posts  and  the  impressment  of 
ington  accepted  the  candidacy  for  the  new  American  seamen.  The  assembly  of  notables 
omoe  with  unaffected  reluctance.  He  came  met  in  France  the  same  year  that  the  consti- 
out  of  the  war  of  the  revolution  with  a  repu-  tution  of  the  United  States  went  into  operation. 
tation  which  could  not  easily  be  raised,  and  Our  relations  witii  that  country  soon  fell  into  in- 
which  might  be  seriously  imperilled  in  the  at-  extricable  confusion.  A  considerable  debt  due 
tempt  to  put  the  new  system  into  operation,  to  France  and  Holland  stared  the  new  goYern- 
In  addition  to  this,  he  craved  the  quiet  happi-  ment  in  the  face.  General  apathy,  distrust,  and 
ness  of  private  life.  But  no  private  life  is  per-  uneasy  expectation  reigned  at  home.  Ont  of 
mitted  to  a  man  like  Washington ;  the  country  this  diaos  order  was  speedily  educed  by  tbe 
is  his  family,  the  interests  of  millions  his  daily  administration,  guided  by  Washington's  own 
household  care.  Previous  to  his  departure  for  consummate  prudence,  and  notwithstanding 
the  seat  of  government,  Washington  visited  his  the  existence  in  the  cabinet  itself  of  early  de- 
aged  mother  and  saw  her  for  the  last  time  in  veloped  elements  of  discord.  The  discnssions 
fVedericsburg.     Mr.  Custis  undertakes  to  re-  with  Great  Britain  after  the  arrival  of  the  first 

Eeat  the  words  in  which  he  addressed  her  and  minister  in  1791  were  skilfully  and  patiently 

er  reply,  but  no  memorandum  could  have  conducted  by  Mr.  Jefferson.    The  insults  of 

been  made  of  them  at  the  time,  and  the  inflated  the  French  envoys  were  mildly  repelled  or 

language  is  in  keeping  with  the  characters  of  borne  with  a  stoical  equanimity,  in  remem- 

neither  of  these  venerable  personages.    In  the  brance  of  the  services  rendered  to  us  by  France 

summer  of  1789  the  newly  elected  president  in  the  hour  of  trial.    The  genius  of  Hamiltoiu 

had  a  dangerous  fit  of  illness  at  New  York,  at  once  creative  and  practical,  gave  us  the 

His  disease  was  a  malignant  carbuncle  in  the  funding  system,  and  with  it  revenue  and  credit. 

thigh,  which  was  cured  by  a  surgical  operation  The  assumption  of  the  state  debts  created  lir- 

skimilly  performed  by  Dr.  Bard  the  younger,  ing  capital  out  of  the  ashes  of  revolutionftry 

In  the  autumn  of  this  year  the  president  made  banloiiptoy.     Our  commerce,  protected  by  « 

a  tour  through  the  eastern  states,  travelling  national  flag  and  emancipated  from  the  ooloniil 

with  his  own  horses  and  carriage.    His  inter-  restrictions  of  Great  Britain,  began  to  whiten 

esting  journal  of  this  tour,  of  which  the  origi-  every  sea ;  and  the  vacant  lands  m  the  western 

nal  manuscript  is  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  J.  Oar-  counties  of  the  Atlantic  states  filled  up  with  s 

son  Brevoort,  of  Brooklyn,  has  been  recentlv  rapidly  increasing  population.    The  settlement 

published.  A  similar  journey  was  made  through  of  the  territories  on  tne  right  bank  of  the  Ohio 

the  southern  states  the  following  spring,  of  wasprevented,  during  the  first  administration 

which  the  journal  also  has  been  lately  pub-  of  Washington,  by  the  non-surrender  of  the 

lished.     These  tours  were  attended  with  an  western  posts.  ^  Their  detention  by  Great  Brit- 

unbroken  series  of  ovations  throughout  the  ain  gave  strength  and  audacity  to  the  Indian 

country. — ^The  state  of  affairs  when  Washing-  tribes,  and  entailed  upon  the  frontier  the  dis- 

ton  acceded  to  the  presidency  in  1789  was  one  asters  of  two  unsuccessful  campaigns,  that  of 

of  the  greatest  difficulty  and  embarrassment  Harmer  in  1790,  and  especially  that  of  St  Clair 

The  system  of  government  was  wholly  new,  in  1791.    The  last  has  furnished  the  subject  of 

and  there  was  a  consequent  want  of  tradition-  an  anecdote  (narrated  at  lengtii  in  Mr.  Irving's 

ary  experience  in  every  department.    The  con-  "  Life  of  Washington,"  vol.  v,  p.  101)  relative 

federation,  except  nominally  and  for  military  to  a  supposed  ebuUition  of  passion  on  the 

purposes,  wanted  nearly  all  the  attributes  of  a  part  of  President  Washington  on  the  receipt 

government    The  constitution  of  1789,  on  the  of  the  disastrous  intelligence,  not  unlike  that 

contrary,  as  far  as  the  objects  are  concerned  which  we  have  already  examined  in  relation 

for  which  the  Union  was  framed,  created  a  to  the  encounter  of  Washinffton  with  Lee  at 

government  possessing  all  those  attributes  as  Monmouth,  and  obnoxious  Tike  that  to  the 

completely  as  the  government  of  Great  Britain  gravest  suspicions  of  inaccuracy  and  exaggera- 

or  Russia.    But  Washington  was  called  to  put  tion.    The  limits  of  this  artide  do  not  permit 

this  newly  framed  and  untried  government  into  a  detailed  criticism  of  the  anecdote  in  ques- 

operation.    He  called  to  his  cabinet  Mr.  Jeffer-  tion,  which  rests  upon  the  authority  of  the  sole 

son  for  the  department  of  state,  Mr.  Hamilton  witness  of  t^e  supposed  scene,  but  is  related 


1256  GEOBGE  WASHINGTOK 

tratioQ  approached,  to  annonnoe  the  parpose  the  call  of  duty  which  had  been  the  goTernisg 
of  declining  a  reSlection.    With  this  object  in  role  of  his  life.    In  a  letter  to  the  secretary  of 
view  he  requested  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Madi-  war,  he  makte  each  distinct  aUosion  to  the  suc- 
6on  in  preparing  the  draft  of  a  valedictory  ad-  cess  of  the  yonthfiil  generiUs  in  oommaDd  of 
dress  to  the  people.    His  purpose  however  was  the  French  armies,  as  shows  that  the  possibll- 
overcome  by  the  warm  dissuasions  of  personal  ity  that  he  might  be  called  to  measure  swordi 
and  politick  friends  of  all  parties,  and  in  the  with  the  chief  of  these  youthful  generals^  Xt- 
autumn  of  1792  he  was  unanimously  reelected,  poleon,  must  have  crossed  his  mind.    But  tie 
Bnportant  measures  marked  his  second  admin-  hero  of  Arcole  and  Lodi  was  diverted  to  the 
istration.    The  great  rivals  of  his  cabinet  re-  expedition  ag^nst  Egypt,  from  which  he  bood 
tired  and  left  their  places  to  men  of  inferior  returned  to  prostrate  the  directory  and  con- 
ability,  but  pursuing  the  same  line  of  policy  as  elude  a  peace  with  the  United  States.    Wash- 
their  predecessors.    Decisive  measures  were  ington  had  never  believed  that  the  govemmeni 
adopted  in  reference  to  the  foreign  relations  of  France  would  be  so  ill  advised  as  to  push  the 
of  the  Union.    The  proclamation  of  neutralK^  controversy  to  the  arbitrament  of  war ;  but  he 
rescued  the  country  firom  the  imminent  penl  did  not  live  to  see  the  threatening  doad  dis- 
of  being  drawn  into  the  vortex  of  the  French  persed.    The  commencement  of  the  month  of 
revolution.    The  treaty  negotiated  with  Eng-  December,  1799,  found  him   in  remarJuM/ 
land  by  Ohief  Justice  Jay  settled  several  of  the  good  health,  approaching  the  close  of  his  6bth 
subjects  of  controversy  with   that  country,  year,  and  in  the  entire  enjoyment  of  his  phj^ 
The  victory  of  Wayne  broke  the  power  of  the  ical  and  mental  faculties.    On  the  mormngof 
Indians  in  the  north-west,  and  the  treaty  of  Thursday,  the  12th,  after  writing  to  Gen.  Ham- 
Greenville  and  the  surrender  of  the  western  ilton  the  last  letter  that  ever  issued  from  his 
posts  under  Jay's  treaty  assured  the  peace  of  pen,  he  took  his  usual  ride  around  his  fanib. 
the  western  frontier.    The  general  tranquillity  The  day  was  overcast  when  he  started,  asd 
was  threatened,  and  for  a  season  disturbed,  by  about  one  o'clock  *^  it  began  to  snow,  soon  after 
the  insurrection  in  the  western  counties  of  to  hail,  and  then  turned  to  a  settled  cold  ram/' 
Pennsylvania ;  but  a  body  of  15,000  of  the  He  remained,  however,  for  two  hours  longer 
militia  of  the  neighboring  states  was  called  out/  in  the  saddle,  and  on  his  return  home  eat 
by  President  Washington,  and  the  movement  down  to  dinner  without  changing  his  drese, 
was  crushed  in  one  short  campaign,  without  an  although  the  snow  when  he  came  into  the 
effusion  of  blood.    It  might  have  been  ho^ed  ^ouse  was  clinging  to  his  hair  behind.    The 
that  in  thus  scattering  tne  clouds  of  foreign  next  day  there  were  three  inches  of  snow  on 
war,  giving  safety  to  a  vast  unsettled  frontier,  the  ground  in  the  morning,  and  Washington, 
infusing  life  into  every  branch  of  industry,  and  complaining  of  a  cold,  omitted  his  usnal  ride. 
conducting  the  country  step  by  step  in.  the  path  As  it  cleared  up  in  the  afternoon,  he  went  oot  to 
of  an  unexampled  prosperity,  the  popularity  of  superintend  some  work  upon  the  lawn  in  tot 
the  president,  which  mdeed  could  not  have  of  the  house.    He  was  at  this  time  hoarse,  as^ 
been  augmented,  would  at  least  have  been  sus-  became  more  so  toward  evening ;  bat  he  made 
tained.    At  no  period  of  his  life,  however,  was  light  of  it,  and  took  no  rem^y.    He  passed 
it  BO  materially  impaired  as  in  the  last  years  of  the  evening  as  usual,  reading  the  papers  and 
his  second  administration,  and  nowhere  so  answering  the  letters  of  the  day,  and  in  con- 
much  as  in  his  native  state  of  Virginia.    Early  versation  with  his  secretary.    Between  2  and 
in  the  year  1796  he  formed  the  irrevocable  8  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  Saturday,  he  awokf 
purpose  of  retiring,  and  took  counsel  with  Mrs.  Washington,  tellinffher  he  had  had  an  ague 
CoL  Hamilton,  no  longer  his  official  adviser,  fit  and  was  very  trnwell.    He  would  not^  bov- 
but  still  retaining  all  his  confidence,  as  to  the  ever,  at  that  tune  allow  the  family  to  be  di&- 
preparation  of  his  "  Farewell  Address."    The  turbed  for  aid.    At  daybreak  his  secretary  v« 
various  steps  taken  in  drawing  up  this  im-  called,  and  his  physician  Dr.  Oraik,  who  \M 
portant  state  paper   are  a  subject  of  very  at  Alexandria,  was  sent  for.    At  sunrise  bo 
curious   and   interesting   inquiry,    and   have  was  bled  by  one  of  his  overseers,  but  witli 
been   fully  treated   in  a  recently  published  little  relief,  and  he  rapidly  grew  worse,  yr. 
volume  of  the  Hon.  Horace  Binney.    It  was  Oraik  arrived  about  11  o'clock;  bloodletting 
issued  to  the  country  Sept.  17,  1796.     At  was  repeated,  and  other  remedies  adopted,  bat 
the  close  of  the   next   session  of  congress  without  effect.    Two  consulting  physicians  ar- 
Washington  retired,  as  he  thought  for  ever,  rived  in  the  course  of  the  day,  and  venesectioo 
fh>m   the  public   service,  and  withdrew  to  was  again  attempted.    About  half-past  4  w 
Mount  Vernon.     A  twelvemonth,  however,  requested  Mrs.  Washington  to  bring  two  p»P«J* 
had  hardly  elapsed,  before  our  long  standing  from  his  study.    Having  examined  them,  be 
controversy  with  the  directory  of  IVance  cul-  gave  her  back  one  to  be  destroyed,  and  tne 
minated  in  a  quasi  war.    Measures  of  prep-  olher  to  be  preserved  as  his  will.    Heconop* 
aration,  military  and  naval,  were  adopted  by  ued  to  speak  and  swallow  with  inoreasiDg  <ui' 
congress,  and  Washington  was  appointed  lieu-  ficulty,  and  suffered  great  pain,  but  retsinea 
tenant-general  of  the  armies  of  the  United  his  faculties  to  the  last^  and  gave  a  few  direc- 
States.    He  accepted  the  post  with  extreme  tions  relative  to  his  afiairs  and  his  btfi^ 
reluctance,  but  in  that  spirit  of  obedience  to  About  4  o^clock  in  the  afternoon  he  aaia  u> 


268                      WASHITA  WAfiP 

tered  the  oontinental  army  witluthe  rank  of  WASHOE  BILYER  MINES.    See  Bnm, 

captain,  was  in  the  battle  of  Brooklyn,  distin-  vol.  xiv.  p.  662. 

fftuidied  himself  at  Trenton,  and  was  with  Gen.  WASHTENAW,  a  S.  E.  co.  of  Mich.,  drained 

Mercer  when  he  fell  at  Princeton.    In  1T78  he  by  Huron  and  Baisin  riyers  and  their  branches : 

was  a  mi^jor  in  Ool.  Baylor's  cavalry  corps,  area,  720  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  85,688.    It  lua 

when  it  was  attacked  by  Gen.  Grey  at  Tappan.  an  nndnlating  surface,  diverged  by  prairie 

In  1779  he  joined  Gen.  Lmcoln  in  South  Caro-  and  woodland,  and  interspersed  with  nnmerous 

lina,  and  commanded  a  troop  of  light  horse  small  lakes  and  ponds.    The  soil  is  a  rich  sandy 

near  Charleston.    He  and  his  corps  were  at-  loam.    The  productions  in  1860  were  628.042 

tached  to  the  army  of  Gen.  Morgan  at  the  bat-  bushels  of  wheat,  889,218  of  Indian  corn,  211.- 

tle  of  the  Oowpens,  where  he  distinguished  469  of  oats,  188,227  of  potatoes,  586,906  lbs.  of 

himself  greatly,  and  had  a  personal  conflict  butter,  109,879  of  cheese,  250,776  of  wool,  and 

with  Ool.  Tarleton,  both  being  wounded.  Con-  40,887  tons  of  hay.    There  were  22  grist  milla, 

gress  YOted  him  a  silyer  medal  for  his  ser-  24  saw  mills,  6  iron  founderies,  6  woollen  £k- 

vices.    He  carried  a  British  post  at  Bugeley's  by  tories,  44  churches,  4  newspaper  offices,  and 

stratagem,  and  captured  a  large  body  of  troops  8,802  pupils  attending  public  schools.      The 

witiiout  firing  a  shot.    During  Greene's  cele-  county  is  intersected  by  the  Michigan  central 

brated  retreat  he  rendered  efficient  service,  and  tibe  Michigan  southern  and  northern  In- 

and  fought  bravely  at  Guilford  Court  House,  at  diana  railroads.    Capital,  Ann  Arbor. 

Hobkirk^B  HiU,  and  at  Eutaw.    He  was  made  WASP,  the  common  name  of  the  hymenop* 

a  prisoner  at  the  last  named  battle,  taken  to  terous  insects  of  the  family  vespida^  of  which 

Charleston,  and  remained  in  captivity  till  the  the  old  genus  vema  (Lion.)  is  the  type.    They 

dose  of  the  war.    After  the  war  he  married  are  characterized  by  having  the  upper  winp 

and  settled  in  Charleston,  and  represented  that  folded  longitudinally  when  at  rest,  forming 

district  in  the  state  legislature.    When  Gen.  long  narrow  organs  on  the  sides  of  the  body, 

Washington  took  the  command  of  the  army  in  hence  called  diploptera  ;  the  tongue  is  modeV- 

1798,  he  appointed  Col.  Washington  a  member  ate,  the  antennsa  long,  the  jaws  homy  and  ser- 

of  his  staff  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  rated,  and  the  eyes  notched  or  kidney-shaped ; 

WASHITA,  a  river  of  Arkansas  and  Louisi-  the  body  is  usually  steel-blue  with  yellow  mark- 

ana.    It  rises  in  Polk  co.  in  western  Arkansas,  ings,  and  the  abdomen,  except  in  the  males,  i^ 

flows  E.  to  Hot  Springs  co.,  receiving  on  the  armed  with  a  long,  powerful,  and  venomou-i 

way  numerous  small  tributaries,  and  thence  sting ;  die  legs  have  no  appendages  as  in  the 

continues  first  S.  E.  and  then  S.  W.  to  the  N.  bees  for  collecting  honey ;  their  nests  or  ve5f>i- 

W.  comer  of  Dallas  co. ;  from  that  point  it  aries  are  made  either  under  ground,  or  attached 

takes  a  general  8.  E.  course  to  the  Louisiana  to  the  branches  of  trees  or  the  woodwork  of 

Hne,  whence  it  flows  S.  till  it  enters  the  Bed  houses.    There  are  two  groups  of  wasps,  the 

river  about  80  m.  above  its  mouth.    Its  length  social  and  the  solitary,  the  common  wasp  of 

is  somewhat  more  than  600  m.,  and  it  is  navi-  Europe  (ven>a  vulgaris,  Fabr.)  and  our  hornets 

gable  for  large  steamers  as  far  as  Camden,  800  being  good  examples  of  the  former,  and  our 

m.  above  its  month,  and  for  smaller  steamers  common  mud  wasp  (eumenes  fratema^  Bay)  of 

in  time  of  high  water  to  Arkadelphia  and  the  latter.    The  social  wasps  Uve  in  large  com- 

Bnckport.    Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Sa-  munities,  in  nests  either  in  the  ground  or  on 

line,  Bartholomew,  La  Fourche,  and  Tensas  trees,  most  of  the  individuals  being  sterile  f«- 

on  the  left  bank,  and  the  Little  Missouri  and  males,  the  neuters  or  workers,  which  in  the 

Bayou  d^Arbonne  on  the  right.    Below  its  junc-  perfect  nest  do  most  of  the  work  as  builders, 

tion  with  the  Tensas  it  has  also  the  name  of  soldiers,  providers,  and  nurses ;  the  males  per- 

the  Black  river.  form  no  work,  though,  according  to  the  yonnger 

WASHITA.    I.  A  N.  parish  of  La.,  bounded  Hnber,  they  keep  the  nest  free  from  dirt  and 

S.  E.  by  Bayou  Boeuf,  and  intersected  by  the  rabbish  and  carry  away  the  bodies  of  those 

Washita  river ;  area,  790  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  which  die ;  the  workers  are  winged  and  pro- 

4,727,  of  whom  2,840  were  slaves.    The  pro-  vided  with  stings,  and  are  distinguisbed  from 

ductions  in  1850  were  128,000  bushels  of  Indian  the  females  or  queens  by  their  much  smaller 

com,  19,020  of  sweet  potatoes,  and  8,486  bales  size.    These  nests  rival  those  of  the  bee  in  in- 

of  cotton.    Pine,  oak,  and  hickory  are  very  genuity  of  construction ;  though  well  provided 

abundant.    The  eastern  portion  of  the  Vicks-  with  the  means  of  excavating  a  nest,  tiiey  wiU 

burg,  Bhreveport,  and  Texas  railroad  is  finished  often  make  use  of  the  deserted  bnrrow  of  a 

to  Monroe,  the  capital.    II.  A  S.  W.  co.  of  Ark.,  field  mouse  to  save  themselves  the  trouble  of 

bounded  N.  partly  by  the  Little  Missouri  river,  burrowing.     The  nest  of  the  social  ground 

and  S.  E.  partly  by  the  Washita,  which  also  in-  wasps  has  generally  an  entrance  gallery  abont 

tersects  it;  area,  900  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  12,-  an  inch  in  diameter  and  several  inches  Ions? 

986,  of  whom  4,478  were  slaves.    The  surface  in  a   zigzag  direction,  leading  to  a  central 

is  moderately  hilly  and  the  soil  generally  fer-  chamber  1  to  2  feet  in  diameter  when  finiahed: 

tile.     The  productions  in  1860  were  290,696  for  details  as  to  the  internal  stracture  and  econ> 

bushels  oflndian  com,  66,988  of  peas  and  beans,  omy  of  such  a  nest,  see  ^'Proceedings  of  the 

76,291  of  sweet  potatoes,  8,802  bales  of  cotton,  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  ^^  vol.  Tii.. 

and  42,223  lbs.  of  butter.    Capital,  Camden*  pp.  41 1-418  (Nov.  1860).    The  neet  of  the  social 


260  WATEB 

other  maaaes,  to  a  depth  ind  extent  quite  com-  liquid  blood  which  drciilttea  in  and  nooruh* 
mensnrate  with  those  of  monntaina,  or,  as  in  es  it,  this  result  being,  however,  in  part  dae  to 
parts  of  Greenland,  of  imrnense  table  lands,  lightness  of  the  cereal  fatty  matters.— Pure 
(fiee  Glaoxbb.)  In  the  adriform  condition,  or  water  is  inodorous  and  taiieless.  In  smdl 
that'  of  yapor,  water  continuaU j  exhales  from  masses  or  quantities  it  appears  also  to  be  col- 
the  surfiusea  of  masses  of  it,  and  from  most  orless ;  but  it  is  now  known  that  the  color  is 
bodies  containing  it,  upon  the  surface  of  the  then  merely  inappreciable,  and  that,  however 
earth,  arising  in  inyisible  form,  and  in  such  pure  it  be  made,  water  has,  like  air,  a  proper 
quantities  as  to  maintain  an  atmosphere  of  va*  but  very  faint  color  of  its  own.  Professor 
por,  blended  with  the  conunon  air,  and  which  Tyndall,  who  had  before  shown  that  the  elec- 
onvelops  the  entire  globe  to  a  depth  of  oer-  trie  light  which,  when  simply  thrown  upon  a 
tainly  from  5  to  8  miles;  while  portions  of  white  screen,  is  white,  is  rendered  distinctly 
this  vapor  atmosphere  are  almost  continttally  yellowish  green  or  green  when  thrown  through 
restored  to  the  liquid  condition  and  to  the  sur*  a  thickness  of  20  feet  of  water,  contained  in  a 
i$ce  of  the  earth,  either  in  the  form  of  rain,  tin  tube  of  that  length  and  closed  with  glaa 
haU,  or  snow,  through  the  intermediate  form  of  plates  at  the  ends,  in  1861  repeated  the  experi* 
4doud  (of  which  latter  mist  and  fog  are  also  ex-  ment  with  a  tube  only  16  inches  long  divided 
amplesX  or  directly  in  deposits  of  dew.  (See  lengthwise  and  one  half  filled  with  water ;  tbL« 
Athospbxbb,  Oloud,  Dbw,  Evaporatiok,  Foo,  half  gave  upon  the  screen  a  greenish  semi- 
Hazi.,  Bain,  and  Snow.)  Water  in  the  liquid  circle,  while  that  answering  to  Uie  empty  half 
4iondition,  and  in  more  or  less  continuous  was  white.  It  is  probable  Uiat  the  actual  color 
mass,  exists  also  in  immense  quantities  with-  of  water,  as  of  solutions  experimented  on  in 
in  the  earth,  forming  at  various  deptiis  veins  wedge-shiq>ed  glasses,  varies  with  the  thicbes6 
or  streams,  and  also  more  stationary  collections  or  depth  of  the  mass  observed,  the  change  be- 
within  gravelly  or  other  loose  strata,  and  from  ing  from  a  yellowish  green  or  gneen,  throagh 
any  of  which,  upon  x>erforating  to  them,  it  as-  greenish  blue,  to  a  deep  blue ;  though,  donbt- 
oends  in  the  coomion  or  artesian  wells;  in  less,  a  part  of  the  very  deep  color  assumed  by 
some  instances,  indeed,  it  forms  actual  subter-  the  water  of  the  ocean  is  aue  to  certain  min* 
ranean  rivers  and  lakes;  while  by  capillary  oral  ingredients  in  solution  in  it.  The  color  of 
action  it  is  disseminated  through  and  in  some  ice,  like  that  of  water,  appears  to  range  with 
quantity  retained  in  all  rocks  that  are  suffi-  increasing  thickness  from  greenish  to  blue; 
oiently  porous,  and  probably  all  soils.  Still  while  in  pure  watery  vapor,  whatever  the 
further,  water  becomes  in  various  proportions  thickness,  no  color  has  yet  been  detected. 
a  component  in  many  crystalline  minerals,  its  Since  pure  water  is  itself  taken  as  the  staDdanl 
presence  in  them  being  disguised  by  its  assum-  with  the  weight  of  which  those  of  all  solid  and 
ing  the  solid  state.  Thus,  not  <XDJy  is  water  all  other  liquid  bodies  are  compared,  its  spe- 
one  of  the  chief  inorganic  constituents  of  cific  gravity  is  1.000.  (See  GsAvmr,  Srscino.) 
known  portions  of  the  globe,  but  it  is  also  one  A  cubic  inch  of  pure  water,  at  a  temperatnre 
of  the  substances  most  inflnentiid  in  determin-  of  62°  F.,  and  barometric  pressure  of  80  inches. 
ing  the  physical  condition  in  which  the  globe  weighs  252.468  grs.  troy ;  so  that  its  weight  is 
4a  found  (see  also  Gsoloot),  and  in  fitting  it  almost  precisely  815  times  that  of  air  at  the 
for  the  maintenanoe  of  vegetable  and  animal  like  temperature  and  pressure.  In  ordinary 
life.  Again,  in  both  plants  and  animals  its  calculations,  for  estimating  tlie  weight  of  bod* 
peeenoe  in  very  large  proportion  is,  as  a  rule  ies  by  reference  to  that  of  water,  a  cnbic  foot 
having  few  exceptions,  indispensable  to  all  of  this  liquid  is  conveniently  rated  at  1,000  ol 
those  operations  on  which  the  manifestation  avoirdupois,  or  624  lbs. ;  or  in  the  proportion 
of  life,  with  its  continuance  by  nutrition  and  by  the  French  scales,  and  equidly easyofreten- 
reproduction,  depends.  Of  the  sap  or  common  tion  in  the  memory,  of  one  gramme  weight  to 
Jmoes  of  plants,  and  of  their  fruito  when  these  the  cubic  centimetre  in  measure.  Water  is  aa 
are  not  soHd,  it  constitotes  all  but  a  very  small  extremely  imperfect  conductor  of  heat;  it  is  a 
percentage;  and  in  the  disguised  or  solidified  tolerable  conductor  of  electricity,  thongh  not 
ibna  it  appears  to  be  an  important  component  among  the  best  (See  Elxotbicitt,  and  Hkat.i 
of  the  woody  tissue,  and  of  very  many  vege-  The  index  of  refraction  of  water  (see  Oftic-si 
tabli  produGts,  such  as  starch  and  sugar.  In  is  1.886;  that  of  ice,  1.809.  In  reference  to 
animal,  inclndiing  human  bodies,  like  feots  magnetism,  water  is  one  of  the  diamogoetic 
hold  in  a  still  more  mailed  degree ;  at  least  77  substances,  having  its  place  in  the  scale  above 
parts  in  100  of  human  blood  being  water  un-  gold,  but  below  antimony.  The  temperature 
combiBod,  while  with  that  enclosed  within  the  at  whidi  water  vaporices  in  voliunes,  >•  ^'^ 
tisanea,  and  that  existing  solidified  in  the  same  boils,  is,  as  in  the  case  of  other  liquids,  subject 
and  in  the  organized  materials  of  the  blood,  it  to  great  variation  and  from  several  causes,  the 
results  that  at  the  lowest  estimate  fdll  five  chief  of  these  being  in  the  amount  of  pf^ 
rixths  of  a  living  human  body  is  simply  water,  sure  upon  its  sur&ce  (see  Boiliko  Point,  sd^ 
Indeed,  the  stractnres  of  the  body  contain  wa-  Stbam)  ;  at  a  barometric  pressure  of  29.9*. 
tor  in  the  ratio  in  which  their  activitv  is  great-  inches,  it  is  212°  F.  The  point  at  which  water 
•r;  so  ttiat  the  speoifio  gravity  of  the  appar-  solidifies  or  fireezes  is  susceptible  only  of  ^J 
ently  solid  brain  is  really  less  than  that  of  the  slight  variation ;   it  is,  under  ordinary  condi* 


S82  WATER 

process  is  rapidly  carried  through  the  entire  acid  on  zino  or  iron.  (See  Htdbooht.)   Chlo- 

Yolnme.    Any  excess  of  either  element  over  rine,  under  the  inflnence  of  light,  or  at  &  rod 

the  proportions  stated  remains  nncomhined ;  heat,  comhines  with  the  hydrogen  of  water, 

and  if  the  gases  were  enclosed  in  a  glass  vessel  forming  hydrochloric  add,  and  setting  the  ozj- 

opening  helow  into  mercnry,  their  sndden  dis-  gen  free.   When  water  is  under  oertam  circnm- 

appearance  in  an  extremely  small  volume  of  stances  hrought  in  contact  with  phosphorui 

water  is  rendered  evident  by  the  small  drops  phosphide  of  potassium,  &o.,  both  its  constito- 

or  slight  mist  of  that  liquid  appearing  on  the  ents  enter  separately  into   new  compounds. 

inside  of  the  glass,  while  the  mercury  mounts  But  the  most  convenient  and  readily  imder- 

into  the  vacuum  left,  thus  filling  almost  the  stood  analysis  of  water  is  effected  when  the 

entire  vessel.    Union  of  the  gases  can  also  be  two  poles  of  a  galvanic  battery  of  sufficient  in- 

secured  by  the  heat  evolved  by  sudden  and  tensity  are  made  to  terminate  in  a  body  of  this 

heavy  pressure ;    but  a  gradusJly  increasing  liquid^  rendered  a  conductor  by  being  scidnla- 

pressure,  even  up  to  near  2,250  lbs.  to  the  tea ;  glass  tubes  or  vessels  containing  water 

square  inch,  fails  of  such  effect.    If  a  jet  of  the  being  inverted  over  the  respective  poles,  oxy- 

mixed  gases  be  allowed  to  flow  upon  spongy  gen  is  liberated  and  collected  at  the  positive, 

platinum,  or  upon  a  coil  of  very  fine  platinum  and  hydrogen  at  the  negative  pole,  the  nature 

wire,  or  if  either  of  these  be  introduced  into  of  the  gases  being  readOy  determined,  and  the 

the  mixture,  the  condensation  of  the  gases  upon  volume  of  the  hydrogen  being  just  double  that 

^  or  within  the  pores  of  the  metal  secures  their  of  the  oxygen.     (See  Elbctbo-Dtkamios.)- 

ignition,  with  production  of  water.    In  fact,  it  Water  forms,  with  some  simple  substances, 

is  found  that  a  i)erfectly  clean  strip  of  platinum  and  with  many  acids,  bases,  and  salts,  definite 

introduced  into  the  gases  suffices  to  determine  chemical  compounds,  called  hydrates    Of  the 

Uieir  union ;  and  among  other  substances  hav-  first  sort,  two  are  known,  the  hydrates  of 

ing   the  same   property,  iridium   sponge  or  bromine  and  chlorine,  each  of  which  contain:^ 

^^  black"  is  found  even  more  effective  than  that  10  equivalents  of  water,  and  is  a  solid.   With 

of  platinum;  palladium,  somewhat  less  active ;  almost  every  acid  water  forms  at  least  one 

while  gold  or  silver  suitably  prepared,  copper,  hydrate,  and  with  many  of  them  two  or  more. 

nickel,  cobalt,  iron,  fresh   charcoal,   pumice  Oertain  acids  are  known  only  in  the  condition 

stone,  porcelain,  rock  crystal,  and  glass,  at  va-  of  hydrates.   In  case  of  acids  having  more  than 

nous  temperatures  below  redness,  but  not  ei-  one  hydrate,  that  one  the  number  of  equiva* 

ther  lead  or  mercury,  also  set  up  the  combina-  lents  of  water  in  which  is  equal  to  the  equiva- 

tion  of  the  elements  of  water.    Various  organic  lents  of  base  in  the  normal  salts  of  such  acid, 

substances  in  a  state  of  spontaneous  decompo-  and  in  which  the  water  itself  seems  to  play  the 

sition  also  cause  these  gases  at  common  tem-  part  of  a  base,  is  usually  of  great  stabUitj; 

peratures  to  combine.    When  a  jet  of  hydro-  when  sufficiently  heated,  this  hydrated  acid 

gen  is  ignited  in  oxygen  or  common  air,  it  often  evaporates  undianged,  rather  than  part 

burns  with  a  faint  blui&  flame,  and  water  con-  with  the  water  it  contains.    Of  this  class,  mo- 

denses  on  any  cold  surface,  as  that  of  a  beU  no-hydrated  sulphuric  acid  (SOs,  HO)  is  one  of 

glass,  held  over  it.    Water  in  like  manner  re-  the  best  examples.    The  other  acid  hydrates 

suits  from  the  burning  in  air  of  the  compounds  are  generally  less  stable ;  such  of  them  as  ctjb- 

of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  and  hence  condenses  tallize  part,  when  heated,  with  a  portion  of  the 

on  a  cold  surface  held  over  a  gas  jet,  the  flame  water  combined  with  them,  and  are  eonrerted 

of  a  lamp,  dec.    If  wholly  collected  and  esti-  into  hydrates  of  the  first  class.   Thewat€rthu3 

mated,  in  any  of  these  experiments,  the  weight  apparently  essential  to  the  crysteJline  condi- 

of  the  water  is  precisely  equal  to  the  sum  of  tion,  and  sep^able  by  heat  or  otherwise  with- 

the  weights  of  the  gases  which  disappear  in  out  change  of  the  real  nature  of  the  compound. 

combustion.    The  composition  of  water  is  also  and  the  water  in  like  manner  essential  to  thu 

shown  by  analysis,  i,  e.,  by  the  separation  of  cnrstallization  of  salts,  is  called  **  water  of  cryi»- 

one  or  both  the  elements,  and  in  many  ways,  tallization."    Examples  are  the  equivalents  of 

Water  is  not  decomposable  by  heat  alone ;  but  water  placed  last  in  these  expressions  for  errs- 

several  of  the  non-oxidizable  metals,  and  es-  tallized  sulphuric  add   and  crystallized  sul- 

peoially  platinum,  decompose  it  at  a  very  high  phate  of  magnesia:  8O1,  HO-f  HO,  and  MgO. 

temperature.     The  alkali  metals  at  ordinary  BOi,  H0+6H0.    With  the  alkaline,  alkaline 

temperatores,  carbon,  the  metals  of  the  earths,  earthy,  and  some  other  bases,  water  forms  a 

molybdenum,  chromium,  uranium,  manganese,  series  of  stable  hydrates,  the  number  of  equiy- 

■inc,  tin,  cadmium,  iron,  cobalt,  and  nickel,. at  alents  of  water  equalling  liiose  of  acid  in  their 

a  low  red  heat,  and  antimony,  bismuth,  lead,  normal  salts,  so  that  in  these  it  seems  to  acj 

and  copper,  at  a  strong  red  heat,  take  up  the  as  an  acid.    Examples  are  caustic  potash  and 

oxygen  of  water,  and  liberate  the  hydrogen,  slaked  lime  (EO,  HO,  and  OaO,  HO),  the  first  of 

In  the  presence  of  various  acids,  the  hydrogen  which  evaporates  at  a  red  heat  undecomposed. 

of  water  is  set  free  by  most  of  the  metals  of  Among  the  instances  of  higher  de^es  of  hr- 

the  earths,  by  manganese,  cadmium,  zinc,  tin,  dration,  potash  forms  crystals  containing  5,  and 

iron,  cobalt,  and  nickel;  and  this  principle  is  baryta  0,  equivalents  of  water.     Kearljr  all 

applied  in  the  common  process  for  procuring  salts,  both  simple  and  double,  form  at  least  one 

l^drogen,  namely,  by  action  of  dilute  sulphuric  hydrate,  and  mainy  of  them  two  or  more;  vi 


964  WATER 

moniA,  may  be  almost  entirely  removed.  The  magnena  (Epeom  salts),  d  wliioh  at  906.6^  7. 
introduotion  of  other  soluble  gases,  liquids,  or  644.4  parts  dissolve  in  100  of  water,  to  that  of 
solids  into  the  solution  of  a  gas,  usually  serves  sulphate  of  baryta,  1  part  of  whidi  requires  to 
to  expel  a  part,  and  sometimes  almost  the  dissolve  it  48,000  parts  of  water. — ^As  a  coote- 
whole,  of  the  gas  previously  dissolved.  When  quence  of  the  wide  range  of  solvent  power  ex- 
water  holding  m  solution  Solids,  or  other  liquids,  erted  by  water,  it  necessarily  follows  that  in 
as  in  case  of  sea  water,  wines,  &c.,  freezes,  the  nature  pure  water  is  never  to  be  met  with. 
ice  formed  is  really  almost  perfectly  pure  or  Indeed,  the  vapor  arising  from  the  ocean  carries 
free  from  intermixture ;  and  though  its  crystals  with  it  a  sufficient  quantity  of  common  salt, 
may  mechanically  enclose  a  portion  of  the  sub-  and  perhaps  of  other  minerals  that  are  held  in 
stances  before  dissolved,  these  if  solids  more  solution  in  its  waters,  to  render  a  seando  and 
commonly  separate,  perhaps  concentrated  in  a  an  inland  atmosphere  very  different  in  their 
mother  liquor  which  does  not  freeze ;  while  if  effects  upon  the  human  system,  in  health  and 
liquids,  they  may  separate,  and,  if  the  cold  be  in  disease.  6o,  in  the  first  distillation  of  water 
sufficient,  also  separately  congeal.  Grases  dis-  from  any  source,  a  small  portion  of  the  sub- 
solved  in  water  also  separate  when  the  latter  stances  it  held  in  solution  passes  over  with  it; 
is  frozen,  often  remaining  imprisoned  in  the  and  to  obtain  water  in  a  state  nearly  approach- 
ice,  in  form  of  minute  bubbles.  Li(^uids  gen-  ing  to  absolute  purity,  repeated  distillatioDs 
erally,  if  miscible  with  water,  can  mix  with  it  are  necessary ;  while  even  then  tiie  object 
in  any  proportion ;  a  few  of  them  however,  es-  aimed  at  is  likely  to  be  prevented  by  the  ability 
pecially  among  those  of  an  organic  nature,  as  of  water  to  dissolve  very  minute  Quantities  of 
chloroform,  dissolve  in  water  only  in  fixed  and  the  metal  or  glass  of  vessels  in  wnich  it  may 
generally  small  proportion.  In  reference  to  be  received.  But  if  the  vapor  diffused  in  the 
temperature,  the  solution  of  solids  presents  atmosphere  were  perfectly  pure,  it  must  at  least 
four  cases :  1,  of  certain  solids,  nearly  the  same  from  the  moment  of  condensation,  as  also  Am- 
quantity  is  dissolved  at  all  temperatures,  com-  ing  its  coUtfotion  and  fall  in  rain  dropa^  be  ex- 
mon  salt  deviating  but  slightly  from  this  rule ;  erting  its  solvent  power  for  the  gases  or  other 
2,  most  commonly  the  solubility  increases  with  substances  contained  in  the  atmosphere.  Thus 
temperature,  sometimes  in  direct  proportion  to  rain  water,  even  if  collected  before  touGbingthe 
it,  and  sometimes  much  more  rapidly ;  8,  most  ground,  is  found  to  contain  in  varying  qaanti- 
rarely,  the  solubility  diminishes  wi&  the  rise  ties  carbonic  acid,  nitrogen,  and  oxygen  gases, 
of  temperature,  examples  being  found  in  lime,  and  probably  always  ammonia,  wMle  often  smsll 
citrate  of  lime,  &c.y  solutions  of  which,  satu-  quantities  of  its  carbonate  and  nitrate,  and  of 
rated  in  the  cold,  deposit  part  of  the  dissolved  free  nitric  acid,  con  be  detected.  The  nitric 
salt  when  heated ;  4,  the  solubility  first  in-  acid  and  nitrate  of  ammonia  are  said  to  be 
creases  rapidly  with  temperature,  up  to  a  cer-  found  more  abundantly  during  thunder  storms. 
tain  point,  and  afterward  diminishes,  as  in  case  a  result  which  has  been  referred  to  the  action 
of  crystallized  sulphate  of  soda,  of  which  the  of  electricity  upon  the  elements  present  in  the 
maximumsolubility,  822  parts  of  the  salt  to  100  atmosphere.  A  trace  of  iodine  has  recently 
of  water,  is  at  01.4°  F.,  while  at  217.7°  only  been  detected  in  rain  water,  and  also  in  the 
210.2  parte,  and  at  64.4°  no  more  than  48  parts  water  of  melted  snow  or  elect,  amounting  to 
of  the  salt  dissolve.  Water  which  has  taken  from  i^^  to  ^V  ^^  ^  grain  to  the  cubic  foot  In 
up  as  much  of  any  body  as,  under  its  given  fact,  whatever  ingredients  the  atmosphere  may 
condition  oftemperatureand  pressure,  it  can  dis-  contain  wiU  be  brought  down  in  greater  or 
solve,  is  said  to  be  ^^ saturated"  («'.  «.,  for  such  less  quantity  in  rain  and  snow;  so  that  in  the 
condition) ;  if  from  the  saturated  solution  any  water  of  eitiber,  and  usually  more  in  that  which 
water  be  removed  by  spontaneous  or  artificial  first  falls,  beside  the  substances  above  named. 
evaporation,  a  corresponding  portion  of  the  may  be  found  also  minute  quantities  of  chlo- 
disBolved  substance  must  be  set  free  or  deposit-  rine,  iron,  nickel,  &c.,  often  phosphoric  acid, 
ed  by  it,  and  in  amorphous  or  crystalline  form  especially  (it  is  said)  when  the  wind  blows  from 
aooording  to  the  tendency  of  the  substance  and  the  west,  and  also  a  peculiar  organic  substance, 
the  conditions ;  in  cases  of  the  latter  sort,  some  chemically  different  from  those  afforded  by 
of  the  most  beautiful  specimens  of  crystals  are  plants,  and  which  has  been  named  pyrrhine. 
obtained  by  carefal  evaporation.  Solutions  The  first  rain  which  falls  also  contains  dost, 
ahtMidy  saturated  with  one  substance  can  in  soot,  and  other  foreign  matters  which  were 
many  instances  dissolve  considerable  quantities  suspended  in  the  air,  and  which  it  washes  down 
of  some  other,  the  deposition  of  a  part  of  the  wiui  it  For  this  reason,  the  rain  first  falling. 
first  sometimes,  but  not  always,  attending  the  even  if  directly  caught  by  use  of  the  cleanest 
process;  in  other  cases,  the  addition  of  a  sec-  surfaces  or  vessels,  is  still  highly  impure;  but 
ond  substance  enables  the  solution  to  take  up  these  foreign  matters  being  after  a  time  mainly 
an  additional  qciantity  of  the  first.  Thus,  the  removed,  the  rain,  if  continuing  to  fall,  is  Da°f° 
solubility  of  nitre>  is  increased  by  common  salt  more  nearly  pure,  almost  as  much  so  as  di^ 
or  nitrate  of  lime  V  the  solution ;  and  that  ot  tilled  water,  so  that  for  most  chemical  and 
gypsum  also  by  the  presence  of  common  salt,  many  other  purposes  it  serves  in  place  of  the 
The  degree  of  solubility  of  solids  varies  within  latter.  Dew  has  dissolved  in  it  a  still  Isrger 
wide  limits,  from  that  of  hydrated  sulphate  of  proportion  of  the  gases  found  in  the  atmos* 


906  WATER 

oause.    For  drinking  purposes,  no  water  can  in  either  ease  the  ordinarj  aetion  of  diinkabk 

have  too  mnoh  of  gases,  unless  of  snlphnretted  water  is  replaced  by  an  artiflcial  action  often 

hydrogen,  the  offensive  odor  of  which  sufficient-  availed  of  for  medical  purposes,  the  water  b^ 

ly  excludes  it  from  common  use ;.  but  when  the  comes  of  the  character  commonly  known  u 

saline  constituents  exceed  about  50  grains  to  the  "  mineral."  (See  Minbbax  Watkbb.)    Owiog  to 

g^lon,  the  water  acquires  a  more  decidedly  causes  already  referred  to,  the  water  of  the 

strong  or  mineral  taste,  and  it  may  then  be  re-  ocean  is  in  fact  a  mineral  water,  and  one  of  the 

gard^  as  abnormal,  and  proportionally  unfit  most  remarkable  of  its  cUlm.    Its  sidine  con- 

for  drinking.    Even  with  a  less  quantity,  this  stituents  range  from  the  0.08218  to  the  0.03718 

is  true  when  the  salts  are  mainly  the  oar-  part  of  its  weight,  its  specific  gravity  varjing 

bonate  and  sulphate  of  lime,  these  substances  from  1.0284  to  1.0286.   According  toDanbenj, 

acting  to  derange  the  digestive,  absorbent,  and  the  quantity  of  salts  in  the  ocean  is  greater  to 

'secretory  organs,  and  tending  to  the  produc-  the  south  than  to  the  north  of  the  equator,  the 

tion  of  various  forms  of  disease,  among  which  medium  saltness  and  density  being  near  that 

dyspepsia,  constipation,  gravel,  and  stone  are  line ;  and  these  facts  are  readily  explained  bj 

prominent.    Such  effects  are  experienced  more  the  much  less  proportion  in  which  the  water 

especially  by  persons  previously  unaccustom-  of  rivers  is  discharged  into  the  sonthem  seas. 

ad  to  the  use  of  such  waters;  as  in  the  case  A  like  principle  holds  in  reference  to  iJl  Ii^es 

of  those  removing  from  the  granite  soils  of  and  inlaod  seas,  the  waters  of  these  varyiDg 

New  England  to  the  limestone  regions  of  many  very  much  in  composition,  according  as  thej 

of  the  western  states.    It  is  the  salts  of  lime  possess  a  free  or  imperfect  outlet,  or  none. 

and  magnesia,  particularly  (both  as  most  com-  Thus,  the  water  of  some  inland  lakes,  as  thon 

mon  and  as  most  effective)  the  former,  that  give  of  the  chain  lying  north  of  the  United  States, 

to  certain  waters,  and  more  commonly  those  of  differs  scarcely  at  all  from  river  water;  wbere- 

wells,  springs,  and  rivers  in  limestone  districts,  as,  on  the  other  hand,  the  most  exaggerated 

the  quality  known  as  ^'  hardness."    The  lime  saltness  occurs  in  the  case  of  lakes  fed  by  wa- 

and  magnesia  of  such  water,  upon  the  intro-  ters  highly  charged  with  saline  maUers,  and 

duction  of  any  ordinary  soap,  decompose  the  having  no  outlet.    Such  is  the  case  with  the 

latter,  taking  by  substitution  the  place  of  the  Dead  sea';  the  waters  of  its  solitary  river,  the 

aoda  or  potash  which  was  its  base,  and  thus  Jordan,  constantly  discharged  into  it,  contain 

farming  in  fact  with  the  fatty  acids  a  lime  or  about  75  grains  of  solid  matters  to  the  gallon: 

magnesia  aoap,  which  being  insoluble  is  precip-  but  as  very  little  of  this  can  return  by  erapora- 

itated,  and  appears  in  the  water  as  a  white  tion  to  the  atmosphere,  there  is  a  constant  ac- 

curdy  matter.    Thus  the  cleansing  property  of  cumulation  of  salts  in  t^e  waters  of  this  sea, 

ordinary  suds  is  not  obtained ;  the  precipitated  until  the  quantity  is  now  no  less  than  2^600 

lime  soap  is  greasy  and  tenacious,  and  it  not  grains  of  solid  constituents  to  the  gallon,  be* 

only  fails  to  cleanse,  but  entering  the  interstices  side  that  saline  deposits  occur  in  the  mnd  about 

of  cloths,  or  in  bathing  obstinately  closing  the  its  margins,  and  upon  its  bed.    Thus  also  > 

pores  of  the  surface,  it  communicates  also  a  lake  lately  discovered  in  northern  Anstralia, 

hard  and  rough  feeling.  Hence  it  is  that  '*  hard  and  having  no  outlet,  is  highly  charged  with 

waters"  are  rightly  considered  unfit  for  use  in  saline  matters ;  and  the  waters  of  tibe  Elton 

washing,  aa  they  really  are  for  bathing  or  drink-  lake,  in  Russia,  the  length  of  which  ia  11  miles, 

ing,  unless  means  be  taken  to  render  them  soft ;  breadth  8,  and  average  depth  16  inches,  shov 

and  hence  also  it  is  that  the  attempt  to  make  a  crust  of  saline  matters  due  to  evaporation,  so 

any  water  wash  with  soap,  or  the  use  of  the  that  they  appear  even  in  summer  as  if  covered 

toap  test,  readily  determines  in  this  respect  the  with  snow.  (See  also  Gbeat  Salt  Lass.)  The 

quality  of  water,  and  its  fitness  for  any  of  the  waters  of  the  Caspian  sea,  into  which  a  large 

purposes  named.    This  soap  test  consisto  in  body  of  fresh  water  is  discharged,  and  which  hx 

observing  the  quantity  of  a  prepared  solu-  probably  a  subterranean  outlet,  have  bnt  6i94 

tion  of  soap,  which  must  be  added  to  a  given  *  parts  of  salme  matters  to  the  1,000,  and  a  ^ 

measure  of  water,  in  order  to  produce  a  per-  cific  gravity  of  1.00589 ;  while  those  .of  the  ses 

manent  lather.    The  holding  m  solution  in  of  Azof  have  of  solid  ingredients  11.879  parts 

considerable  quantity  of  carbonate  of  lime,  the  to  the  1,000,  specific  gravity  1.0097;  the  corre* 

most  usual  constituent  of  a  hard  water,  requires  spending  numbers  for  the  Black  sea  being  1 7.666 

the  presence  in  the  water  of  some  excess  of  and  1.01865.  €!ertain  salt  lidces  in  Armenia  aad 

free  carbonic  add,  without  which  this  salt  is  Egypt  contain  in  solution  a  large  qaantitr  of 

but  sparingly  soluble ;  hence,  by  boiling  for  carbonate  and  sulphate  of  soda,  and  by  tfa^ 

some  time,  the  carbonic  acid  being  mainly  ex-  evaporation  fhmish   a  saline  mixture  called 

polled,  the  lime  is  deposited,  forming  the  scale  natron.     The  add  springs  of  New  Grana^ 

or  incrustetion  upon  the  inside  of  kettles  and  of  Canada,  and  of  certain  parts  of  the  United 

of  steam  boilers  m  which  such  waters  are  re-  Stetes,  derive  their  property  and  name  from 

peatedly  boiled. — Whenever  the  quantity  of  sa-  the  considerable  Quantities  of  free  mineral  acids, 

line  matters  or  acids  of  any  kind  is  sudi  as  to  most  commonly  uie  sulphuric,  which  they  con- 

impart  to  water  a  very  distinct  taste,  or  when  tain.  According  to  Profoasor  Porter^s  analvsii^ 

the  temperature  of  springs  is  by  causes  operat-  one  gallon  of  the  water  of  the  Oak  Orchard  acid 

ing  within  the  earth  unusually  elevated,  so  that  springs,  in  the  town  of  Alabama  in  wastein 


S68  WATER 

anlmalB  impart  their  ezeretionB  to  the  water  tare  discharges  the  color  from  much  of  that 
in  which  they  live,  yet  these  are  either  simply  reagent.    Of  all  waters,  tiiose  of  stagnant  poob 
saline,  entering  like  other  saline  sabstanoes  into  and  of  marshes  most  abound  in  foreign  ind 
solution  in  the  water,  and  no  more  hnrtftd ;  or,  deleterious  materials,  especially  those  of  v«g». 
so  far  as  they  are  organic,  they  are  in  a  con*  table  and  animal  origin.    They  commonlj  con- 
dition in  which  they  rapidly  decompose  into  tain  and  emit  mephitic  gases,  and  are  to'be  ra- 
the simplest  and  equally  innoxious  compounds,  garded  as  always  extremely  unwholesome,  h 
The  creatures  referred  to,  however,  by  subsist-  connection  with  the  subject  of  such  vatemthe 
ing  on  those  smaller  than  themselves,  and  by  in  results  of  observations  by  Dr.  G.  0.  Wittet^io, 
many  instances  consuming  animal  and  vege*  lately  presented  before  the  Bavarian  academy, 
table  matters  in  the  earlier  stages  of  decay  in  possess  much  interest.    The  tendency  to  some 
thewater,  unquestionably  preserve  it  in  a  purer  shade  of  brown,  sometimes  almost  black,  of 
state  than  it  would  otherwise  possess.    Thus,  marsh  waters  or  those  of  rivers  into  wEich  they 
the  popular  opinion  respecting  the  advantage  largely  enter,  is  well  known ;  andDr.  Wittstein 
of  having  frogs  or  fish  in  wells  and  springs  is  is  led  to  conclude  tiiat  this  color  is  due  to  &« 
eorrect;  and  on  a  larger  scale,  though  far  less  presence  in  such  water  of  the  ulmic  or  geic 
effectually  in  the  comparison,  the  creatures  acids  (products  of  vegetable  decay,  and  ingre- 
named  contribute  to  the  purity  of  lakes  and  dients  of  humus ;  see  Aorioultukal  Chkmib* 
streams.    Among  the  foreign  matters  of  river  trt)  held  in  solution  by  alkalies.    The  amount 
water,  which  may  be  classed  among  those  held  of  alkiali,  itself  dependent  on  the  nature  of  the 
.    in  suspension,  and  which  are  less  obvious  than  bed  or  rock  witii  which  the  water  comes  in 
those  above  named,  and  often  wholly  invisible,  contact,  may  thus  determine  the  quantity  of 
are  living  organisms,  such  as  microscopic  alga),  dissolved  ulmine,  and  hence  t^e  color  of  the 
tlie  decomposing  substance  of  larger  plants,  and  water.    Such  waters  will  therefore  be  soft  u 
animalcules.     Any  of  these,  along  with  the  well  as  impure.  Any  deviation  from  the  proper 
bodies  of  fish,  &c,  if  allowed  to  undergo  gradual  bluish  color  of  water  toward  brown  will  shov 
decay  in  the  water,  result  on  their  way  to  the  the  presence  of  the  ulmic  acids;  and  if  the  wa- 
simplest  and  harmless  combinations,  as  carbonic  ter  is  running,  so  that  it  is  continually  renewed, 
acid,  ammonia,  ^^,  in  stages  and  forms  of  pu-  it  may  be  assumed  also  to  be  softer  as  its  color 
trescent  materials  that,  taken  in  certain  quan-  approaches  brown,  and  harder  as  it  is  more 
titles  or  for  considerable  time  into  the  human  nearly  blue.    In  the  way  of  rendering  marshy 
mrstem,  are  known  to  be  productive  of  disease,  waters  less  unwholesome,  the  substitotion  of 
To  remove  such  matters  from  the  water,  how-  an  active  for  an  effete  Tegetation  is  advantage 
ever,  and  return  them  nearly  or  quite  reduced  ous,  as  diminishing  both  the  decaying  matters 
to  the  harmless  forms  already  referred  to,  even  and  noxious  gases ;  and  the  growth  in  them  of 
the  various  species  of  animalcules  codperate  plants  of  a  bitter  or  astringent  kind,  as  bog* 
with  the  larger  creatures  living  in  the  water,  bean  and  tormentil,  is  said  greatly  to  lessen  the 
80  far  as  any  hurtful  effect  of  the  animalcules  tendency  to  disease  in  cattle  drinking  the 
tiiemselves  upon  the  digestive  organs  or  the  waters. — ^The  abundance  of  water  furnished  by 
general  healtn  is  concerned,  it  may  safely  be  small  lakes  and  by  rivers,  baa  always  present- 
said  that  the  impression  created  in  regard  to  ed  an  inducement  to  the  inhabitants  of  large 
them  among  the  residents  of  certain  cities  has  towns  to  secure  from  such  sources  their  need- 
extremely  slight  grounds  in  fact,  and  is  due  fhl  supply ;  and  the  practical  resort  to  the«e 
mtunly  to  the  exaggerations  of  interested  par-  sources  is  recently  becoming  more  common. 
ties.    It  is  more  agreeable  certainly  to  be  able  (See  Aqueduct.)    From  the  view  of  the  many 
to  remove  both  these  and  the  suspended  organic  and  variable  accidental  constituents  of  lake  and 
and  earthy  matters  that  may  be  present  in  the  river  waters  which  has  now  been  presented,  it 
river  or  lake  waters  now  in  use  in  many  cities,  will  be  evident  that  considerations  of  palatable* 
and  this  is  accomplished  by  passing  the  water  ness  and  wholesomeness  of  the  water  render 
through  proper  filters ;  but  the  chief  benefits  the  selection  of  the  source  to  be  resorted  to  in 
of  this  process  are  often  in  the  removal  of  the  a  given  case  a  matter  of  much  importance,  if 
really  deleterious  organic  matters,  which,  how-  not  difficulty.    The  waters  should  be  as  free 
ever,  the  public  are  not  able  so  readily  to  com-  as   practicable  firom    organic   matters ;  they 
prebend.    Doubtless  some  of  the  smaller  ani-  should  not  be  too  hard,  and  they  should  be 
malcules  pass  through  any  ordinary  filter;  and  brisk.     When  the  streams  contain  many  or 
as  their  ova  and  vegetable  germs  can  pass  peculiar  adventitious  substances,  especially  such 
through  all,  both  may  reappear  in  water  that  as  the  wastage  of  factories  or  chemical 'works, 
has  been  filtered  and  is  then  kept,  as  for  a  sea  or  those  of  the  most  revolting  character,  in* 
voyage.  Of  decaying  animal  and  vegetable  sub-  eluding  the  bodies  of  dead  animals  and  the 
stances,  the  former,  as  containing  more  nitro-  sewage  of  towns,  they  are  obviously  wholly 
gen,  and  tending  more  to  putrefactive  change,  unfit  for  use.    Yet  even  such  waters  are  in  a 
are  the  most  objectionable.    For  detecting  such  few  instances  largely  consumed,  as  in  case  of 
substances,  no  test  short  of  analysis  can  be  per-  the  Thames  water  used  in  parts  of  London, 
fectly  relied  on ;  but  as  a  solution  of  perman-  The  table  following  presents  the  resolt^  of 
ganate  of  potash  is  decomposed  and  decolorized  analyses  of  waters  of  various  parts  of  ^^ 
by  it,  it  is  safest  to  reject  water  which  on  mix-  United  States  and  of  Europe,  as  taken  from 


WATEB  269 

w^  riretB,  and  ponds,  eepeeiuJfy  mich  among  near  Exeter,  the  latter  near  Twickenham.  Noa. 
th«  latter  as  are  resorted  to  for  the  soppl j  of  50  to  65,  inclnaiye,  are  waters  of  rivers  pro- 
viler  to  towaa.  In  the  analyses  numhered  1  to  oeeding  from  glaciers.  No.  62  is  an  example 
UiaeliBNe,  the  nnmbers  standing  in  the  col-  of  water  containinff  an  nnosnal  amount  of  sal- 
mns  under  each  oonstitnent  represent  so  many  phate  of  lime,  and  iTo.  63  of  a  very  highly  cal- 
gnins  or  parta  of  a  grain  of  that  constituent  in  a  careons  water. — Owing  to  the  large  nmnher  of 
pSha  of  the  particular  sample  of  water,  named  hases,  acids,  or  salts,  or  of  two  or  more  of  these 
IB  the  same  horizontal  line  at  the  left ;  in  classes  of  compounds,  that  are  usually  pres- 
tiM  ramaining  analyses,  the  figures  denote  the  ent  together  in  any  natural  water,  whether  of 
pereentage  of  the  constituent,  or  the  number  of  ordinary  or  of  mineral  character,  the  process 
pvts  of  it  in  100  of  the  water.  Beside  the  sub-  of  analysis  of  a  water  of  either  sort  is  among 
ftanees  in  the  table,  water  No.  14  contains  0.278  the  most  tedious  and  difficult.  Gaseous  oon- 
ofIiiB6^0.S56  of  magnesia,  0.498  of  potash,  and  stituents  must  be  determined  first,  and  they 
0.17S  of  so^  combined  with  BiUca  and  organic  are  best  known  when  the  water  is  freshly 
Dsttor.  No.  SO  has  also  carbonate  of  po^Eish ;  taken  from  its  source.  By  eyi4>orating  a 
No.  t1, 6.015  nitrate  of  lime,  and  2.138  nitrate  known  yolnme  of  the  water,  drying  the  resi- 
of  magnesia;  No.  80,  1.00  silicate  of  potash,  due  at  212"^  F.,  and  weighing,  the  total  amount 
0.908  nlicate  of  Hme,  and  0.5  silicate  of  mag-  of  fixed  matters  is  ascertainc^d.  Drying  at  800^ 
Doia;  No.  85,  no  chloride  of  aluminum;  No.  if  organic  matter  be  present  in  the  residue,  it 
M.  4.06  silica,  and  0.44  silicate  of  potash ;  No.  will  char ;  and  on  being  ignited  in  presence  of 
59, 00  oxide  of  manganese ;  No.  60,  some  car-  air,  the  carbon  will  bum  off;  weighing  after 
boQite  of  potash ;  No.  68,  some  phosphate  of  ignition,  the  loss  in  weight  will  give  a  near 
Twnganmie,  carbonate  of  potash,  crenate  and  improximatlon  to  the  amount  of  organic  matter 
ipocreaate  ot  iron.  Nos.  8, 4,  5,  6,  and  7  are  the  water  contained.  The  remainder,  or  min- 
iittljws  made  by  Prof  Bei^amin  Billiman,  Jr.,  era!  portion  of  the  residue,  can  then  be  qnanti- 
m  1645,  for  the  authorities  of  Boston,  on  the  tatively  analyzed  in  the  manner  pursued  with 
oocMion  of  selecting  the  source  of  supply  of  any  mixture  of  minenda ;  or  to  determine  the 
▼Iter  for  that  cityy  No.  8  being  the  one  finally  several  ingredienta,  separate  portions  of  the 
dnsa.  ^tedmen  No.  5  was  taken  at  Water-  water  may  be  successively  taken. — ^As  already 
town,  MiaL,  and  No.  6  at  South  Natick.  Noa.  shown,  the  composition  cf  the  waters  of  rivers 
1 10,  sad  11  are  from  ferruginous  clay,  otcp-  often  variea  greatly  in  different  parts  of  their 
Ijing  rsd  sandstone,  9  and  11  being  very  hard  course;  and  obviously,  eonsiderable  variation 
vtten.  No.  12  is  fit>m  Fairmount  foid,  the  must  in  most  instances  occur  with  the  changes 
priae^  aonroe  of  water  supply  for ThQadel-  of  the  seasons.  Thus  the  Kh6ne  near  Geneva 
pbin  No.  18  ia  the  water  supplied  to  Trenton,  (analysis  No.  48)  in  April,  though  containing 
!?.  J.  Nos.  15,  17,  IS,  19,  and  20  are  from  so  almoat  precisely  the  same  percentage  of  sol- 
■taj  sad  the  main  sources  of  water  supply  of  uble  constituents  aa  near  Lyons  in  February, 
UodoB.  Of  this,  19,907,480  gallons  per  dav  are  differs  entirely  in  their  distribution,  having  at 
^erirsd  from  the  Th«nes,  and  25,978,445  gallons  the  former  place  only  about  half  aa  much  car- 
from  other  sooroes  exclusive  of  wells.  No.  16  bonate  of  lune  as  at  the  latter,  but  more  than 
a  from  the  greensand  formation^  and  has  been  twice  as  large  a  proportion  of  sulphates,  be- 
pnposed  for  the  supply  of  London.  No.  21  is  side  2.88  parts  of  sinca^  which  at  Lyons  haa 
from  Hlghgaie  hill,  and  the  enormous  proper-  completely  disappeared.  The  analyses  of  the 
te  of  nitrates  contained  in  it  is  to  be  ao-  Mouse  (Nos.  89  and  40)  present  similar  flusts; 
oonated  for  by  its  contiguity  to  an  old  and  ex-  while  those  of  the  ^5ne  (Nos.  41  and  42) 
tcsBfv  ehurehyard.  No.  84  is  from  an  arte-  ahow  the  variations  at  opposite  aeaaona. 
>a  wdl  ia  the  London  baon,  and  ia  of  excel-  Those  of  the  Rhine  (Nos.  85  and  86),  though 
^ooafity.  No.  23  supplies  Aberdeen;  No.  taken  at  the  same  season  and  at  the  same 
^.  Perth ;  Noa.  28,  29,  and  80,  the  towns  place  (Bonn),  show  the  difference  of  oompoa- 
ABned  in  the  table;  Nos.  80  and  81,  Glasgow;  tion  between  a  river  in  time  of  fiood  and 
vbfle  Ko.  88  waa  proposed  for  the  last  named  when  low  and  clear.  When  a  river  passes 
^^  Hosu  85  to  43,  and  45  to  58,  inclusive,  through  a  large  town,  owing  to  tlie  great 
■«  rirer  waters^  In  case  of  No.  85,  the  river  amount  of  both  organic  and  mineral  substances 
Vt  the  time  swollen  and  turbid;  of  86,  which  is  certain  to  find  its  way  into  it,  espe- 
tt  VIS  low  and  clear.  In  case  of  No.  87,  taken  dally  if  the  town  happens  to  be  a  manufactur- 
^  Vienna,  the  river  was  tolerably  dear ;  ing  one,  very  considerable  changea  in  compo- 
^<x  38,  near  Hamburg,  turbid ;  No.  89,  near  altion  may  take  place  within  a  very  short  space, 
nichit,  and  40,  near  Arendonck.  No.  41  was  Thus  the  Seine,  which  before  entering  raria 
V^'^cared  near  Lyona,  in  July,  and  42  in  Feb-  contains  only  ^  per  cent  of  mineral^  Ingre- 
'^■T :  Ko.  43,  near  Geneva,  in  April ;  Na  45,  dienta,  haa  nearly  doubled  this  proportion  be- 
^  Touloiise,  in  July ;  Na  46,  near  Orleans;  fore  leaving  it,  and  has  also  much  increased 
^  47,  above  Paria.  In  case  of  Nos.  48  and  ita  impregnation  with  organic  matter.  The 
L^  l^fga  proportion  of  common  aalt  and  Thames  near  London,  though  differing  less  in 
^JpMs  of  Ume,  snd  the  small  ouantity  of  car-  the  quantity  of  mineral  ingredients  above  and 
f^^  of  ikne,  show  clearly  a  d^ree  of  mix-  below  ihe  city,  receives  so  much  organic  mat- 
^  ^Mi  water;  tiio lomer  aample  was  taken  ter  from  aewers,  fisctories,  dec,  some  of  which 


270 


WATER 


PlMCf. 

0^8 

«    1 

0     a 

BpMlfie 

gTBTlty. 

i 

P 

8 

h 

gf 

ft. 

II 

fta 

i 

1^ 

ll 

I 

i 

i! 

0 

ii 

^    8 

0 

0 

e 

0 

ID 

1.  Croton 

■  • 

17.418 

1.000060 

•  • 

0.167 

0.872 

m  ■ 

ai66 

•  • 

0.166 

0.286 

ft  • 

a* 

2.  Brooklyn 

•  • 

•  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  ■ 

0.244 

0.120 

0.828 

•  • 

a  • 

a  • 

aiso 

0S8S 

«• 

&  CoehltuAte 

•  • 

10.719 

1.000118 

a088 

0.082 

0.081 

0.076 

a  a 

•  a 

a  a 

a  a 

0.108 

ft  • 

i.  Spot  pond 

m  m 

9.616 

1.000090 

•  • 

a897 

a  • 

a  a 

■  ■ 

a  a 

0.228 

a  a 

a  a 

»  , 

6.  CnarfeB  river,  Masa. . . .  A 

&058 

0.999840 

•  ■ 

0.198 

•  a 

•  a 

a  a 

0.061 

a088 

a68i 

0185 

ft  « 

H           u               u            u 

0.464 

1.000062 

•  • 

0.156 

0.042 

•  • 

a  • 

a  a 

a8Re 

a26i 

•  ft 

., 

7.  UjeUe  pond 

10.818 

L000640 

0.169 

27.911 

0.164 

•  a 

•  a 

a  a 

a  a 

aiS2 

ijm 

a448 

a  Well,  Hartlbrd 

•  « 

1.000610 

■  • 

1L162 

6.622 

2J»6 

a  a 

a  ■ 

a  a 

a9Q2 

a  a 

•  « 

9.      «          •*       

•  • 

1.000100 

«  • 

•  • 

2.282 

L272 

a  a 

a  • 

•  • 

1.744 

•  • 

.  . 

10.     "          «       

•  • 

1.001060 

•  • 

16.481 

ia498 

2.419 

a  ■ 

•  • 

•  • 

a208 

9» 

.  . 

11.  Schnylkill 

8.879 

1.000016 

•  ■ 

0.147 

m  • 

0.009 

•  • 

a  • 

•  a 

•  a 

0.067 

, . 

12.  DelawAre 

•  • 

1.000710 

0.012 

0.107 

a  ■ 

•  • 

•  • 

•  a 

a 

ai86 

a  ft 

18.  Sprintr,  Trenton 

14.  Red  river 

•  • 

a999720 

1.021 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

a  a 

a  a 

a  a 

aoo9 

a  • 

. , 

•  • 

•  «  •  • 

«  • 

88.100 

•  • 

•  a 

•  • 

a  • 

•  • 

8aioo 

80200 

.. 

16.  Thames 

m  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  • 

1.560 

•  • 

a  • 

a  a 

•  • 

•  a 

a780 

a  ft 

■  • 

16.  Famham 

•  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  • 

0.980 

•  • 

«  a 

•  • 

a480 

0.070 

1810 

a  ft 

ft  ■ 

17.  New  river 

14.490 

•  •  •  • 

•  • 

1780 

•  e 

■  a 

a  a 

1.110 

1.480 

8.280 

■  a 

■  • 

1&  E.  London  Water  Oa  . . 

12.8S0 

•  •  •  • 

•  • 

1.760 

•  a 

•  a 

m  a 

1.260 

a940 

a880 

a  a 

•  • 

19.  Kent  Water  Co. 

10.160 

•  •  •  • 

0.660 

2.240 

•  • 

a  • 

•  a 

a  a 

a  a 

ai60 

a  a 

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272  WATER 

18  dissolved,  while  mnoh  is  only  held  in  sns-  that  ail  the  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths,  alami- 
pension,  as  to  render  it  highly  offensive  at  na,  the  oxides  of  iron,  manganese,  zino,  copper, 
some  seasons,  though  previously  to  entering  ana  many  other  metals,  carhonio,sQlphiiric,BQl- 
London  it  is  a  water  of  excellent  quality.    A  phurous,  nitric,  phosphoric,  boracic,  silicic  and 
general  view  of  the   composition  of  rivers  nydrosulphuric  acids,  chlorine,  bromine,  io^ne, 
wows  carbonate  of  Ume  to  be  their  principal  fluorine,  sulphur,  hydrogen,  oarburetted  IiTdro- 
mineral  constituent^  generally  amounting  to  gen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen,  as  well  as  Tarions 
one  half  of  the  entire  solid  residue  of  tbe  organic  substances,  are  to  be  found  in  one  or  the 
water,  and  sometimes  forming  ^  of  it;   and  other  of  them.    The  longer  the  water  remsiDs 
this  we  find  to  be  the  very  substance  which  is  in  contact  with  tbe  rocks,  the  greater  is  geoer- 
continually  withdrawn  from  sea  water  for  the  ally  the  quantity  dissolved ;  but  cbloride  of  so- 
production  of  the  shells  of  moUusks  and  cms-  dium  and  sulphate  of  lime,  received  while  p&»* 
taceans,  and  the  structures  of  the  coral  ani-  ing  through  beds  of  salt  or  gypsun  (see  Salt), 
mals.    It  has  been  estimated  that  the  quantity  are  the  only  substances  with  which  it  becomes 
of  this  salt  annually  carried  into  the  sea  by  the  saturated.    In  limestone  regions,  the  continoed 
Bhine  is  sufficient  for  the  formation  of  the  percolation  of  the  water  suffices  to  remore 
shells  of  882,539  millions  of  oysters.    Next  to  considerable  portions  of  the  rocks,  fonning 
carbonate  of  lime,  its  sulphate,  or  gypsum,  occurs  great  caverns ;  as  in  the  case  of  the  Mammoth 
most  abundantly  in  river  waters,   ^ing  much  cave  of  Kentucky,  and  of  many  of  tho8«  in 
more  soluble  than  the  carbonate,  it  would  be  the  German  mountains ;  while  in  some  ingtances 
found  in  much  larger  proportion,  were  it  not  the  surface  of  the  ground  is  from  such  caase 
that  rocks  containing  it  bear  an  exceedingly  eventually  made  to  fall  in.    Bischof  has  calcn- 
small   proportion   to   limestone   rocks  ;    but  lated  that  the  springs  and  rivers  of  the  Temo- 
wherever  they  exist,  the  rivers  passing  over  burger  forest  and  the  Haarstrang  remote  anon* 
them  become  impregnated.    Thus  the  Arve,  allymore  than  1,000,000  cubic  feet  of  limestone: 
which,  taking  its  rise  in  the  valley  of  Oha-  and  that  the  Fader  springs  alone  could  remon 
mouni,  comes  in  contact  with  the  great  masses  in  67  days  a  cone  of  limestone  150  feet  in  di- 
of  gypsum  of  the  western  side  of  Mont  Blanc,  ameter  at  the  base  and  25  feet  high.    Though. 
contains  6.5  parts  of  sulphate  of  lime  and  6.2  save  in  some  mineral  waters,  usually  present  in 
parts  of  sulphate  of  magnesia  to  8.8  parts  of  very  smidl  quantity,  common  salt  is  still,  with 
carbonate  of  lime  (analysis  55^ ;  and  the  Red  the  exception  of  carbonate  of  limc^  the  mo$t 
river,  after  traversing  the  plains  of  the  Llano  invariably  present  constituent  of  spring  w&t(r^ 
Estacado,  much  of  the  surface  of  which  is  cov-  Its  quantity  is  however  usually  only  sach  as  to 
ered  with  thick  beds  of  gypsum,  holds  in  solu-  aid  in  imparting  palatableness  to  the  wat^r, 
tion  .00185  of  its  weight  of  sulphate  of  Bme,  without  giving  an  appreciable  taste.   Springs 
sulphate  of  magnesia,  and  chloride  of  sodium  near  the  sea  in  many  instances  receive  a  snffi 
in  nearly  equal  proportions,  without  any  car-  cient  influx  of  uncorrected  sea  water  to  be  r€ii* 
bonate  of  lime.    The  chlorides  but  rarely  form  dered  brackish ;  while  on  the  other  band  thtire 
a  considerable  part  of  the  constituents  of  rivers,  are  numerous  instances  of  springs  of  perfectly 
unless  near  their  mouths,  where  some  mixture  fresh  water  rising  at  greater  or  less  distance? 
with  sea  water  has  taken  place,  as  in  the  analy-  from  shore  in  the  midst  of  the  waters  of  the 
ses  of  the  Thames  and  Exe  (Nos.  48  and  49).  ocean  ;   of  these,  some  remarkable  and  long 
If  the  case  were  the  reverse,  a  continual  and  celebrated  examples  occur  In  the  gulf  of  Hex- 
rapid  accumulation  of  salt,  &c.,  would  take  ico. — ^The  applications  and  uses  of  water  are  so 
Elace  in  the  ocean,  since  the  clilorides  are  not  multifarious,  that  any  difficulty  in  the  ca^e 
ir^ly  removed  by  marine  animals  and  plants,  must  be  rather  in  the  way  of  finding  any  oper- 
as IS  the  case  with  the  carbonate  and  sulphate  ations,  either  of  nature  or  of  art,  in  which  it  is 
of  lime.    The  organic  matters  carried  into  the  not  present,  and  does  not  play  an  important 
sea  by  rivers  are  by  no  means  insignificant  in  part.    If  the  air  were  deprived  of  moisture,  it 
quantity ;   and  they  probably  co6perate  with  would  be  harsh  and  irritating  when  breathed; 
tnose  produced  by  the  death  of  marine  animals  without  the  presence  of  water  in  soils,  that 
and  plants,  in  decomposing  the  excess  of  sul-  ultimate  oonuninution,  or  perhaps  solntion,  of 
phates,  and  restoring  the  equilibrium  of  com-  their  materials,  requisite  to  their  entrance  into 
position  in  sea  water.    The  water  of  lakes,  the  rootlets  of  plants,  would  be  impossible; 
agreeing  generally  with  that  of  the  principal  and  finally  water  becomes  the  indi^ns&bje 
rivers  which  feed  them,  can  but  seldom  present  solvent  and  vehicle  by  presence  of  which  odIv 
any  prominent  peculiarity  of  composition  (see  can  the  materials  of  nutrition  be  introdnced 
analyses  Koa.  48  and  44).    The  water  of  Lough  within  the  vessels  of  either  vegetable  or  ani- 
Neagh  in  Ireland,  which  has  the  property  of  mal  bodies,  or  can  there  undergo  the  requisite 
petrifying  wood,  or  rather  of  causing  its  im-  changes,  be  conveyed  to  the  tissues  to  be  noor- 
pregnationwith  iron,  contains  ty.Ivt  P&rii  only  ished,  and,  when  in  the  animal  system  fiDail; 
of  soluble  constituents,  y',  part  of  this  being  per-  broken  down  and  rendered  effete,  be  again  ab- 
oxide  of  iron,  and  about  }  of  it  suspended  mat-  sorbed,  conveyed  to  the  organs  of  excretion, 
ters,  chiefiy  oxide  of  iron.    Spring  waters,  in  and  cast  without  tiie  domain  of  life.    Tbiis, 
their  passage  through  various  ro<^  come  in  water  is  in  every  way  indispensable  to  tbe 
contact  with  so  great  a  variety  of  substances,  very  continuance  of  vegetable  and  animal  ex* 


274  WATER 

more  pure,  though  hj  loss  of  their  gases  left  among  the  oonstitnents  of  which  are  calcarcoos 
eyen  more  flat  and  mipalatable  than  before,  salts  in  considerable  amount. — ^The  secaiiog  of 
It  is  said  that  marsh  waters  may  be  in  many  an  abundant  supply  of  fresh  water  at  sea  is  an 
instances  so  far  improved  as  to  fit  them  for  objectof  great  importance,  but  at  the  same  time 
drinking  and  culinary  use,  by  previously  steep-  one  very  diflScult  of  attainment.  Fresh  water 
ing  in  them  certain  herbs,  or  by  rubbing  the  stored  in  casks  or  tanks  in  the  hold  of  a  ship 
inside  of  the  kettles  they  are  to  be  boiled  in  soon  becomes  very  offensive ;  though  the  or- 
witii  bitter  seeds  or  herbs.  For  this  purpose  ganic  matters  usuaUy  complete  their  decompo- 
the  tea  plant  is  employed  by  natives  of  China  sition  within  a  monm  or  two,  and  the  water  ij 
and  Japan,  the  ttryehnos  potatorum  in  parts  of  subsequently  of  tolerably  good  quality.  The 
India,  and  the  bitter  almond  on  the  banks  of  water  of  the  ocean  so  abounds  in  saline  mat- 
the  Nile.  So,  where  no  better  method  presents  ters,  that  the  drinking  of  it  only  increases  in* 
itself,  bad  waters  may  often  be  rendered  much  stead  of  relieving  thirst,  and  that  it  is  whcllj 
more  safely  drinkable  by  first  filtering  them  unfit  for  dietetic  purposes.  Tlie  importanu 
through  fresh  dean  sand  and  clay,  or  sand  and  of  having  at  conmiand  means  of  obtaining  fresj 
charcoal,  or  even  by  pouring  them  for  some  water  from  that  of  the  sea  has  long  been  sp- 
time  from  one  vessel  to  another  in  the  sun.  predated,  and  considerable  progress  is  alreadj 
Rain  water  collected  in  towns  or  in  their  im-  made  in  this  direction.  Thus,  a  drinkable 
mediate  vicinity,  since  it  passes  through  an  at-  water  is  obtained  from  ^at  of  the  ocean,  either 
mosphere  unusually  loaded  with  soot  and  other  by  subjecting  it  to  great  pressure  and  afterward 
foreign  matters,  requires  in  the  way  of  fitting  filtering;  or  better  by  freezing,  separating  the  ice 
it  for  use  more  than  the  ordinary  care.  Thus,  carefully  from  the  remaining  saline  liqnor.  and 
before  being  used  it  should  be  boiled  and  then  thawing;  or  by  any  of  the  contrivances  for 
strained ;  or  what  is  still  better,  it  should  be  boiling  it  and  condensing  the  steam,  in  a  word, 
effectually  filtered  before  admission  to  the  cis-  for  the  distillation  of  it.  Many  British  govero- 
tern — the  filtering  materials,  as  in  case  of  all  ment  ships  are  now  supplied  with  the  appara* 
highly  impure  waters,  requiring  fre<juent  puri-  tus  devised  by  Mr.  Grant,  in  the  use  of  which 
fication  or  renewal.  The  attempt  is  made  to  the  cooking  of  food  and  the  purifying  of  watt: 
free  tiie  water  of  the  Thames  supplied  to  Lon-  for  drinking  go  on  at  the  same  time— aportiin 
don,  at  least  in  certain  parts,  of-  the  great  of  the  heat  being  applied  to  vessels  containiLg 
amount  of  suspended  matters,  by  ^filtering  it  sea  water,  and  distilling  it.  Other  arrange- 
through  thick  beds  of  sand  and  gravel.  Rain  ments  for  distilling  sea  water  are  also  in  n>e; 
water  collected  upon  leaden  or  soldered  metal-  and  so  far  as  quantity  is  concerned,  anj  of 
lie  roofs  will  be  certain  to  dissolve  and  hold  these  give  very  satisfactory  results.  Bat  cso- 
in  solution  the  dangerous  salts  of  lead.  In  ally  the  distilled  water,  even  though  afterward 
rare  instances,  the  water  supply  of  towns  be-  impregnated  with  air,  has  a  disagreeable  ta<c 
comes  deteriorated  by  the  growth  in  it  of  im-  and  odor.  These  Dr.  Kormandy  has  traced  to 
mense  numbers  of  microscopic  animals  and  the  presence  of  organic  matter,  which  becomei 
plants.  8ome  years  since  the  Oochituate  wa-  charred  during  distillation,  certain  of  its  pro 
ter,  supplied  to  Boston,  suddenly  acquired  a  ducts  passing  over  with  the  water.  By  filtra- 
very  disagreeable  fishy  smell  and  taste  ^  and  tion  through  charcoal,  he  removed  the  ofien«iTe 
this  was  found  to  arise  from  the  presence  in  it  qualities ;  and  he  further  improved  the  water 
of  great  numbers  of  animalcules,  the  decompo*  for  drinking  by  subsequently  impregnating  it. 
sition  of  which  set  free  an  oil  imparting  the  not  with  air,  but  with  the  gases  whidi  it  had 
offensive  qualities.  The  water  supplied  to  the  contained  before  distillation.  For  these  and 
city  of  Amsterdam  was  found,  in  1856,  to  as-  certain  economical  reasons,  his  apparatns  has 
Bume  a  similar  fish-like  smell,  and  on  standing  proved  very  valuable,  and  it  is  employed  upon 
to  give  a  reddish  deposit ;  but  in  this  case  the  many  vessels  intended  for  long  vovages.  For 
cause  was  determined  to  be  the  presence  and  certain  chemical  modes  of  softening  hard  waters, 
decomposition  of  masses  of  alg»,  confervas,  and  or  purifying  them  from  matters  in  snspensioc, 
other  water  plants.  Mr.  Medlock  found  that  by  see  Filteb  ;  and  further  in  reference  to  the  use 
allowing  such  waters  to  remain  for  some  hours  of  water  for  culinary  purposes,  see  Auicent.— 
in  contact  with  a  considerable  surface  of  iron,  Water  fulfils  an  important  part  in  the  ceremo- 
its  organic  impurities  could  be  either  destroyed  nial  observances  of  most  religions.  In  almost 
or  rendered  insoluble ;  and  Dr.  Muspratt  re-  all,  it  is  employed  as  a  means  of  purification  be- 
gards  this  means,  combined  with  subsequent  fil-  fore  the  offering  of  sacrifices,  or  entering  npon 
tration,  as  the  best  yet  discovered  for  purifying  any  solemn  act  of  religious  service.  The  Mos- 
waters  of  the  diaracter  referred  to.  In  many  km  is  required  by  his  religion  to  wash  7  tizno^ 
manufacturing  processes  involving  chemical  a  day.  Among  Christian  sects,  water  form^  ^ 
principles,  as  for  example  those  of  dyeing  and  the  rite  of  baptism,  the  medium  of  initiation 
brewing,  the  quality  of  the  water  employed  into  the  church ;  in  the  Roman  Catholic  <^b^^ 
becomes  of  great  importance.  The  celebrated  especially  it  is,  after  being  blessed,  employ^^ 
Burton  ale  has  never  been  successfully  pro-  under  the  name  of  ^^  holy  water"  in  many  ce^^ 
duced  except  in  the  original  locality,  Burton-  monies. — In  medicine,  water  is,  apart  from  inci- 
on-Trent,  ]&gland ;  and  the  fact  is  found  to  be  dental  uses,  itself  a  remedy  of  great  importance. 
due  to  the  quality  of  the  water  there  employed,  (8ee  Bath,  and  Htdbopathy.)  Taken  intemai- 


276                WATER  0RE8S  WATER  LILY 

pearanceSy'has  greatly  tended  to  popularize  the  ter  cresses  are  species  of  eardamiMy  one  of 
art ;  and  the  number  of  water-color  painters  which,  C,  rotundifolia^  foand  in  cool,  fihaded 
is  now  very  large,  especially  in  England,  the  springs,  has  leaves  and  stems  which  taste  \±v 
United  States,  and  f^nce,  while  in  Great  Brit-  the  European  species,  and  like  it  affords  a  very 
ain  there  are  special  *^  societies  of  painters  in  agreeable  salad.  A  moist  and  rich  garden  scil 
water  colors.^' — ^The  practical  details  of  the  art  seems  suited  to  it  in  cultivation, 
vary  so  much  with  different  artists,  that  scarcely  WATER  LILY  (nymphaa)^  a  genns  of  float- 
any  general  rules  can  be  laid  down.  Some  ing  aquatic  plants  of  the  natural  order  flyfr<p/«? 
prefer  a  paper  with  a  fine  grain,  and  others  acecB,  comprising  herbs  with  peltate  or  cord^tt 
with  an  exceedingly  rough  one ;  and  the  varia-  fleshy  leaves,  1-fiowered  peduncles  bearing  coi- 
tion is  eooally  great  in  the  degree  of  absorbent  itary  white  or  yellow  flowers,  succeeded  by  a 
power  which  is  thought  to  be  best  adapted  to  many-celled,  indehiscent,  many-seeded  fruit 
each  artist's  style.  If  the  surface  of  the  paper  The  exact  position  which  this  order  sustains  in 
is  at  all  greasy,  so  that  the  colors  do  not  ad-  the  natural  arrangement  has  been  a  topic  of 
here  well,  it  should  be  sponged  over,  or  tlie  much  dispute,  some  botanists  averring  that  tU 
colors  may  be  mixed  with  water  to  which  a  water  lilies  are  endogens,  and  others  that  tk  < 
little  ox  gall  has  been  added.  A  peculiar  tex-  are  exogens.  The  matter  has  been  fully  treated 
tnre  is  sometimes  imparted  to  parts  of  the  hi  A,F,de  CaJido)le'&  Mhnoire  wr  Us  affinity  I't 
paper  by  rubbing,  sponging,  &c.,  and  some  of  lafamille  dei  nymphSacees  (Geneva,  1821).  Th(< 
the  finest  landscape  eflfects  are  thus  produced,  several  species  inhabit  the  whole  northern  beis 
The  colors  employed,  except  gamboge  and  sap  isphere,  and  are  rarely  seen  in  the  Eontliern. 
eolors,  do  not  dxSer  from  those  used  in  oil  In  the  United  States  the  most  common  is  tbe 

Eainting  (see  Paints),  and  are  either  made  into  sweet-scented  water  lily  or  pond  lily  {nymfU^^ 
ard  cakes  with  gum,  or  used  '^  moist,"  or  pre-  odcrata,  Alton),  found  in  great  abnudance  in 
Sared  with  honey  or  some  saccharine  material,  muddy  ponds  and  peat  ditches  of  NewEnglaril 
[oist  colors  are  generally  also  made  into  cakes,  and  extending  through  the  southern  states.  It.' 
though  they  are  sometimes  brought  to  a  semi-  rootstocks  are  large,  thick,  and  knotted,  deeply 
fluid  consistence,  and  enclosed  in  thin  leaden  imbedding  themselves  in  the  mud,  and  throw- 
tubes,  from  which  they  may  be  squeezed  out  ing  up  numerous  long  perforated  stems,  i^uf- 
in  small  quantities  as  needed ;  but  this  plan  is  porting  rounded,  kidney-shaped,  cordate-ckii 
not  advisable  from  the  liability  of  the  color  to  leaves,  with  entire  margins,  of  a  bright  gnxr 
dry  up  so  much  as  to  render  it  impossible  to  color  above  and  purplish  beneath,  much  veicu: 
press  it  out.    The  colors  chiefly  used  are  ultra-  on  the  lower  surSface ;  the  flower  stalk  {m['^) 
marine,  indigo,  Antwerp  and  cobalt  blues,  gam-  is  also  long  and  perforated,  supporting  a  lar^t^ 
boge,  ochre,  Indian  and  chrome  yellows.  In-  pure  white  flower,  consisting  of  4  Luioeo'ai 
dian  red,  vermilion,  lake,  carmine,  burnt  ochre,  sepals,  green  outside  and  white  within ;  th ' 
and  brown  pink  reds.    Out  of  these  primary  petals  numerous,  lance-shaped,  delicately  &i^ 
colors  all  the  others  may  be  compounded ;  but  purely  white ;  the  stamens  numerous  in  sevt-ral 
sap  green  and  several  browns,  as  raw  and  rows,  the  filaments  of  the  outer  ones  hroadit 
burnt  sienna,  Vandyke  brown,  umber,  sepia,  dilated  like  petals,  the  anthers  adnate,  openic^' 
dsc.,  may  also  be  used  with  advantage.    They  inward ;  stigmas  radiate,  forming  a  crown  to 
are  generally  mixed  with  water  alone,  but  gum  the  ovary;  fruit  depressed  globular,  seeds  ii- 
and  other  substances  are  sometimes  added  to  veloped  in  a  sac-like  aril.    There  are  severa. 
the  water,  in  order  to  give  depth  to  the  shad-  varieties  occurring  in  different  situations.  di>- 
ows  and  brilliancy  to  the  lights.  tinguished  by  the  sinus  and  lobes  of  the  le:it 
WATER  0RE88  (nasturtium  officinale,  R.  being  more  or  less  acute,  bv  the  lobes  btin: 
Brown),  a  salad  plant  of  the  natural  order  eru-  rounded,  or  by  the  much  smsJler  6120  of  the  en 
dferm,  found  growing  spontaneously  in  ditches  tire  plant  and  by  its  flowers  being  of  a  heiiuti 
and  small  clear  streams.    Its  roots  are  peren-  ful  rose  color.    The  flowers  expand  in  the  nion- 
nial,  the  long  white  fibres  striking  into  the  mud  ing  and  close  at  night,  throwing  out  a  delicious 
or  gravel;  several  stems  rise  from  the  same  perfume.    This  species  is  capable  of  cuItiTstion, 
crown,  and  grow  to  the  height  of  18  inches;  and  greatly  increases  in  bulk  and  proportion  ot 
they  are  hollow,  channelled,  leafy,  dividing  at  all  its  parts  when  artificially  treated  in  shalK'^' 
the  top  into  2  or  8  branches;  leaves  pinnate,  pools  or  in  tanks.    The  white  water  lilyUV 
with  5  or  6  pairs  of  leafiets  and  a  terminal  odd  alba,  Idnn.)  is  found  in  clear  ponds  and  shallow 
one ;  pinti»  roundish,  almost  heart-shaped,  and  slow  streams  of  Europe ;  its  root  is  horiiontal. 
standing  nearly  in  an  alternate  position  along  throwing  out  many  stout  radicles;  its  learir> 
the  midrib ;  flowers  in  loose  spikes  at  the  end  are  oval,  heart-shaped,  4  inches  wide,  and  with 
of  the  branches,  small  and  white;  pods  (si-  nearly  parallel  or  close  lobes  at  base,  entire  miQ 
liques)  short,  tapering,  and  frdl  of  small  brown  smooth,  floating ;  its  flowers  4  or  5  inches  wiuc. 
seeds.    This  species  can  be  transplwited  into  the  petals  white,  the  stamens  and  pistil  jejlow; 
any  small  rill,  or  grown  in  tanks  and  tubs  the  scent  very  faint.    The  species  is  said  nj 
partially  filled  with  soil  and  supplied  with  fresh  Nuttall  to  occur  also  near  Detroit,  Mich. ;  hu| 
water,  and  flourishes  through  the  whole  year  we  hjave  known  the  American  pond  lily  to  1*^' 
in  forcing  houses.     It  is  considered  a  whole-  scentless  when  growing  in  very  cold  f^p^P  "^^ 
some  and  pleasant  salad.— The  American  wa-  water.    The  water  lotus  (if.  Mum,  Linn.)  re- 


278  WATER  SPOUT 

long-petioled,  centrally  peltate,  oyal,  floating  begins  to  descend  from  the  base  of  a  dond 
leaves,  of  a  smooth  and  shining  upper  surface,  aboye.  But  more  generally  oyer  the  sea,  and 
the  lower  side  beinff  of  a  rich  purple,  and  the  always  over  land,  they  first  make  their  appear- 
whole  plant  invested  with  a  thick,  transparent,  ance  at  the  under  surface  of  a  cloud,  frr)ni 
and  insipid  mucilage;  the*  flowers  are  dark  which  a  pouch-like  appendage  may  be  obserrtrd 
purple  of  6  petds,  the  outermost  shortest,  to  protrude,  enlarging  and  lengthemng  into  a 
stamens  numerous,  germ  oblong  with  incurved  conical  or  funnel  form,  the  base  always  above. 
styles.  The  plant  is  found  in  clear  ponds,  and  If  this  occur  over  the  sea,  it  may  or  may  not 
extends  throughout  the  United  States,  and  is  be  attended  with  formation  of  the  correspond- 
also  indigenous  to  Australia  and  the  East  In-  ing  or  lower  portion ;  though  when  both  part- 
dies.  The  edbofnba  Caroliniana  of  Qraj  is  tjp-  appear,  they  almost  always  extend  until  they 
ical  of  the  order,  and  is  southern  in  its  habits,  meet,  and  the  column  is  complete  from  the 
extending  as  far  as  Florida.  Its  leaves  are  ob-  doud  to  the  sea.  The  upper  cone  of  the  spout 
long  linear,  the  submerged  ones  opposite,  di-  may  appear  at  the  under  surface  of  the  storm 
vided  into  numerous  filiform  flattened  segments,  cloud  accompanying  a  tornado  on  land:  or 
the  floating  peltate,  entire ;  the  flower  small  in  even  beneath  any  dense  cloud,  where  the  cud- 
the  axils  of  the  floating  leaves,  white,  and  yel-  ditions  favor  its  production.  The  duration  of 
low  at  base.  The  medical  qualities  of  the  the  phenomenon  in  any  case  may  be  very  hnd 
order  are  astringent,  and  the  leaves  of  hroBenia  not  exceeding  a  few  seconds ;  or  it  may  con- 
are  employed  in  phthisis  and  dysentery. — ^The  tinue  during  a  quarter  or  half  hour,  or  more,  ic 
term  water  shield  has  been  likewise  used  to  such  cases  often  advancing  with  the  clond  or 
designate  a  new  genus  of  submerged  lichenose  storm.  In  all  cases,  over  the  land,  the  upper 
plants  of  the  order  of  eollemacea.  The  veiny  cone  can  alone  make  its  appearance,  there  king 
water  shield  {hydrothyria  venosa,  Russell)  no  ascending  column  of  sufilciently  dense  TaiK)r 
grows  on  the  rocky  beds  of  mountain  streams  or  water  to  complete  it  from  below ;  hnt  tLt 
in  New  England,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  fiine  former  has  been  m  many  instances  observed  to 
aromatic  scent.  Its  leaf-like  stems  (thallus)  extend  down  quite  to  the  surface  of  the  earth. 
are  thin,  the  epidermis  composed  of  intricatdy  The  generally  rotative  diaracter  of  the  *'du>t 
cellular  tissue,  the  medullary  portion  of  mi-  storms''  of  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa,  and  ob- 
nute  irregular  granules  imbedded  in  copious  served  also  in  the  interior  of  Sguth  America, 
mucilage.  Upon  the  surface  are  numerous  and  the  appearances  characterizing  the  colamD< 
strongly  prominent  veins,  the  central  parts  of  of  sand  that  are  frequently  raised  from  aod 
which  consist  of  anastomosing  fibres,  and  the  swept  along  the  surfaces  of  sandy  plains  or 
whole  enclosed  by  thickened  and  quadrangular  deserts,  show  that  in  the  manner  of  their  ori- 
cells.  The  plant  fixes  itself  by  spongy  tufts  gin  these  are  essentially  identical  with  water 
of  confusedly  packed  fibres ;  it  is  of  a  rich  spouts ;  the  substance  of  the  column,  whether 
brown  when  moistened,  but  turns  to  an  ashen  of  dust  or  of  vapor,  being  accidental,  and  de- 
gray  when  dry.  The  friiit  (apothecia)  is  borne  termined  by  the  circumstances  of  the  place.  ^ 
on  the  edges  of  the  thallus,  at  first  disk-like  further  sameness  in  the  two  classes  of  phenom- 
with  a  thalline  exciple,  but  becoming  convex ;  <ena  is  found  in  the  fact  that  in  either  a  sinp* 
the  seeds  (spores),  8  in  each  ascus,  are  trans-  column  may  appear,  or  not  uncommonly  t^*> 
versely  divided  into  8  or  4  partitions ;  their  or  several  such,  partial  or  complete,  may  e.Ti< 
oolor  is  dark  fulvous.  The  veiny  Water  shield  side  by  side  at  no  great  distances,  showing  tk 
has  as  yet  been  found  in  a  single  species  only,  occurrence  of  so  many  separately  prodoced 
WATER  SPOUT,  a  column  apparently  of  whirls  or  vortical  movements  of  near  bodies 
cloud  or  water,  appearing  in  certain  cases  be-  of  air. — ^When  the  lower  portion  of  a  proper 
tween  a  dense  cloud  above  and  the  surface  of  water  spout  begins  to  form,  whether  before  or 
the  sea  or  land  below,  and  reaching  through  a  after  the  commencement  of  the  upper,  the  sea 
part  or  the  whole  of  the  intervening  distance,  at  the  place  of  the  lower  base,  and  over  an  area 
its  general  form  approaches  more  or  less  nearly  of  perhaps  120  yards  diameter,  is  observed  to 
to  that  of  a  cone,  or  of  a  double  cone,  the  least  be  greatiy  agitated,  the  waves  tending  rapidly 
diameter  in  the  latter  case  being  near  the  mid-  toward  the  centre  of  this  area  with  a  leaping 
die  of  its  height,  and  parts  or  the  whole  extent  or  boiling  motion,  and  a  large  body  of  vapor 
of  it  can  be  seen,  even  at  considerable  distance,  and  spray,  with  perhaps  much  water  in  larger 
to  have  a  rapid  horizontal  rotation.  This  whirl-  drops,  rising  quickly  in  a  sort  of  trmnpet  fonn, 
ing  movement  of  the  spout  or  column  is  uni-  and  usually,  as  already  stated,  to  meet  the  de- 
versal ;  and  the  fact  shows  that  the  phenome-  scending  portion  from  clouds  above.  AH  the 
non  is  in  all  cases  associated  with  or  aependent  parts  have  a  rapid  revolving  or  spiral  move- 
upon  some  form  of  whirling  wind.  (See  Wmsir  ment,  in  which  the  waves  below  may  also  par- 
msD.)  By  many  French  writers  the  name  ticipate.  When  the  two  portions  have  nniled, 
trombe  is  given  both  to  whirlwinds  and  water  the  diameter  at  and  near  their  janction  may 
spouts,  the  latter  being  distinguished  as  trofn-  not  exceed  a  very  few  feet.  Some  observers 
Mt  de  tner.  When  water  spouts  occur  at  sea,  report  that  the  formation  of  water  sponts  i^ 
they  may  begin  to  form  at  the  surface  of  the  accompanied  with  a  rambling  noise;  but  at 
water,  rising  gradually  in  height,  and  meeting  least  in  many  instances  this  does  not  <i^I^^ 
an  upper  portion  that  nearly  at  the  same  time  be  noticeable.  As  complete  and  observed  ondcr 


280  WATER  SPOUT  WATER  WHEEL 

descended,  its  lower  part  being  seen  to  gyrate  whirled  along,  or  afterward  borne  by  direct 
rapidly,  and  also  i^parently  as  it  neared  the  winds,  and  it  maybe  to  great  distances.  Biit^> 
ground  to  oscillate  quickly  from  right  to  left ;  hardt  observes  that  in  Amca  and  the  East  sodi 
still  lower,  this  column  parted  into  two  more  clouds  of  dust  often  obscure  the  sun,  unparting 
slender  ones;  and  as  soon  as  it  had  reached  the  to  the  atmosphere  a  reddish,  yellow,  or  leaden 
ground,  the  appearance  of  the  whole  instantly  hue.  Such  clouds  are  often  carried  at  great 
changed,  the  column  becoming  now  a  heavy  heights  beyond  the  western  coast  of  Africa, 
mass  of  water,  through  which  within  a  few  sec-  filling  the  air  or  covering  the  decks  of  ships  it 
onds  almost  the  whole  cloud  above,  rushing  in-  considerable  distances  to  sea ;  and  Trot  Piazzi 
ward  from  its  sides,  poured  in  rain  to  the  euih.  Smyth,  during  his  astronomical  observationfl 
The  duration  of  the  spout  previous  to  the  so  made  upon  the  peak  of  Teneriffe,  and  at  a  height 
called  bursting  of  the  cloud  was  about  25  seo-  of  10,700  feet,  found  the  air  often  rendered  htij 
onds ;  and  the  water  covered  a  grassy  plane  to  by  clouds  of  dust,  dense  enough  at  times  to  ob- 
the  extent  of  half  a  square  mile  and  the  depth  scure  the  sun,  sometimes  apx>earing  as  seTeral 
of  about  6  inches,  requiring  14  days  afterward  strata  at  different  elevations,  and  of  which  tiie 
to  drain  off.  As  the  torrent  came  down,  cattle  origin  must  have  been  such  as  that  now  referred 
fled  in  all  directions ;  but  no  noise  reached  the  Uk  It  is  probable  that,  where  they  arise,  the  or- 
observers,  nor  was  there  any  lightning.  Half  dinary  terrors  and  dangers  of  these  dust  colmrnu 
an  hour  later,  a  spout  descended  some  900  feet  or  storms  have  been  exaggerated ;  yet  they  art 
from  a  cloud  2,000  feet  above  the  earth ;  this  known  in  time  actually  to  extend  the  area  of 
lasted  about  half  an  hour,  and  disappeared  up-  deserts,  and  in  certain  instances  to  prove  reij 
ward  into  the  cloud.  Of  several  water  spouts  destructive  of  property  and  life ;  an  example 
witnessed  on  other  occasions  by  the  same  and  being  that  of  tne  loss  suffered  by  the  annj  of 
other  observers  near  Calcutta,  some  were,  Oambyses  in  his  expedition  into  the  Lybian  des- 
while  others  were  not,  accompanied  with  ert.  Sir  J.  Herschel  suggests  that  as  the  des- 
lightning,  and  a  part  only  ended  in  rain.  On  ert  sands  may  become  heated  to  a  very  higb 
another  occasion  Mr.  Sherwill  observed  a  temperature,  sometimes  to  200°  F.,  the  heat 
massive  doud  to  throw  down  some  20  water  from  these  sands  when  carried  into  the  air  our 
spouts,  each  about  1,000  feet  in  length,  which,  be  sufficient  to  cause  the  fatal  effects  alleged  to 
as  it  moved  toward  the  mountain  Ponglo,  seem-  occur ;  and  of  course  it  cannot  be  suppos^that 
ed  to  reach  forward  and  upward,  as  if  attract-  the  air*acquires  any  actually  poisonous  qnalitj. 
ed  to  the  summit  of  the  mountain ;  the  doud  ap«  The  dust  storms  of  India  are  said  sometimes  to 
peared  to  be  electrically  charged,  and  when  the  remain  stationary  for  a  long  time ;  at  others  to 
spouts  reached  the  mountain  it  burst  into  rain,  advance  so  rapidOly,  that  within  a  few  minotM 
It  is  still  very  doubtful,  however,  whether  the  after  their  first  appearance  as  a  low  bank  of 
electrical  excitement  often  attending  upon  clouds  along  the  norizon,  they  reach  the  ob* 
water  spouts  is  more  than  the  consequence  of  server's  place,  filling  the  air  with  dust  and 
the  exceedingly  great  friction  of  portions  of  air  rendering  flight  into  houses  or  other  shelter 
and  water  intermingled,  which,  in  such  a  body  necessary  to  comfort  or  safety.  This  wall  of 
as  the  watery  column  and  when  rotated  so  rap-  dust,  Mr.  Badddey  says,  when  apph>aching, 
idly,  must  occur  both  in  the  higher  parts,  and,  may  be  seen  to  be  composed  of  several  vertical 
if  it  reaches  the  latter,  at  the  surface  of  sea  or  bodies  side  by  side,  the  rotation  of  which  con- 
land.  Thus,  the  real  and  primary  cause  of  all  tinues  upward  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach: 
essential  parts  of  these  phenomena  is  without  while  the  air  is  generally  highly  charged  vith 
doubt  the  whirling  movement  set  up  by  some  electricity,  and  the  storm  of  dust  almost  invari- 
means  in  the  air ;  though  in  what  way  this  is  ably  terminates  in  a  fall  of  rain,  finally,  amonc 
competent  to  produce  some  of  the  results  is  not  the  bodies  that  have  been  carried  by  such 
yet  Known,  and  the  sul^ct  evidently  requires  winds  from  the  sea  or  land  into  the  air,  anJ 
ftuther  examination. — The  whirling  winds  throwndownat  places  more  or  less  remote,  nro 
which  elevate  and  carry  along  columns  of  sand  fish,  frogs,  confervsa  and  other  plants,  infasoria. 
or  dust  may  be  such  as  produce  at  a  given  place  ashes,  and  at  times  substances  of  which  the 
but  one  of  these,  or  several  side  by  side,  or  oc-  source  and  nature  have  been  quite  unacoonntablo. 
onrring  irregularly.  In  the  latter  cases  a  large  WATER  WHEEL,  the  designation  of  a  ra- 
tract  of  air  appears  to  be  first  rarefied,  which,  if  riety  of  forms  of  wheel  intended  to  receive  and 
it  gave  rise  to  a  consentaneous  or  single  move-  to  impart  to  connected  machinery  the  rnorinfr 
ment,  would  produce  a  real  cyclone ;  but  this  force  due  to  the  weight  or  momentum  of  water, 
body  being  broken  up  by  inequalities  of  ground,  or  to  both  these  combined.  Such  wheels  roav 
or  of  heating,  owing  to  other  causes,  several  be  divided  into  two  general  sorts,  according  a« 
distinct  eddies  or  whirls  result,  each  of  which  they  have  horizontal  or  vertical  axes.  The  lat- 
may  carry  up  its  own  column ;  the  result  being  ter,  most  of  which  are  also  reaction  wheels. 
thus  like  the  division  of  a  common^aiass  of  are  considered  under  Tusbisb.  The  former 
flame,  as  it  ascends,  into  distinct  spires.  Some-  class,  or  those  with  horizontal  axes,  include 
times  the  columns  so  arising  continue  and  ad-  the  earliest  knowif  forms  of  water  wheel ;  and 
vance  quite  distinct,  though  near  together ;  at  they  are  generally  the  simpler  in  constrnction. 
otibers  their  form  is  more  confused,  or  they  The  possibility  of  applying  to  use  the  moving 
spread  out  into  vast  clouds  above,  which  are  power  of  streams,  rivers,  and  waterftUs,  nia^ 


282       WATER  WOBES  WATEBFOBD 

mediAte  in  its  aotion  between  the  nnderahot  an  aggregate  capital  of  $914,000.  The  public 
and  overshot  wheels,  so  it  is  also  in  its  value,  schools  are  free  and  well  managed ;  the  num- 
Being  less  loaded  with  the  weight  of  water  ber  of  children  in  attendance  is  about  1.800, 
than  the  overshot,  it  moves  with  less  strain  and  and  in  1861  over  $14,000  was  appropriated  for 
friction  on  its  bearings,  and  under  the  best  cir-  their  support.  The  citj  has  80  large  numnfac- 
cumstances  affords  about  .65  of  the  moving  turing  establishments,  the  principal  article:} 
power.  While  the  diameter  of  breast  wheels,  made  being  rolled  copper,  brass,  and  German 
according  to  Morin,  should  be  confined  between  silver,  and  a  great  variety  of  articles  made 
16  and  23  ft.,  Lambert's  reports  to  the  Berlin  from  these  materials,  among  whidb  are  pins, 
academy  of  sciences  showed  moreover  the  best  hooks  and  eyes,  buttons,  lamps,  docks,  da* 
results  when  the  fall  is  between  4  and  10  ft.  g[nerreotype  mountings,  butts,  buckles,  percng- 
These  wheels  are  distinguished,  according  as  sion  caps,  brass  kettles,  and  plated  ware.  The 
they  receive  the  water  above  or  below  the  hor-  capital  employed  in  manufacturing  is  about 
izontal  diameter,  into  high  and  low  breast  $8,000,000,  and  the  annual  product  $5,000,000. 
wheels. — ^A  suspended  wheel  is  one  deriving  its  About  2,800  operatives,  mostly  males,  are  em- 
moving  power  from  the  current  of  a  river,  in  ployed,  and  $60,000  wages  paid  monthlr. 
which  it  is  set.  Such  a  wheel,  for  temporary  Waterbury  is  known  throughout  the  conDtir 
puiposes,  is  sometimes  set  like  a  paddle  wheel  as  the  head-quarters  of  the  brass  business.  It 
at  tlie  side  of  a  boat  moored  in  the  stream,  or  was  first  introduced  here  by  young  mechaiucs, 
two  wheels,  one  on  each  side  of  the  boat,  with  a  who,  not  being  then  capitaJlBts,  commenced  on 
shflit  reaching  to  the  mechanism  on  the  shore,  a  small  scale. — The  town  was  first  setUed  in 
Such  wheds  are  usually  very  simple  and  cheap;  1667,  and  called  Mattatuck  till  1666.  It  ^as 
the  power  they  afford  is  greatest  when  their  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1858. 
rate  of  motion  is  about  .40  of  that  of  the  stream.  W  ATEREE,  a  river  of  South  Carolina,  form- 
The  diameter  never  exceeds  16  ft.,  the  floats  ed  by  the  junction  of  the  Catawba  river  and 
being  12  to  24  in  number.  When  a  wheel  of  Fishing  creek,  the  former  rising  in  North  Car- 
thissort  is  set  in  a  stream  affected  by  the  tides,  olina,  and  the  latter  in  York  district,  8.  C. 
it  is  called  a  tide  wheel ;  and  it  then  requires  The  two  streams  unite  in  the  S.  £.  part  of 
^e  application  of  some  contrivance  for  revers-  Chester  district,  and  the  Wateree  takes  first  a 
ing  its  effect  on  the  mechanism,  so  as  to  secure  8.  £.  and  then  a  S.  course,  and  unites  with  tb« 
movement  of  the  latter  in  the  same  direction,  Congaree  in  the  S.  £.  extremity  of  Bichland 
while  Hie  wheel  is  driven  in  alternate  direc-  district,  the  two  forming  the  Santee.  Steam- 
tions  by  the  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tide. — ^At  the  boats  ascend  the  Wateree  as  far  as  Oamden, 
Burden  nail  works,  Troy,  N.  T.,  the  overshot  200  m.  from  the  sea. 

wheel  fhmishing  the  power  required  is  60  ft.  WATERFORD,  a  S.  county  of  Ireland,  in 
in  diameter  and  22  ft  in  breadth.  The  largest  the  province  of  Munster,  bounded  N.  hj  Tip- 
water  wheel  in  the  world  is  probably  one  em-  perary  and  Kilkenny,  from  which  it  is  pftrtlv 
ployed  in  connection  with  the  working  of  a  separated  by  the  river  Suir,  £.  by  Wexford  and 
lead  and  silver  mine  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  This  Waterford  harbor,  S.  by  St.  George's  channel 
is  an  overshot  whe^l,  72  ft.  6  inches  in  diame-  and  W.  by  the  county  of  Cork ;  .area,  721  sq- 
ter,  6  ft.  in  breadth,  with  a  crank  stroke  of  m. ;  pop.  in  1861,  exclusive  of  Waterford  city, 
10  ft. ;  it  is  estimated  to  give  200  horsepower,  111,116.  The  coast  is  in  general  bold  and 
and  pumps  250  gallons  of  water  per  minute  400  rocky,  but  has  4  good  harbors,  Waterford  tt 
yards  high. — ^For  more  minute  information  upon  the  E.  and  Youghfd  at  the  W.,  between  which 
water  wheels,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  are  Dungarvan  harbor  and  Tramore  baj.  The 
practical  treatises  on  hydraulic  machinery,  and  surface  is  mountainous,  the  Knockmeledown 
to  Morin's  Experiences  »ur  les  roues  hydrau-  ridge  and  the  Cammeragh  and  Hoaavuligh 
ligueSy  &c.  (Comptes  rendus,  Paris,  1886-^9).  mountains  occupying  the  greater  portion.  Cop- 

WATER  WORKS.    See  AQUEDncr.  per  is  found,  and  some  mines  of  it  are  worked; 

WATERBURY,  a  township  and  city  of  New  there  are  also  lead  and  iron  mines  not  now 

Haven  co.,  Conn.,  88  m.  S.  W.  from  Hartford,  worked,  potters^  day,  and  marble.   The  eoantr 

with  which  it  is  connected  by  the  Hartford,  is  drained  by  the  Suir,  which  is  navigable  ^o^ 

Providence,  and  Fishkill  railroad,  and  82  m.  large  vessels  to  Waterford,  and  to  Garrick-on- 

N.  N.  E.  from  Bridgeport  by  the  Naugatuck  Suir  for  boats ;  and  by  the  Blackwater,  navifra- 

raihx>ad ;   pop.  in  1860,  10,004.    The  city  is  ble  for  small  vessels.    The  great  staples  of  the 

situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Naugatuck  county  are  butter  and  bacon.    There  are  ei- 

river,  at  the  confluence  of  Great  brook  and  tensive  fidieries  on  liie  coast,  employing  aboot 

Mad  river  with  it.    Its  streets  are  generally  1,600  men  and  boys.    Waterford  sends  5  Tom- 

well  graded,  with  paved  sidewalks,  and  sup-  bers  to  parliament,  2  for  the  county,  2  for  W a- 

plied  with  gas  and  water  pipes.    Near  the  terford  city,  and  one  for  Dungarvan.— WitiJ* 

centre  of  the  city  is  a  fine  public  park ;  and  ford,  the  capital,  a  city,  parliamentary  borough, 

on  the  W.  side  of  the  Naugatuck,  opposite  the  and  seaport,  is  97  m.  S.  S.  W.  flrom  Dublin,  witJi 

city,  is  Riverside  cemetery,  containing  84  acres,  which,  as  weU  as  with  Limerick  and  Cork,  it  |^ 

There  are  7  churches  (1  Baptist,  1  Episcopal,  connected  by  railway;  pop.  in  1861, 28,220.  li 

2  Congregational,  1  German  Lutheran,  1  Meth-  is  situated  on  the  right  htaik  of  the  river  8mr, 

odiat,  and  1  Roman  Catholic),  and  2  banks  with  9  m.  above  its  entrance  into  Waterford  harbor, 


284  WATERLOO 

issaed  to  the  ontl jing  dmsions  of  his  forces  to  400  yards  in  adTsnce  of  the  Briiash  right  centre 
march  to  the  left,  and  concentrate  at  Qaatre  stood  the  stone  chateanof  Hongonmont,  which 
Bras,  an  hnportant  strategic  point  where  4  roads  was  occupied  by  a  strong  force;  and  midwaj 
meet,  from  Brussels,  Oharleroi,  Nivelles,  and  the  valley  and  fronting  their  left  centre  vas  the 
Namur.  At  4  o^dock  next  morning  the  whole  farm  of  La  Haie  Sainte,  also  strongly  ooc^ied. 
army  was  moving  in  die  same  direction,  followed  Their  left  rested  upon  the  hamlets  of  La  tiAje, 
shortly  afterward  by  the  commander-in-chief,  Papelotte,  and  Frichermont  The  allied  posi- 
who,  for  the  purpose  of  allayiog  public  fear,  tion,  having  in  its  rear  the  forest  of  Soignes,  was 
had  previously  passed  a  few  hours  at  a  ball  given  considered  so  weak  by  Napoleon,  that  upon  first 
by  the  duchess  of  Biohmond.  Napoleon  mean-  inspecting  it  he  exclaimed  with  exultation :  "  At 
while,  having  sent  Ney  with  40,000  men  in  tiie  last  I  have  them ;  there  are  ninety  chances  in  a 
direction  of  Gosselies  to  occupy  Qnatre  Bras  hundred  in  my  favor/'  His  own  army  was 
andprevent  the  junction  of  the  English  with  the  drawn  up  in  8  lines  on  both  sides  of  the  road 
Prussians,  moved  with  the  rest  of  his  army  to-  leading  from  Oharleroi  to  Brussels,  which  also 
,  ward  Fleurus,  and  at  half-past  2  in  the  idfter-  bisected  the  British  line  at  La  Haie  Sainte  near 
*  noon  of  the  16th  attacked  Bl&cher  at  Ligny.  its  centre.  Li  his  first  line  were  the  infantry 
At  about  the  same  time  Ney,  after  fatal  hesi-  corps  of  Reille  and  Drouet,  with  Pirn's  caTalrj; 
tation,  engaged  the  Anglo-Netherlaud  forces  the  2d  line  consisted  of  cavalry  posted  in  the 
under  command  of  the  prince  of  Orange  at  rear  of  the  wings,  and  the  8d  line  of  the  6th  corpa 
Quatre  Bras,  distant  about  7  miles  from  l3gny,  under  Lobau.  Behind  the  whole  were  the  im- 
whither  Wellington,  who  arrived  at  the  former  perial  guard,  constituting  the  reserre.  Napo- 
plaoe  shortly  before  noon,  had  ridden  to  confer  leon's  head-quarters  were  at  the  farm  of  la 
withBltlcher.  After  an  obstinate  engagement  of  Belle  Alliance  on  the  Oharleroi  road,  near  the 
5  hours,  the  Prussians  were  defeated  at  ligl^y,  centre  of  his  position.  The  afmies  confronting 
and  retreated  in  good  order  in  the  direction  of  each  other  were  of  nearly  equal  strength,  the 
Wavre;  but  at  Quatre  Bras  the  allied  forces,  French  numbering  from  70,000^  to  72,000  men. 
greatly  outnumbered  at  the  outset,  held  their  mostly  veterans,  of  whom  15,000  were  cayahy, 
ground  until  the  arrivd  of  the  British  divisions  and  240  guns ;  and  the  allies  about  70,000  men, 
of  Pioton  and  Oooke  and  other  troops,  when  the  including  18,600  cavalry,  and  159  guns.  The 
French  retired,  having  failed  to  carry  the  posi-  English  contingent  mustered  a  little  over 
tion,  but  having  succeeded  in  hindering  the  June-  25,000  men,  a  large  proportion  of  whom  were 
tion  of  the  Ei^lish  with  the  Prussians.  A  de-  recruits,  the  Netherlanders  about  17,500,  and 
oisive  victory  might  have  been  secured  to  the  the  rest  of  the  army  was  made  up  of  Brona- 
French  at  Ligny  but  for  the  eccentric  move-  wickers,  Hanoverians,  and  other  German 
ments  of  a  powerful  corps  under  D'Erlon,  troops.  The  whole  was  characterized  by  Wei- 
which,  througn  Ney's  misapprehension  of  Na-  lington  as  '^  an  infamous  army,  very  weak  aod 
poleon^s  orders,  was  kept  marching  tliroughout  ill  equipped,  with  a  very  inexperienced  staff.'^ 
the  whole  day  between  the  two  French  armies,  From  about  midday  on  the  l7th  until  the  next 
without  rendering  assistance  to  either.  Wei-  morning  an  incessant  rain  had  fallen,  greatl; 
lington^s  troops  passed  the  night  of  the  16th  impeding  the  movements  of  the  troops;  and 
on  the  field  near  Quatre  Bras,  and  at  10  A.  M.  Napoleon,  confident  that  Grouchy  would  pre- 
of  the  17th,  the  defeat  of  the  Prussians  and  vent  the  arrival  of  the  Prussians,  put  off  the 
their  line  of  retreat  having  been  ascertained,  oommencement  of  the  battle  on  the  18th  nndl 
oonmienced  a  retrograde  movement  toward  the  ground  should  become  dry  enouj^  to  admit 
Waterloo,  where  they  arrived  on  the  same  of  the  manceuvres  of  his  artillery.  The  fatality 
evening.  By  an  arrangement  made  between  which  attended  nearly  all  his  oaloulations  and 
Wellington  and  Blftcher  on  the  preceding  day,  plans  during  this  momentous  campaign  was  m 
the  latter,  if  defeated,  was  to  join  Wellington  no  instance  more  strongly  marked  thiui  in  this, 
at  Waterloo  with  the  least  possible  delay.  Na-  as  t^e  sequel  will  show.  The  emperor^s  inten- 
poleon  passed  the  morning  of  the  17ti^  in  the  tion,  as  subsequently  stated  by  himself  was  to 
neighborhood  of  ligny,  and,  having  du^cted  turn  the  allied  left,  force  it  back  upon  the  c^* 
Marshal  Grouchy  with  84,000  men  and  96  guns  tre,  and  gain  possession  of  the  highway  lead- 
to  "follow  up  the  enemy,"  proceeded  with  the  ing  ttirough  the  forest,  Wellington's  only  hne 
main  body  of  his  army  toward  Waterloo,  hoping  of  retreat.  To  begin  this  operation  it  was 
to  destroy  the  Anglo-Netherland  army,  before  necessary  to  draw  off  the  duke^s  attention  to 
it  could  be  reinforced  by  junction  with'  BlQ-  his  right,  and  a  powerful  column,  comprising 
Cher's  defeated  colunms.  At  nightfall  he  found  the  divisions  of  Jerome  Bonaparte,  Foj,  and 
himself  in  presence  of  the  British  general,  but,  Bachelu,  moved  at  about  half-past  ^^.^'^^^^ 
the  day  being  too  far  spent  to  give  battle,  both  upon  the  chateau  of  Hougoumont,  which  had 
armies  bivouacked  for  the  night  on  the  open  field,  been  pierced  with  loopholes  for  mnsketrT, 
The  allied  forces  occupied  a  ridge  of  semioircu-  and  was  occupied  by  a  body  of  the  Engl^ 
lar  shape,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length,  ly-  guards.  The  wood  surrounding  the  chateau 
ing  in  front  of  the  village  of  Waterloo,  and  the  was  taken  and  retaken  several  times  hj  the 
French  a  corresponding  ridge  directly  opposite,  combatants,  remaining  at  last  in  the  hands 
the  two  armies  being  separated  by  a  shallow  of  the  French ;  but  the  building  itself  defied 
valley  from  500  to  800  yards  in  width.    About  every  effort  at  capture,  and  at  2  o'clock  in  the 


286  WATERLOO  WATERVILLE 

overwhelming  numbers,  and  in  firmness  and  "As  for  this  battle,"  says  the  same  author, 

heroic   courage   fairly   surpassed   their   well  "no  one  can  deny  that  the  plan  and  the 

earned   reputation.     The   dispersion   of  the  execution  were  all  that  could  be  expected  of 


of  the  day,  might  have  prevented,  isolated  Both  sides  were  what  the  boxers  call  gluttons. 
them  from  the  rest  of  the  army,  but  still  Napoleon  did  not  manoeuvre  at  all.  Hejost 
they  stood  firm.  Finally,  when  5  squares  moved  forward  in  the  old  style  in  columns, 
were  broken  and  those  remaining  began  to  and  was  driven  off  in  the  old  style.  The  onlj 
show  signs  of  exhaustion  and  depletion,  the  difference  was  that  he  mixed  cavalry  with  his 
emperor  gave  the  order  for  their  withdrawal,  infantry,  and  supported  both  with  an  enormous 
and  the  cry,  "  The  guard  is  repulsed,"  re-  quantity  of  artillery." 
peated  over  the  field,  converted  retreat  into  a  WATERLOO,  a  W.  central  county  of  Upper 
flight.  At  this  moment  Wellington  advanced  Canada,  traversed  by  the  Toronto  and  Gode- 
his  whole  line  of  infantry,  and  the  Prus-  rich  branch  of  the  Grand  Trunk  railway ;  ares, 
sians  falling  simultaneously  in  overpowering  613  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1861,  88.696.  It  is  drained 
force  upon  the  French,  the  rout  of  the  latter  by  the  Grand  river.  Capital,  Berlin, 
became  complete.  Napoleon,  however,  had  WATERLOO,  Antoni,  a  Dutch  painter  and 
one  regiment  of  the  guard  left,  and  with  this  engraver,  born  near  Utrecht  about  1618,  died 
thrown  into  square  and  a  few  pieces  of  half  in  1682.  He  was  an  excellent  painter  of  land- 
dismounted  cannon,  he  endeavored  to  form  scapes,  but  is  more  especially  celebrated  for 
a  rallying  point  for  the  fugitives.  Failing  in  his  etchings,  principally  of  rural  scenery  in  the 
this,  he  expressed  his  determination  to  die  vicinity  of  Utrecht,  of  which  187  have  been  de- 
within  the  square,  but  was  hurried  away  by  scribed  by  Bartsch  and  Weigel.  Good  impres- 
Boult,  the  guard  covering  his  escape.  The  he-  sions,  which,  owing  to  his  peculiar  manner  of 
roic  band  were  soon  surrounded  by  their  pur-  working,  are  rare,  command  high  prices,  and 
suers,  who  called  upon  them  to  surrender,  are  accounted  among  the  most  masterly  pro- 
"The  guard  dies,  and  never  surrenders,^'  is  ductions  of  the  etching  needle, 
the  reply  popularly  attributed  to  Gen.  Cam-  WATERMELON.  See  Melon. 
bronne ;  and  with  one  last  shout  of  Vive  Vem-  WATERPROOF  CLOTH.  See  CAorrcnorc. 
pereur,  the  remnant  of  the  guard  charged  im-  WATERS,  Mineral.  See  Mineral  Watess. 
petuously  upon  the  enemy  and  perished  al-  WATERTOWN,  a  township  and  the  capital 
most  to  a  man.  "That  glorious  immolation,^'  of  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  situated  on  the  Black 
says  M.  Brialmont,  "  consoles,  to  this  day,  the  river,  and  on  the  Rome,  Watertown,  and  Og- 
French  people  for  the  most  terrible  disaster  densburg  railroad,  86  m.  by  railroad  N.  W.  from 
which  their  arms  ever  sustained."  At  half-  Utica,  and  182  from  Albany ;  pop.  of  the  town- 
past  9  in  the  evening  BlQcher  and  Welling-  ship  in  1860,  7,672.  The  Black  river  at  the  Til- 
ton  met  at  Maison  du  Roi  in  the  rear  of  the  lage  of  Watertown  affords  a  very  large  amount 
late  French  centre,  and  the  former  contin-  of  water  power.  The  river  is  crossed  within 
ued  the  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  who  were  never  the  limits  of  the  village  by  8  road  and  2  railroad 
permitted  to  rally.  The  total  loss  of  the  allies,  bridges,  one  of  the  former  a  wire  suspension 
mcluding  the  Prussians,  was  28,185,  and  that  bridge.  The  village  has  an  academy,  5  news- 
of  the  French  26,800,  beside  227  pieces  of  paper  ofSces,  one  of  which  publishes  a  daily 
cannon. — Of  the  repeated  orders  despatched  to  paper,  5  banks,  9  churches,  and  two  public 
Grouchy  at  10  the  previous  evening,  at  8  A.  M.,  squares,  each  ornamented  by  a  handsome  foon- 
and  again  immediately  before  the  battle,  neither  tain,  fed  by  water  works  which  also  supply 
reached  him  till  4  P.  M.  Long  before  that  the  village.  There  are  in  the  village  mano- 
hour,  Gerard  and  Yandamme,  excited  by  the  factories  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  floor, 
sound  of  the  cannonade  upon  the  field,  had  be-  paper,  iron  castings,  machinery,  leather,  agri- 
sought  him  to  break  off  his  vague  and  mistaken  cultural  implements,  lead  pipe,  sash  and  blindfl, 
pursuit  of  the  Prussians,  and  march  in  that  and  furniture.  An  ice  cave  near  Whittlesey  8 
direction,  but  he  refused.  When  Napoleon's  point  extends  under  a  part  of  the  village, 
messenger  reached  him,  there  was  still  time  by  WATERVILLE,  a  post  village  and  township 
a  flank  movement  against  the  Prussians  to  save  of  Kennebec  co..  Me.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
the  day ;  but  he  again  with  fatal  obstinacy  per-  Kennebec  river  at  Ticonic  falls,  and  82  m.  N.  K. 
sisted  in  following  the  ambiguous  language  of  £.  from  Portland,  with  which  it  is  connected 
Boult's  despatch  rather  than  the  explicit  verbal  by  the  Kennebec  and  Portland  and  Androsc(^- 
orders  of  Napoleon  himself,  which  the  mes-  gin  and  Kennebec  railroads,  and  66  m.  W.  hy 
senger  had  brought.  He  accordingly  made  a  S.  from  Bangor,  by  the  Kennebec  and  Penob- 
useless  attack  upon  a  corps  which  BltLcher  had  scot  railroad ;  pop.  in  1860,  4,426.  The  falls 
left  at  Wavre,  and  thus  the  last  great  battle  of  give  a  large  water  power,  which  is  as  yet  only 
Napoleon  was  lost.  '*  Nothing,"  says  M.  Thiers,  partially  used ;  but  the  town  has  a  large  plough 
"  can  extenuate  the  fault  of  Marshal  Grouchy  manufactory,  an  axe,  hoe,  and  scythe  factory, 
except  his  former  services,  which  were  real,  and  beside  grist  mills,  carding  machines,  plaster 
hu  intentions,  which  were  loyal  and  devoted."  mills,  tanneries,  machine  ^ops,  Ao.    It  has  6 


288  WATSON  WATT 

Mental  Competencjof  Mr.  Henry  Pariah  to  ex-  snd  Liverpool,  and  was  for  aome  time  editor 

eoute  the  Oodicils  appended  to  his  Will "  (1857) ;  of  the  Liverpool  *^  Courier  ;^'  bat  retaining  to 

and  *^The  True  Physician"  (1860).    He  has  the   Wesleyan   connection^  he   soon  bewDM 

ready  for  the  press  two  works  embodying  in  known  as  one  of  its  most  effective  preachen. 

popular  form  the  results  of  80  years^  practice,  Being  stationed  in  London,  he  was  appointed 

entitled  ^^  Obscurities  of  Disease,"  and  '^  Olin-  in  1817  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  miasioii- 

ical  Acumen,  or  the  Sources  of  Miq'udgment  in  ary  society,  which  office  he  held  for  the  rest 

the  Study  of  Disease ;"  and  his  most  extensive  of  his  life ;  for  6  years  he  was  resident  secrt- 

work,  a  ^*  History  of  Medicine,"  is  (Nov.  1862)  tary,  and  directed  his  attention  to  the  theo 

approaching  completion.  logical  training  of  missionaries.    In  1826  ht 

WATSON,  JoHK  FANNora,  an  American  an-  was  elected  president  of  the  conference.  His 
tiquary  and  annalist,  bom  at  Batsto,  Burlington  chief  works  are :  *^  A  Defence  of  the  Weslejim 
CO.,  N.  J.,  in  1780,  died  in  Germantown,  Penn.,  Methodist  Missions  in  the  West  Indies;"  '"'  Be- 
Dec.  23, 1860.  He  was  for  many  years  a  book-  marks  on  the  Eternal  Sonship  of  Christ,  asd 
seller  in  Philadelphia,  and  employed  his  leisure  the  Use  of  Beason  in  Matters  of  Revelation,'* 
in  ffathering  items  of  interest  in  regard  to  the  in  answer  to  Dr.  Adam  Clarke ;  "  Theological 
eany  history  of  Philadelphia,  which  he  pub-  Institutes,  or  a  View  of  the  Evidences,  Doc- 
lished  under  the  title  of  ^^  Annals  of  Philadel-  trines,  Morals,  and  Institutions  of  ChristiaD- 
phia"  (8vo.,  1880 ;  2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  1844).  The  ity"  (6  parts,  1828-'8),  which  has  become 
success  of  this  work  led  hun  to  collect  and  pub-  the  universal  standard  text  book  of  theologj 
lish  some  incidents  of  early  and  revolutionary  among  Methodists ;  ^^  Conversations  on  Scrip- 
history  pertaining  to  New  York  and  Pennsyl-  tare  for  the  Young"  (1880) ;  a  life  of  Weeler, 
vania,  under  the  titles  of  ^^  Historic  Tales  of  the  written  at  the  request  of  the  conference;  a 
Olden  Times  in  New  York"  (1882),  and  ''His-  ''Biblical  and  Theological  Dictionary ;"  and 
toric  Tales  of  the  Olden  Times  in  Pennsyl-  several  volumes  of  sermons.  After  his  death 
vania"  (1883).  He  published  in  1846  "Annals  the  English  Methodist  book  agency  pnbliahed 
of  New  York  City  and  State,"  and  in  1856  a  a  collection  of  his  literary  remaina.  His  life 
"  History  of  the  United  States."  has  been  written  by  T.  Jackson,  who  has  also 

WATSON,  BioHABD,  an  English  prelate,  edited  a  collection  of  his  works  in  18  vols.  8to. 
bom  at  Heversham,  near  Kendal,  Westmore-       WATSON,  Bobbbt,  a  Scottish  author,  born 

land,  in  Aug.  1787,  died  at  Calgartii  park,  in  St.  Andrew^s  about  1780,  died  March  31. 

Westmoreland,  June  4,  1816.    He  was  edu-  1781.    He  was  educated  at  die  universities  of 

cated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  where  in  St.  Andrew^s,  Glasgow,  and  Edinburgh,  and  in 

1764  he  was  chosen  professor  of  chemistry.  1751  delivered  in  Edinburgh  a  series  of  lectures 

He  was   then   quite  unacquainted  with  the  on  English  literature,  which  gave  him  consid- 

soience,  but  by  incessant  application  mastered  erable  reputation.    He  afterward  became  by 

it  sufficiently  to  make  his  lectures  instructive  purchase  professor  of  logic  in  St  Salvador's 

and  satisfactory.    In  1771  he  was  made  regins  college,  and  was  by  patent  from  the  crown 

Srofessor  of  divinity.    In  1780  he  became  arch-  made  professor  of  rhetoric  and  bellea-lettres ; 

eacon  of  Ely,  and  in  1782  was  made  bishop  of  and  he  substituted  for  the  course  of  logic,  pre- 

Uandaff.    His  principal  works  are:  "AnApol-  viously  confined  to  figures,  modes,  and  syllo- 

ogy  for  Christianity,  in  a  Series  of  Letters  ad-  gisms,  disquisitions  upon  the  mental  powers, 

dressed  to  Edward  Gibbon,  Esq."  (12mo.,  Lon-  In  1777  he  became  pnncipal  of  the  united  ct>l- 

don,  1776) ;  ^*  Chemical  Essays"  (5  vols.  12mo.,  leges  of  St  Leonard  and  St  Salvador.    He 

1781-^7);   *'A  Sermon  on  the  Wisdom  and  wrote  a  "History  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain"  (Lon- 

Goodness  of  God,  in  having  made  Bich  and  don,  1777),  which  was  immediately  translated 

Poor"  (1785) ;   "  An  Apology  for  the  Bible,  in  into  French,  Dutch,  and  German.    This  was  su 

a  Series  of  Letters  addressed  to  Thomas  Paine"  successful  that  he  began  a  history  of  Philip 

(1796) ;  and  "  Miscellaneous  Tracts"  (1815).  IQ.,  4  books  of  which  were  fini^ed  at  the 

His  autobiography,  "  iOiecdotes  of  the  life  of  time  of  his  death ;  the  work  was  continued 

Biohard  Watson,"  was  published  by  his  son  and  published  by  Dr.  William  Thomson,  (4to., 

(London,  1817).  Lonaon,  1783).    His  hbtories  are  of  little  value. 
WATSON,  BioHABD,  an  English  clergyman       WATT.    I.  James,  a  Scottish  mecfaaniciiui, 

and   author,    born    in   Barton-upon-Humber,  engineer,  and  inventor,  born  in  Greenock,  Jsd. 

Feb.  22,  1781,  died  in  London,  Jan.  8,  1883.  19, 1786,  died  at  his  estate  of  Heathfield,  near 

At  the  age  of  14,  after  becoming  a  good  Latin  Birmingham,  Aug.  25, 1819.    His  father  was  :t 

and  Greek  scholar,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  merchant  and  builder  in  Greenock,  and  for 

carpenter,  but  in  the  following  year,  having  many  years  held  important  offices  in  the  town; 

joined  the  Methodists,  commenced  preaching,  but  the  loss  of  his  fortune  and  prostration  of 

and  was  released  from  his  indentures.   In  1797  his  faculties  later  in  life  occasioned  his  with- 

he  became  a  member  of  the  conference,  and  in  drawal  from  business.    Thus  James  Watt,  who 

1800  was  received  into  full  connection.    Some  had  been  almost  wholly  forbidden,  through  au 

time  afterwu^  he  joined  the  seceding  body  extreme  delicacy  of  constitution,  to  acquire 

called  the  Methodist  New  Oonnection,  of  the  in  his  childhood  a  systematic  education,  waa 

conference  of  which  he  was  appointed  secre-  prevented  from  making  the  desired  attainment 

tary,  was  stationed  alternately  at  Manchester  m  his  youth  by  untoward  drcumstanoes;  but 


SOO  WATT 

ihe  oondeiMiation  of  the  steam  after  fHX&ag  the  1760,  Mr.  Boebock  to  have  a  ahare  of  two 
cylinder  very  oomplete,  to  preeerve  the  tern-  thirds  in  any  profits  that  mi^t  aocme.  The 
peratare  of  the  cylinder  itself  for  the  succeed-  mininff  specnlations  of  the  latter  having  soon 
tag  charge.  It  was  not  until  several  months  after  led  to  his  embarrassment  and  abandon- 
later  that  the  means  of  accomplishing  these  re-  ment  of  the  enterprise,  Watt  returned  to  the 
salts  occurred  to  his  mind.  In  the  interval  he  business  of  engineering.  Among'  the  surveys 
continued  his  experiments,  making  for  this  pur-  and  works  superintended  by  him  about  this 
pose  a  cylinder  of  9  inches  diameter  and  1  foot  time  were  those  of  a  canal  between  the  Forth 
stroke,  tiie  material  being  wood  soaked  in  oil  and  Olyde,  another  for  the  Monkland  collieries, 
and  baked  to  dryness.  With  this,  and  the  use  the  Crinan  canal,  the  deepening  of  the  Clyde, 
of  a  boiler  of  peculiar  arrangement,  he  ascer*  the  improvement  of  the  harbors  of  Ayr,  Port 
tained  that  the  evaporation  of  boiling  water  is  Glasgow,  and  Greenock,  the  construction  of 
not,  as  had  been  supposed,  proportional  either  bridges,  and  finally  the  preparatory  survey  for 
to  the  amount  of  evaporating  surface  or  to  the  the  Caledonian  canal.  While  engaged  upon 
quantity  of  the  water,  but  really  to  the  quantity  this,  in  1778,  he  received  news  of  Uie  death  of 
of  heat  that  can  be  made  to  enter  the  water;  his  wife,  and  soon  afterward,  upon  the  recom- 
he  also  determined  very  nearly  the  weight  of  mendation  of  his  fnend  Dr.  William  SmjJl,  he 
ooal  required  to  evaporate  a  certain  quantity  secured  the  transfer  to  Matthew  Bonlton,  of 
of  water,  and  that  the  expansion  of  the  latter  Birmingham,  of  Dr.  Roebuck^s  interest  in  the 
hi  entering  into  the  form  of  steam  is  in  a  ratio  steam  engine,  and  himself  removed  to  Soho, 
not  far  from  that  of  a  cubic  foot  for  a  cubic  the  seat  of  Mr.  Boulton's  works.  By  his  buo- 
Indx  (now  known  to  be  about  1660 : 1).  He  ness  habits,  extended  acquaintance,  sagacitj, 
was  also  in  part  occupied  about  this  period  in  and  energy,  Mr.  Boulton  appears  to  have  been 
the  practice  of  land  surveying  and  civil  engi-  peculiarly  fitted  for  the  work  thus  devolviiig 
neermg ;  and  to  these  purstiits  he  gave  a  con-  upon  him,  of  aiding  toward  the  complete  de- 
dderable  portion  of  his  time  till  at  least  as  velopment  of  the  steam  engine,  and  then  secur- 
late  as  1778.  It  was  early  in  1766  that  he  first  ing  its  actual  introduction  into  use.  The  con- 
oonoeived  the  idea  of  that  device  which  should  nection  was  established  in  1774,  resulting  in 
oatiBfy  the  requirements  he  had  previously  de-  the  business  firm  of  Boulton  and  Watt,  in 
termined  to  exist  in  order  to  the  perfection  of  which  both  the  original  partners  remained  im- 
the  steam  engine,  namely,  the  use  of  a  separate  til  Wattes  withdrawal  in  1800 ;  while  the  btisi- 
condensing  chamber,  which  should  remove  all  ness,  under  the  same  title,  is  continued  by  their 
necessity  of  applying  cold  water  to  or  within  descendants  to  the  present  day.  By  the  dote 
the  cylinder.  For  an  account  of  the  principal  of  1774  Watt  completed  at  Soho  his  fourth  and 
other  devices  which  followed  as  consequences  hitherto  most  finished  engine,  the  performance 
upon  this  arrangement,  or  as  means  of  render-  of  which  was  all  that  could  be  desired.  In 
ing  the  engine  practically  complete,  as  weU  as  view,  however,  of  the  fact  that  5  years  of  the 
for  the  chief  points  of  interest  relative  to  the  patent  had  already  expired,  and  of  the  neceaea- 
aubsequent  invention  in  1782  and  1784  of  the  rily  great  expense  of  manufiicturing  and  intro- 
double-acting  engine  and  certain  parts  of  steam  ducing  the  new  engine,  the  projectors  at  once 
mechanism  in  general,  see  Stkam  Enoinb.  In  applied  to  parliament  for  an  extension  of  the 
respect  to  his  earliest  inventions,  he  himself  patent.  This,  notwithstanding  very  great  op- 
aays:  '^Wlien  once  the  idea  of  the  separate  position,  was  granted  in  1775,  to  run  for  25 
condensation  was  started,  all  these  improve-  yoars  from  its  date.  In  the  same  year  Mr. 
ments  followed  as  corollaries  in  quick  succes«  Watt  married  his  second  wife,  a  Miss  Macgnj^ 
sion;  so  that,  in  the  course  of  one  or  two  days,  or.  Among  the  many  difficulties  in  the  way 
the  invention  was  thus  far  complete  in  my  of  the  new  business,  not  the  least  was  that  at 
mind,  and  I  immediately  set  about  an  experi-  first  experienced  in  obtaining  workmen  who 
ment  to  verify  it  practically."  In  1768  Dr.  could  execute  the  parts  of  the  engine  with  the 
John  Roebuck,  founder  of  the  Oarron  iron  precision  of  form  and  adaptation  required. 
works,  to  whom  Watt  was  known  as  a  survey-  The  patentees  invited  inspection  of  the  work- 
or,  was  led  to  take  an  interest  in  the  new  in-  ing  of  th^  engine,  with  a  view  to  prove  its 
ventions;  and  through  his  aid  Watt  was  en-  economy  and  efficiency,  and  deputations  of 
abled  in  the  winter  of  that  year  to  commence  Oomish  miners,  as  well  as  many  others  inter- 
a  third  and  larger  modeL  The  cylinder  of  this  ested,  in  this  way  satisfied  themselves  of  it» 
was  of  block  tin,  18  inches  in  diameter;  and  superiority.  Adopting  a  policy  at  once  liberal 
among  the  many*  difficulties  to  be  overcome  and  shrewd,  tiiey  made  their  terms  amply  the 
was  that  of  substituting  for  the  covering  of  wa-  payment  to  them,  as  a  sort  of  rent,  of  a  sum 
ter  previously  used  over  the  head  of  the  cylin-  equal  to  one  third  the  saving  in  cost  of  foel  (in 
der  an  effective  arrangement  of  packing  about  proportion  to  the  work  done)  effected  by  the 
the  piBton.  After  8  months  the  machine  was  substitution  of  their  engines  for  Smeaton's  or 
brought  to  operate;  and  the  saving  of  steam  other  atmospheric  engines  then  in  use;  and 
and  of  fuel,  as  well  as  of  the  supply  of  water  they  even  accepted  the  latter,  when  desired, 
needed  for  condensing  purposes,  at  once  satis-  at  a  ftill  valuation,  in  part  payment.  Their 
fied  the  parties  conoemed  of  its  success.  A  liberal  spirit  was  further  shown  in  their  admis- 
patent,  before  applied  for,  waa  obtained  Jan.  5,  sion  of  88,000  lbs.  aa  a  horse  power,  in  place 


SB2  WATT 

^■t  son  to  interast  himself;  and  upon  wUoh  he  —See  "lift  of  Jamee  WM^^  tmulited  bj  J. 

liTTote  two  pamphlets ;  the  preparatiQii  of  a  P.  Mnirhead  from  the  ^Uoffe  deliv«ted  by  Ango 

{domposition  resembling  marble,  and  daring  the  before  the  French  academj  of  soieneeB  in  1834 

iiaii  years  of  his  life,  he  devised  a  machine  for  (4to.,  1889) ;  also  Mnirhead^s  ^^  Origin  and  Pn>- 

diii&ltiplying  fnm  this  bnsts  and  imitations  of  gross  of  the  Mechanical  Inventions  of  Jimet 

mtrA  work.     After  his  retirement,  he  oo-  Watt^*  (8  vols.,  1864),  and  his  **  Life  of  James 

marfanaHy  ii^rested  himself  in  engineering  Watt^*  (1868).     IT.  Jamxb,  eldest  son  of  tbe 

Jaibors^imong  which  was  the  contrivance  of  preceding,  bom  Feb.  6,  1769,  di^  at  his  seat 

(thoipltoddof  a  jointed  and  flexible  metallic  pipe,  near  Birmingham,  June  2, 1848.    He  paid  par- 

jfof!  oonyemfi&g  a  snpply  of  water  across  ^e  ticnlar  attention  to  the  study  of  natural  pbUoe- 

jC^dbjat,  Glasgow,  and  npon  certain  works  ophj,  chemistrj,  and  mineralogy,  was  for  a 

'flDdec;thiadh*eotion  of  the  admiralty.    In  1814  short  time  in  his  20th  year  a  secretary  of  the 

dye  tnfm&d^iBtot  Bobiaon's  article,  *^  Steam,"  literary  and  philosophical  society  of  Manchea- 

Jpr  anHw  editaofei  of  the  ^^  Encydopiedia  Britan-  ter,  and  in  1789  contribated  to  its  memoirs  two 

laibai^?  \M  Mefpeinod  in  his  life  he  appears  to  papers  on  the  mineral  barytes.    Soon  after, 

^vie  eOnMmd  himself  entitled  to  tne  honor  accompanied  by  Thomas  Cooper,  who  was  sob- 

Jif  having  fijfat^shdwtinand  annonnced  the  fact  sequently  professor  of  chemistry  in  South  Oaro* 

.•fthib^cOmpoaitiQniOf  water  from  the  two  gases,  lina  college,  Columbia,  S.  C,  he  viated  Paris 

44ndMigen«  aadiiox^geni;.  and  this  daim  was  for  scientific  study;  but,  diverted  from  their 

wged  in  hUi  behalf  by  Others,  especially  by  his  purpose  by  the  revolutionary  excitement  of  the 

-mni '  '•  'H  isf  jiolideabte,r however,  that  in  his  time,  both  entered,  along  with  the  poet  Words* 

dalaril]£%  fftflrensixig  the.tatible  above  named,  worth,  into  active  sympathy  with  the  move- 

^0/ /ktt  imofauged  Si^bas^a'al  credit  to  Caven-  ments  of  the  day.  Watt  was  at  first  in  high  £iTor 

!diifliafi"Aba:g7)^3diaeoveff)rt<of  the  composition  with  the  revolutionary  leaders ;  but  beoomiiig 

so£'watan;?'>  and  ^hjle]l)h^la||MitiVfirdictof  scien-  averse  to  the  excess  of  their  proceedings,  h< 

■itifio  buUutri6eft'0onfitfaa>thia  awaed,  it  is  still  was  denounced  before  the  Jacobin  club  hj  Bo- 

[evident tttotiWatt'amindtwasi  among  the  fore-  bespierre  as  an  emissary  of  Pitt,  and  though 

•jikoBt  ill  afctaik)inga.lliifiefiiilder6tandtng  of  the  he  triumphantly  vindicated   himseli^  he  was 

.awl^jett,  ito  wUoh  he  eepa<eiaUy^ded;itt  callinff  obliged  to  escape  for  his  life  into  Italy.   R«- 

jflttentibn^.'  Abonfe  the  yeas  1790t he- . purchased  turning  to  England,  in  1794  he  became  in- 

-aaesttitecaU^'Ueathfieldf  aea;ifSoho,  on  which  terested  as  a  partner,  along  with  his  brother 

3^e;sB0id^d  to  tihO'eud  .or  hia  *lifb.^-*iCiy  Watt's  Gregory  and  Bobinson  Boulton,  in  the  mana- 

•aMid;iaiip«Alrs  tohaiv»been'^arac^mriiea:^^ a  factory  at  Soho.    From  this  time  he  took  an 

tvzfaarkfl^lei  qUtokness, :  dearnees,  land  breadth  active  part  in  the  progress  of  steam  navigadon, 

of  fQeaqmiheaeidny  ia  vikioe'iOfwUtth'  it  ex-  especially  in  the  adaptations  requisite  in  ma- 

ckided'  allirottleva&t  QMltte'ra  ^as)  byiintdtien,  .rine  engines.    In  1817  he  purchased  the  Gale- 

•ahdiatfek'/giahoe!  piaced.ihe  totS'and  jpiinei^eiB  4onia,  of  102  tons  burden,  one  of  Mr.  Bell's 

jvkhvhick'ithad  bo  deal  itt  their  trnercJalioibi  uiisuccessful  steamers,  fitted  it  with  new  en* 

fSSid* dependence.!  Hie  metaory  was  teo^ow;  i^ofi^  and  made  a  trip  with  it  to  HollaDi  »■ 

/and  bif.'ooasfiaot  Modyt  and  refleotioil.hislstopse  oending  the  Bhine  to  Coblentz ;  and  after  bia 

^ikiiowMge/had  not ^mly. become y^igir'Mt,  .retjnpnthe  next  spring  he  made  81  series  of 

•btitabo  c(xo<)ediqsly  readgr  ind><»pable  of  being  leoiiieriments,  which  resulted  in  the  introdnctioo 

"tireflanted'.wath  '^ei^imute  -to  akneftt  'aoy-  lopio  'Of^^^ery  .material  improvements  into  marine  en- 

tlmtitaikfaft  lii<broaehed^  in  baa  preraiOft^  t.  Me  ginea^  and,  through  which  the  manu&ctnre  of 

t1ri^foM:bf>aiic]eiy,«nd:agr«eabl¥inOQ«?eff^  .^eseihas  ainee  continued  to  be  an  important 

-liniia^hicb^isn&vbQedi'With  a  keen  diacraM-  -bvanchof /the  business  at  Soho.    In  162S  Mr. 

mMom  and  qnMhwtobr  r-  iihoBgb  he,hadl  a^vi^  -Watt  wrote  lor  the  ^'  Encydopsdia  Britannica 

^■^cffrtmoeibr'idlmatiBenOfpretewionfiirhiQh  ithe  life <olhia' father,  which  with  some  alight 

iie  newer  &aled:tO'ii^idD»:!by'  aoi  bb&es^  bhuil-  lalterajtionsiappeana  in  the  latest  edition  of  that 

JlieaB^:IlumnbDlattd<sFi9edbb^.Be>^waB  in-l^a^  .work  i(l£^£h'60)w  :  J9e  also  wrote  a  letter  to 

.made  Bimatiibartof  ihe^toyal  society  of  Edio-  Mr.  l(tuvbffd  ion  his  father's  claims  relative  to 

jbiti^^iinr'thaiidiAivdngtyearv'of  thatofiliOA-  •jthe;'dis<K)vei7r<o^  the >  composition  of  water, 

.dan;  iA  1^7^  of  tibeBataTMua^ociet^t  in  1806  -whiijb.  appeared  in  the  work  of  tbe  latter  on 

£Bnd'18H^;BMeefi(livel]i4rOorrespoodei|t.aiidibr-  -tibatiaabjeet  ixtl846».   Be  was  oever  mamed. 

'vigni  asltocBa^rof  (t|^e  Fi^eh  institiite^i  laiiil  tUL  GnvooBT^  half  brother  of  the  preceding, 

-iiettreoeired  in*a8a«'«hl^degfeeiof  LLlXlhw  :bem  in/l77?r died. pct»a0»  1(804.   His  entrance 

iHketwrntf^gAtjiof  Skagsiww    iHismmaiBS  wia«  .wtQitheifirnkft^Sqh^  ^9^^%  referred  to,  oc- 

ideikwitatd  iBtheefaaBcei  of  theah!lrdb«ifHandl-  lounred  when  .he*  waa^  1.7  pears  old;  bat  he  con* 

.#m4h>0ia4r,iBelK)),7bj:tihe  aide  oflfaoa^of  Mr.  itinued  hls^uoation,  leav^>the  uniTeraitr  at 

Beliltod.    AiMin^  the  etatnes^  ei^isted  to  his  Qiasgow  in]l7i^7,«dflra9^ceAbi9drondhi8ageboth 

-MOBory'  Art  [osa  in  a' choreh  at  Handsworth  ia  science  and  liteffat|]jrp,|but  already  in  declm* 

-b«ltkiyilhi&aan;jaBdDn»^WlMlMliuiter abbey,  inghealth^  fiia physician |recommeBding*r^'f>' 

.'B^yond4iia«OtnmiiniDatioil  tothe- royal  ae^tf  idenecin  the  i^est  ofrJEnglan^v.he  went  in  the 

rki  1783  oaiihetisalifeot  of  ,watfBKv  Mr.- Watt  .winter)  of  the  fNuna  year  t9i,Fen2apce,  taking 

-ja|)pciani,to  htK4  klilttlileSn  thoMt^reof  sci-  ^Ddgangs  in  tbe  house  of  thfs.  pother  of  Bnni- 

tntifit  ato*<>thfer jwritiii«iiOf fM&liMiliiftit 'iritarsirt.  •«»hi7  Qiavy,  b««tween  whom  and.hlineetf  ^ warm 


204  WATTB  WAUK18HA 

in  a  olumo6i7  fliiity  ont  of  which  grew  6  more,  itatedintheLangQagepftheKew 

effectiully  stripping  him  of  all  the  money  he  (12mo.,  ITIO),  and  ^^IHTine  Songa  sttompted 

had  made  by  his  10  years*  labor.    From  1841  hi  easy  Language  for  the  Use  of  Children*" 

to  1847  he  was  again  engaged  on  the  London  (1726)  oonnt  their  admirers  whererer  the  £]ig- 

^  Standard,'*  bat  in  the  latter  year  withdrew  lish  tongne  is  spoken.    Probably  no  poetry  in 

altogether  from  any  connection  with  the  press,  the  language  has  been  more  widely  read  or 

In  1851  appeared  an  editbn  of  his  select  poeti-  more  wanmy  prized.    No  oom|dler  of  attcred 

eal  writings  under  the  title  of  ^*  Lyrics  of  the  lyrics  can  omit  Watts  from  hia  seleetkma,  and 

Heart,  with  other  Poems."    Several  of  these  no  Protestant  English  worship  is  anywhere  odd* 

were  by  his  wife,  who  was  a  sister  of  Wiffen,  ducted  without  sometimes  singing  hia  piececv. 

the  translator  of  Tasso,  and  who  in  addition  has  The  first  complete  ooIleGtion  of  bfa  irorsa  was 

written  and  edited  a  number  of  volumes  for  published  by  Drs.  Jennings  and  I>oddTid|re 

young  people.    Since  that  time  Mr.  Watts  has  (6  vols.  4to.,  London,  1764).    Hia  hiogr^>hy 

published  only  occasional  poems.    In  1858  a  by  Dr.  Johnson  is  inolnded  In  the  ^  XiTea  c^ 

pensionofJBlOO  per  annum  was  conferred  upon  the  Poets."     His  ffora  Lffrita  were  repab- 

him  '*  in  consideration  of  services  rendered  by  liahed  in  1887,  with  a  memoir  by  Scothey ;  and 

him  to  literature  and  the  fine  arts."  of  hia  psalms  and  hymns  the  editiona  are  in- 

WATTS,  GxoBOB  Fbeoxbio,  an  English  numerable;  indeed^  it  has  been  eatiiiiated  that 
painter,  bom  in  London  in  1818.  He  began  to  50,000  copies  of  them  are  sold  yearly  in  Sag- 
exhibit  in  1887,  but  first  brought  himsefi  into  land  and  America.  Dr.  Watts  lived  and  died 
notice  by  his  cartoon  of  '^  Oaractacus,"  which  a  bachelor.  In  person  he  was  small,  his  atat* 
obtained  a  first  class  prize  at  the  Westminster  ure,  according  to  Dr.  Johnson,  seareely  ex- 
hall  competition  in  1848.  Subsequently  his  two  ceedlng  5  feet  ^'  In  the  pulpit,"  says  the  aame 
ooloesal  oil  pictures,  ^*  Echo"  and  "  Alfred  indt*  writer,  '^  the  gravity  and  propriety  of  hie  utter- 
ing the  Saxons  to  Maritime  Enterprise,"  received  ance  niade  his  discourses  veiy  effieaeioas.'*  In 
a  prize  of  £500,  and  were  purchased  for  the  the  latter  part  of  hia  life  his  aermona  were 
new  houses  of  parliament  Among  his  re-  preached  extemporaneously,  only  the  heeda  be- 
nuuning  oil  pictures  are  ^^  Paolo  and  Francesca,"  mg  noted  down  beforehand. 
^  Orlando  pursuing  the  Fata  Morgana,"  and  W AUKEOAN  (formerly  LnruBFoitT),  m  city 
**  Life's  Illusions."  He  has  also  painted  in  and  the  capital  of  Lake  co.,IIL,  on  the  W.ahore 
fresco  for  the  new  houses  of  parliament  ^'St  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Chi- 
George  overcoming  the  Dragon,"  and  after  sev-  oago  and  Milwaukee  railroad,  85  m.  K.  by  W. 
eral  veors'  labor  completed  in  1861  in  Lincoln's  from  Chicago,  and  50  m.  S.  from  MUwankee ; 
Inn  hall  a  large  design  in  fresco  representing  pop.  in  1860,  8,441.  The  dty  is  prinoipaUy 
thegreat  lawgivers  of  all  races  and  times.  Duilt  on  a  bluff  rismg  near  the  lake  ahore 

WATTS,  IsAAO,  D.D.,  an  English  dissenting  abruptly  to  the  height  of  about  50  feet,  which 
dergyniian  and  poet,  bom  in  Southampton,  gives  a  beautifhl  view  of  the  lake.    Between 
July  17, 1674,  died  in  London,  Nov.  25, 1748.  the  bluff  and  the  lake  shore  is  a  level  tm^ 
He  was  educated  by  his  fiither,  who  kept  a  about  400  yards  wide,  occupied  with  dwelbnga, 
boarding  school  at  Southampton,  and  Uien  at  gardens,  and  some  warehouses.    It  ia  a  place 
a  dissenting  academy  in  London  under  the  Rev.  of  active  trade  by  lake  and  railroad,  eapeeially 
ThomaaBowe,  became  in  1696  tutor  to  the  son  in  produce,  wool,  and  timber.     There  were 
of  Sir  John  Hartopp  at  Stoke-Newington,  was  In  186S,  6  churches,  2  academies,  a  newapaper 
chosen  in  1698  assistant  minister  to  the  Rev.  office.  2  steam  flouring  mills,  and  a  bank. 
Isaac  Ohauncey  of  an  Independent  congrega-       WAUKESHA,  a  S.  £.  co.  of  Wiaconain, 
tion  then  meeting  in  Mark  lane,  London, .  of  drained  by  Fox  and  Bark  rivers ;  area,  6T6  aq. 
which  he  became  pastor  in  1702,  and  remained  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  26,849.    It  haa  a  level  siir- 
in  that  post  till  his  death.    His  health  suffering,  fuse,  diversified  with  prairie  and  woodland  and 
he  obtained  an  assirtant  in  1708,  and  in  1712  numerous  small  lakesw    The  soil  ia  exb«mely 
went  to  live  with  Sir  Thomas  Abney,  a  London  fertile.    The  productions  in  1860  were  81&,65S 
alderman,  in  whose  family  he  remained  as  a  bushels  of  wheat,  77,097  of  Indian  eonu  SMS*- 
guest  throughout  the  rest  of  his  life,  a  period  892  of  oata,  119,154  of  potatoea,  and  817,649 
of  86  years.    During  this  time  he  preached  lbs.  of  butter.    There  were  16  grist  miUa,  86 
occasionally,  but  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  sawmills,  19 churches, and 5,458 pupikafetend- 
study  and  composition.    His  '^  Logic,  or  the  ing  public  sdiools.    Blue  limestone  of  an  ex- 
Bight  Use  of  Reason"  (London,  1724),  and  his  ceUent  quality  fbr  building  purpoaea  is  found. 
** Improvement  of  the  Mind"  (1727),  based  on  Hie  county  is  intersected  by  ^e  Milwankee 
the  philosophy  of  John  Locke,  are  the  best  and  Mississippi  and  the  IGlwaukee  and  La 
known  of  his  prose  writings,  Ihough  he  also  Grease  railroads. — ^Waukisha,  the  capital,  ia 
published  a  work  on  astronomy  and  geography,  beautiftilly  situated  on  the  Fox  river,  18  m.  W. 
several  volumes  of  sermons,  and  various  tiieo-  from  Milwankee ;  poo.  in  1860,  2,078.    It  ia 
logical  treatiflee,  of  which  his  "  Three  Disser-  the  seat  of  OarroU  college,  and  oontainaaeTeral 
tationa  relating  to  the  Christian  Doctrine  of  the  flsM^ries,  2  newspaper  o£Bces,  7  or  8  ehnrdkea^ 
Trinity"  ia  perhaps  the  most  familiar  to  the  an  academy,  and  excellent  publia  aehoola.    It 
general  reader.   But  his  '*  Hymns  and  Spiritual  is  connected  with  Ifilwaukee  by  the  Ifihraakee 
fiongs"  O^adon,  1707), ""  Psakna  of  David  hn-  and  Misrissippi 


M  WAX 

two  prindpftl  sabsfcaaoeB:  xnyricine,  wMoih  ia  wax,  of  destroying  the  arystalUne  Btraetore,  or 
grayish  white,  withont  GrystaliiQe  textare,  foal-  '^  breaking  the  grain,''  of  stearic  aoid.  In  ChinA 
ble  at  187^  F.,  and  almost  insoluble  in  boiling  it  is  also  employed  as  a  medicine.  The  French 
alcohol ;  and  oerine,  or  oerotio  acid,  which  have  introdaced  the  insect  into  Algeria.  Tb« 
orystalliEes  when  pure  in  delicate  needle-like  price  of  the  wax  at  Ningpo  some  years  ago  vai 
crystals,  fdses  at  if 2°F.,  is  mnoh  more  soluble,  22  to  25  cents  per  pound,  and  the  annus]  pro- 
constitutes  about  22  per  cent,  of  the  entire  duction  was  estmiated  at  400,000  lbs.  Another 
weifl^t  of  the  wax,  and  has  for  its  formula  wax  of  animal  origin  is  the  Andaquies  wax  of 
0*4  H»4  O4.  Wax  also  contains  4  or  6  per  cent  South  America,  which  is  produced  by  a  small  io- 
of  a  substance  called  ceroleine,  whi<m  is  soft,  sect  called  avua.  It  melts  at  171*  F.,  haaaepe- 
yery  soluble  in  cold  alcohol  and  ether,  and  cific  gravity  of  0.917,  and  according  to  IL  Lewj 
me&s  at  88°  F. ;  and  by  dry  distillation,  and  contains  60  per  cent,  of  ceroxyUne  or  palm 
by  the  action  of  acids  and  alkalies  on  cerine  wax,  45  per  cent,  of  cerosine  or  sugar  cane 
and  myricine,  a  large  number  of  peculiar  or-  wax,  and  5  per  cent,  of  an  oily  substance.— Of 
ganic  compounds  may  be  derived  m>m  it.  A  the  vegetame  waxes,  the  Japanese,  the  palm 
specimen  of  beeswax  from  Oeylon  was  found  wax  of  New  Granada,  and  the  myrtle  wax  of 
by  Mr.  Brodie  to  consist  almost  exdusively  the  United  States  are  the  principal  Tsrieties. 
of  myricine. — ^Beeswax,  though  produced  in  The  first  is  as  white  as  bleached  beeswax,  more 
almost  every  country  in  the  temperate  and  brittle,  less  ductile,  and  breaks  with  a  smoother 
tropic  zones,  is  an  article  of  foreign  commerce  and  more  oonchoidal  fracture ;  its  specific  grav- 
in  comparatively  few.  The  European  supply  is  ity  is  rather  less ;  and  its  melting  point  ia  about 
principiJly  derived  from  the  Baltic,  the  Levant,  127°.  Its  chemical  composition  is  not  definite- 
Africa,  India,  and  the  United  States.  The  For-  ly  known.  The  berries  yielding  it  grow  Id 
tugnese  province  of  Angola  in  Africa  annually  clusters  like  grapes  on  trees  from  16  to  25  fe«t 
sends  to  Europe  about  1,000,000  arrobas,  or  high,  and  when  gathered  are  roughly  washed 
48,772,000  lbs.  Japan  also  exports  much.  In  and  boiled  in  water,  when  the  wax  risee  to 
the  United  States  it  has  long  been  an  important  the  surface,  is  skimmed  off,  and  formed  into 
article  of  production  and  export.  The  census  cakes  weighing  about  SO  lbs.  It  is  said  to  re- 
for  1840  gives  the  value  of  tiie  product  at  quire  protracted  bleaching  before  it  is  fit  for 
$628,808,  wMch  would  be  about  2,000,000  lbs. ;  market.  Small  quantities  have  been  shipped  to 
that  for  1850  states  the  product  of  wax  and  Europe  for  many  years  past,  but  it  ia  only 
honey  to  have  been  14,858,790  lbs.,  worth  within  4  or  5  years  that  it  nas  been  extensiTely 
$2,876,606;  and  that  for  1860  gives  1,857,864  employed  for  candles,  &c.  The  amonnt  ex- 
lbs,  of  wax  alone.  The  exports  in  1859-^60  were  ported  is  large,  and  continually  increasiDg.  In 
862,474  lbs.,  worth  $181,808.  In  1861, 288,558  1859  a  single  cargo  of  1,170,000  lbs.  arrived  in 
Iba.  were  exported  from  New  York.  In  1860  England.  In  1860  the  price  at  Nagasaki  was 
more  tiian  five  sixths  of  the  exports  were  to  $11  to  $12  per  pecul  (8i  to  9}  cents  per  Ib.X 
Fiance,  England,  and  Brazil. — ^Beside  beeswax,  while  that  of  beeswax  was  $82  (24|  cents  per 
two  kinds  of  wax  of  animal  origin  enter  into  lb.).  The  palm  wax  of  New  Granada  (ceroxjline) 
commerce.  The  first,  the  insect  wax  of  Ohina,  is  obtained  from  the  eeraxylon  andieola.  The 
is  found  coating  the  sur&ce  of  the  rhtu  ducee'  scrapings  from  the  exterior  of  the  tree  are  bofled 
daneum  and  some  other  trees.  It  is  the  prod-  by  the  Indians,  and  t^^e  wax  rises  -to  the  aorfaoe. 
not  of  a  very  small  white  hemipterous  insect  It  is  ^ayish  white  when  crude,  and  after  pn- 
(eodeuB  Sinentii),  which  about  the  beginning  of  rification  by  digestion  in  alcohol  is  yellowish 
June  climbs  up  the  plant  and  feeds  upon  it,  white,  almost  insoluble  in  alcohol,  and  fuses  at 
depositing  the  wax  upon  the  branches  as  a  161i°  F.  The  tree  has  been  introduced  into 
coatinff  which  resembles  hoar  frost.  This  is  Algeria.  Oamauba  wax  is  derived  from  a  i)ilm 
scraped  off  towtfd  the  end  of  Auguat,  melted  growing  in  northern  Brazil.  It  is  soluble  in 
in  boUing  water,  and  strained  through  a  cloth,  alcohol  and  ether,  and  fuses  at  182*'  F.  The 
It  is  white  and  crystalline,  resembli^  sperma-  Ocuba  wax  of  Brazil  is  derived  from  the  k^- 
oed,  but  harder,  more  britile,and  morenbrous,  nels  of  the  fruit  of  several  species  of  fnyrih 
ftaaes  at  181''  F.,  is  but  slightlv  soluble  in  al-  tiea,  especially  the  M.  Ocuba.  It  is  yellowish 
oohol  or  ether,  dissolves  readily  in  naphtha,  white,  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol,  and  melts 
and  has  fDr  its  formula  Oio»  H109  O4.  It  does  at  98°  F.  The  Bicuhiba  wax,  also  from  Brazil, 
not  contain  cerotic  acid  ready  formed,  but  by  comea  from  the  M,  Bicuhiba^  is  yellowish  whit^ 
ftision  with  potadi  is  decomposed  into  a  mix-  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol,  and  fusible  at  95 
tore  of  it  wiUi  a  aubstance  called  cerotine  F.  The  myrtle  wax,  which  for  many  yean 
(Om  H»«  Os).  The  Chinese  caU  it/0-2a,  and  em-  has  been  an  article  of  commerce  in  the  ^^^^ 

Eloy  it  for  making  candles,  sometimes  alone.  States,  also  known  as  "  candleberry  wax^'  and 

ut  more  commonly  mixed  with  softer  &ts  and  '^  bayberry  tallow,"  occurs  asian  incrustation 

as  a  coating  for  other  more  easily  fiisible  mate-  on  the  berries  of  the  wax  myrtle  or  bayber^. 

rial,  in  order  to  prevent  guttering.    It  is  often  (See  Wax  Mtbtlb.)    The  berries  are  enclosed 

colored  red  witn  alkanet  root  or  green  with  in  bags  of  coarse  doth,  and  kept  immeraed  in 

verdigris.    It  has  been  introduced  into  England  boiling  water  until  the  wax  collects  on  the  sui^ 

Ibr  the  manufacture  of  composite  candles,  and  face,  which  is  then  cast  into  moulds  and  sold 

is  found  to  anawer  the  same  purpose  as  bees-  without  further  preparation*    It  varies  in  color 


SM  WAX  MYBTLE  WAXWING 


pitdhy  and  Venioetarp6ntm6,wHhaiT«7 small  than  in  AiMiiea;   and  in  certain  patta  of 

quantity  of  olive  oil ;  or  in  gelatine,  wbidiy  if  EranoOi  where  it  baa  been  introdnoed  fiv 
made  thin,  can  be  j^eeled  off  the  cast  in  pieces  many  years,  it  has  become  perfectly  aocli- 
without  ij^nry  to  it  The  model,  when  cast,  mated.  Other  species  of  muriea  are  known 
receives  its  local  tints  by  means  of  a  hair  pen-  as  the  firagrant  gales,  of  which  a  £uniliar  exam- 
oil  and  powder  colors  moistened  with  tor-  pie  is  M,  gdU  (Unn.),  a  dark-colored  boah  2  to 
pontine,  or  sometimes  with  water,  and  tem*  6  feet  high,  having  wedge  or  lanoe-shaped, 
pered  with  a  little  wax.  This  same  process  is  scarcely  serrated,  fragrant  leaves,  and  stiff 
employed  in  modelling  fruit,  and  generally  in  brown*scaled  aments  appearing  in  April,  and 
making  images,  although  various  expedients  found  in  inundated  places.  A  southern  spieces 
have  l^n  deviaad  to  save  wax,  such  as  casting  (if.  inodora^  Bartram),  a  shrub  with  whitish 
tiie  pure  wax  thin  and  filling  in  to  a  consider-  bark  and  perennial,  coriaceous,  oblong,  obtuse, 
able  thickness  with  a  coarser  composition.  A  entire  leaves,  sparingly  dotted,  is  found  on  the 
common  method  of  making  heads  is  to  fashion  margins  of  swamps  near  the  sea  coast  of  Y\at* 
a  block  head  of  paper  pulp  and  size  into  the  ida.  The  sweet  fern  {jOompUnUa  otpienifoli^ 
desired  shape,  color  it  m  a  higher  degree  than  Alton),  a  very  common  plant  in  old  and  neglect- 
is  natural;  and  pour  over  it  a  thin  coating  of  ed  pastures  throughout  the  United  States,  also 
wax,  to  which  a  uniform  surface  can  be  com-  belongs  to  the  order  myrfCOMv. — ^The  medicinal 
municated  by  means  of  a  hot  iron  held  near  qualities  of  the  order  are  astringent  and  tonic 
the  image.  The  color  painted  on  the  paper  as  in  the  sweet  fern,  which  is  employed  in 
block  shows  through  the  wax  in  tints  subdued  diarrhea,  while  in  its  aromatic  bark  reside 
to  those  of  nature.  Flowers  are  not  cast,  but  both  benzoic  and  tannic  acids  combined  with  a 
are  made  from  thin  leaves  of  colored  wax,  resinous  matter.  The  roots  of  the  wax  myrtk 
reoeiving  their  local  tints  by  means  of  a  penciL  are  reputed  emetic  and  drastic,  and  the  berries 
WAX  MTBTLE,  or  Batbebbt  (myriea  eeri-  of  other  species  produce  wax;  the  dmne  of  a 
fira^  linn.),  a  low,  crooked  shrub,  8  to  8  feet  Nepaul  species  (M.  aapida)  is  acid,  of  the  size 
high,  growing  in  extensive  patches  or  in  thick  of  a  cherry,  and  eaten  in  that  country.  The 
dusters  on  every  variety  of  soil,  usually  near  sweet  gale  (M,  gale)  has  been  used  as  a  v^mi- 
the  sea  coast,  throughout  the  United  States,  fuge,  and  its  leaves  employed  in  brewing;  it 
The  wax  myrtle  is  typical  of  Uie  natural  order  anords  a  yellow  dye,  and  its  stems  and  bmraes 
mgricaeem  of  lindley,  related  to  the  birches,  are  used  in  tanning, 
but  distinguished  chiefly  by  the  l-celled  ovary,  WAXBILL.  See  FmroH. 
with  a  single  erect,  straight  ovule,  imd  the  WAXWING,  a  name  applied  to  birds  of  the 
drupe-like  nut.  This  order  embraces  8  or  4  ffenus  ampelU  (Linn.)  or  oombyeiUa  (VieilL), 
genera,  shrubs  or  small  trees  covered  with  derived  firom  the  appendages  at  the  ends  ^ 
resinona  dots  and  glands,  and  alternate,  simple  some  of  the  secondaries  and  tertiaries,  which 
leaves  with  or  witiiout  stipules,  indigenous  to  in  color  and  texture  resemble  small  pieoes  of 
North  and  South  America,  the  Gape  of  Good  red  sealing  wax ;  these  are  homy  expansions 
Hope,  and  India.  Their  flowers  are  dioecious,  of  the  shafta,  and  are  found  in  both  sexea 
smentacious,  naked;  the  stamens  2  to  8,  gen-  This  group,  which  embraces  two  North  Amer- 
erally  in  the  axil  of  a  scaly  bract;  anthers  2  to  ican  spedes,  has  by  some  been  placed  among 
4-ceUed,  opening  lengthwise;  ovary  1-celled,  the  chatterers;  Oabanis  noakes  them  a  sub* 
ovule  solitary;  stigmas  2,  subulate  or  .else  pe-  family  of  the  flycatchers,  and  Baird  elevates 
taloid ;  fruit  drupaceous ;  seeds  solitary,  erect,  them  into  a  family  (hofnbyeillida\  coming  near 
the  embryo  exalbmninous.  The  bayberry  or  the  shrikes  in  the  notch  of  the  lower  mandibhi 
wax  myrde  has  an  irregular,  crooked,  seldom  The  gape  is  very  wide,  but  without  bristles; 
erect  stem,  which  gives  off  rough  branches  in  bill  short,  broad  at  the  base,  compressed,  and 
elustera,  the  bark  brownish  gray,  sprinkled  notched  at  the  tip  in  both  mandibles;  wings 
with  round  or  oblong  white  dots ;  the  leaves  long,  broad,  and  pointed,  with  10  primaries, 
irregularly  scattered,  often  in  tufts,  nearly  ses-  the  Ist  rudimentary  and  the  2d  the  longest; 
rile,  obovate  lance-shaped,  abruptly  pointed,  tail  short  and  even ;  tarsi  short,  toes  long,  and 
cuneate  at  base,  wavy,  slightly  serrate  and  idaws  curved  and  sharp.  Unlike  the  chatter- 
revolute  at  the  edge,  yellowish  beneath.  The  ers,  they  are  silent  birds,  and^  are  found  only 
flowers  appear  in  April  and  May,  the  barren  in  cold  regions.  The  Bohemian  waxwing  or 
ones  in  short,  stif^  erect  catkins,  having  loose,  chatterer  (A,  gofruhUy  linn.)  is  a  handsome 
rhomboidal  scales  containing  each  8  or  4  sta-  bird,  about  8  inches  long  and  12i  in  alar  ex- 
mens ;  the  fertile  flowers  are  much  smaller  and  tent ;  the  color  ia  a  general  reddish  gray,  with 
occur  on  a  different  plant,  the  scales  imbri-  a  large  patch  on  the  throat  and  band  on  fore- 
cated,  oval,  pointed,  each  containing  an  ovary  head  black ;  crest  and  lower  tail  coverts  brown- 
with  2  subulate  stigmas.  The  fertile  ament  ish  orange;  primaries,  secondaries,  and  tail 
ripens  into  a  branch  of  4  to  9  dry  berries,  tipped  with  yellow;  2  white  banda  on  the 
which  are  covered  with  rounded  waxy  parti-  wings ;  lower  parts  silvery  gray.  It  is  found 
des,  giving  out,  as  well  as  the  entire  plant,  a  in  t£e  extreme  northern  portions  of  America, 
fragrant  and  balsamic  odor.  This  species  is  Europe,  and  Ana,  nugrating  to  temperate  lati* 
especially  prized  for  its  wax  (see  wax),  but  tudes  in  winter,  being  most  oommoa  in  the 
seems  to  be  held  in  more  esteem  in  Suk^  United  States  about  wa  great  lakes  and  the 


800  WATIOE 

730  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  82,279.  The  snrfkce  in  1660,  9,116,  of  whom  1,269  were  dsTes. 
is  mostly  hillj,  and  in  the  W.  part  somewhat  The  sniface  is  hilly  and  the  soil  fertile.  The 
moontainoos.  The  productions  in  1860  were  prodnctions  in  1850  were  468,148  bnahelB  of 
50,577  bu^els  of  Indian  corn,  96,094  of  oats,  Indian  com,  41,070  of  oats,  and  47,912  lbs.  of 
180,888  of  potatoes,  891,814  lbs.  of  bntter,  bntter.  There  were  20  grist  mills,  8  saw  nuDi, 
28,928  of  wool,  and  25,880  tons  of  hay.  There  18  chnrches,  and  825  pnpils  attending  pQb- 
were  9  grist  mills,  99  saw  mills,  4  iron  fonnde-  lie  schools.  Iron  ore  is  abundant  Capital 
ries,  10  tanneries,  82  churches,  and  2  newspaper  Waynesborough.  Yin.  A  8.  oo.  of  Ky,  bor* 
offices ;  and  in  1860  there  were  6,688  pupils  at-  dering  on  Tenn.,  bounded  K  by  Oumberland 
tending  public  schools.  Iron  ore  is  found.  The  river  and  E.  by  South  fork ;  area,  670  sq.  m.; 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Delaware  and  Hud-  pop.  in  1860, 10.268,  of  whom  987  were  uavea. 
son  canal  and  railroad,  and  the  Pennsylvania  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  the  soil,  especially  along 
coal  company^s  railroad.  Capital,  Honesdale.  the  streams,  very  fertile.  The  productions  in 
UL  A  W.  oo.  of  Va.,  separated  from  Ky.  on  1850  were  14,276  bushels  of  wheat,  495,409  of 
the  W.  by  Sandy  river,  and  from  Ohio  on  the  Indian  com,  104,498  of  oats,  128.623  lbs  of 
N«  by  the  Ohio  river ;  area,  415  sq.  m. ;  pop.  butter,  and  24,501  of  wool.  There  were  19 
in  1860,  6,747,  of  whom  148  were  slaves.  The  grist  mills,  8  saw  mills,  16  churches,  and  1,4$4 
surface  is  very  hilly,  and  in  most  parts  covered  pupils  attending  public  schools^  Bituminous 
with  forests.  The  productions  in  1850  were  coal  and  iron  ore  are  very  abundant  Capital, 
826,800  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  27,785  of  oats,  Monticello.  IX.  A  K  E.  co.  of  Ohio,  drained 
and  86,556  lbs.  of  butter.  There  were  6  saw  by  a  branch  of  the  Walhonding  river,  and  Ij 
mills,  2  tanneries,  9  churches,  .and  208  pupils  Killbuck  creek  and  other  streams;  area,  660 aq. 
attending  public  schools.  Bituminous  coal  and  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  82,488.  The  surface  ia  nn- 
iron  ore  are  abundant.  The  value  of  real  estate  dulatmg,  and  the  soU  a  deep  clayey  loam  of 
in  1856  was  $880J)17,  an  increase  of  48  per  remarkable  fertility.  The  productions  in  1850 
cent  since  1850.  Oapital,  Wayne  Oourt  House,  were  571,877  bushels  of  wheat,  827,460  of  In- 
IV.  An  E.  CO.  of  if.  0.,  intersected  by  the  dian  com,  427,819  of  oats,  109,828  of  potatoes, 
Neuse  river;  area,  720  sq.  m.;  pop.  in  1860,  1,027,928  lbs.  of  butter,  255,511  of  wool,  and 
14,906,  of  whom  5,451  were  slaves.  The  sur-  41,722  tons  of  hay.  There  were  87  grist  mills, 
fiice  is  generally  level  and  the  soil  sandy.  The  66  saw  mills,  8  iron  founderies,  17  woollen  ftA- 
productions  in  1850  were  18,948  bushels  of  tories,  25  tanneries,  70  churches,  2  newspaper 
wheat,  480,240  of  Indian  com,  20,709  of  oats,  offices,  and  18,927  pupils  attending  pablie 
167,662  of  sweet  potatoes,  98,046  of  peas  and  schools.  Bituminous  coal  and  limestone  are 
beans,  and  885  bales  of  cotton.  There  were  very  abundant.  The  county  is  intersected  bv 
49  grist  mills,  4  saw  mills,  51  tar  and  turpen-  the  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne,  and  Chicago,  and 
tine  establishments,  10  turpentine  distilleries,  the  Oleveland  and  Zanesville  railroads.  Capi* 
28  churches,  2  newroaper  offices,  and  226  pupils  tal,  Wooster.  X.  A  S.  E.  co.  of  Mich.,  borde^ 
attending  schools.  Extensive  pine  forests  cover  ing  on  Lakes  Erie  and  St.  Clair,  bounded  £. 
much  of  the  county,  and  large  quantities  of  by  Detroit  river  and  S.  W.  by  Huron  river, 
lumber,  tar,  and  turpentine  are  exported.  The  and  drained  by  Rouge  and  Huron  rivers  and 
county  is  traversed  by  the  North  Oarolina,  At-  their  branches;  area,  600  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 
lantic  and  North  Oarolina,  and  Weldon  and  75,548.  The  surface  is  undulating  in  the  W. 
Wilmington  rsihroads.  Capital,  Goldsborough.  part  and  level  in  other  portions,  and  the  soil 
Y.  A  8.  E.  00.  of  Ga.,  bounded  on  the  ST.  E.  by  very  fertile.  The  productions  in  1860  were 
the  Altamaha  river,  and  intersected  by  the  106,876  bushels  of  wheat,  288,559  of  Indian 
Santilia  river ;  area,  594  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  com,  287,007  of  oats,  180,442  of  potatoes,  435,- 
2,269,  of  whom  621  were  slaves.  The  surface  857  lbs.  of  butter,  95,058  of  wool,  and  28,187 
is  level,  abounding  with  pine  forests,  and  the  tons  of  hay.  There  were  16  grist  mills,  43  saw 
soil  sandy.  The  productions  in  1860  were  21,-  mills,  7  iron  founderies,  a  woollen  factory,  50 
546  bushels  of  Inoian  corn,  24,488  of  sweet  po-  churches,  9  newspaper  offices,  and  7,188  pnpils 
tatoes,  87  bales  of  cotton,  and  41, 1 80  lbs.  of  rice,  attending  public  schools.  limestone  of  a  sape* 
There  were  81  churches,  and  65  pupils  attend-  nor  qudity  is  found,  and  there  are  snl^nr 
ing  schools.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  springs.  The  county  is  traversed  by  the  Mich- 
Savannah,  Albany,  and  gulf  railroad.  Capital,  igan  central,  Michigan  southern  and  northern 
Waynesville.  VI.  A  S.E.  oo.  of  Miss.,  border-  Indiana,  and  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  rdlroads, 
ing  on  Ala.,  intersected  by  the  Chickasawha  which  terminate  at  the  capital,  Detroit  XL 
river,  and  by  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  railroad;  An  E.  co.  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  Ohio,  snd 
area,  790  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  8,691,  of  whom  drained  by  Whitewater  river  and  its  tribnta- 
1,947  were  slaves.  The  surface  is  undulating  ries ;  area,  420  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  S9,55S. 
and  the  soil  sandy.  The  productions  in  1850  The  surface  is  undulating  and  the  soil  extreme- 
were  84,280  bushels  of  Indian  com,  87,605  of  ly  fertile.  The  productions  in  1850  were  168.- 
sweetpotatoes,  and  1,217  bales  of  cotton.  Cap-  667  bushels  of  wheat,  1,898,456  of  Indian  com, 
ital,  Winchester.  VH.  A  S.  W.  co.  of  Tenn.,  207,295  of  oats,  863,082  lbs.  of  butter,  71,w9 
bordering  on  Ala.,  partly  bounded  on  the  W.  of  wool,  and  11,877  tons  of  hay.  There  wew 
by  the  Tennessee  river,  and  drained  by  BuffiUo  46  grist  mills,  80  saw  mills,  14  tanneries,  ^ 
river  and  several  creeks ;  area^  604  sq.  m. ;  pop.  churches,  5  newspaper  offices,  and  8,467  pnpu^ 


802  WAYNE  WEAK  FIBH 

find  M\M  maaOBayring  at  the  battle  of  Mon-  memory.    Gen.  Wayne  vaa  one  of  th«  most 

moath  contributed  largely  to  the'  suooess  of  brilliant  officers  of  the  reyolutionaiy  war,  imd 

the  American  arms,  and  were  specially  oom-  brave  to  a  fault,  insomnoh  that  he  gsined  the 

mended  in  Washington's  offioiai  report.    On  aobriquet  of  "  mad  Anthony  ;'*   yet  dismet 

the  night  of  Joly  15,  1779,  Gen.  Wayne  snr-  and  caations,  fruitful  in  expedients,  quick  in 

prised  and   took   the  strong  fortification  at  detecting  the  purpose  of  an  enemy,  insUnt  in 

Stony   Point,  on   the   Hudwn,  making  the  decimon,  and  prompt  in  execution.    In  person 

whole  garrison  prisoners.    This  was  the  most  he  was  rather  above  the  medium  height,  his 

brilliant  affair  of  the  war,  and  for  desperate  features  were  regular,  and  his  face  decidedly 

daring  has  never  been  excelled.    It  occurred  handsome.    Hb  dress  was  scmpulouBly  ne&t 

at  a  gloomy  period  in  the  struggle  of  the  col-  and  elegant,  his  movements  were  quick,  and 

onies,  and  animated  afresh  the  w>oping  spirits  his  manners  easy  and  gracefuL — ^A  sketch  of 

of  the  continentals.    Resolutions  of  thanks  his  life  has  been  written  by  John  ArmstroDg 

were  passed  by  congress  and  by  the  legislature  In  Sparks's  ^'  American  Biography.*' 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  wherever  Wayne  ap-       WAYWODE  (Slav,  toi  or  wy,  war,  and  f#- 

peered  he  was  greeted  with  enthusiastic  dem-  dit  or  wodak.  to  lead),  formerly  the  title  of  the 

onstrations  of  popular  admiration.    His  ser-  military  leaders  in  various  Slavic  countriee. 

vices  in  the  north  were  exceedingly  valuable  The  army  leaders  were  also  govemora  of  the 

in  1779-^80;   and  in  Jan.  1780,  he  displayed  provinces,  and  in  Poland  called  out  and  took 

remarkable  address  and  decision  in  the  sup-  command  of  the  general  levies  in  time  of  vtr. 

pression  of  a  mutiny  which  broke  out  at  Mor-  In  Russia  the  title  was  early  given  to  high 

ristown  and  threatened  the  most  serious  con-  military  offioers,  and  in  Muscovy  it  was  ak)  a 

sequences  to  the  revolutionary  cause.    In  Feb-  civil  as  well  as  military  title.    The  goverDon 

mary  of  that  year  he  was  ordered  to  join  the  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia  assumed  the  title  d 

southern  army,  and  at  the  battle  of  Green  waywode,  which  they  afterward  exchanged  for 

Spring,  Va.,  July  6, 1780,  by  a  prompt  attack  the  Greek  detpota^  and  finally  for  the  Slavic 

with  a  part  of  his  brigade  on  the  whole  Brit-  hotpodar.     The  title  waywode  (Hun.  ra^<j) 

ish  army,  he  so  disconcerted  Gomwallis  as  to  was  also  in  use  in  Hungary  and  Transylvania: 

prevent  a  meditated  manosuvre  that  would  and  Yoivodina  (waywodeship)  was  the  name 

probably  have  been  disastrous  to  the  forces  of  a  division  of  Austria  established  by  Francis 

under  Lafayette.    He  seconded  the  operations  Joseph,  and  lately  abolished, 
of  Lafayette  in  Virginia,  and  aided  in  the  cap-       WEAK  FISH,  or  SQTiBTBAQinB,  a  spinj-raTetl 

ture  of  Oomwallis  at  Torktown.    Soon  after  fish  of  the  genus  otoliikuM  (Ouv.),  resemblio;' 

that  event  he  was  assigned  to  the  oonunand  in  the  perch.    It  has  no  teeth  on  the  vomer  or 

Greorgia,  and  after  routing  large  bodies  of  In-  palate  bones,  but  numerous  ones  in  the  jawt, 

dians  on  their  way  to  reinforce  the  British,  some  having  the  form  of  elongated,  hook-like 

he  succeeded  in  driving  the  enemy  from  the  canines ;   the  head  is  convex,  supported  bv 

state.    In  acknowledgment  of  his  services  the  cavernous  bones ;  the  air  bladder  has  a  horo 

legislature  of  Greorgia  passed  him  a  vote  of  on  each  side  projecting  forward.    The  commofl 

thinks  and  granted  him  a  large  and  valuable  weak  fish  {0,  regalis^  Ouv.)  is  between  1  and 2 

tract  of  land.    After  the  war  he  retired  to  his  feet  long,  brownish  blue  above,  with  irregnltf 

turn  at  Waynesborough,  and  also  took  meas-  brownish  spots,  and  tinged  with  greenish  aca 

ures  for  the  improvement  of  his  Greorgia  lands,  banded  in  the  young ;  uie  sides  olvery,  abdo- 

He  initiated  the  movement  for  the  improve-  men  white,  and  iris  yellow ;  lower  fina  oran^; 

ment  of  the  navigajtion  of  the  principal  rivers  no  barbels  on  chin,  and  bones  of  anal  fin  weak; 

of  the  state,  and  the  connection  of  the  waters  there  is  a  single  row  of  very  small  teeth  in  the 

of  the  Delaware  and  Ohesapeake  bay  by  canal,  upper  jaw,  and  a  double  series  in  the  lower; 

In  April,  1792,  after  the  defeat  of  Oens.  Har-  dorsals  separated,  and  the  2d,  with  the  caadal 

mar  and  St.  Olair,  he  was  appointed  mi^or-  and  anal,  mostly  covered  with  scales.  T|m 

general  and  commander-in-c^ief  in  the  war  was  formerly  one  of  the  most  common  mariQe 

against  the  western  Indians ;  and  he  gained  fishes  in  Vineyard  and  Long  Islimd  soonds,  bot 

a  signal  victory  over   the   Miamis   in  Aug.  is  now  verv  rare  there,  driven  away,  it  is  be- 

1794,  compelling  them  to  sue  for  peace.    He  lieved,  by  the  blue  fish  (temtiadon) ;  it  has  been 

was  shortly  afterward  appointed  sole  commis-  taken  in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  the  guli 

sioner  to  treat  witJi  the  Indians  of  the  north-  of  Mexico ;  it  oftcoi  accompanied  the  hass  O'^' 

west,  and  to  take  possession  of  all  forts  held  hrcue).    It  is  called  blue  ^eh  on  the  New  Serssj 

by  the  British  in  tnat  territory.    The  ability,  coast,  shecutts  on  the  Long  island  shore,  and 

determination,  and  promptitude  with  which  he  trout  in   Philadelphia  and   Baltimore ;  the 

managed  affairs,  impressed  the  hostile  tribes  name  weak  fish  originated  from  the  little  re- 

with  a  dread  which  operated  as  a  wholesome  sistance  it  makes  when  taken,  and  from  the 

restraint  upon  them  long  after  his  death.    He  ease  with  which  the  delicate  stmctare  of  tiie 

was  taken  ill  and  died  while  on  his  return.    His  mouth  enables  it  to  breaJc  away.    On  the  >^^ 

remains  were  interred  on  the  bank  of  Lake  Erie,  Jersey  coast  it  appears  early  in  the  spnogt 

and  in  1809  were  removed  by  his  son  to  the  cem-  being  most  abundant  toward  the  end  of  W 

etery  of  Radnor  church,  near  Waynesborough,  and  disappears  late  in  the  autumn;  i^^J 

where  a  handsome  monament  ia  erected  to  his  greedy  biter,  and  is  easily  taken  by  any  ' 


804  WSAYINa 

tree,  oorered  with  a  roof  10  to  12  feet  in  diame-  of.  Though  the  EgyptiBn  loonu,  as  depicted 
ter;  on  the  under  surface  of  this  umhrella-  on  tomhs  at  Thebes  and  elsewhere,  were  very 
like,  thatched  roof,  or,  according  to  Paterson,  sunple,  yet  the  fabrics  produced  in  them  vera 
around  the  edges  and  opening  into  a  common  often  of  fine  and  costly  character.  In  some  of 
passage,  are  numerous  entrances  to  the  nests,  them  the  warp  extended  horizontally,  as  now; 
which  are  placed  about  2  inches  apart;  they  in  others  it  was  vertical,  and  the  weft  was  driren 
do  not  occupy  the  same  nest  for  two  years,  but  upward.  Specimens  of  the  products  of  then 
add  on  new  nests  to  the  lower  surface  of  the  looms  remain  in  the  mummy  cloths,  vhich 
old  ones  until  the  tree  is  broken  down  by  the  were  usually  of  linen,  evenly  spun,  and  bleached 
accumulated  weight. — In  this  family  belong  white ;  and  in  the  most  ancient  of  them  the 
^e  Whydah  finches  or  widow  birds,  of  the  ge-  texture  is  close,  firm,  and  elastic  WesTing 
nus  9idua  (Guv.);  these  are  abundant  about  was  also  practised  in  very  early  times  in  Greece. 
Whydah  in  W.  AMca,  whence  the  first  name,  both  as  a  domestic  employment  and  as  adis- 
whiohhasbeenhappilycorruptedinto  the  com-  tinct  trade.  Homer  describes,  as  the  product 
mon  English  name,  their  sombre  colors  and  long  of  OretLsa^s  shuttle,  a  figure-woven  padem,  in 
black  trail  well  entitling  them  to  the  epithet  which  appeared  a  gorgon  and  dragons.  Yarions 
widow  birds,  the  veuves  of  the  French  and  vidtia  accounts  show  that  &e  Greeks  understood  the 
of  the  Latin.  In  the  paradise  widow  bird  (  F.  modes  of  "  mounting  a  loom^'  so  as  to  prodooe 
paradieea^  Ouv.)  2  of  the  middle  tail  feathers  of  different  sorts  of  diaper  or  twiUed  fabric;  and 
the  male  in  the  breeding  season  are  a  foot  long,  it  is  undoubtedly  true  that  the  damraks,  shawls, 
and  2  others  shorter  but  with  broad  webs,  giv-  and  tapestries  woven  by  the  later  Greeb  and 
ing  it  a  very  graceful  appearance ;  these  fall  by  the  Romans  would  rival  in  beauty  some  of 
off  after  the  breeding  season.  The  head,  chin,  the  best  productions  of  the  modem  art.  FiBto 
fore  neck,  back,  wings,  and  tail  are  black;  mentions  one  ofthe  most  important  distinctions, 
neck  all  round  orange  of  various  shades,  and  as  still  required,  between  the  threads  of  the 
most  of  the  other  parts  white ;  it  is  about  as  warp  and  of  the  weft ;  namely,  that  the  former 
large  as  a  canary,  and  is  a  favorite  cage  bird  are  to  be  more  strong  and  firm,  in  conseqn^ce 
botii  for  its  beauty  and  its  song ;  it  is  found  of  being  harder  twisted,  while  the  latter  shoold 
from  Senegal  to  S.  Africa. — ^The  red-billed  be  comparatively  soft  and  yielding.  In  more 
weaver  (textor  erythiwhynchue,  A.  Smith)  is  modem  times,  the  people  of  Italy  and  of  the 
about  5  inches  long,  and  the  tail  feathers  6  Netherlands  appear  first  to  have  become  fsmed 
inches  more ;  the  general  color  above  is  glossy  for  their  textile  manufactures ;  and  from  these 
blue-black,  with  a  white  collar  between  the  countries  the  trade  passed  to  England  and 
crown  and  back,  and  the  lower  parts  white.  France,  though  just  at  what  period  is  nncertsip. 
It  is  an  inhabitant  of  S.  Africa,  accompanying  Edward  III.,  and  afterward  Elizabeth,  are  said 
the  herds  of  wild  buffaloes,  perching  on  their  to  have  laid  the  foundation  for  that  promioeooe 
backs  to  rid  them  of  parasitic  insects,  and  also  in  textile  manufactures  for  which  England  is 
warning  them  of  danger,  the  whole  herd  tak-  yet  distinguished. — ^In  ordinary  weaving,  two 
ing  to  flight  at  a  signal  from  their  vigilant  at-  distinct  series  or  sets  of  threads  or  yams*  thst 
tendants.—- For  descriptions  and  figures  of  this  traverse  the  web  in  directions  at  right  angles 
family,  see  vol.  i.  of  Swainson*s  '^  Birds  of  to  each  other,  are  to  be  distinguished,  the 
Western  Airica,^^  being  vol.  ii.  of  the  ^'  Natu-  first  is  the  series  of  threads  running  the  whole 
ralist's  Library"  (Edinburgh,  1887).  length  of  the  piece  or  web  to  be  prodnoed,  and 
WEAVING,  the  art  of  combining  threads,  most  commonly  known  as  the  warp ;  the  sec- 
filaments,  or  strips,  of  various  nature  or  mate-  ond,  most  commonly  named  the  weft  or  woof« 
rial,  in  the  way  of  interlacing  them  to  form  is  the  series  of  threads  crossing  and  interlaeiog 
cloth,  or  other  web  or  woven  fabric.  This  with  the  warp,  and  which  is  in  effect  one  coo- 
process  is  distinguished  from  platting  by  the  tinuous  thread  passing  at  one  throw  alternately 
preparatory  form  now  usually  given  by  spinning  over  and  under  the  warp  threads  from  one  side 
to  the  material  to  be  employed  in  it,  and  in  of  the  piece  to  the  other,  and  at  the  retarn 
which  many  smaller  filaments  are  so  twisted  throw  aJso  alternately,  but  on  the  reverse  sides 
together  as  to  constitute  thread  or  yam;  and  of  tiie  same  warp  threads;  and  so  on,  from  the 
also  by  the  more  common  interlacement  of  the  beginning  untU  the  whole  length  of  the  warp 
threads,  in  weaving,  in  directions  crossing  each  threads  becomes  a  woven  piece  or  cloth.  This 
other  at  right  angles.  From  felting  it  is  dis-  ordinary  mode  is  *^  plain  weaving."  Inallstjltf 
tinguished  by  the  circumstance  that  while  in  of  weaving,  the  warp  threads  are  first  affixed 
that  process  the  fibres  are  worked  together  upon  the  proper  paHs  of  the  loom ;  while  the 
irregularly  and  in  all  directions,  in  weaving  weft  is  wouna  in  single  tiirea^  on  many  smsU 
the  interlacement  is  always  regular,  one  thread  spools  or  bobbins,  which  are  set  one  after  an- 
passing  over  and  then  under  those  transverse  other,  as  required,  in  a  small  hoUowed  and 
to  it,  idternately,  or  else  passing  over  and  then  boat-shaped  instrament,  the  shuttle;  this,  bein)? 
under  certain  numbers  of  threads,  taken  in  thrown  back  and  forth  between  the  v*^ 
definite  succession. — ^The  weaving  of  reeds,  of  threads,  parted  as  presentiy  to  be  described, 
thongs  of  hide,  and  of  rade  fibres  was  without  delivers  the  weft  by  its  unwinding  trcm  the 
doubt  practised  before  the  preparation  of  fibres  bobbin. — ^In  plain,  as  in  all  other  modes  of 
for  the  loom  by  spinning  nad  been  conceived  weaving,  it  is  necessary  first  to  lay  together  m 


806  WEAVING 

beam,  and  tending  to  tnm  it  back,  while  it  is  some  devioe  changing  the  bazes  at  the  proper 
held  by  the  threap  and  turned  forward  to  on-  intervals.    Now  when,  by  the  required  ar- 
roll  them  as  required,  by  winding  the  piece  on  rangements,  stripes  are  thns  caused  to  ax>pear 
the  cloth  beam.    The  leaves  of  heddles,  espe-  both  in  the  warp  and  weft,  the  result  is  a  check 
dally  for  broad  goods,  may  be  suspended  by  or  plaid  of  some  sort,  the  widths,  colors,  and 
levers,  instead  of  simple  pulleys,  but  acting  in  succession  of  the  bars  receiving  of  course  anv 
the  like  manner.    For  weaving  broad  goods,  desired  variety.    If  alternate  parcels  of  warp 
of  4,  6,  or  even  6  yards  width,  much  dexterity  and  of  weft  threads  are  merely  of  two  materisl5 
and  precision  is  requisite  in  the  throwing  of  of  one  color,  say  cotton  and  woollen,  a  sort  of 
Uie  shuttle  with  sufficient  and  not  too  much  check  is  the  result.    Thus  far,  only  the  corn- 
force  ;  while  for  weaving  narrow  webs,  such  as  mon  arrangement  is  required,  with  two  leaver 
ribbons,  galloons,  &o.,  a  kind  of  loom  called  of  heddles.    The  production  of  twill,  including 
the  engine  loom  has  been  devised,  in  which  diaper,  damask,  bombazine,  cassimere,  satin, 
several  shuttles  work  as  many  webs  at  the  same  &c.,  becomes  more  intricate.    In  all  twills,  the 
time.    It  is  only  in  the  simplest  mode  of  hand  regular  alternation  of  the  warp  threads  ceases 
weaving  that  the  shuttle  is  still  thrown  alter-  A  sort  of  stripe  may  be  produced,  indeed,  by 
nately  by  the  two  hands.    About  a  century  arranging  the  warp  threads  2  or  3  in  one  leaf 
since,  Mr.  John  Kay  invented  the  fly  shuttle ;  of  heddles,  the  dd  or  4th  in  the  other,  and  so 
in  tins  mode,  a  continuous  firm  cord  has  a  on ;  but  this  does  not  give  a  twill,  and  still  re- 
wooden  handle,  or  "  picking  peg,"  at  its  middle,  quires  but  two  sets  of  heddles.    Examining  the 
and  placed  conveniently  in  front  of  the  weaver;  different  twills,  as  in  satin  or  merino,  the  we]\ 
tiie  ends  of  the  cord  act  on  "  pickers,"  one  in  threads  are  found  passing  over  2  warp  tbread:^ 
each  trough  or  box  at  the  ends  of  the  shuttle  and  under  one,  or  over  8  and  under  one,  or 
race,  these  pickers  lying  beyond  or  outside  the  over  even  4  or  6  and  under  one,  according  i" 
shuttle,  and  either  one  impelling  it  by  being  the  nature  and  fineness  of  ^e  twill ;  the  res»a:t 
slidden  idoug  a  horizontal  wire  at  a  jerk  g^ven  being  the  well  known  smooth  and  glossy  ap- 
witli  the  picking  peg  to  the  cord  in  that  direc-  pearance  of  such  stuffs  on  the  right  ^de,  and 
tion ;  by  this  means  the  hand  weaver  moves  a  sort  of  diagonal  ribbing  on  the  other.     The 
the  shuttle  both  ways  with  the  right  hand,  diagonal  rib  is  due  to  the  circumstance  thai  if 
while  he  manages  the  batten  with  the  left.—  the  first  8  threads,  for  instance,  be  passed  over 
The  weaving  of  stripes,  checks,  and  twills  is  at  one  throw  of  the  shuttle,  the  first  of  thc&^> 
the  simplest  form  of  pattern  weaving,  the  more  falls  under  at  the  next  throw,  the  groop  of  0 
difficult  being  properly  known  as  figure  weav-  being  taken  one  thread  further  on ;  and  so  ol 
ing.     The  simpler  patterns  and  mixtures  of  continually.    To  accomplish  this,  there  jnusi 
thread  are  of  great  variety,  and  produced  in  be  4  leaves  of  heddles,  each  receiving  everv 
various  ways,  a  few  only  of  which  can  here  be  4th  warp  thread,  with  4  corresponding  treadles^ ; 
specified.    The  warp  may  be  of  one  material  the  depression  of  one  of  these  will  carry  down 
and  the  weft  of  another,  as  in  satinets  and  every  4th  thread ;  that  of  the  next,  every  4th 
many  other  fabrics ;  but  by  twilling,  presently  thread  next  beyond,  and  so  on ;  but  dififen^nt 
to  be  described,  or  otherwise,  it  may  be  secured  kinds  of  twill  can  be  produced  by  varying  the 
that  the  weft  thread  and  material  only  shall  combinations  of  the  treadles.     Of  course,  a 
show,  when  of  course  no  pattern  appears.    If  twill  of  4  threads  to  one  will  require  5  treadle^: ; 
all  the  warp  threads  are  of  one  color,  and  all  and  similarly  of  other  cases.    When,  instead 
the  weft  of  another,  the  effect  is  what  is  called  of  or  in  addition  to  a  twill,  the  weaver  must 
a  "  shot"  pattern.    Stripes  the  length  of  the  produce  sprigs,  fiowers,  spots,  or  any  kind  of 
piece  are  simply  secured  by  laying  on  the  warp  ngure,  the  operation  becomes  much  more  com- 
m  the  alternate  colors,  as  required.    Stripes  plex.    According  to  the  parts  of  the  fignre  oc- 
across  the  piece  are  obtained  by  changing  of  curring  in  different  parts  of  the  clotlvuie  wcTt 
shuttles,  so  as  to  employ  the  different  colors  or  may  have  to  pass  at  one  moment  over  4  and 
yams  as  often  as  the  proper  widths  of  stripe  under  one,  over  2  and  under  2  at  the  next,  over 
are  produced.    This  changing  of  shuttles  was  5  and  under  8  at  the  next,  and  so  through  a 
inconvenientandwastefulof  time,  until  Robert  great  variety  of  combinations.    To  effect  this 
Eay,  son  of  the  inventor  of  the  fiy  shuttle,  by  heddles,  their  number  must  be  veiy  gr^at ; 
contrived  the  drop-box ;  in  this,  2,  8,  or  more  and  at  length  there  is  not  room  enough  for 
boxes,  one  over  the  other,  at  each  side  of  the  them  in  the  loom,  nor  means  of  Tnaimging  them* 
shuttle  race,  are  so  connected  by  a  cord  on  To  remedy  this,  the  draw-loom  was  invented, 
which  is  a  convenient  handle,  that,  by  moving  in  which  the  warp  threads  are  controlled  by 
this,  one  is  made  to  slide  down  and  the  other  strings,  collected  into  the  requisite  number  and 
up  the  swords  of  the  batten ;  the  boxes  at  one  succession  of  bundles,  so  that  an  assistant,  the 
side  have  in  them  each  a  shuttle  with  one  color  *^  draw-boy,"  either  lifting  or  depressing  the 
of  thread,  and  by  moving  them  any  required  bundles  in  the  proper  order,  takes  up  or  car- 
one  is  brought  at  once  to  the  level  of  the  shut-  ries  down  the  warp  threads  as  required  to  work 
tie  race,  so  that  its  shuttle  shall  be  next  acted  out  the  parts  of  the  figures.    The  arrangement 
on  by  the  picking  peg  and  cord ;  and  in  this  of  the  strings  and  tlie  handles  controlling  the 
way  the  colors  and  stripes  are  changed  at  the  collections  of  them  must  be  previously  made 
will  of  the  workman,  or  in  power  looms  by  for  each  pattern ;  and  this  is  called  cording  the 


808  WEAVING 

^ne,  imparts  motion  to  a  second  shaft  mnning  other  pole  of  which  the  remote  ends  of  all  tiie 
across  l^e  loom  below  it ;  while  on  this  two  helices  connect,  all  tiie  metal  teeth  at  a  given 
rollers  are  so  affixed,  that  one  of  them  at  each  time  resting  npon  the  bare  foil  oondnct  portions 
half  tarn  of  the  shaft  suddenly  strikes  down  a  of  the  current,  render  the  bars  in  their  hdices 
roller  on  one  side  of  the  whip  lever,  and  sO)  magnets,  and  bj  their  action  withdraw  the  cor- 
shortening  anotiher  cord  at  this  part,  draws  the  responding  rods  ont  of  the  plate,  leaving  8o 
lever  and  picking  cord  with  a  sharp  jerk  in  the  many  holes  open ;  while  the  rods  answering 
corresponding  direction;  the  coid,  acting *on  £b  the  teeth  that  are  on  the  varnished  portions 
pickers  as  before  explained,  gives  the  throw  to  of  the  foil  remain  in  and  close  the  other  hole«. 
the  shuttle.  The  stroke  of  the  batten  or  lay,  In  this  way,  this  single  plate  is  made  to  serre 
beating  np  the  weft  threads,  is  accomplished  by  for  the  endless  succession  of  Jacqnard  cards : 
means  of  cranks  on  the  driving  shaft,  which  so  the  needles  entering  these  holes  determining 
connect  with  arms  projecting  from  the  upright  as  before  what  warp  threads  shall  be  rtdaed. 
pieces  of  the  batten  (in  these  looms  pivoted  to  By  means  of  insulated  strips  of  foil  running 
the  frame  below),  as  to  draw  the  batten  for-  along  the  back  of  the  tin  foil  band,  and  connect- 
ward  after  every  throw  of  the  shuttle.  The  ed  with  certain  portions  only  of  its  face,  sep- 
connection  of  the  shafts  in  the  loom  with  each  arated  by  narrow  insulating  breaks,  difTerem 
other,  and  with  the  cloth  beam,  to  which  a  slow  colors  or  sorts  of  weft  can  be  saocesflaveh 
movement  is  imparted,  is  by  toothed  wheels,  worked  into  the  piece,  according  to  the  stri]^ 
of  such  sizes  as  to  give  to  each  Uie  required  of  foil  successively  put  in  connection  with  the 
rate  of  speed.  Among  the  late  improvements  battery.  The  inventor  clahns  that,  by  this  ap- 
in  the  power  loom  are  those  by  which  the  loom  paratus,  the  preparation  for  pieces  of  work  of 
is  stopped  when  the  weft  thread  breaks  or  is  the  present  cost  of  those  referred  to  can  be  re- 
absent,  when  the  driving  band  is  shifted,  and  duced  to  about  $30  and  $180,  with  one  and  4 
when  the  shuttle  does  not  get  clear  of  the  shed ;  weeks'  time  respectively,  with  the  trifling  addi- 
that  in  which  die  tension  of  the  warp  is  ob-  tional  expense  of  2  Bnnsen's  cells  daily ;  and 
tained,  not  by  a  weight,  but  by  springs  fixed  to  with  this,  several  incidental  advantages;  but 
the  framing;  and  that  of  Mr.  Ingram  (1860)  these  claims  have  yet  to  be  tested  by  practice. 
for  resupplying  the  loom  with  weft  as  often  as  In  another  improvement  of  the  Jacquard  loom 
the  bobbin  or  cop  is  exhausted,  or  when  the  recentlymade,  a  sheet  of  prepared  paper  punch- 
thread  is  only  broken. — The  expense  of  mate-  ed  with  the  proper  apertures  is  substitnted  for 
rial  and  time  in  preparing  the  cards  for  the  the  cards  of  the  old  machine ;  this  paper  bein^ 
Jacquard  apparatus,  which  for  the  heaviest  in  form  of  a  continuous  band,  onlyf  inch  wide, 
work  must  be  of  sheet  iron,  and  for  all  intricate  so  that  the  weight  of  the  new  is  to  that  of  tbv 
patterns  very  numerous,  has  always  constitat-  old  band  as  but  1:11.  The  arrangement  is  also 
ed  the  most  serious  drawback  upon  the  desir-  such  as  permits  the  400  spiral  springs  in  con- 
ableness  of  that  method.  Thus,  an  elaborate  nection  with  the  needles  in  the  old  machine  ti^ 
damask  design  has  required  4,000  cards  and  400  be  dispensed  with.  Thus  the  wear  and  tesr 
needles,  at  a  cost  of  about  $120,  and  6  weeks'  due  to  the  resistance  of  these  is  done  away 
labor  of  a  man  in  setting  up ;  while  a  single  de-  with,  and  fine  and  light  wires  are  introduced 
sign  has  been  known  to  require  20,000  cards,  in  lieu  of  the  heavy  ones  previously  employ^ 
at  a  cost  of  $600,  and  time  equal  to  a  year's  — ^American  inventions  in  connection  with  the 
labor  of  one  man.  With  a  view  to  reduce  improvement  of  the  power  loom  have  been 
greatly  these  expenditures,  M.  Bonelli,  well  very  numerous,  but  comparatively  few  changes 
known  in  connection  with  recent  electrical  in-  of  a  radical  character  have  been  introduced, 
vestigations,  first  constructed  in  1854,  and  has  Mr.  N.  B.  Oamey,  of  New  York,  patented  in 
since  much  improved,  his  "  electric  loom."  In  1857  a  method  of  weaving  fabrics  within  and 
this,  the  cards  of  Jacquard's  apparatus  are  su-  upon  a  circular  frame  or  loom,  the  shuttle  being 
perseded  by  an  endless  band  of  paper  covered  carried  in  a  circle  round  the  frame,  with  a  con- 
with  tin  foil,  intended  to  serve  as  an  electrical  tinuous  movement,  the  warps,  shuttles,  and 
conductor ;  accordingly,  the  unperforated  por-  filling  being  placed  at  the  top  of  the  Iooul,  and 
tions  of  the  cards  are  here  represented  by  non-  a  reciprocating  movement  being  continuouslr 
oonductingpatchesofblack  varnish,  laid  on  with  given  to  heddles  lying  horizontally  about  the 
a  brush,  llie  band  passes  steadily  along,  under  loom,  so  as  to  produce  the  shed  properly  in 
the  points  of  rows  of  metallic  rods  or  teeth.  Each  front  of  the  shuttle.  Other  looms  also' for 
of  these  teeth  connects  with  a  small  coil  or  he-  weaving  bagging  or  circular  fabrics  have  been 
lix,  within  which  is  a  sofb-iron  bar.  A  frame  ca-  devised.  In  the  same  year,  Mr.  £.  B.  Bigelow, 
pable  of  swinging  slightly  is  situated  in  front  of  Boston,  patented  a  method  of  weaving  pile 
of  the  ends  of  these  bars,  having  a  plate  in  it  fabrics  double,  by  means  of  transverse  inter- 
perforated  with  a  corresponding  number  and  secting  pile  wires  woven  between  the  two  fab- 
order  of  holes,  within  and  through  which  as  rics  so  as  to  keep  them  properly  apart  with 
many  iron  rods  abutting  at  one  end  against  the  movement  at  the  same  time  of  two  shuttles^  and 
bars  already  named  can  move  with  a  little  fric-  an  arrangement  connecting  each  shuttle  with 
Hon,  like  as  many  piston  rods  through  stuffing  the  shipper  or  disconnecting  lever  of  the  loom, 
boxes.  Now,  the  tin  foil  band  being  put  in  so  that,  when  the  filling  fails  in  either  shuttle, 
connection  with  a  galvanic  battery,  with  the  the  loom  is  thrown  out  of  gear. — ^Tbe  metiiod 


810  WEBEB 

WEBEB,  Ernst  Hbxnbioh,  a  Germui  phys-  He  here  composed  an  opera  entitled  IHs  Maekt 

iologist  and  anatomist,  bom  in  Wittenberg,  derlAebeunddesWHTta^wMiALhembBeqtkeikify 

June  25, 1795.    He  studied  at  Leipsio,  and  the  destroyed,  together  witii  a  grand  maaa,  neveral 

publication  of  his  Anatamia  Comparata  Neroi  pianoforte  sonatas,  songs,  &o.,  written  about 

Sympathici  (Leipsic,  1817)  gained  for  him  there  the  same  time.    His  fondness  for  pictorial  art 

in  1818  the  a^unot  professorship  of  oompara-  was  revived  at  this  period  by  the  discovery  of 

tive  anatomy,  of  which  he  afterward  beoame  lithography,  to  which  he  gave  himself  np  for  & 

titnlarprofessor,  and  in  1840  also  of  physiology,  considerable  time,  endeavoring  to  effect  im- 

His  principal  works  are :  De  Aure  et  Auditu  provements  upon  the  original  inTcntion.     Bat 

ffominU  et  AnimaUum  (Leipsic,  1820) ;  Zuidtee  in  1800  he  returned  with  new  zeal  to  the  study 

9ur  Zehre  wtm  Bau  und  con  der  V&rriehiung  of  music,  and  produced  an  opera  Cidled  IhU 

der  GesehlechtMrgaTie  (1846);  and  Annotatianes  Wdldmddchen^  which,  although  it  became  poj»- 

Anatamiea  et  Fhynologicas  (1861),    He  has  also  ular,  was  by  himself  r^arded  as  poasesanc 

aided  the  researches  of  his  brother  WUhehn  little  value.  In  1801  he  composed  Pie£#riSlei^W/ 

Eduard,  and  edited  several  important  works,  ttnd  seine  NcuMamy  whidi  met  with  slight 

— ^WiLHBLM  Eduabd,  s  German  physicist,  broth-  success.    In  1802  he  went  to  Vienna,  where  he 

er  of  the  preceding,  born  in  Wittenberg,  Dec.  remained  two  years,  studying  with  the  abb^ 

24, 1804.    He  was  educated  at  the  university  of  Yogler.    His  reputation  was  now  such  that  he 

Halle,  and  in  1825  published  in  connection  with  received  the  appointment  of  chapelmaster  at 

his  elder  brother,  £mst  Heinrich,  DU  Wellen-  Breelau,  where  he  hastily  composed  an  opera 

lehrcj  a  standard  treatise  on  the  liquid  fluidity  called  BUhetahl,    In  1806  he  entered  into  the 

of  waves,  with  its  application  to  waves  of  sound  employment  of  Prince  Eugene  of  Wortemberg. 

and  light.    In  182y  he  was  appointed  assist-  and  produced  at  Oarlsruhe  in  Siiesia  two  srm- 

ant  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the  uni-  phonies  and  a  number  of  less  important  works, 

versityof  Halle,  and  in  1831  professor  of  physics  The  troubles  of  the  period  compelling  him  to 

at  G^ttingen,  from  which  latter  office  he  was  dis-  abandon  this  situation,  he  resided  for  a  while 

placed  bytheHanoverian  government  in  1837  for  at   Stuttgart  with  Duke  Louis  of   *WliTtem- 

nis  liberal  political  opinions.    In  1845  he  was  berg,  for  whom  he  rewrote  Dae  Waidmadehin, 

appointed  to  the  chair  of  physics  in  Leipsic,  under  the  new  title  of  Sylvana.    In  1810  h< 

where  he  remained  until  1849,  when  he  was  commenced  a  long  professional  tour,  vifatiD? 

reinstated  in  his  professorship  at  Gottingen.  the  principal  cities  of  Germany,  prodnciiig  h\» 

He  has  given  much  attention  to  acoustics,  op-  operas  and  giving  concerts.    At  Darmstadt  he 

tics,  electricity,  and  terrestrial  magnetism,  the  composed  Ahou  Haman.    From  1818  to  ISlf. 

last  named  of  which  sciences  he  investigated  he  conducted  the  opera  at  Prague,  and  onij 

in  conjunction  with  Gkuss.    Their  joint  work,  left  this  situation  to  assume  thi&  of  manaiFer 

entitled  Beeultate  aue  den  Beohaehtungen  dee  of  the  German  opera  at  Dresden — an  institu- 

magnetieehen  Vereine  (1840),  accompanied  by  lion  which,  it  may  be  said,  he  founded  in  that 

an  Atlas  dee  Erdmctgnetiemue^  has  been  the  city.    This  post  he  held  until  his  deatih.    Il 

means  of  founding  a  new  theory  on  terrestrial  1822  he  produced  at  Berlin  his  principal  work 

magnetism;  and  at  their  suggestion  magnetic  Der  FreisehUtBy  which  for  a  long  time  held 

observatories  have  been  established  at  several  its  place  in  every  theatre  hi  Germany,  acHi 

important  points.  In  184^'62  Professor /Weber  two  years  later  was  received  in  London  and 

published   his  MectrodynamieeAe  Maeebestim-  Paris  with  hardly  less  favor.    In  182S  £vrf' 

mungen,  treating  of  the  action  of  electric  cur-  antheyrsa  first  performed  at  Vienna,  with  a  sue- 

rents,  of  the  resistance  opposed  to  them  by  cess  not  less  substantial,  although  less  Tehe- 

conductors,  and  of  diamagnetiam.  mently  demonstrated^  than  that  of  Der  Frei- 

WEBEB,  Eabl  Habia  Pbisdbioh  £bn8T,  echHte.  Jn  1824,  soon  after  the  reprodoctioc 
baron  von,  a  German  composer,  bom  at  £u-  of  his  ekefd^esuvre  in  England,  he  was  apphed 
tin,  in  Holstein,  Dec.  18, 1786,  died  in  London,  to  by  Mr.  0.  Eemble  for  an  opera  for  LondcHi : 
June  5, 1826.  His  father,  who  was  a  musician  and  on  April  12,  1826,  Oherin  was  first  rep- 
of- some  distinction,  gave  him  a  liberal  edu-  resented  at  the  Oovent  Garden  theatre.  Its 
cation,  and  afforded  him  the  means  for  study-  production  was  the  occasion  of  the  most  afiec< 
ing  musio  and  painting.  He  gained  consider-  tionate  personal  recognition  he  had  ever  re- 
able  skill  in  the  use  of  pencil  and  brush,  and  ceived.  Weber  himself  conducted  the  per- 
made  some  progress  in  engraving ;  but  at  the  formance,  and  was  saluted  with  unprecedented 
age  of  12  he  had  fixed  his  mind  upon  musio,  ardor.  The  overture  was  encored,  and  repeti- 
and  abandoned  his  other  pursuits.  He  was  tions  were  demanded  of  almost  every  impor- 
taught  first  by  the  piamst  Hauschkel,  of  Hild-  tant  scene.  In  the  midst  of  his  greater  sur- 
burghausen,  and  afterward  by  Michael  Haydn,  cess,  Weber  was  seized  with  a  pufanontty  dis^ 
In  1798  Weber^s  first  productions,  6  fughetti,  ease,  and  was  one  day  found  dead  in  his  bed. 
were  published  by  his  father,  and  were  encour-  He  was  buried  in  the  Roman  Catholic  chapel 
agingly  reviewed  by  the  Leipsic  ^^  Musical  Ga-  at  Moorfields. — Of  Weber^s  operas  only  one 
zette."  He  did  not  long  continue  with  Haydn,  now  holds  the  stage,  and  he  is  best  known,  sot 
but  repaired  to  Munich,  where  he  received  les-  by  his  most  ambitious  orchestral  works,  but  by 
sons  in  singing  from  Yalesi,  and  in  composition  his  overtures,  which  have  been  made  fiuniliar 
from  Ealcher,  the  organist  of  the  chapel  royal,  in  concerts  the  world  over,    ffis  ii 


812  DANIEL  WEBSTER 

len  it  be  in  the  negative  merit  of  freedom  from  was  prepared  for  coUege  under  ICir.  Wood,  and 
balanced  Bentenoea,  hard  worda,  and  InversionB.  entered  at  Dartmonth  in  the  antnmn  of  1797. 
It  may  however  have  been  owing  to  his  early  The  knowledge  of  the  ancient  langnagea  which 
reading  of  the  "  Spectator"  that  he  escaped  the  conld  be  attained  in  lesa  than  a  year^a  prepara- 
tnr^dity  of  the  Johnsonian  school,  and  grew  tion  was  of  course  not  great;  but  the  attain- 
up  to  the  mastery  of  that  direct  and  forcible,  ments  which  may  be  made,  even  in  that  short 
bnt  not  harsh  and  affected,  sententioosness,  and  time,  by  a  yonth  of  preSmineDt  talent,  atndjing 
that  masculine   simplicity,    with   which   his  night  and  day,  under  the  twofold  spur  of  ne- 
speeobes  and  writings  are  so  strongly  marked,  cessity  and  resolute  ambition,  are  not  to  be 
In  1796  he  was  sent  to  Phillips  Exeter  acad-  measured  by  the  languid  progress  of  the  sons 
emy,  then  under  the  ohaive  of  Dr.  Beigamin  of  prosperity,  kept  at  school  from  childhood  as 
Abbot.  Though  enjoying  the  advantages  of  this  a  matter  of  routine.  The  studious  habits  which 
inatitution  but  for  a  few  months,  his  mind  there  he  brought  with  him  were  kept  up  by  young 
received  a  powerful  impulse.    He  relates  of  Webster  for  the  4  years  which  he  passed  at 
himself,  while  at  the  academy,  that,  though  he  college.    Beside  diligent  attention  to  the  pre> 
made  tolerable  progress  in  other  branches,  he  scribed  studies,  he  read  widely,  especially  in 
never  could  make  a  declamation.    He  could  history  and  general  English  literature.  He  laid 
never  muster  courage  to  speak  before  the  sdiool.  a  good  foundation  in  the  ancient  languages, 
*'  The  kind  and  exceUent  Buckminster  (a  mem-  which  enabled  him  to  read  the  Latin  classics 
ber  of  the  senior  class,  afterward  the  oelebrat-  with  pleasure  through  life.  He  took  part  with 
ed  Rev.  Joseph  Stevens  Buckminster)  sought  his  fellow  students  in  the  publication  of  a  little 
especially  to  persuade  me  to  perform  the  exer-  weekly  newspaper,  furnishing  selections  frx»m 
else  of  declamation  like  the  other  boys,  but  I  books  and  magazineo,  with  an  occasional  arti- 
oould  not  do  it.    Many  a  piece  did  I  commit  to  cle  from  his  own  pen.    Overcoming  the  boyish 
memory,  and  recite  and  r^earse  in  my  own  shyness  under  which  he  labored  at  the  acad- 
room,  over  and  over  again ;  yet  when  the  day  emy,  he  delivered  addresses  before  the  college 
oame,  when  the  school  collected  to  hear  the  societies,  some  of  which  found  their  way  into 
declamation,  when  my  name  was  called  and  I  print.    The  long  winter  vacations  were  not 
saw  all  eyes  turned  to  my  seat,  I  could  not  seasons  of  repose.    Like  most  students  of  nar- 
raise  myself  from  it.  Sometimes  the  instructors  row  circumstances  at  the  New  England  colleges, 
frowned,  sometimes  they  smiled.    Mr.  Buck-  he  employed  the  winter  montlu  in  teaching 
minster  always  pressed  and  entreated  most  school,  for  the  purpose  of  ddng  out  his  own 
winningly  tbat  I  would  venture ;  but  I  never  frugal  means,  and  aiding  his  elder  brother  £ze- 
could  conunand  sufficient  resolution.^'  In  other  kid  to  prepare  himself  for  college.    The  at- 
ren>ects  he  gave  decided  promise  of  future  tachment  between  the  two  brotiiera  was  unu- 
eminence.    Mr.  Nicholas  Emery^  afterward  a  snally  strong,  and  it  was  by  the  persuasion  of 
distinguished  lawyer  and  judge  m  Maine,  was  Daniel  that  the  father  had  been  induced  to 
at  that  time  an  assistant  teacher  in  the  acad-  strain  his  resources,  in  order  to  afford  to  Ezekiel 
emy.    Mr.  Webster,  on  his  first  admission,  was  also  the  benefit  of  a  college  education.    By  the 
placed  under  his  care  in  the  lowest  class.    At  dose  of  his  first  year  young  Webster  had  shown 
the  end  of  the  month,  after  morning  reci-  himself  decidedly  the  foremost  man  of  his 
tations,    '^'Webster,"  said  Mr.  Emery,   **you  class,  and  that  position  he  held  through  his 
wiU  pass  into  the  other  room  and  join  a  higher  whole  oollege  course.    He  failed  at  its  tenniaa- 
dass;"  adding:  ^^Boys,  you  will  take  a  final  tion  to  attain  the  first  rank  in  i^e  academio 
leave  of  Webster;  you  will  never  see   him  scale,  but  the  story  of  his  tearing  up  his  diplo- 
again."    The  circumstances  of  the  family  were  ma  in  disgust  is  a  myth.    Immediatdy  on  his 
unequd  to  the  expense  of  a  protracted  residence  graduating  in  1801,  Mr.  Webster  entered  the 
at  Exeter,  and  in  Feb.  1797,  Daniel  was  taken  office  of  Mr.  Thompson,  his  father's  next  door 
home  and  placed  in  the  family  of  the  Rev.  neighbor,  aa  a  student  of  law.    This  was  a  for* 
Samuel  Wood,  of  the  neighboring  town  of  tunate  arrangement.    Mr.  Thompson  was  a 
Bosoawen,  whose  entire  charge  for  board  and  gentleman  of  education  and  intelligence,  and  al 
instruction  was  one  dollar  per  week.    On  their  a  later  period  successivdy  a  member  of  the 
way  to  Mr.  Wood's,  his  father  first  opened  to  house  of  representatives  and  the  senate  of  the 
Daniel,  now  15  years  of  age,  the  intention  of  United  States.    Here  Mr.  Webster  remained 
sending  him  to  college,  an  advantage  to  which  till  he  felt  it  necessary  '^to  go  somewhere  and 
he  had  never  thought  of  aspiring.    *^I  remem-  do  something  to  earn  a  littie  money.^'    AppU- 
ber,'*  says  Mr.  Webster  in  an  autobiographical  cation  being  made  to  him  to  take  charge  of  the 
sketdi  of  his  early  life,  *' the  very  hill  which  academy  at  Eryeburg,  Maine,  on  a  sdaiyof 
we  were  ascendiiig  through  deep  snows,  in  $860  per  annum,  he  accepted  the  offer,  and  re- 
a  New  England  sleigh,  when  my  father  nuade  pairea  to  the  scene  of  his  new  duties  on  horse* 
known  this  purpose  to  me.    I  could  not  speak,  back.    He  boarded  with  the  register  of  deeds 
How  could  he,  i  thought,  with  so  large  a  fam-  at  $2  per  week,  and  added  to  his  frugal  salary 
ily  and  in  such  narrow  circumstances,  think  of  as  teacher  of  the  academy  his  eaniings  as  a 
inonrring  so  great  an  expense  for  me  ?  A  warm  copyist  of  deeds,  which,  by  devoting  the  long 
^ow  ran  all  over  me,  and  I  laid  my  head  on  winter  evenings  to  the  work,  were  enough  to 
my  fiither'a  dioulder  and  wept"    Mr.  Webster  pay  hia  board.  Two  folio  volomea  in  his  hand* 


814  DAinSL  TTEBSTER 

known  to  Mr.  Gore,  and  he  remained  in  his  After  his  admisBion  to  the  bar  in  Boeton,  ¥r. 
office  only  till  the  March  following,  and  that  Webster  passed  a  year  in  the  practioe  of  his 
not  oontinaonsly ;  bat  it  was  a  period  of  close  profession  at  Bosoawen,  in  the  immediate 
stndy,  diligent  attendance  on  the  courts,  and  neighborhood  of  his  &ther.  Shortly  after  the 
rapid  progress.  Beside  miscellaneoas  authors  decease  of  his  father  in  tiie  following  year,  he 
on  the  one  hand,  and  strictly  professional  liter-  was  admitted  to  the  superior  court  of  New 
ature  on  the  other,  he  read  Ward^s  "  Law  of  Hampshire^  and  established  himself  at  Ports- 
Nations,"  Vattel  for  the  third  time,  Lord  Ba-  mouth,  then  the  capital  of  the  state.  Here  he 
con^s  *^  Elements,"  and  Pufendorf 's  Latin  com-  rose  at  once  to  full  practice  at  a  bar  composed 
pendium  of  the  history  of  Europe.  His  main  of  eminent  counsel,  and  attended  by  others  of 
study,  however,  was  in  the  common  law.  distinction  from  Massachusetts^  Of  the  latter 
Among  other  works,  he  went  tiirough  8aun-  were  Samuel  Dexter  (who  diyided  with  Th^ 
ders^s  ^^  Reports,"  in  the  old  folio  edition,  and  ophilus  Parsons  the  leadership  df  the  profee- 
abstraeted  and  put  into  English,  out  of  Latin  sion  in  Massachusetts)  and  Joseph  Story;  of 
and  Norman  French,  the  pleadings  in  all  the  the  lawyers  of  New  Hampshire,  Jeremiah 
oases.  He  also  made  reports  of  every  case  de-  Mason  was  foMle  prineepg.  Nothhig  iUns* 
cided  in  the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts,  trates  more  plainly  the  rapidity  with  which 
and  in  the  circuit  court  of  the  United  States,  Mr.  Webster  rose  in  his  profession,  than  the 
while  he  was  a  student  in  Mr.  Gore^s  office,  fact  that  he  shared  the  best  practice  with  con- 
Shortly  after  his  arrival  in  Boston,  his  elder  temporaries  like  those  just  mentioned,  rarely 
brother,  who,  as  has  been  stated,  had  sue-  ever  having  appeared  in  the  whole  course  of 
oeeded  Dr.  Perkins  in  the  small  private  school  his  life  as  junior  counsel,  except  when  bsbo- 
(kept  in  Short  street,  now  the  lower  part  of  dated  with  the  attorney-general  of  the  United 
Kingston  street,  Boston),  returned  for  a  short  States,  who  of  course  claimed  precedence  in 
time  to  Dartmouth  college,  to  attend  to  his  virtue  of  his  office. — "Mr.  Webster  came  fbr- 
gradnatioD,  leaving  his  sdiool  in  the  care  of  ward  in  life  at  a  time  when  party  spirit  ran 
Mr.  Daniel  Webster.  The  writer  of  this  arti-  high.  He  had  inherited  from  his  &ther  the 
de  was  one  of  the  pupils  of  the  school,  and  the  principles  of  the  federal  party,  and  his  sjnpa- 
acquaintance  then  commenced  with  Mr.  Web-  thies  were  with  them  during  the  administn- 
ater  ripened  into  a  friendship  which  lasted  tions  of  Presidents  Jefferson  and  Madison.  The 
through  life.  Shortly  before  1^.  Webster's  ad-  questions  at  issue  principally  related  to  foreign 
mission  to  the  bar,  an  incident  occurred  which  affairs.  The  decrees  of  the  iVench  imperiftl 
eame  near  permanently  affecting  his  career,  government  and  the  orders  in  council  in  £ng- 
The  place  of  clerk  in  the  court  of  common  land  had  swept  the  commerce  of  the  United 
pleas  for  the  county  of  Hillsborough,  N.  H.,  be-  States  from  the  seas.  Not  deeming  it  ezpe 
came  vacant.  Mr.  Webster^sfatherwasamem-  dient  to  engage  in  hostilities  with  either 
ber  of  this  court,  and  from  regard  to  him  the  power,  stUl  less  with  both,  the  United  States 
vacant  clerkship  was  offered  to  the  son.  It  was  government  endeavored,  by  what  was  called 
what  the  father,  now  advanced  in  years,  had  the  restrictive  system  (the  embargo  and  non- 
long  desired  and  looked  forward  to.  The  in-  intercourse),  to  protect  our  trade  and  to  com- 
come  of  the  office  was  about  $1,600  a  year,  pel  the  belligerent  powers  to  ren>ect  onr  nen- 
whioh  in  those  days,  and  to  a  person  in  narrow  tral  rights.  This  policy,  not  calculated  to  be 
circumstances,  was  an  ample  fortune.  Mr.  very  popular  in  any  part  of  the  country,  was 
Webster  was  disposed  to  accept  it.  It  prom-  generally  condemned  in  New  j^ghmd,  where 
ised  immediate  independence,  and,  what  he  federal  politics  prevailed  more  than  in  any 
prized  more,  the  means  of  adding  to  the  com-  other  part  of  the  Union,  and  where  what  little 
forts  of  his  family.  But  though  willing  him-  of  our  commerce  had  escaped  the  foreign  hel- 
self  to  sacrifice  his  visions  of  professional  ligerents  was  now  paralyzed  by  the  meaaores, 
advancement  to  the  interests  of  those  whom  however  well  intended,  of  our  own  gorem- 
he  held  dear,  he  was  persuaded  by  Mr.  Qore  ment.  Mr.  Webster  shared  these  views,  and 
to  decline  the  tempting  offer.  This  judicious  expressed  them  in  roeedies  and  resolntions  on 
friend  saw  in  it  the  postponement,  perhaps  the  public  occasions.  He  did  not  however,  fof 
final  abandonment,  of  all  hopes  of  a  splendid  some  years,  embark  deeply  in  politics.  Hat- 
career.  The  aged  father,  though  greatly  dis-  ing  married  in  1808,  he  felt  new  indocements 
appointed,  if  not  reconciled  to  his  refusid  of  to  the  exclusive  pursuit  of  his  profession.  At 
the  office  in  a  personal  interview  with  his  son,  length  in  the  summer  of  1812  war  was  de- 
was  induced  to  bury  his  regrets  in  his  own  clarad  by  congress  against  Great  Britain. 
bosom,  and  the  subject  was  never  mentioned  This  event,  long  foreseen,  and  deprecated  hy 
by  him  again.  In  the  spring  of  the  same  year  the  federal  party,  created  a  demand  for  the 
(1806)  Mr.  Webster  was  admitted  to  the  bar  best  talent  the  country  could  furnish,  in  ererr 
cf  the  court  of  oonmion  pleas  in  Boston.  Ac-  department  of  the  public  service.  Mr.  Web- 
cording  to  the  custom  of  that  day,  Mr.  Gore  ster  had  already  established  a  commanding 
accompanied  the  motion  for  his  admission  reputation,  and  in  the  month  of  Nov.  l^l^i 
with  a  brief  speech  in  reconunendation  of  his  without  any  previous  service  in  the  legislature 
pupil.  He  lived  to  see  the  speedy  fhlfilment  of  New  Hampshire,  he  was  elected  to  the 
of  the  anticipations  of  his  success  then  uttered,  house  of  representatives  of  the  United  States. 


816  DAinEL  WKBBTXB 

will  excite  some  surprise  to  the  younger  read-  was  reserved  for  Mr.  Webster  to  ilMtingniib 
er,  conversant  only  with  the  period  inunedi-  himself  before  most,  if  not  all,  of  his  contem- 
ately  preceding  the  present  straggle  (1826-50),  poraries,  in  l^is  branch  of  the  profesmon.  It 
to  find  how  little  difference  existed  in  the  is  a  coinddenoe  worth  noticing,  that  the  first 
14th  congress  among  the  distingnished  persons  of  the  cases  of  this  dass  in  which  he  todc  a 
named  and  their  associates.  It  is  a  sufficient  prominent  part,  the  famous  Dartmouth  ool- 
illustration  of  this  remark,  that  the  minimum  lege  case,  arose  in  his  native  state,  and  con- 
square  yard  duty  on  coarse  cottons,  which  laid  oerned  the  institution  at  which  he  was  educated. 
the  foundation  of  the  policy  of  protecting  man-  In  the  months  of  June  and  December,  1816,  the 
nfaotures,  was  carried  through  the  house  of  legislature  of  New  Hampshire  passed  laws  alter- 
representatives  under  the  auspices  and  by  the  ing  the  charter  of  Dartmouth  college  (of  wMdb 
influence  of  Mr.  Lowndes  and  Mr.  Oalhoun,  the  name  was  changed  to  Dartmouth  univer- 
satisfied  that  tiie  creation  of  a  second  market  sity),  enlarging  the  number  of  the  trustees,  and 
for  the  raw  material  would  be  a  great  benefit  generally  reorganizing  the  corporation.  These 
to  the  southern  planter.  Mr.  Webster  took  an  acts,  although  passed  without  ^e  consent  asd 
active  part  in  the  debates  on  the  charter  of  the  against  the  protest  of  the  trustees  of  the  col- 
bank  oi  the  United  States,  which  passed  the  lege,  went  into  operation.  The  newly  created 
house  in  April,  1816.  The  amendment  re-  body  took  possession  of  the  corporate  property 
quiring  the  payment  in  specie  of  deposits,  as  and  assumed  the  management  of  the  institntioD. 
wdi  as  notes,  was  teoved  by  him.  His  most  The  old  board  were  aU  named  as  members  of 
important  service  at  this  session  was  the  intro-  the  new  corporation,  but  declined  to  officiate 
duetion  of  a  resolution  requiring  all  payments  as  such,  and  brought  an  action  against  the 
to  the  treasury,  after  Feb.  20L1817,  to  be  made  treasurer  of  the  new  board  for  the  record 
in  specie  or  its  equivalents.  This  measure  pre-  books,  the  original  charter,  die  common  seal 
vftiled,  and  restored  the  depreciated  currency  and  other  corporate  property  of  the  college. 
of  the  country. — ^At  the  close  of  the  session,  in  The  general  issue  was  pleaded  by  the  defeiHd> 
Aug.  1816,  Mr.  Webster  fidfilled  the  purpose  ants  and  joined  by  the  plaintiffs.  The  ease 
of  seeking  a  wider  professional  field,  and,  after  turned  upon  the  points  whetiier  the  acts  of 
some  hesitation  between  Albany  and  Boston,  the  legislature  above  referred  to  were  binding 
dedded  on  Boston,  in  which  and  its  vicinity  upon  the  old  corporation  without  their  assent, 
he  made  his  home,  except  while  officially  resi-  and  not  repugnant  to  the  constitution  of  the 
dent  at  Washington,  till  uie  end  of  his  life.  He  United  States.  It  was  argued  twice  with 
had  finished  the  study  of  his  profession  and  great  ability  in  the  courts  of  New  Hampshire, 
established  friendly  relations  there  in  early  life.  Mr.  Webster  at  the  second  trial,  thoogb  then 
la  no  part  of  the  Union  waa  his  now  wide-  removed  to  Boston,  being,  with  Mr.  Mason 
spread  reputation  more  promptly  recognized,  and  Judge  Smith,  of  counsel  for  the  plaintiffs. 
He  At  once  took  the  place  in  his  profession  due  It  was  decided  by  Chief  Justice  Bicfaardson 
to  his  oommftndiiig  talent  and  legal  eminence,  that  the  acts  of  the  legislature  were  constito- 
and  was  cordially  welcomed  in  every  circle  of  tional  and  valid.  The  case  was  inunediatelf 
social  life.  With  Mr.  Webster^s  removal  to  appealed  to  Washington,  and  on  March  10, 
Boston  succeeded  a  period  of  7  years^  retire-  1818,  was  argued  by  Mr.  Webster  and  Mr. 
ment  fi^m  active  political  employment,  during  ^afterward  Judge)  Hopkinson  of  Philadelphia 
which  time,  with  a  single  exception  to  be  pres-  lor  the  plaintiffs,  and  Mr.  John  Holmes  of 
ently  mentioned,  he  filled  no  public  office,  but  Maine  and  the  attorney-general  Wirt  for  the 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  the  practice  of  defendants,  in  error.  So  novel  was  the  com- 
his  profession.  It  was  in  these  7  years  that  his  plexion  of  the  case,  that  one  of  the  court,  hav- 
reputation  as  a  lawyer  was  established.  The  ing  run  his  eye  over  the  record,  is  reported  to 
promise  of  his  youth  and  the  expectations  of  have  said  that  he  did  not  see  how  any  thing 
those  who  had  known  him  as  a  student  were  could  be  urged  for  the  plaintiffs.  Mr.  Webster 
more  than  fulfilled.  He  took  a  position  as  a  as  junior  counsel  opened  the  case,  on  the  broad 
counsellor  and  an  advocate,  above  which  no  grounds  that  l^e  acts  of  the  legislatare  of  Kev 
one  has  ever  risen  in  this  country.  A  choice  Hampshire  were  not  only  against  common  right 
of  the  best  business  in  New  England,  and  of  and  the  constitution  of  the  state,  bnt  aJio— 
that  of  the  whole  country  which  was  a^judi-  and  this  was  the  leading  point — ^a  violation  of 
eated  at  Washington,  passed  into  his  hands,  that  provision  of  the  constitution  of  the  United 
Beside  the  reputation  which  he  acquired  in  States,  which  forbids  the  individual  states  to 
the  ordinary  routine  of  practice,  Mr.  Webster,  pass  laws  impdring  ttie  obligation  of  contracts, 
shortly  after  his  removal  to  Boston,  took  a  dis-  Under  the  first  head,  the  i^glish  law  relative 
tinguished  lead  in  establishing  what  might  be  to  educational  institutions  was  unfolded  byHr. 
called  a  school  of  constitutional  law.  It  fell  Webster,  and  it  was  shown  that  colleges,  nn- 
to  his  lot  to  perform  a  prominent  part  in  un-  less  otherwise  specifically  constituted  by  their 
folding  a  most  important  class  of  constitutional  charters,  are  private  deemosynary  corporations, 
doctrines,  which,  either  because  occasion  had  over  whose  property,  members,  and  franchise 
not  as  yet  drawn  them  forth,  or  the  jurists  of  the  crown  has  no  control,  except  by  due  pro- 
a  former  period  had  fiuled  to  deduce  and  apply  cess  of  law  for  conduct  inconsirtent  with  their 
theniy  had  not  yet  grown  into  a  system.    It  charters.    The  whole  learning  of  the 


818  DANIEL  WEBST£R 

xn^ty,  exhibit  the  graoeM  ^mah  of  a  mature  through,  failed  to  ^ert  any  important  inAoeDee 
preparation,  and  maj  be  regarded  as  models  oyer  our  relations  with  the  Spanish  Americtn 
of  this  kind  of  composition. — In  the  autumn  of  repnblios. — ^The  following  year  Mr.  Webi^ 
1822  Mr.  Webster  was  elected  a  member  of  the  was  elected  by  the  leghdi^ore  of  ManaohiiBetts 
national  house  of  representatives  for  the  city  to  the  senate  of  the  United  States,  as  the  soc- 
(then  town)  of  Boston.  The  old  division  of  cesser  to  Mr.  Mills  of  Northampton,  who  was 
federal  and  democratic  parties  had  been  nearly  compelled  by  declining  health  to  vacate  his 
obliterated,  and  Mr.  Webster  received  a  very  seat  The  principal  topic  at  the  first  eeaaion  of 
large  vote  over  the  opposing  candidate.  The  the  20th  congress  was  the  revision  of  the  tuJtf. 
congressional  elections  in  Massachusetts  being  This  measure  had  its  origin  in  the  distresecd 
held  a  year  or  two  in  advance,  he  did  not  take  condition  of  the  woollen  interest,  which  found 
his  seat  as  a  member  of  the  18th  congress  till  itself  deprived,  by  the  repeal  of  the  duty  uu 
December  of  the  following  year.  Early  in  the  foreign  wool  imported  into  Great  Britain,  of 
session  he  made  his  famous  speech  on  the  Greek  the  moderate  measure  of  protection  accorded 
revolution.  President  Monroe  had  called  the  to  it  by  the  tariff  of  1824.  A  bill  for  the  relief 
attention  of  congress  to  this  most  interesting  of  that  single  interest  was  attempted  in  the 
struggle,  and  Mr.  Webster  made  it  the  subject  19th  congress,  but  wholly  failed.  Political  con- 
of  a  resolution.  In  his  speech  he  treated  what  siderations  interfered  with  the  equitable  ad- 
he  called  ^*'  the  great  question  of  the  day,  the  justments  attempted  in  a  general  bill  in  the 
question  between  absolute  and  regulated  gov-  20th  congress.  Those  who  opposed  the  whole 
emments.''  He  engaged  in  a  searching  criti-  system,  by  uniting  their  votes  with  the  friends 
cism  of  the  doctrines  of  the  ^^holy  alliance,''  or  enemies  of  particular  provisions  or  proposed 
and  maintained  the  duty  of  the  United  States,  amendments,  were  able  to  carry  or  defeat  them 
as  a  great  free  power,  to  protest  against  them,  at  pleasure ;  and  this  power  was  ezeroised.  not 
That  speech  remains  to  this  day  the  ablest  and  to  perfect  the  bill,  but  to  make  it  as  objection- 
most  effective  remonstrance  against  the  prin-  able  as  possible  to  that  portion  of  its  friends 
ciples  of  the  alliance  of  the  military  powers  of  whom  it  was  the  political  interest  of  the  party 
continental  Europe.  Mr.  Jeremidi  Mason,  a  opposed  to  the  administration  to  ii^nre,  viz.« 
competent  judge,  pronounced  it  **  the  best  sam-  the  eastern  manufacturers.  Mr.  Webster,  in 
pie  of  parliamentary  eloquence  and  statesman-  an  elaborate  argument,  exposed  this  course  of 
like  reasoning  that  our  country  had  ever  seen."  procedure;  but  deeming  the  woollen  interest 
The  subject  of  the  tariff  was  discussed  at  this  fairly  entitled  to  the  favor  accorded  to  all  the 
session,  and  Mr.  Webster  opposed  an  extrava-  other  branches  of  domestic  industry;  that  i\ 
gant  increase  of  protective  duties.  Filling  the  moderate  protective  system  had  now  becone 
important  place  of  chairman  of  the  judiciary  the  settled  policy  of  the  country ;  and  that  the 
committee,  he  reported  and  carried  through  capital  invested  in  manufactures  was  far  tcK* 
the  house  a  complete  revision  of  the  criminal  considerable  to  be  exposed  to  the  caprices  of 
law  of  the  United  States.  The  second  session  the  foreign  market,  fraudulent  invoices^  and 
of  the  18th  congress  is  memorable  for  the  elec-  the  competition  of  foreign  labor  working  on 
tion  of  Mr.  John  Quincy  Adams  as  president  starvation  wages,  he  gave  his  vote  for  the  bill. 
of  the  United  States  by  the  house  of  represen-  He  was  accused  of  inconsistency  for  so  doing. 
tatives,  in  the  failure  of  a  popular  choice.  The  and  by  none  more  loudly  than  by  the  friends 
other  candidates  were  General  Jackson,  who  of  Mr.  Calhoun,  who,  as  has  been  stated,  was 
had  99  electoral  votes,  and  Mr.  Crawford,  who  one  of  those  influent!^  southern  stateam^  that 
had  41.  Mr.  Clay  had  received  87,  but  not  laid  the  foundations  of  an  effective  system  of 
being  one  of  the  three  highest  candidates,  his  protection  in  the  14th  congress.  If  Mr.  Web- 
name  did  not  come  before  the  house  of  repre-  sterns  speech  in  support  of  the  bill  in  question 
sentatives.  The  vote  of  Massachusetts  was  of  is  carefully  compared  with  that  made  by  him  in 
course  given  for  Mr.  Adams,  and  it  is  under-  1824  against  the  tariff  of  that  year,  it  will  be 
stood  that  Mr.  Webster^s  personal  influence  found  that  there  is  no  further  difference  be- 
was  exerted  with  great  effect  over  hesitating  tween  them  than  that  which  was  necessarily 
representatives  from  some  other  states.  Mr.  caused  by  the  altered  condition  of  the  country 
Webster,  as  long  as  he  remained  a  member  of  in  respect  to  manufactures,  the  growth  of  public 
the  house  of  representatives,  was  the  leader  of  opinion  on  this  subject,  and  the  course  purgatd 
the  friends  of  the  administration  in  that  body,  in  reference  to  the  details  of  the  bill  by  those 
The  principal  subject  discussed  in  the  first  ses-  opposed  to  it  in  toto.  It  is  a  sufficient  proof 
sion  of  the  19th  congress  was  the  proposed  of  this,  that,  in  the  first  collective  edition  of 
diplomatic  congress  at  Panama,  which  was  Mr.  Webster^s  works,  the  two  speeches  were 
vigorously  attacked  in  both  houses.  Mr.  Web-  placed  by  him  side  by  side,  for  more  easy  com- 
sterns  speech  raised  the  subject  from  the  level  parison.  In  the  interval  between  the  two  ses- 
of  contentious  party  politics  to  the  height  of  sions  of  congress,  the  presidential  election  took 
international  statesmanship.  The  congress,  place.  The  candidates  were  Mr.  Adams  and 
however,  was  a  measure  of  which  the  bene-  Gen.  Jackson,  and  the  latter  was  elected  by  a 
ficial  effect  was  necessarily  much  impaired  by  large  popular  minority,  embracing  all  the  ele- 
the  tone  and  temper  of  the  speeches  in  which  ments  of  opposition  to  the  administration.  Th^ 
it  was  opposed,  and,  though  nominally  carried  first  session  of  the  Slst  congresa  was  sigoalized 


'> 


820  DANIEL  WEB6TEB 

oal  change  which  was  oonBmxiinated  in  the  ert  Peel  ezpresalj  negatived  it  at  the  time  «s 
election  of  Gen.  Harrison  to  the  presidencj.  "  wholly  ni^just,^'  and  pronounced  Mr.  Webster 
His  own  name  had  been  prominently  brought  "  a  gentleman  of  worth  and  honor/'    Neither 
forward  as  the  candidate  for  the  vice-presi-  did  Lord  Palmerston,  the  leader  of  the  oppoei- 
dencj,  but,  in  conformity  with  the  almost  in-  tion,  in  his  very  able  speech  against  the  treaty, 
variable  usage  of  the  political  parties,  it  was  ffive  any  countenance  to  the  ^large,  feeling  no 
deemed  expedient  that  the  candidates  for  the  doubt  its  injustice. — ^Mr.  Webster  retired  from 
two  offices  should  not  be  from  the  same  section  the  administration  of  Mr.  Tyler  in  the  spring 
of  the  Union.    On  this  ground  Mr.  Webster  of  1848,  the  other  members  of  the  cabinet 
withdrew  his  name,  and  that  of  Mr.  Tyler  was  having  resigned  their  places  in  the  course  of 
substituted.    Gen.  Harrison,  as  soon  as  it  was  the  preceding  summer.    Hard  thoughts  were 
ascertained  that  he  was  elected,  offered  to  Mr.  entertained  of  Mr.  Webster  in  some  quarterSf 
Webster  the  choice  of  places  in  his  cabinet,  for  continuing  to  hold  his  seat  after  the  resig- 
The  sufferings  and  wishes  of  the  country  in  nation  of  his  colleagues.    But  as  1^.  Tyler  had 
reference  to  its  great  financial  interests  having  in  no  degree  withdrawn  his  confidence  from 
led  to  the  political  revolution,  the  powerful  him  in  reference  to-  the  foreign  affairs  of  ^e 
agency  of  Mr.  Websfter  in  bringing  it  about  led  countiy,  nor  attempted  to  overrule  him  in  the 
Gen.  Harrison  to  wish  that  he  should  go  into  administration  of  Ins  department,  he  conceived 
the  treasury.    But  the  condition  of  the  foreign  that  the  public  interests  dependent  upon  his 
relations  of  the  country  was  extremely  critical,  continuing  in  office  were  too  important  to  be 
and  it  was  finally  decided  that  Mr.  Webster  sacrificed  to  punctilio.    His  own  sense  of  duty 
should  take  charge  of  the  department  of  state,  in  this  respect  was  confirmed  by  the  unani- 
Gen.  Harrison,  it  is  well  remembered,  lived  mous  advice  of  the  Massachusetts  delegation  in 
but  a  month  after  his  induction  into  office,  and  congress,  and  that  of  judicious  friends  in  ail 
his  death  and  the  succession  of  Mr.  Tyler  to  parts  of  tiie  country.    He  remained  in  pri- 
the  presidency  menaced  the  harmony  of  the  vate  life  during  the  residue  of  Mr.  Tyler's  ad- 
admiuistration  and  finally  overturned  it ;  but  ministration,  for  the  first  time  for  20  years, 
no  changes  inunediately  took  place.    Our  re-  occupied  more  than  ever  with  professional  do- 
lations  with  England  demanded  prompt  atten-  ties,  and  enjoying  at  the  appropriate  seasons 
tion.  The  differences  between  the  two  govern-  the  retirement  of  his  farms.    In  the  autoran 
ments  relative  to  the  north-eastern  boundary,  of  1844  he  took  the  field  with  earnestness  in 
which  for  nearly  two  generations  had  tasked  support  of  Mr.  Clay's  nomination  to  the  p^e^i• 
to  the  utmost  the  resources  of  diplomacy,  the  dency.    The  annexation  of  Texas  was  the  ques- 
affair  of  the  Oaroline  and  McLeod,  and  the  tion  at  issue  in  the  result  of  the  election,  and  w&f^ 
detention  and  search  of  American  vessels  by  decided  in  favor  of  that  measure  by  the  election 
British  cruisers  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  were  of  Mr.  Polk.    At  the  first  session  of  the  29tii 
subjects   of  controversy  which   imperatively  congress  (Dec.  1845)  Mr.  Webster  took  his  seat 
demanded  a  peaceftd  solution.    Fortunately  a  in  the  senate  of  the  IJnited  States,  as  the  sncces- 
change  of  ministry  took  place  in  England  in  sor  of  Mr.  Ohoate.    The  annexation  of  Teiss 
Aug.  1841,  and  the  new  administrations  in  was  the  first  subject  of  discussion.  The  attempt 
both  countries  were  able  to  address  themselves  to  accomplish  that  measure  by  treaty  havinir 
to  the  difficult  task  of  a  comprehensive  settle-  failed,  and  a  joint  resolution  consenting  to  it 
ment,  unembarrassed  by  previous  committals,  having  been  passed  at  the  close  of  the  last 
Lord  Ashburton  was  sent  as  a  special  envoy  congress,  it  was  now  to  be  consmnmated  by 
to  the  United  States,  and  brought  with  him  a  another  joint  resolution  admitting  the  stste 
friendly  and  candid  disposition.    Mr.  Webster  into  the  Union.    Deeming  this  mode  of  attain- 
met  him  in  the  same  temper,  and«  in  a  few  ing  the  object,  in  itself  of  questionable  ex- 
months  a  convention  was  agreed  upon  equally  pediency,  plainly  unconstitutional,  Mr.  Wob- 
advantageous  and  honorable  to  both  parties,  ster  opposed  it.    The  certainty  that  it  woold 
That  it  is  entitled  to  this  character  is  apparent,  cause  a  war  with  Mexico  had  prevented  Gen. 
on  the  face  of  the  instrument,  to  every  candid  Jackson  and  Mr.  Van  Buren  from  favoring  the 
person  acquainted  with  the  merits  of  the  ques-  measure,  and  was  of  course  a  strong  addition- 
tions  disposed  of,  and  is  further  shown  by  the  al  objection.    But,  although  decidedly  opposed 
oonunents  of  the  opposition  in  both  countries,  to  the  course  pursued  by  the  administration, 
In  the  English  parliament    ^^  Lord   Ashbur-  Mr.  Webster  thought  it  his  duty,  after  the  war 
ton^s  capitulation''  was  the  subject  of  the  se-  was  actually  conmienced,  not  to  withhold  the 
verest  censure;  while  in  the  senate  of  the  supplies  which  were  required  for  the  saste- 
United  States  Mr.  Webster  was  denounced  with  nance  and  reinforcement  of  our  troops.    Hi5 
equal  bitterness  for  having,  on  every  point,  second  son,  Edward  Webster,  a  young  man  of 
been  overreached  by  Lord  Ashburton.    A  futile  bright  promise,  obtained  a  mayor's  commission 
attempt  was  made  by  the  pamphleteers  and  in  Gen.  Scott's  army,  and  fell  a  victim  in  the  citr 
partisan  journals  in  London  to  convict  Mr.  of  Mexico  to  the  dimate  and  the  hardships  of 
Webster  of  "  perfidy  and  want  of  faith,"  on  the  service.  The  Oregon  boundary  question  was 
the  ground  of  the  pretended  concealment  of  settled  at  this  time,  and  Mr.  Webster,  though 
the  frunous  *'  red  line  map,"  and  this  ridicu-  holding  no  office  in  the  executive  department 
louB  charge  has  lately  been  revived.    Sir  Bob-  of  the  government,  was  able,  through  private 


322  DANIEL  WEBSTER 

great  forensic  effort.    In  the  epiing  of  that  ington. — ^Mr.  Webster's  person  was  impodag, 

year  a  convention  assembled  at  Baltimore  to  of  commanding  height  and  well  proportioned; 
nominate  a  candidate  for  the  presidency.  San-  his  head  of  great  size ;  the  eye  deep-seated, 
guine  hopes  were  entertained  by  the  friends  large,  and  lustrous;  his  voice  power^,  sono- 
of  Mr.  Webster  that  his  distinguished  career  rous,  and  flexible ;  his  action,  without  beiog 
would  be  closed  with  the  well  earned  recogni-  remarkably  graceful,  appropriate  and  impres- 
tion  of  his  talents  and  services ;  but  the  choice  sive.  In  debate  no  amount  or  violence  of  op- 
of  the  convention  fell  upon  Gen.  Scott.  Early  position  ever  shook  his  self-possession  for  a 
in  May  Mr.  Webster  was  seriously  ii\}ured  by  moment.  A  consummate  master  of  argument, 
being  thrown  from  his  carriage  near  his  farm  he  touched  not  less  skilfidly  all  the  diords  of 
in  Marshfield.  In  June  he  went  back  for  a  feeling.  On  occasions  of  mere  ceremony  he  did 
short  time  to  Washington,  but  the  state  of  his  not  greatly  shine ;  on  great  occasions  and  great 
health  required,  in  addition  to  a  cooler  climate,  subjects,  with  or  without  preparation,  he  had 
the  repose  and  freedom  from  care  which  he  no  superior.  Others  excelled  him  in  the  dex- 
could  only  find  at  home.  He  made,  however,  terity  of  party  leadership  and  the  exertion  of 
another  short  visit  to  Washington  in  the  month  outdoor  influence ;  no  one  excelled  him  in  the 
of  August,  when  he  left  it  for  the  last  time,  ability  to  convince  and  persuade  an  intelligent 
The  few  dosing  months  of  his  life  were  passed  audience.  For  his  arguments  at  the  bar  acd 
at  Marshfield.  The  last  matter  of  public  busi-  his  speeches  in  congress  he  prepared  a  full 
ness  which  engaged  much  of  his  attention,  was  brief,  but  wrote  nothing  at  length.  The  stjU 
the  affair  of  the  American  fisheries  off  the  coasts'  of  his  compositions  of  every  kind,  alike  Lis 
of  the  British  provinces.  After  his  final  return  elaborate  discourses,  diplomatic  papers,  and  fa- 
from  Washington  chronic  complaints  gained  miliar  letters,  is  vigorous,  terse,  pure  English, 
rapidly  upon  him.  Sensible  that  his  failing  free  from  every  species  of  affectation,  and 
healtb  did  not  admit  the  punctual  discharge  of  marked  by  a  manly  simplicity.  The  late  Mr. 
the  duties  of  his  office,  he  tendered  his  resigna-  Samuel  Rogers,  a  remarkably  fastidious  judgt^ 
tion  to  the  president,  which,  in  the  hope  that  told  the  writer  of  this  article,  that  he  knew 
he  might  yet  regain  his  strength,  was  feelingly  nothing  in  the  English  language  so  well  writ- 
declined  by  Mr.  Fillmore.  His  last  visit  to  ten  as  Mr.  Webster^s  letter  to  Lord  Ai^hbur- 
Boston  was  on  Sept.  20,  when  he  went  to  dine  ton  on  the  subject  of  the  impressment  of  s^- 
with  Mr.  Thomas  fearing  of  London  at  the  house  men. — He  went  to  bed  and  rose  early,  and  de- 
of  Mr.  Thomas  Ward.  His  funeral  was  attend-  spatched  the  business  of  the  day  as  much  as  pc>s- 
ed  at  Marshfield  in  the  presence  of  a  great  part  sible  in  the  morning  hours.  He  was  extremely 
ofthe  population  ofthat  place  and  the  neighbor-  fond  of  field  sports,  particularly  fishing,  and 
ing  towns,  of  a  large  number  of  persons  from  wa^  a  remarkably  good  shot.  His  social  ta>ttit» 
Boston  and  other  parts  of  Massachusetts,  and  were  strong,  and  his  conversational  power» 
of  deputations  from  New  York,  Albany,  and  rarely  equalled.  His  happiest  days  were  pasted 
Philadelphia.  It  was  a  bright  autumnal  day ;  upon  his  farms.  He  understood  agricultnre 
the  body,  placed  in  the  coffin  and  in  his  accus-  theoretically  and  practically,  and  took  great 
tomed  dress,  lay  beneath  a  noble  elm  tree  in  pride  in  his  fine  stock  and  large  crops.  He  v^ss 
front  of  his  dwelling,  and  after  the  performance  a  regular  attendant  on  public  worship,  a  dill- 
of  the  funeral  services  was  followed  to  the  gent  student  of  the  Scriptures,  a  communicating 
tomb  in  the  ancient  cemetery  of  Marshfield,  member  of  the  church,  and  a  firm  believer  in 
where  the  members  of  his  family  already  de-  the  truth  of  Christianity  as  a  divine  revelation, 
ceased  had  been  deposited  by  himself.  At  the  A  brief  and  carefully  prepared  declaration  of 
ensuing  session  of  congress  the  customay  trib-  his  faith  was  drawn  up  by  him  in  the  last 
utes  of  respect  were  paid  to  his  memory,  with  year  of  his  life.  Portraits  at  different  periods 
more  than  usual  eloquence,  feeling,  and  concert  of  his  life  by  the  most  distinguished  artists  of 
of  sentiment  on  all  sides  of  the  house;  in  the  sen-  the  day,  and  his  ma^ificent  bust  by  Powers, 
ate  by  his  former  colleague  Mr.  John  Davis  of  will  convey  to  posterity  no  inadequate  idea  of 
Massachusetts,  Judge  Butler  of  South  Carolina,  his  countenance  and  form ;  while  his  chAract«^r 
Gten.  Cass,  Mr.  Seward,  and  Commodore  Stock-  as  a  statesman,  a  jurist,  and  an  orator  will  M 
ton ;  and  in  the  house  of  representatives  by  Mr.  an  abiding  place  in  the  annals  of  his  countr}'. 
G.  T.  Davis  of  Massachusetts,  Mr.  Appleton  of  Mr.  Webster  was  married  in  early  life  to  Gr&ce 
Maine,  Mr.  Preston  of  Kentucky,  Mr.  Seymour  Fletcher  of  Hopkinton,  N.  H.  Of  thismarrisgd 
of  New  York,  Mr.  Chandler  of  Pennsylvania,  were  bom  Charles,  Julia,  Edward,  and  Fletohtjr, 
Gen.  Bayly  of  Virginia,  and  Mr.  Stanly  of  North  of  whom  the  last,  the  only  one  who  survived 
Carolina.  Notice  of  his  death  was  taken  by  him,  fell  as  colonel  of  the  12th  Massachusetts 
the  courts  and  other  public  bodies  with  which  volunteers  in  the  battle  of  Aug.  29, 1862,  near 
he  was  connected  in  Massachusetts ;  a  eulogy  Bull  run.  The  death  of  Mr.  Webster^s  first  M^ife 
was  pronounced  by  Mr.  George  S.Hillard,  under  took  place  in  Jan.  1828.  His  second  wife, 
the  auspices  of  ihe  municipal  authorities  of  Caroline  Bayard  Le  Boy,  daughter  of  the  emi- 
Boston ;  and  frmeral  orations,  discourses,  and  nent  merchant  of  that  name  in  New  York,  spr- 
sermons  were  delivered  throughout  the  country,  vives  him.  Several  editions  of  his  collective 
in  greater  numbers,  it  is  believed,  than  on  any  works  were  published  during  his  lifetime ;  the 
former  occasion  excepting  the  death  of  Wash-  most  complete  in  6  vols.  8vo.  in  1851.    Two 


824  WEBSTEB 

of  the  daily,  called  "The  Herald/'  These  pleted  the  diotdonaiy.  At  the  dose  of  the  year 
names  were  subsequently  changed  for  those  of  1828  an  edition  of  2,500  copies  was  pnblisbed 
the  ^^  Oommercial  Adyertiser^*  and  "  New  York  in  the  United  States,  in  2  vols.  4to.,  followed 
Spectator."  To  this  jonmal  he  contributed  a  by  one  of  8,000  in  England.  In  1840  a  second 
series  of  able  papers  under  the  signature  of  edition  of  8,000  copies  was  published,  in  2  Tok 
<*  Ourtius,"  in  defence  of  Jay's  treaty  with  Great  royal  8vo.  In  the  interval  a  number  of  editions 
Britain  in  1T96,  which  did  much  to  allay  the  of  the  dictionary,  abridged  to  a  greater  or  leas 
violent  opposition  to  that  treaty.  During  this  degree,  had  been  prepared  either  by  l£r.¥ebster 
period,  in  consequence  of  the  prevalence  of  or  members  of  lus  family.  During  the  period 
yellow  fever,  he  investigated  tne  history  of  in  which  he  was  prepariug  his  great  work,  be 
pestilential  diseases  in  aU  parts  of  the  world,  removed  his  residence  to  Amherst,  Masa.,  and 
and  published  "  A  Brief  History  of  Epidemics  was  one  of  the  most  active  founden  and  pro- 
and  restilential  Diseases''  (2  vols.  8vo.,  Hart-  meters  of  Amherst  college,  and  for  several 
ford,  1799).  He  had  removed  to  New  Haven  years  president  of  its  board  of  trustees.  He 
in  1798,  having  resigned  the  editorial  charge  also  represented  the  town  for  several  years  in 
of  his  journal,  though  he  retained  the  proprie-  the  legislature.  In  New  Haven  he  had  been 
torship  for  several  years  longer.  In  1802  he  repeatedly  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  the 
published  a  work  on  the  rights  of  neutral  na-  state,  a  judge  of  one  of  the  state  courts,  and 
tions  in  time  of  war,  and  a  compilation  of  oneof  the  aldermen  of  the  city.  He  returned  to 
"  Historical  Notices  of  the  Origm  and  State  of  New  Haven  in  1822,  and  in  1828  received  from 
Banking  Institutions  and  Insurance  Offices;"  Yale  college  the  degree  of  LL.D.  The  latter 
and  in  1807  his  *^  Philosophical  and  Practical  years  of  Dr.  Webster's  life  were  spent  in  lighter 
Grammar  of  the  Ihiglish  Language."  In  the  literary  labors,  and  the  revision  of  some  of  bis 
latter  year  he  commenced  the  great  work  of  his  earlier  works.  In  the  beginning  of  1843  he 
life,  the  '' American  Dictionary  of  the  English  published  ^^  A  Collection  of  Papers  on  Political, 
Language,"  which  had  occupied  his  thoughts  Literary,  and  Moral  Subjects,"  which  indaded 
for  many  years.  He  had  already  published  in  the  more  important  of  his  political  essays,  and 
1806  a  **  Compendious  Dictionary,"  compiled  an  elaborate  treatise  "  On  the  supposed  Change 
from  some  of  the  eating  works,  but  with  the  in  the  Temperature  of  Winter,"  which  he  had 
addition  of  many  new  words  and  definitions,  read  before  the  Connecticut  academy  of  scienea 
At  the  outset  he  had,  as  he  himself  states,  no  44  years  before.  His  li^t  literary  labor  was 
design  of  preparing  an  original  work.  He  saw  the  revision  of  the  appendix  to  his  dictionary, 
that  the  existing  dictionaries  had  omitted  many  which  he  completed  only  a  few  days  before  bis 
words  in  common  use,  that  their  definitions  death. — ^The  philological  works  of  Dr.  Webster 
were  incomplete  and  often  inexact,  and  that  have  had  a  larger  sale  than  was  ever  attained  bj 
they  were  defective  in  their  lack  of  the  tech-  those  of  any  o&er  author.  Of  the  "Elementarv 
nical  words  which  had  been  introduced  in  the  Spelling  Book,"  in  its  various  editions  and  re- 
progress  of  science ;  and  he  proposed  to  com-  visions,  not  fewer  than  41,000,000  copies  had 
pile  from  them  fill,  and  from  other  sources  been  sold  down  to  Jan.  1862 ;  and  during  the 
which  were  open  to  him,  a  work  which  should  preparation  of  the  dictionary  the  entire  support 
better  supply  the  wants  of  the  public.  He  had,  of  his  family  was  derived  from  his  copyright  on 
however,  proceeded  no  further  than  the  second  this  work.  The  '^  American  Dictionary''  was 
letter  of  the  alphabet,  when  he  found  himself  revised  soon  after  Dr.  Webster's  death,  hy  bu 
seriously  embarra^ed  for  want  of  a  knowledge  son-in-law  Pro£  Chauncey  A.  Goodrich,  ftD<I 
of  ^e  origin  of  words,  which  was  not  to  be  republished  in  one  quarto  volume  in  1847,  and 
obtained  from  any  existing  dictionary.  At  this  of  this  edition  a  very  large  number  have  been 
stage  he  laid  aside  his  work,  and  spent  10  years  sold  both  in  England  and  America.  There  are 
in  an  inquiry  into  the  origin  of  our  language  also  6  smaller  editions.  Of  the  spelling  book 
and  its  connection  with  those  of  other  coun-  the  annual  sale  for  some  years  has  been  about 
tries.  He  examined  in  the  course  of  this  inves-  1,200,000  copies,  and  of  the  dictionaries  orer 
tigation  the  vocabularies  of  20  of  the  principal  800,000  copies.  Beside  the  works  named  above, 
languages  of  the  world,  and  prepared  a  ^^  Sy-  Dr.  Webster  published  in  early  life  a  ^^Historr 
nopsis  of  Words  in  Twenty  Luiguages,"  which  of  the  United  States,"  which  he  reriBed  about 
still  remains  in  manuscript.  He  then  com-  1888,andwhichhad  a  considerable  sale;  " L^t- 
menced  anew  hisdictionary,  and  having  in  about  ters  to  a  Young  Gentleman  commencing  bi5 
7  years  more  brought  it  nearly  to  a  close,  he  Education"  (8vo.,  New  Haven,  1828) ;  "  Manual 
sailed  for  Europe  iu  June,  1824,  for  the  purpose  of  Useful  Studies"  rKew  Haven,  1882);  'The 
of  consulting  literary  men  there,  and  examining  Prompter ;"  and  a  "History  of  Animals." 
some  standard  authorities  to  which  he  could  not  WEBSTEB,  Thomas,  an  English  painter,  bom 
obtain  aooess  in  this  country.  After  spending  in  London,  March  20,  1800.  He  became  a  ^to- 
two  months  in  Paris,  examining  rare  works  in  dent  of  the  royal  academy  in  1820,  and  since 
the  royal  library,  he  went  to  England,  and,  in  1825,  when  he  gained  the  first  prize  for  paiot- 
a  residence  of  8  months  at  the  university  of  ing,  has  been  a  regular  contributor  to  it^  an- 
Cambridge,  during  which  he  availed  himself  of  nual  exhibitions.  In  1841  he  was  elected  as 
the  advantages  of  its  libraries  and  intercourse  associate,  and  in  1846  an  academician.  He  )s 
with  its  most  eminent  philologists,  he  com-  essentially  a  painter  of  ^enr^,  and  is  well  known 


826                         WEED  WEEK 

WEED,  Thublow,  an  American  journalist,  yentiona,  a  position  which  a  Btrict  regard  to  the 
bom  at  Oairo,  Greene  co.,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  15, 1797.  rule  of  conduct  which  he  had  prescribed  its 
At  the  age  of  10  years  he  was  employed  as  never  allowed  him  to  accept  He  warmly  ad- 
cabin  boy  upon  Hudson  river  craft,  and  about  vocated  the  election  of  Mr.  Fremout  in  1856  and 
two  years  later  entered  the  printing  ofSce  of  of  Mr.  Lincoln  in  1860,  although  his  inflneoce 
Mr.  Machy  Groswell  in  the  village  of  Catskill.  had  in  each  case  been  exerted  in  favor  of  tbt 
Boon  afterward  he  removed  with  his  family  to  nomination  of  Mr.  Seward.  In  Nov.  1861,  le 
the  frontier  village  of  Oindnnatus,  Oortlandt  visited  Europe  at  the  suggestion  of  iafloenty 
CO.,  N.  Y.,  and  for  some  time  was  employed  in  friends  of  the  administration  of  President  Lin- 
'^  backwoods^'  labor.  In  his  14th  year  he  re-  coin,  who  thought  that  in  a  semi-diplomatic 
turned  to  the  printing  business,  and  was  em-  capacity  he  could  be  of  service  to  the  coostrr 
ployed  successively  in  .several  different  news-  in  the  political  circles  of  London  and  Paris  in 
paper  offices.  He  was  a  volunteer  in  the  war  respect  to  the  delicate  relations  of  the  United 
of  1612,  serving  on  the  northern  frontier  as  a  States  with  foreign  powers,  arising  out  of  the 
private  and  as  quartermaster  sergeant.  Af-  existing  civil  war.  He  returned  home  in  June, 
ter  becoming  of  age  he  established  a  news-  1862,  receiving  on  his  arrival  fi^om  the  corpora- 
paper  in  his  own  name,  and  during  tiie  next  tion  of  New  York  the  freedom  of  the  city. 
10  years  edited  various  gazettes,  the  last  be-  WEEK  (Anglo-Sax.we^),  aperiodof  Tdars* 
ing  the  "Anti-Masonic  Enquirer,"  published  adivisionof  time  adopted  by  the  ancient  £^ 
in  Rochester.  During  the  anti-masonic  ex-  tians  and  Hebrews,  and  in  general  use  amocj! 
citement  in  New  York  in  1826-^7,  he  identi-  Christians  and  Mohammedans.  Its  origin  \i 
fied  himself  with  the  party  opposed  to  the  referred  back  in  the  Mosaic  account  to  the 
alleged  influence  in  public  affairs  of  the  order  creation  of  the  world,  and  there  is  no  other 
of  free  and  accepted  mason's,  and  on  that  issue  record  relating  to  it.  It  was  not  in  usebj  the 
he  was  twice  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  until  adopted  by  the  lat- 
state  legislature.  In  this  capacity  he  was  dis-  ter  at  the  period  of  the  introduction  of  Chris- 
tinguished  by  his  tact  as  a  party  manager,  and  tianity,  after  the  reign  of  llieodoBiiu.  It^ 
his  industry  and  sagacity  in  committee  rooms,  adoption  was  no  doubt  hastened  by  the  peco- 
rather  than  by  eminence  as  a  debater.  These  liar  convenience  of  such  a  division  of  the  lunar 
talents,  together  with  the  substantial  services  month  into  4  parts,  and  by  its  being  eo  nearly 
rendered  by  him  in  1827-^80  in  securing  the  an  aliquot  part  of  the  solar  year  of  865  dajs. 
election  of  De  Witt  Olinton  as  governor,  sug-  The  only  explanation  of  the  origin  of  the  names 
gested  him  as  a  competent  person  to  oppose  given  to  the  days  is  that  by  Dion  Oassins  in  bis 
to  the  so  called  ^^  Albany  re*gency,"  a  body  of  Roman  history  (book  zxxvii.,  o.  18, 19).  They 
democratic  politicians  who  had  the  general  were  founded,  he  says,  upon  the  names  of  the 
management  of  that  party  in  New  York.  At  7  planets  known  to  the  ancient  Egyptian  » 
the  expiration  of  his  second  term  as  a  legislator  tronomers,  which  they  arranged  as  foUovs  in 
in  1830,  he  accordingly  removed  to  Albany,  and  the  order  of  their  distances  from  the  earth.be- 
assumed  the  editorship  of  the  ^^  Albany  Even-  ginning  with  the  most  distant :  Saturn,  Japi- 
ing  Journal,^'  a  newspaper  established  in  thp  ter.  Mars,  the  sun,  Venus,  Mercury,  and  the 
interest  of  the  anti-Jackson  party  in  the  state,  moon.  According  to  the  ancient  astrology. 
and  which  under  his  skilful  management  has  each  of  these  planets  presided  in  torn  orer 
nuuntained  for  many  years  a  prominent  position  some  hour  of  the  day ;  and  thus  each  day  caxoe 
among  periodicals  of  its  class.  Prom  1830  to  to  be  named  for  the  planet  to  which  its  first 
the  present  time  he  has  been  constantly  before  hour  was  dedicated.  Commencing  with  Sat- 
the  public  as  a  political  leader,  first  of  the  whig  urn,  on  the  first  hour  of  the  first  day,  and  al- 
and afterward  of  the  republican  party,  outliving  lotting  to  each  hour  a  planet  in  the  order 
almost  a  generation  of  statesmen,  with  many,  named,  the  first  hour  of  the  second  day,  it  is 
of  whom  his  relations  were  of  an  intimate  na-  found,  would  fall  to  the  sun,  of  the  third  day 
ture,  even  where  their  political  views  differed  to  the  moon,  of  the  fourth  to  Mars,  of  the  fiitli 
widely.  Within  the  same  period  scarcely  a  to  Mercury,  of  the  sixth  to  Jupiter,  and  of  tije 
session  of  the  legislature  of  his  state  or  of  the  seventh  to  Venus.  The  Latins  adopted  theie 
national  congress  has  been  held  without  his  designations  in  their  names  of  the  days  of  the 
personal  attendance  at  some  stage  of  the  pro-  week,  as  dies  Satumi,  dUi  Solii^  diet  Lwa, 
ceedings  in  his  capacity  as  party  manager,  id-  &c. ;  and  modem  nations  have  retained  tbo 
though,  in  accordance  with  a  resolve  made  upon  .  same  terms,  those  speaking  languages  of  tbe 
assuming  the  control  of  the  "  Evening  Journal,"  Teutonic  stock  substituting  in  some  casea  the 
he  has  persistently  declined  all  offers  of  official  names  of  their  own  divinities  for  the  corre- 
distinction,  notwithstanding  positions  of  power  spending  ones  of  Roman  mythology.  ^  ^^ 
and  emolument  have  frequently  been  within  his  ancient  Brahminical  astronomy,  we  week  is 
reach.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  procuring  also  a  recognized  division  of  time,  and  the  name« 
the  nominations  of  Gen.  Harrison  at  the  presi-  of  the  days  are  from  the  same  planets  and  in 
dential  conventions  of  1830  and  1840,  of  Gen.  the  same  order  as  thoae  in  use  by  the  ancient 
Taylor  in  1848,  and  of  Gen.  Scott  in  1862,  act-  Egyptians;  but  the  week  began  with  them  witl' 
ing  in  each  instance  as  an  independent  adviser  Soueravaram,  the  day  of  Venus  or  Friday.  ^^^ 
rather  than  as  a  member  of  the  respective  con-  Egyptian  week  began,  according  to  DicQ  ^ 


828                 TTEGSOHEIDEB                     '  WEIGHTS  ahd  MEASUBES 

egg,  the  ^b  eating  its  way  to  the  interior  end  27,  1849.     He  stadied  at  Heimstedt,  Bmos- 
there  livmg  to  maturity ;  it  then  gnaws  its  way  wick,  and  Hamburg,  became  a  lUpeUnt  at 
out,  falls  to  uiQ  ground,  burrows,  and  under-  Guttingen  in  1805,  received  the  degree  of  d(H>- 
goes  its  change  to  a  pupa  at  the  beginning  of  tor  of  theology  there  in  1806,  and  became  pro- 
uie  next  summer.    To  the  species  of  our  hazel-  fessor  of  theology  and  philosophy  at  Rinteln, 
nut  Say  gave  the  name  of  tutsicua;  it  is  ^j^  of  whence  in  1810  he  was  transferred  to  UaJle. 
an  inch  long,  dark  brown  with  rusty  yellow  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  rationalism,  of 
hairs.    The  i.  glandium  (Germ.)  infests  acorns,  which  his  Institutionea  Theologia  Christiana 
— ^The  pea  weevil  (bruehus  pisi,  Linn.),  or  pea  Dogmatiea  (Halle,  1815;  8th  ed.,  1844)  is  t 
bug,  is  about  ^oi  bh  inch  long,  rusty  black  consistent  exposition.    He  also  wrote  other  im- 
with  a  white  spot  on  the  hind  part  of  the  thorax  portant  exegetical  and  philosophical  workB. 
and  white  dots  on  the  wings.    The  perfect  in-  WEIGEL,  YALEzrrnr,  the  originator  of  ainyB> 
sect  is  found  in  the  flowers ;  the  eggs  are  laid  tic  school  of  the  17th  century,  called  after  him 
in  the  young  pods  of  peas  and  beans  just  oppo-  Weigelians,  born  at  Grossenhain,  Saxony^  in 
site  the  seed,  into  which  the  larva  at  once  pen-  1538,  died  June  10, 1588.    From  1567  till  hu 
etrates ;  few  persons  are  probably  aware  now  death  he  was  a  minister  of  the  Lutheran  ehnrch 
many  of  these  minute  larvsa  they  eat  as  they  at  Zschopau.    Little  was  known  of  him  during 
indulge  in  early  green  peas;  they  have  been  his  lifetime;  but  when  his  works  were  poV 
known  to  cut  off  the  entire  crop  of  these  vege-  lished  after  his  death  by  Chr.  Weikert,  they 
tables;  they  are  said  not  to  touch  the  germ  of  created  at  once  a  great  sensation.    The  prin- 
the  pea,  though  all  the  rest  is  devoured.    Peas  cipal  of  them  are:   Kirchen-  und  -ffauipottiU 
in  the  winter  often  contain  these  larvs,  but  not  (1611) ;   Von  der  Gelauenheit;   JHalogvi  d$ 
when  a  year  old ;  they  are  killed  by  soaking  in  ChrUtianismo  (1614) ;    Gulden  Grj/fff  (1616); 
hot  water  a  minute  or  two  just  before  plant-  Tkeologie  (1618) ;    and  Zwei  sehone  BuxMdk 
ing;  the  crow  blackbird  ana  Baltimore  oriole  ^omLeben  Chruti  (1621).    An  abridgment  of 
devour  great  numbers  of  them.    This  species  all  his  works  was  published  under  the  title  of 
probably  originated  in  America,  in  the  north-  I*hilo90phiaMy9tioa{\^\^).  Weigelwasagreai 
em  parts  of  which  it  is  common,  whence  it  admirer  of  the  writings  of  Paracelsus  and  Tan- 
has  spread  to  central  Europe.     Lentils  and  ler,  to  which  he  was  indebted  for  many  of  his 
otiier  leguminous  plants  are  attacked  by  otber  opinions.   Among  his  peculiar  doctrines  are  the 
species. — ^The  palm  weevil  or  worm  (calandra  following :  The  Bible  is  no  real  rule  of  faith,  hot 
palmarum,  Olairv.)  is  about  1^  inches  long  and  only  a  record ;  the  chief  revelation  is  the  mm 
black;  the  larvss  are  between  2  and  8  inches  word.    Christ,  conceived  by  Mary,  the  divine 
long,  and  live  in  the  pith  of  the  palm,  espe-  wisdom,  in  heaven,  is  inferior  to  the  Father, 
dally  the  cabbage  pdm,  making  a  cocoon  of  Only  believers  should  be  baptized.    All  teach- 
the  surrounding  fibres ;  they  are  dirty  yellow  ing  is  useless  without  the  inner  light   The 
with  a  black  h^,  looldng  like  moving  pieces  theology  taught  by  the  universities  is  false;  the 
of  fat,  and  are  esteemed  as  delicacies  in  the  true  one  consists  in  a  knowledge  of  one^s  self^ 
West  Indies.    With  the  larvss  of  another  spe-  and  of  man^s  aim.    All  creatures  are  emana- 
cies  ((7.  aacchari,  Olairv.),  equally  destructive  tions  of  the  divine  essence.    The  ministry  of 
to  the  sugar  cane,  these  are  eaten  by  the  na-  priests  and  preachers,  and  all  external  forms 
tives  of  the  West  Indies  and  Guiana,  boiled,  of  divine  worship,  are  of  little  avail ;  the  trae 
roasted,  or  broiled  on  wooden  spits,  with  dried  veneration  of  God  is  something  internal.   Se?- 
and  powdered  bread. — ^There  are  many  weevils  eral  of  his  works  were  publicly  burned  at  Chem- 
attacking  resinous  trees,  among  which  *one  of  nitz,  by  order  of  the  elector  John  George  L 
Hie  most  destructive  is  the  pine  weevil  (eurcu^  of  Saxony ;  but  they  had  already  been  widely 
lio  [hyloMtu]  palea^  Herbst),  ^  to  i  of  an  inch  circulated  and  made  many  converts,  who  bow- 
long,  deep  chestnut  brown  with  a  few  yellow-  ever  never  formed  a  separate  sect.    The  most 
ish  white  dots  and  lines.    Thousands  of  acres  celebrated  among  the  foUowers  of  Weigel  is 
of  pines  in  the  southern  states  have  been  de-  Jacob  Boehm,  the  German  theosophist 
stroyed  by  these  insects ;  the  best  way  to  pre-  WEIGHTS  and  MEASURES,  means  of  de- 
vent  their  ravages  is  to  protect  the  woodpeck-  termining  by  comparison,  and  expressiog,  is 
ers,  their  natural  enemies.    The  rhynchanus  the  former  instance,  the  mass  or  quantity  of 
strobi  (Peck)  is  about  i  of  an  inch  long,  brown  matter  of  ponderable  bodies,  as  shown  by  the 
with  many  rusty  white  scales ;  they  devour  the  effect  of  gravity  upon  them,  and  in  the  ktter, 
leading  shoot  of  the  white  pine,  whose  growth  the  magnitudes  of  bodies,  or  of  the  varioos 
produces  the  lofty  and  straight  trunk  of  this  forms  under  which  we  regard  and  estimate 
beautiful  tree ;   tlie  larvsa  are  destroyed  by  space.    These  are  the  specific  and  more  iisQ» 
woodpeckers  and  ichneumon  flies.    Other  spe-  meanings  of  the  terms ;  but  measore  is  ff^ 
cies  equally  destructive  are  found  on  the  Euro-  used  in  a  general  sense,  to  signify  the  finding 
pean  pines.    The  plum  weevil  is  described  un-  of  the  relative  amounts  or  values  of  things 
der  OuRonuo.  (See  Eollar^s  and  Harrises  works  of  whatever   kind,  the  nature  of  which  u 
on  the  insects  iignrious  to  vegetation.)  such  as  to  render  them  capable  of  esdination 
WEGSOHELDER,  Julius  August  Ludwio,  in  any  manner.    In  this  sense,  weight  is  but 
a  German  theologian,  bom  at  Xtlbbelingen,  one  sort  of  measure ;  and  the  latter  term  «m- 
Brunswick,  Sept.  17, 1771,  died  in  Halle,  Jan.  braces  all  measurable  things  or  valoes.  The 


880  103GHTS  ABB  MEABUREB 

to  exist  in  the  measures  of  most  nations,  and  should  be  removed  to  render  it  ^'roimd,^^ 
to  attain  to  exact  standards  through  a  knowl-  makes  this  standard  the  less  definite  of  the 
edge  and  application  of  physical  principles,  two.  In  comparisons  of  the  recorded  results  of 
Among  the  earlier  measures  of  length  of  va-  measurements  in  different  countries  of  Europe, 
rious  nations  are  found  such  as  the  finger's  and  at  different  periods,  much  confusioii  hts 
length,  the  digit  (second  joint  of  the  S)re-  existed  and  has  been  well  nigh  unavoidable, 
finger),  the  finger's  breadth,  the  palm,  the  growing  out  of  gradual  or  repeated  changes  in 
span,  the  cubit  (length  of  forearm),  the  nail,  the  standards  in  current  use ;  and  in  respect 
the  orgyia  (stretch  of  the  arms),  the  foot,  pace,  to  the  comparison  of  ancient  with  modem  meas- 
&c. ;  and  the  names  of  these  measures,  their  ures,  considerable  error  for  a  time  existed,  aris- 
almost  constant  recurrence  among  different  ing  from  the  supposition  that  the  Roman  foot, 
nations,  and  the  close  approximation  in  length  and  hence  the  related  measures,  were  identicd 
of  such  as  have,  like  the  foot,  more  nearly  ac-  and  so  directly  commensurable  with  the  foot  of 
quired  the  character  of  arbitrary  measurcQ,  England,  and  of  some  other  modem  European 
alike  establish  the  fact  that,  in  its  origin,  countries.  For  the  discussion  of  this  subject, 
measurement  of  lengths  was  by  the  application  with  its  bearings  on  admeasurements  of  van- 
of  parts  of  the  human  body.  In  some  parts  of  ous  periods,  wMch  is  chiefly  interesting  to  the 
the  East  the  Arabs,  it  is  said,  still  measure  the  historian  and  the  antiquary,  the  reader  is  refer- 
cubits  of  their  cloth  by  the  forearm,  with  the  fed  to  the  special  treatises  on  weights  and  mea^- 
-addition  of  the  breadth  of  the  other  hand,  ures,  some  of  which  will  be  named.  As  would 
which  marks  the  end  of  the  measure ;  and  the  be  expected,  indeed,  the  modem  legal  or  con- 
width  of  the  thumb  was  in  like  manner  for-  ventionaJ  standards,  as  reproduced  and  in  ac- 
merly  added  at  the  end  of  the  yard  by  tbe  tual  use,  were  found  after  a  time  to  be  subject 
English  clothiers.  Advantages  of  such  meas-  to  considerable  variation.  For  example,  from 
ures  for  popular  use  are,  that  they  are  mag-  1650  to  1688  there  were  in  England  three  dif- 
nitudes  known  by  observation  and  readily  un-  ferent  measures  of  the  wine  gallon :  1,  the 
derstood,  and  in  an  average  way  always  capa-  more  general  opinion  and  usage  gave  2S1  cubic 
ble  of  being  recovered,  when  more  arbitrary  inches  to  the  gallon ;  2,  the  customary  stand- 
standards  might  be  wholly  lost.  But  their  ard  at  Guildhall,  however,  supposed  to  be  of 
great  disadvantage  is  extreme  variableness,  such  capacity,  was  later  found  on  measure- 
especially  when  directly  applied ;  and  in  the  ment  to  contain  only  224  cubio  inches;  3,  the 
gradual  progress  of  men^s  minds  toward  exact-  real  and  legal  standard,  preserved  at  the  treas- 
ness  of  conception  and  reasoning,  though  the  ury,  contained  262  cubic  inches.  The  com 
precise  period  of  the  first  of  these  may  not  gallon  differed  from  any  of  these,  being  26^.6 
now  be  known,  three  successive  plans  of  in-  cubio  inches.  Some  suppose  the  gallons  of 
suring  greater  accuracy  have  presented  them-  281  and  282  inches  to  have  originated  under 
selves,  and  two  at  least  have  secured  perma-  separate  enactments,  the  latter  from  one  of 
nent  adoption.  The  first  is  that  of  obtaining  Henry  YIL,  directing  that  the  ffsUon  contain 
a  uniform  standard,  by  exchanging  the  meas-  8  lbs.  of  wheat ;  but  Oughtred  nolds  that  the 
ures  by  parts  of  the  body  for  conventional  or  larger  or  beer  gallon  was  allowed  for  liquids 
arbitrary  lengths  which  should  represent  their  which  yield  froth ;  while  the  less  gallon  was 
average,  and  which  were  to  be  established  by  that  appropriated  to  the  liquids,  each  as  wine 
law ;  and  this  point  was  doubtless  reached  at  and  ou,  which,  as  not  frotlung,  show  at  once 
some  time  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  In  tiieir  true  volume.  Variations  of  this  sort  in 
England,  arbitrary  standards  appear  to  have  measures  must  however  have  existed  without 
been  known  and  in  oonmion  use  at  an  early  intention,  and  increased ;  and  henoe  the  sec- 
date.  The  name  *^  grain  *'  occurring  in  troy  ond  step  toward  exactitude  of  measurements 
weight,  and  **  barleycorn  "  in  long  measure,  became  necessary,  namely,  that  of  making  ae- 
show  what  were  in  that  country  the  originals  curate  comparisons  of  the  various  standards  of 
or  natural  units  resorted  to  in  forming  these  each  given  sort  in  a  country,  with  a  view  to 
measures ;  or  at  the  least,  what  were  the  nat-  discover  which  most  truly  preserved  the  meas- 
ural  objects  chosen  as  the  means  of  fixing  and  ure  originally  intended,  and  also  by  what  means 
in  case  of  need  restoring  the  value  of  such  this  sekcted  standard  could  be  most  certainly 
measures.  A  statute  of  Henry  HI.  (A.  D.  multipHed  and  perpetuated.  Attempts  of  th» 
1266)  enacts,  '*  that  an  English  penny,  called  kind  appear  in  England  to  have  been  com- 
the  sterling,  round,  without  clipping,  shall  menced  under  the  auspices  of  the  royal  sodetj 
weigh  82  grains  of  wheat,  weU  dried  and  gath-  in  1786  and  1742 ;  in  the  former  year,  by  a 
ered  out  of  the  middle  of  the  ear;  and  20  comparison  of  the  Eng^h,  French,  and  old 
pence  [pennyweights]  to  make  an  ounce,  12  Roman  standards ;  and  in  the  latter,  by  the  de- 
ounces  a  pound,  8  pounds  a  gallon  of  wine,  and  termination,  by  George  Graham,  of  the  length 
8  gallons  of  wine  a  bushel  of  London,  which  of  a  pendulum  beating  seconds  at  London  (at 
is  the  8th  part  of  a  quarter.^'  Again,  Edward  89.18  inches),  and  the  constraction  of  a  standard 
n.  (A.  D.  1824)  provides  that  the  length  of  8  yard.  Of  this^nder  direction  of  the  house  of 
barleycorns,  round  and  dry,  shall  make  an  inch,  commons,  Mr.  Bird  prepared  two  accurate  cop^ 
12  inches  a  foot,  &c.  The  difficulty  of  deter-  ies,  respectively  marked  **  Standard  yard,  1758'' 
mining  how  much  of  the  end  of  the  grain  and  ^*  1760,"  and  intended  for  adoption  as  the 


882  WEIGHTS  Ain>  MEASUBES 

sqnare   inch  bar,  88  inches  in  length,  of  a*  legal  weights  and  measures  of  the  nation ;  and 
bronze  consisting  of  copper  with  a  small  per-  that  positive  standards  should  he  constmcted, 
centage  of  tin  and  zinc,  6  copies  were  finally  duplicates  of  which  should  be  furnished  to  the 
selected  and  reported  bj  the  commissioners  in  executive  authorities  of  every  state  and  ter< 
Mardi,  185i;  of  these,  the  one  marked  "Bronze,  ritory.    By  an  act  of  congress,  May  19, 162$, 
19"  was  selected  as  the  parliamentary  stand*  the  brass  troy  pound  procured  by  the  Amer- 
ard  yard,  the  remaining  6  being  deposited,  along  ican  minister  at  London  in  1827,  and  which 
with  copies  of  the  standard  of  weight,  with  as  was  a  copy  prepared  by  Capt.  Kater  of  the 
many  public  institutions  and  scientific  bodies.  English  standard,  was  declared  the  standard 
These  standards  were  legalized  in  July,  1856 ;  troy  pound  of  the  mint  of  the  United  States, 
and  in  case  of  loss  of  the  parliamentary  copy,  and  conformably  to  which  its  coinage  ahould  be 
it  was  provided  that  the  standards  should  be.  regulated.    The  senate,  May  29, 1830,  directed 
restored  by  comparison  of  the  other  selected  a  new  comparison  of  the  weighte  and  meas- 
copies,  or  such  as  might  be  available.    Thus,  ures  in  use  at  the  different  custom  hou^i. 
the  latest  verdict  of  science  maybe  regarded  This  was  intrusted  to  the  late  Professor  Hassler; 
as  adverse  to  the  practicability  of  basing  a  sys-  and  though  much  discrepancy  was  founds  the 
tom  of  weights  and  measures  on  any  invariable  mean  corresponded  closely  with  the  English 
natural  unit  of  dimension.    It  is  still  doubted  standards  previous  to  1776.    Under  Mr.  Ha«s- 
in  England  whether  the  new  yard  is  not  a  frac-  ler's  supervision,  accurate  and  authentic  copies 
tion  longer  than  the  old ;  but  the  scales  used  in  of  the  received  standards  of  weights  and  meas- 
the  recent  trigonometrical   surveys  have  all  ures  were  prepared,  and  supplied  to  all  the  cua- 
been  compared  with  that  of  the  astronomical  tom  houses.    Meanwhile,  by  a  joint  resolutioD 
society,  and  are  therefore  known  independently  of  congress,  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  icas 
of  that  which  has  been  made   the  national  directed  "to  cause  a  complete  set  of  aU  the 
standard. — ^The  weights  and  measures  suoces-  weights  and  measures  adopted  as  standards 
sively  adopted  by  the  various-  colonies  planted  ....  to  be  delivered  to  the  governor  of  each 
in  America  were  from  the  first,  or  very  early  stete  in  the  Union  ....  for  the  use  of  the 
became,  the  same  with  those  of  England  at  the  stetes  respectively,  to  the  end  that  a  uniform 
given  period.    Bather,  it  may  be  said,  they  pur-  standard  of  weights  and  measures  may  be  ex- 
ported to  be  the. same,  though  naturally  con-  tablished.''    These,  and  also  standard  balances 
siderable  yariations  grew  up  in  the  different  as  afterward  ordered,  have  been  supplied  as 
colonies,  and  the  several  weights  and  measures  directed.    By  many  of  the  states  the  former 
already  in  use  being  adopted  with  little  or  no  have  been  re^larly  adopted ;  while  the  stasd- 
change  when  these  became  states,  the  discrep-  ards  authorized  in  certain  states  still  differ  from 
ancies  continued  to  exist.     By  a  resolution  the  national.    Of  these  latter,  the  standard  of 
of  the  senate,  March  8,  1817,  John  Quincy  length  is  the  yard,  as  marked  upon  a  brass  scale 
Adams  was  commissioned  to  examine  and  re-  82  inches  lon^,  prepared  by  Troughton  of  Lou- 
port  upon  the  subject  of  the  weights  and  meas-  don,  and  which  is  deposited  in  the  ofiSce  of 
ures  of  the  United  Stetes,  including  (it  appears)  weights  and  measures  at  Washington.    The 
the  question  of  the  desirableness  of  the  adop-  stendard  of  weight  is  the  troy  pound  idready 
tion  of  the  French  system  or  some  similar  one.  referred  to.    The  avoirdupois  pound  is  7,000 
Mr.  Adams  had  the  standards  employed  in  the  troy  grains.     The  units  of  capacity  are  the 
various  custom  houses  of  the  country  examined  gallon  for  liquid  and  the  bushel  for  dry  meas- 
and  carefully  measured  during  the  years  1819-  ures.    The  gallon  is  the  capacity  of  a  vessel 
'20 ;  and  in  a  teble  accompanying  his  report,  containing  68,872.2  grains  troy,  of  the  standard 
published  in  Washington  in  1821,  he  shows  that  pound,  of  distilled  water  at  the  maximum  deli- 
very considerable  discrepancies  then  existed  sity,  89°  F.,  weighed  in  air  of  the  temperature 
within  the  limits  of  the  several  states,  and  of-  of  62°,  and  barometric  pressure  of  80  inches; 
ten  within  the  same  stete,  in  all  the  measures  it  is  thus  very  nearly  281  cubic  inches.    The 
of  weight,  dimension,  and  capacity.    Review-  bushel  is  the  capacity  of  a  measure  containing 
ing  the  French  system  at  great  length,  he  re-  54,8891.89  standard  grains  troy  (>» 77.6274  lbs. 
ported  unfavorably  to  its  adoption,  chiefly  on  avoirdupois)  of  distilled  water  under  the  same 
the  grounds  of  the  popular  repugnance  to  anew  conditions  as  those  just  named,  and  is  thus  the 
system — since  his  time  overcome  in  France,  as  Winchester  bushel  of  2,160.42  cubic  inch«rii. 
we  have  seen — of  the  subversion  of  uniformity  The  fractional  values  given  in  connection  with 
that  for  a  time  must  result,  and  the  inconven-  the  imperial  measures  above,  thus  serve  for 
ience,  as  he  was  led  to  believe,  of  a  decimal  comparing  these  standards  of  capacity  with  the 
system.    For  the  sake,  among  other  reasons,  imperial. — ^The  accurate  comparison  or  meas- 
of  faciliteting  commerce  with  Great  Britain,  urement  by  one  another  of  existing  standards 
and  cultivating  relations  of  amity  with  that  of  length,  and  determination  of  copies  of  such, 
nation,  he  recommended  that  the  weights  and  is  a  work  requiring  extreme  care ;  the  obserra- 
measures  of  the  United  States  remain,  and  be  tions  must  be  very  frequently  repeated;  and  in 
more  accurately  conformed  to  those  of  England,  *  view  of  differences  in  the  powers  and  mode  of 
though,  as  has  been  seen,  the  latter  were  soon  observing  of  different  persons,  and  unavoidable 
afterward  in  part  changed.    He  concludes  that  or  as  yet  unaccounteble  changes  of  the  mate- 
an  act  of  congress  should  declare  what  are  the  rials  under  certain  conditions,  it  is  better  that 


884 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


tacks  =  1  seer  =  9.0S88  lbs. :  and  40  seevs  =  1  mannd.  In 
Madras,  the  mareal  Is  2.T(M  galls.;  the  vis,  8.185  lbs.  In 
Bombay,  the  bath  Is  18  Inches;  the  parah,  8.06  bush.;  the 
seer,  0.7  lb.  Many  other  variations,  of  course,  exist  in  the 
different  districts  and  islands, 

£ffypt,—The  common  onblt  =  22.667  inches;  that  for  In- 
dian goods,  25  in. ;  for  European  cloths,  26.6  in.  Dry :  24 
roobans  =  6  weybehs  =  1  ardeb  =  4.847  bnsb.  Weight: 
144  dirrhems  =  12  oockeeyehs  =  1  lb.  or  mtl  =  16.7&  oz. 
avotrd. ;  and  100  mtl  =:  1  cantar.  The  weights  and  meas- 
nres  vary,  however,  in  dilTerent  parts. 

J^raf»c«.— Length :  1,000  millimetres  =  100  centlm&tres 
=  10  decimetres  =  1  metre  =  89.87079  Inchee;  and  10,000 
metres  =  1,000  d6cam&tres  =  100  hectometres  =  10  kilo- 
metres =  1  myriamotre  =  6.21882  miles.  Surface :  100  cen- 
tiares  =  1  are,  i.  a^l  square  d6oametro  =  0.0247  acre ;  and 
100  ares  =  10  decares  =  1  hectare.  Liquid  1,000  millilities 
=  100  cenUUtres  =  10  decilitres  =  1  litre,  i.  e..  1  cubic  ddci- 
metre  =  61.02705  cubic  inches  =:  1.7608  imperial  pints;  and 
10,000  litres  =  1,000  decalitres  =  100  hectolitres  =  10  kilo- 
litres =  1  myrialitre  =:  2,200.9667  g^ls.  Solid :  10  decist^res 
sz  1  st<Vre,  I,  e.,  1  cubic  metre  =  85.8166  cub.  tL ;  and  10 
stores  =  1  deeastere.  Weight:  1,000  milligrammes  =  100 
oentlgrammes  =  10  decigrammes  =  1  gramme  =  15.44  grs. 
troy ;  and  10,000  erammes  =  1,000  decagrammes  =  100  hec- 
togrammes =  10  Kllosrammes  =  1  myriagramme  =  22.057 
lbs.  avoird.  In  the  old  system,  of  length:  144  Iigne8:=12 
poucee  =  1  **pied  de  roi"  =  12.79  inches;  and  12,000  pieds 
=  2,000  toises  =  1  **lieue  de  poste.''  Weight:  72  grains  = 
1  gros ;  and  128  gros  =  16  onces  =  2  marcs  =  1  polds  de 
marc  =  1.8116  lbs.  troy. 

Frank/i/rt-on-t/ie'Main,— The  tau  is  11.27  Inches;  the 
vlerteL  1.5784  galls. ;  the  malter  or  achtel  =  4  simmer  = 
8.1668  bush.;  the  pfhnd  =  1.0814  lbs.  avolid. 

Oertnatiff. — Great  diversity  of  weights  and  measures  ob- 
tains in  the  different  states,  the  more  important  of  which 
are  accordingly  coticed  separately.  Frequently,  the  stan- 
dards, thougn  differing  in  amount,  have  similar  multiples 
and  subdivisions. 

Oreat  Britain.— For  the  value  of  the  several  units  of 
weight  and  measure,  see  the  preceding  general  statement 
The  denominations  and  values  in  the  measures  of  length, 
snrfiice,  and  solidity  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  United 
States.  The  same  is  true  of  the  various  systems  of  weight 
The  stone  is  14  lbs.  The  units  of  liquid  and  of  dry  measure 
at  present  differ  from  those  of  the  United  States,  as  previ- 
ously explained,  being  those  known  as  the  imperial ;  and 
the  denominations  in  use  in  these  also  differ.  Thus,  in  wine 
measure:  82  gills  =  8  pints  =  4  quarts  =  1  sallon ;  86  gal- 
lons =  1  tierce ;  H  tierces  =  1  hogshead;  2  hogsheads  =  1 
pipe,  butt,  or  puncheon.  Beer  mCbsure :  82  gills  =  8  pints 
=  4  quarts  =  1  gallon ;  and  86  gallons  =  4  firkins  =  2  kil- 
derkins =  1  barrel ;  8  kilderkins  (54  gallons)  =  1  hogshead ; 
4  hogsheads  =  2  butts  =  1  tun.  Dry  (the  gallon  the  same 
as  for  liquids) :  82  gills  =  8  pints  =  4  quarts  =  1  gallon;  8 
gallons  =  4  pecks  =  1  bushel;  and  80  bushels  =  20  coombs 
=  10  quarters  =  2  weys  =  1  last  The  pottle  is  i  gallon; 
the  strike,  2  bushels.  The  hogshead,  pipe,  and  puncheon 
(liquid  measure)  differ  also  in  the  case  of  different  wines  or 
other  spirituous  liquors  intended.— The  old  Scottish  and 
Irish  measures  differed  from  the  English,  and  were  also 
variable  with  locality. 

Oreece.^The  French  metrical  system  Is  in  use.    Of  old 
^      measures  of  length,  the  short  and  long  picha  are  25  and  27 
inches,  the  cubit  18  inches,  the  stadium  600  feet;  the  klla  is 
a9152  bush.;  the  pound,  0.8811  lb.  avoird. 

Hatnburg.-^LQjigth:  96  achtel  =  12  coll  =  1  ftass  = 
0.9408  ft ;  and  2  Aiss  =  1  elle :  the  meile  =  4.6S07  miles. 
The  morgen  =  2.3895  acres.  Llqiiid :  16  ussel  =  8  qnartier 
=  4  kannen  =  2  stubchen  =  1  viertel  =  1.6984  galls. ;  and 
120  viertel  =  24  anker  =  6  ohm  =  1  fhder;  the  eimer  is  4 
viertel.  Dry:  8  sptnte  =  2  hlmt  =  1  fass  =  1.44S5  bush. ;  « 
and  60  fkss  =  30  scheffcl  =  8  wlspel  =  1  last  Weight :  89 
pfennige  =  8  quentchen  =  2  loth  =  1  unze  =  1.068  oc 
'  avoird. ;  and  16  unzen  =  2  maork  =  1  pAmd  =  1.068  lbs. 

i/anorer.— Length:  144  llnien  or  96  achtel  =  12  zoll  =  1 
Aiss  =  0.9542  ft. ;  and  16  ftiss  =  8  ellen  =  1  ruthe ;  25.400 
friss  =  1  meile  =  4.5001  miles.  Liquid :  the  denominations 
have  the  same  scale  and  names  as  in  Hamburg,  except  that 
the  ussel  is  called  nossel,  the  viertel  being  1.7118  galLs. :  the 
eimer  is  18.6944  galls.  Dry :  24  vierfass  or  IS  drittcr=  6  himt 
=  1  malter  =  5.1887  bush. ;  and  16  malter  =  2  wispel  =  1 
last  Weight:  scale  and  names  as  in  Hamburg;  except  the 
use  of  ortchen  for  ^inte.  the  pl^ind  being  1.0781  lbs.  avoird. 
Holland.— The  Frencn  metrical  system  has  been  in  use 
since  1817,  but  with  the  Dutch  names.  Length:  the  de- 
nominations from  the  millimetre  to  the  kilometre  inclusive 
take  the  names  streep,  dnim,  palm,  eUe,  roede,  mijle;  the 
elle  =  1  metre.  Liquid:  ftx>m  the  centilitre  to  the  hecto- 
litre inclusive,  the  names  are  vingerhoed,  maatjo,  kan,  vat; 
the  kan  =  1  litre.  Dry :  ftt>m  the  decilitre  to  the  hectolitre 
the  names  are  maatje,  kop,  schepel.  mndde  or  zak ;  the  kop 
=  1  Utre;  80  mndde  =  1  last    Weight:  from  the  d^ct- 


gramme  to  the  kilogramme  the  namea  are  konel,  wigtje, 
lood,  ons,  pond;  the  wigtje  =  1  gramme. 

«rap<iff».— The  ino  =  6.25  ft ;  the  weights  are  very  nearl/ 
those  of  China. 

LUh€ck,—TYiti  fViss  is  0.9542  ft;  the  viertel,  ISN  galk; 
the  scheffel,  0.92  bush. ;  the  pftmd,  1.0686  lbs.  avoird. 

MeekUinhurg,—T\ie  weights  and  measures  are  the  aame, 
throughout  this  state,  as  those  of  Hamburg,  exeept  that  ths 
measures  of  capacity  are  those  of  LUbeck. 

J/ecrioo.— The  weights  and  meaaurea  are  thoae  of  Sptlo, 
but  with  many  local  varlatioua. 

Morocco. — ^Tbe  cubit  or  canna  is  21  Inebea;  the  pic  M 
inches;  the  commercial  pound  is  1.19  Iba.,  and  the  mar^t 
ponnd,  1.785  lbs.  avoird. 

I^apUa.— The  palmo  Is  0.6658  (t,  and  the  laiglio  1147 
miles ;  the  moggfo.  0.87  acre ;  the  barlle  (wine,  £c>,  9.1T4 
sails.,  and  the  sti^o  (oil),  2.228  galls.;  the  tomolo,  L4Vt 
bush.;  the  libbra,  0.8594  IbL  troy. 

NorvMy. — See  Sweden. 

Persia. — ^The  royal  guertze  is  871  inches,  the  eoramna. 
25  inches;  the  artaba,  1.809  bush.;  the  rattel,  1.US68  11m. 
avoird. 

PoUmd.—The  lokleo  is  23.06  Inches;  the  moTE.  LSS4 
acres;  the  gamiec,  0.8804  gall. ;  the  fnnt  a894  lb. avoird. 

Porftt^al— Length:  12  pontes  =  1  linha;  96  linhas  =  S 
poUegadas  =  1  palmo  or  span  =  0.7214  ft. ;  and  10  palma»  = 
8  varas  =  1  bra^  or  (athom ;  the  mliha  ^  1.8766  miles.    Tb« 

fira  is  1.4458  acres.  Liquid  ;>  24  qnartilhoa  =  6  caoadse  = 
pote,  cantaro,  or  alqoeire  =  at  Lisbon  1.8802  galls..  »t 
Oporto  2.76  galls. ;  and  8  petes  =  1  almude.  Diy:  82  oots> 
vas  =  4  alquieres  =  1  unga  =  at  Lisbon  1.4S7S  and  at 
Oporto  1.8782  bush.;  and  15 fkngas  =,1  molo.  Weight:  T? 
grace  =r  8  scropulos  =  1  ontava;  128  outavas  =  16  on^a  ==  1 
arratel  =  1.01186  lbs.  avoird. ;  and  123  arrateb  =  4  arrobsi 
=  1  quintal  =  129.516  bush. 

iVtMSMT.— Length :  1,728  scrupel  =  144  llpien  =  19  tbl 
=  1  ftiss  =  1.0298  ft. ;  and  12  Aiss  =  1  ruthe ;  2.000  ruth(>a 
^  1  post- meile.  The  morgen  is  0.681  acre.  Liquid:  1^ 
5ssel  =  60  qnartier  =  2  anker  =  1  eimer  =  15l118  galls. ;  sM 
18  eimer  =  6  ohm  =  1  fader.  Dry :  64  misacben  =  IS 
metzen  =  4  viertel  =  1  scheffel  =  1.5121  bush.;  and  Tj 
scheffel  =  6  malter  =  1  last  Weight:  128  quentchen  =  i<i 
loth  =  16  unzen  =  2  mark  (Cologne)  =  1  pftind  =  1.^11 
Iba  avoird. 

i7ome.— Length  (commercial) :  the  pid  is  0.966  ft. ;  tli« 
palmo,  0.788  ft. ;  the  bracclo,  2.561  ft. ;  ue  palmo  for  clotb  l< 
8.847  inches.  Length  (In  architecture,  ftcO :  120  deeimi  = 
18  once  =  1  palmo  =:  0.7825  ft. ;  and  10  palml  =  1  cacni, 
the  catena  being  57i  palmi ;  and  the  pid  =  16  once  =  KkT.'-I 
ft  Liquid :  16  quartueci  =  4  fogliettc  =  1  boocale  =  (l.4i'^J 
gall. ;  82  boccali  =  1  barile.  and  16  barill  =  1  botteu  Drr: 
4|  quartueci  =  If  scorzi  =  1  starello  =  0.5063  bush. ;  and  16 
starelll  =  4  quarte  =  1  rubblo.  Weight :  24  granl  =  1  de> 
naro ;  24  denari  =  1  onda;  12  once  =  1  libbra  =  0.7477  W 

i?tM«to.~  Length :  16  verBchoks  =  l  arshin  =  28  iDcb<r<; 
and  1,500  arshlns  =  500  sashins  =  1  verst  or  werst  =  0  6^^ 
mile.  Liquid :  100  tcharkeys  =  1  vedro  =  2.7049  nib. :  ^ 
vedros  =  1  anker,  and  40  vedros  =  1  sarokovaya.  Dry :  \i 
garnetz  =  8  tchetverkas  ■=■  2  tchetverlks  =  1  psyak  = 
T.4426  bush.;  and  4  payaks  =  2  osmlns  =  1  tchetrert 
Weight :  96  doll  =  1  zolotnlk  =  0.1504  oz.  avoird. ;  12  Uus 
(each  8  zolotniks),  or  82  loths  (each  8  zolotniks)  =  1  fant  = 
0.9026  lb.  avoird. ;  and  1,200  funts = 80  poods  =  10  bcrkovitz 
=&  1  packen. 

Sardinia  (Genoa).— The  palmo  ia  0.8178  It,  the  pieJa 
manaale  1.226  ft;.,  the  plede  Ilprando  1.6SS7  ft,  the  bnicc>> 
1.907  ft ;  the  barile  =  50  ninte  =  16.887  galls. ;  the  qaarto 
=  12  gombette  =  0.415  bush. ;  the  rottolo  ^  18  ones  = 
L0488  lbs.  avoird. 

SaiJtony.—'lhe  ftiss  is  0.920  ft ;  the  kanne  ia  aSCS,  and  tbs 
eimer  16.6942  galls. :  the  viertel  is  0.7146,  and  the  scbf  M 
8.8588  bush. ;  the  pfbnd  =  16  unzen  =  1.0809  lbs.  avoird. 

Slam.—The  ken  Is  ai58  It;  the  sesti,  f  bnsh.;  the  tscl 
0.129,  and  the  catty  2.588  lbs.  avoird. 

Sicily. — ^The  palmo  is  9.58  inches;  the  salma  (MeasiBsV, 
19.226  galls. :  the  grossa,  9.472  bush. ;  the  libbra.  a?  lb. ;  scd 
the  rottolo,  heavy  and  light  1.925  and  1.75  Ibfi  avoird. 

iS^ain  (Madrid  and  Castile).— Length :  144  pnntos  =  13 
lineas  =  1  pnlgada  =  0.927  inch ;  12  pulgadas  =  2  aesmas  = 
1  pie  =  0.9278  ft ;  and  12  pies  =  4  varas  =  1  eetadal:  the 

Eilmo  is  8.846  inches ;  the  legua  =  8,000  varaa  =  4.81W  mlln. 
iquid :  128  copas  =  82  quartilloa  =  8  azumbree  =  1  am>b4 
or  cantaro  =  8.588  galls.  Dry:  16ocbavil]oa  =  4r8ciones= 
1  guartlUo ;  and  48  qaartillos  =  24  medios  =  18  almodcs  = 
1  iSmega  =  1.5508  bush. ;  and  18  fltnegas= 1  eahia  =  1S.60M 
bush.  Weight :  12  granos  =  1  tomin :  48  tomines = 16  sds> 
mes  =  8  ocnavas  =  1  onza  =  0.0684  lb. ;  and  16  onsas  =  ) 
inarcos  =  1  libra  =  1.0144  lbs.  avoird. 

Sweden  and  JTorteav.— Length :  144  Unlea  =  12  Uaxo  = 
1  fot  =  0.9742  ft. ;  and  6  fots  =  8  alns  =  1  fiunn ;  6,000  ftna 
=  1  mil  =  6.6428  miles.  Liquid :  82  Jungfrna  =  8  qrarters 
=  2  stops  =  1  kanna  =  0.5756  galL ;  and  48  kannsa = 1  tuans 
s87.6288gall&    Diy :  224 orts  =  56  qvartera  =  14  stops  = 


886                         WEIR  "WELBT 

WEIR,  BoBBBT  Waltsb,  an  American  paint-  ony,  Jan.  S,  1726,  died  in  Leiprio,  Deo.  16, 1804. 

er,  born  in  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  Jane  18, 1808.  He  was  educated  at  the  gynmaamn  of  Allen- 

In  early  life  he  was  engaged  in  commercial  burg,  in  1746  went  to  Leipsic,  where  he  made 

pursuits^  which  he  relinquiuied  at  the  age  of  the  acquaintance  of  Leasing,  and  in  1751  pub- 

19  to  devote  himself  to  painting.    Haying  ao-  lished  a  drama  entitled  IHeMatrane  tu  £pkenu, 

?[uired  some  reputation  as  a  copyist,  he  visited  In  1751  he  became  tutor  to  a  count  of  Oeyera- 

taly,  whence  after  a  8  years*  residence  he  re-  berg,  with  whom  he  lived  several  years  in 

turned  home  in  1827.    For  several  years  he  Leipsic,  working  industrioudy  for  the  theatre^ 

practised  his  art  in  New  York,  and  in  1834  sue-  at  nrst  in  tragedy,  in  which  he  was  unsuoce£«- 

oeeded  Charles  R.  Leslie  as  instructor  in  draw-  ful,  and  afterward  in  comedies,  vaudevilles,  and 

ing  at  ^e  military  academy  at  West  Pointy  operas.     In   1758   he  published  SehenhafU 

which  office  he  still  holds.  Among  his  produc-  Lieder^  and  in  1760  become  editor  of  the  Bxllv- 

tions  are  ^^  Red  Jacket,"  **  The  Antiquary  in-  oihek  dor  sehdnen  Wtsseniehc^fienj  a  periodical 

troducing  Level  to  his  Womankind,"  ^^  Bour-  of  importance  in  the  literary  history  of  Ger- 

bon^s  Last  March,"  '^  The  Landing  of  Hendrik  many  during  the  18th  century.    In  1761  he  pnb- 

Hudson,"  ^^  Oolumbus  before  the  Council  of  lished  Atnae<mienlieder,  and  die  year  following 

Salamanca,"  ^^  The  Embarkation  of  the  Pil-  was  made  receiver  of  taxes  in  Leipsic,  which 

grims,"  now  in  the  rotunda  of  the  capitol  at  office  he  held  until  his  death.    He  next  turned 

Washington,  and  the  *^  Indian  Captives,"  owned  his  attention  to  the  composition  of  books  on 

by  the  Boston  Athensum.  domestic  education,  and  his  A-B-C-  and  Lite- 

WEIR'S  CAVE.    See  Cave.  huehfwr  hUine  Kinder  (8vo.,  Leipsic,  1772)  and 

WEISHAUPT,  Adam,  the  founder  of  the  Kleins  Liederf&r  Kinder  attained  an  extraor- 

order  of  the  Hluminati,  bom  in  Ingolstadt,  Feb.  dinary  popularity.    In  1775  he  began  Der  Kin- 

6, 1748,  died  in  Gotha,  Nov.  18, 1830.    He  was  derfreund^  which  was  succeeded  by  Briefictchcl 

educated  in  his  native  place,  where  he  became  der  Familie  dee  Kinderfreundee^  both  6i  which 

in  1772  extraordinary  professor  of  law,  and  in  periodicals  had  a  great  circulation.    His  worb 

1775  professor  of  natural  and  canon  law.    His  for  children  have  been  translated  in  part  into 

appointment  to  the  latter  post  aroused  the  most  of  the  European  languages.    Among  hu 

jealousy  of  the  clergy,  more  especially  of  the  numerous  works   are :  Lifrieche  Gedichte  (3 

Jesuits,  as  after  the  suppression  of  their  order  vols.,  Leipsic,  1772) ;  Komieehe  Opem  (8  vok, 

he  became  their  bitter  enemy,  although  he  had  1777) ;  and  LueUpiele  (8  vols.,  1783).    His  an* 

been  educated  by  them.    Here  he  formed  the  tobiography  was  published  in  1806.    In  1826  a 

plan  of  uniting  a  large  number  of  men  together  centennial  celebration  of  his  birth  was  held  at 

to  sustain  certain  peculiar  views  (see  Illitmi-  Annaberg  and  Leipsic,  and  in  the  former  place 

KATi),  and,  as  in  his  position  as  professor  he  a  school  for  poor  children  was  founded,  which 

acquired  much   reputation,  and   as   students  received  the  name  of  WeiesenansteUung.    II. 

preparing  for  all  professions  attended  his  lee-  Chbibtiak  Ebnst,  a  German  jurist,  son  of  the 

tures,  his  instruction  room  soon  became  a  nur-  preceding,  bom  in  Leipsic,  Nov.  19, 1766,  died 

sery  of  his  doctrines.    In  1785  he  was  obliged  Sept.  6, 1832.    In  1796  he  became  extraonli- 

to  leave  Ingolstadt,  and  retired  to  Gk>tha,  where  nary  professor  of  law  in  the  university  of  Leip- 

he  was  afterward  made  councillor  of  state  by  sic,  in  1800  associate  judge  of  the  supreme 

the  duke.  ^  His  most  important  writings  are :  court,  in  1805  ordinary  professor  of  feudal  law, 

Apologie  der  Uluminaten  (Frankfort  and  Leip-  and  in  1813  of  criminal  law.    He  published 

sic,  1786) ;  Iku  eerbeae&rte  System  der  Jllumi"  various  important  works,  historical  and  jnrid- 

naten  (1787) ;   Pythagome^  oder  Betrachtung  leal.     III.   Chbistian   Hkrmaitn,  a   German 

ijXer  die  geheime  Welt-  und  Kegierungehunet  philosopher,  son  of  the   preceding,   bom  in 

£ ankfort,l790);  Materialien  eur  Beforderung  Leipsic,  Aug.  10,  1801.    He  became  a  disciple 

Welt-  und  Memchenhunde  (3  vols.,  Gotha,  of  the  philosophic  systems  of  Schelling  and 

1850) ;  Ueber  Staatsatugaben  (Landshut,  1820) ;  Hegel,  and  in  1828  was  appointed  extraordinary 

amdUeber  das  Besteuerungseystem  (1820).  professor  of  philosophy  in  Leipsic,  resigned  in 

WEISS,  Chbistian  Samuel,  a  German  min-  1837,  and  lived  for  some  time  in  literary  retire- 

eralogist,  bom  in  Leipsic,  Feb.  26,  1780.    He  ment  on  his  estate  at  Stdtteritz  near  Leipsic, 

was  educated  at  the  university  of  Leipsic,  and  but  in  1845  became  ordinaryprofessor  of  pLi- 

subsequently  became  a  pupil  of  Werner  at  losophy  in  the  university.    His  works  are  nu- 

Freiberg.    In  1808  he  was  appointed  professor  merous,  and  since  1832  he  has  been  very  active 

of  physics  at  Leipsic,  and  in  1810  professor  of  as  ajoumalist. 

mineralogy  at  Berlin.    He  is  the  author  of  a  WELBT,  Amelia  B.,  an  American  poetess, 

treatise   Ueber   die  ntUUrlichen  Abtkeilungen  born  in  St.  MichaePs,  Md.,  in  1821,  died  in  Lou- 

der  Kryetalliaationseyeteme^  which  has  contrib-  isville,  Ey.,  May  8, 1852.   Her  maiden  name  was 

nted  much  to  the  development  of  the  science  Ooppuck,  and  when  about  the  age  of  14  her 

of  mineralogy;  and  of  papers  published  among  father  removed  to  Lexington,  Ey.,  and  snb^e- 

the  transactions  of  the  natural  philosophy  so-  qnently  to  Louisville ;  and  in  1838  she  was  mar- 

oiety  of  Berlin.    He  has  educated  many  emi-  ried  to  George  B.  Welby,  a  merchant  of  the 

nent  mineralogists.  latter  city.    She  gained  considerable  literarx 

WEISSE.     I.  Chbistiax  Felix,  a  German  reputation  at  an  early  age  by  poetical  contribn- 

misoellaneous  author,  bom  in  Annaberg^  Sax-  tions,  first  published  in  the  ^^  Louisville  Jonr- 


888  WELLAND  ynSLLESLEY 

tive  jnnction,  with  liability  to  breaking  at  any  raocess,  to  procnre  the  abolition  of  imprisoii- 

nnexpected  moment.     If  the  surfaoes  to  be  ment  for  debt;  assailed  the  practice  of  special 

adapted  are  in  any  degree  hollowing,  some  of  legislation^  and  sncoeeded  in  procuring  the  pa»- 

the  vitrified  scale  is  certain  to  be  retained ;  and  sage  of  general  laws  for  the  organization  of 

the  only  means  that  can  be  depended  on  for  banking  and  other  business  corporations ;  and, 

averting  the  dangers  arising  from  such  imper-  before  the  subject  had  excited  general  attention, 

fection,  consists  in  forming  the  surfaces  to  be  commenced  an  agitation  in  &yor  of  low  rates 

brought  together  in  all  cases  slightly  convex,  of  postage.    At  the  close  of  Jackson's  adminis- 

BO  that  they  shaU  meet  first  along  a  middle  tration  Mr.  Welles  relinquished  the  manage- 

line,  and  thus  allow  the  oxide  to  be  completely  ment  of  the  "  Times, *^  but  continued  to  be  one 

squeezed  out  as  Uiey  gradually  meet  outward  to  of  its  principal  contributors  till  the  repeal  of 

the  sides.  >  the  Missouri  compromise  in  1864.    In  1636  he 

WELLAND,  a  river  of  Canada  West,  which  was  appointed  postmaster  at  Hartford,  whieh 
rises  in  Wentworth  and  Haldimand  counties,  office  ne  held  till  1841,  and  in  1842  be  was 
pursues  a  general  £.  course,  and  discharges  its  elected  state  comptroller.  In  1846  he  was  on- 
waters  into  the  Niagara  river  above  the  falls,  expectedly  tendered  by  President  Polk  the  office 
Its  length  is  about  60  m.  It  is  worthy  of  no-  of  chief  of  one  of  the  bureaus  of  the  navy  depart- 
tice  principally  as  constituting  part  of  the  Wei-  ment,  which  he  retained  till  the  summer  of 
land  canal,  which  forms  a  navigable  connection  1849.  Mr.  Welles  had  always  been  a  democrat 
for  vessels  of  600  tons  between  Lakes  Erie  and  of  the  Jeffersonian  school,  opposed  to  the  ex- 
Ontario.  This  canal  extends  from  Port  Col-  tension  of  slavery  into  new  territory ;  and  on 
borne,  Lake  Erie,  to  Port  Dalhousie,  Lake  On-  the  organization  of  the  republican  party  in  165e 
tario ;  it  is  28  m.  in  length,  46  feet  wide  at  he  became  identified  with  it,  and  was  its  can> 
bottom  and  81  at  top,  9  feet  deep,  and  has  27  didate  for  governor  of  Connecticut  in  1856. 
locks  with  chambers  from  160  to  200  feet  in  At  the  national  convention  in  Philadelphia  he 
length  and  from  26^  to  46  feet  in  width.  Its  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  national  oonh 
entire  descent  by  lockage  is  880  feet.  It  has  mittee  for  Connecticut,  a  post  whic^  he  yet 
also  a  feeder  branch  21  m.  in  length,  connect-  holds.  He  was  also  the  chairman  of  the  Con- 
ing it  with  Dunnville,  and  a  branch  H  m.  in  necticut  delegation  at  the  Chicago  convention 
length  from  the  feeder  to  Port  Maitland.  in  1860.    The  ^^  Hartford  Press."  founded  in 

WELLAND,  a  S.  co.  of  Canada  West,  bound-  1866  as  the  organ  of  the  republican  party  in 

ed  E.  by  Niagara  river  and  S.  by  Lake  Erie ;  Connecticut,  was  aided  for  several  years  by  his 

area,  866  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1851,  20,141.    The  pen.    He  had  for  nearly  80  years  been  in  the 

surface  is  mostly  level  and  the  soil  well  adapt-  frequent  habit  of  writing  leading  articles  for 

ed  to  wheat.    Capital,  MerrittsviUe.  the  *'  Globe"  and  '^  Union"  at  Wilmington,  and 

WELLES,  Gideon,  an  American  statesman,  the  "  Evening  Post"  in  New  York.    When  Mr. 

bom  in  Glastonbury,  Hartford  co.,  Conn.,  July  Lincoln  was  inaugurated  president  in  March, 

1,  1802.     He  is  of  Puritan  stock,  being  do-  1861,  he  appointed  Mr.  Welles  secretaiy  of  Uie 

scended  from  Thomas  Welles,  the  first  treasurer  navy,  an  office  which  he  still  holds, 
and  afterward  governor  of  the  colony  of  Con-        WELLESLEY,  Pbovdicb  of,  a  British  terri- 

necticut,  who  came  to  Hartford  in  1686.    Mr.  tory  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  Uie  Malay  pen< 

Welles  received  his  early  education  at  the  Epis-  insula,  immediately  opposite  the  island  of  Pe- 

copal  academy  in  Cheshire,  Conn.,  and  after-  nang,  of  the  government  of  which  it  forms  a 

ward  entered   the  Norwich  university,  Vt,  dependency.    It  extends  from  lat.  6®  10'  to  5' 

then  under  the  charge  of  Capt.  Alden  Partridge.  88^ N.,  and  from  long.  100°  11'  to  100**  18'  E.,and 

Without  completing  the  collegiate  course,  he  is  bounded  N.  and  E.  by  the  kingdom  of  Qneda, 

commenced  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  the  and  S.  by  the  Karian  river,  which  separates  it 

late  Chief  Justice  WiUiams,  and  subsequently  from  the  Malay  kingdom  of  Perak;  area,  160 

pursued  it  under  the  direction  of  the  Hon.  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1861,  64,801.    There  are  ser- 

William  W.  Ellsworth,  afterward  one  of  the  eral  villages,  and  the  country  is  watered  by  8 

Judges  of  the  supreme  court  of  Connecticut,  rivers  of  considerable  size.    The  surfiice  con> 

Q  1826  he  became  editor  and  one  of  the  pro-  sists  of  extensive  alluvial  tracts,  some  undulat- 

prietors  of  the  *'  Hartford  Times,"  which  under  ing  ground,  and  a  narrow  sandy  belt  aloog  the 

nis  charge  was  the  organ  of  the  democratic  sea.    Toward  the  8.  the  coast  is  low,  with 

party  in  Connecticut.  His  Journal  was  the  first  broad   mud   banks   covered   with  mangrove 

which  advocated  the  election  of  Gen.  Jackson  bushes  and  flooded  at  high  water.    Th&e  are 

to  the  presidency,  and  remained  during  his  extensive  tracts  of  jungle.    More  rain  falls  here 

administration  his  earnest  and  efficient  adhe-  than  in  Penang,  and  the  climate  is  warmer, 

rent.    Mr.  Welles  was  a  member  of  the  legisla-  but  not  unhealthy.     The  soil  is  remarkably 

ture  from  1827  to  1886,  when  he  was  appointed  fertile,  the  products  being  similar  to  those  of 

comptroller  of  public  accounts.    He  attacked  Penang.    The  elephant,  rhinoceros,  tiger,  and 

with  great  severity,  both  in  the  legislature  and  many  other  wild  animals  are  found  in  the  foi^ 

in  his  journal,  the  proposed  measure  to  exclude  ests.    About  ^  of  the  inhabitants  are  MalajN 

witnesses  who  did  not  believe  in  a  future  state  and  the  remamder  Chinese,  natives  of  Hindo> 

of  rewards  and  punishments  from  testifying  in  stan,  and  a  few  English.    The  setdement  was 

the  courts ;  endeavored  for  years,  and  with  final  formed  in  1800. 


840  WELLESLET  WELHSGTOlSr 

bad  on  Kor.  17,  and  the  riege  and  oaptnre  of       'WELLFLEET,  a  townahip  and  Tillage  of 
Deeg.     The  English  were  repulsed  however  Barnstable  oo.,  ICasB.,  on  Oape  Ood,  80  m.  N.  E, 
from  Bhnrtpoor,  and  obliged  to  enter  into  an  from  Barnstable,  and  95  nu  bj  land  and  65  bj 
accommodation  with  the  rtgah  of  that  city,  water  £.  S.  £.  from  Boston ;   pop.  in  1860, 
Deioltory  engagements  with  Holkar  and  his  2,822.    The  village  is  situated  on  the  W.  ade 
allies  oconpied  tiie  remainder  of  Lord  Welles^  of  the  peninsula  at  the  head  of  Wellfleet  baj, 
ley's  government.    In  Aug.  1805,  he  set  sail  and  has  a  good  and  sheltered  harbor.    The 
for  Inland,  having  been  succeeded  in  the  mackerel  fishery  is  conducted  more  eztensivelj 
govemor-genendship  by  Lord  Oornwallis.    Li  from  this  port  than  from  any  other  in  llasaa- 
the  house  of  commons  articles  of  impeach-  chusetts,  employing  over  100  vessels  and  1,200 
ment  were  fruitlessly  presented  against  him  by  men  and  boys.    The  value  of  the  nubckerd 
Mr.  Paull.    He  took  his  seat  in  the  house  of  taken  in  1858  was  $129,150.    It  is  also  engaged 
lords,  but  stood  aloof  from  party  contests.    In  to  some  extent  in  the  whale  and  cod  fisheries. 
1808  he  was  sent  to  Spam  as  ambassador.  The  oyster  trade  of  Boston  is  principally  ear- 
but  was  recalled  in  1809,  and  accepted  the  ried  on  by  the  people  of  Wellfieet^  and  the 
appointment  of  secretary  of  state  for  foreign  coasting  vessels  of  the  town  bring  large  freights 
affidrs  in  Percevars  cabinet,  and  held  that  from  the  Virginia  oyster  beds.   Salt  is  produced 
o£Soe  until  the  beginning  of  1812,  when,  dis-  in  the  town  to  the  value  of  $12,000  annuaUj. 
satisfied  with  the  conduct  of  the  war  and  The  town  was  taken  from  Eastham  in  1763. 
the  views  of  the  ministry  on  the  subject  of        WELLINGTON,  a  W.  central  co.  of  Upp^r 
Roman  Oatholio  claims,  he  resigned.    In  May,  Canada,  lying  N.  of  the  Toronto  and  Goderich 
1812,  Lord  Wellesley  was  desired  by  the  prince  railway;    area,  1,287  sq.  m.;  pop.   in   1861, 
regent  to  form  a  coalition  cabinet,  but  soon  48,775.    It  is  drained  by  the  Grand  river  azid 
found  the  task  hopeless,  and  during  the  fc^ow-  its  afifluents.    Oapital,  Guelph. 
ing  10  years  acted  in  opposition  to  the  govern*       WELLINGTON,  Abthub  Wellbsubt,  duke 
ment.    In  1821  he  was  made  lord  lieutenant  of,  a  British  soldier  and  statesman,  born  in 
of  Ireland,  and  his  decided  opinions  in  favor  Ireland  in  1769  (the  sameyear  in  which  Na- 
of  Oa^olic  claims  led  to  great  disturbances  poleon  was  bom),  died  at  Wahner  castie,  near 
among  the  people,  so  that  it  became  necessary  Deal,  England,  Sept.  14, 1851.    There  is  much 
in  1822  to  impose  the  insurrection  act,  and  to  dispute  about  his  birth.    By  his  own  aocount 
suspend  the  habeas  corpus  act.    In  spite  of  it  took  place  at  Dangan  castle,  coimty  Meatb, 
much  bitter  opposition,  especially  from  the  May  1 ;  but  in  the  parish  register  of  St.  Peter's, 
Orangemen,  Lord  Wellesley  greatly  improved  Dublin,  it  is  recorded  that  he  was  baptized  in 
the  internal  condition  of  that  country.    On  the  that  church  April  80.    He  was  the  4th  son  of 
accession  of  his  brother,  the  duke  of  Welling-  Garret,  first  earl  of  Mornington,  by  Anne,  eldest 
ton,  to  the  head  of  the  English  ministry  in  daughter  of  Arthur  Hill,  Viscount  Dungan- 
1828^  he  resigned  on  account  of  their  disagree-  non.    The  family  of  the  earl  of  Mornington 
ment  on  the  Oatholio  question.    He  accepted  was  of  English  extraction,  tracing  its  deeceni 
office  in  the  ministry  of  Earl  Grey  formed  in  from  the  Oolleys   or   Cowleys   of  Botland- 
1880,  in  1881  was  made  lord  steward,  and  in  shire,  two  of  whom  emigrated  to  Ireland  in 
1838  was  again  appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  Ire-  the  reign  of  Henry  YIII.    Arthur  Wellesley 
land.    This  office  he  resigned  when  Sir  Robert  was  no  favorite  at  home,  being  looked  upon 
Peel  became  premier,  and  on  the  formation  of  as  the  dunce  of  the  family.    He  was  sent  to 
the  second  Melbourne  ministry  in  1835  accepted  school  at  Eton,  and  thence  removed  to  the 
the  office  of  lord  chamberlain,  but  in  the  course  military  college  of  Angers,  then  under  the 
of  the  same  year  retired  altogether  from  public  direction  of  the  celebrated  engineer  PigneroL 
life.    Lord  Wellesley  was  twice  married,  his  He  exhibited  no  marked  proficiency,  andprob- 
second  wife  being  MariannC}  daughter  of  Bich-  ably  owed  his  rapid  advancement  through  ib» 
ard  Caton   of  Baltimore,   granddaughter  of  lower  ranks  of  the  army  more  to  family  infln- 
Charles  OarroU  of  Oarrollton,  and  widow  of  ence  than  to  any  indications  of  personal  merit. 
Robert  Patterson,  whose  sister  was  the  first  He  received  his  commission  as  ensign  in  the 
wife  of  Jerome  Bonaparte.    In  1886  the  ^'De-  7dd  in  1787,  was  lieutenant  in  the  same  year, 
apatches,  Minutes,  and  Correspondence  of  the  captain  in  1791,  migor  in  April,  1793,  and 
Marquis  Wellesley  during  his  Administration  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  following  September, 
in  India^'  (5  vols.  8vo.)  was  published  at  the  In  1790  he  had  been  returned  to  the  Irish  par- 
expense  of  the  East  India  company ;  and  his  liament  for  the  family  borough  of  Trim.    In 
**  Memoirs  and  Correspondence"  was  edited  June,  1794,  he  scaled  for  Belgium  in  oommand 
by  R.  R.  Pearoe  (8  vols.,  Lond.  1846).    Early  of  his  regiment^  and  served  under  Lord  Moira 
in  life  he  published  some  Latin  poems,  and  in  in  the  duke  of  York's  unfortunate  campaign  in 
later  years  a  number  of  pamphlets,  prindpaUy  Flanders,  being  assigned  the  command  of  a 
on  matters  pertaining  to  the  proceedings  of  the  brigade,  aud  selected  to  cover  the  retreat  when 
East  India  company.    By  his  death  without  the  British  army  was  forced  to  retire  from  the 
heirs  the  barony  of  Wellesley  in  England  and  country  in  Jan.  1795.    Though  he  gained  con- 
the  marquisate  of  Wellesley  in  Ireland  became  siderable  reputation  by  hia  conduct  in  this 
extinct.    He  was  succeeded  as  earl  of  Morning-  expedition,  his  experience  seems  to  have  left 
ton  by  his  brother  William,  BsronMaryborough.  him  little  taste  for  a  milittfy  life,  for  almost 


842  17ELLINGT0N 

months  in  civil  life  when  the  gOTemment,  to  Tillage  and  shady  bottom  within  50  mfltt  of 
the  intense  displeasure  of  the  whig  party,  ap-  the  neld  of  battle."  The  infantry  were  no  bet- 
pointed  him  commander-in-chief  of  the  armies  ter :  ^^  The  practice  of  mnning  away,  and  throw- 
m  the  peninsula,  in  place  of  Sir  John  Oradock,  ing  off  arms,  accoutrements^  and  clothing,  is 
and  in  April,  1809,  he  proceeded  to  Lisbon,  fatal  to  every  thing  except  the  reassembling 
The  Portuguese  regency  immediately  created  of  the  men  in  a  state  of  nature,  who  as  regu* 
him  marshal-general  of  the  armies  of  Portugal,  larly  perform  the  same  manceuyre  the  next 
Affairs  in  the  peninsula  had  meanwhile  as-  time  an  occasion  offers."  Keverthelesa  he  gave 
sumed  a  threatening  aspect.  The  British  arms  battle  to  the  enemy,  and  in  a  seriea  of  terrible 
had  experienced  severe  reverses ;  a  large  part  conflicts  lasting  two  days  (July  27,  28)  defeated 
of  Spain  was  in  possession  of  the  French ;  the  him  wiih  heavy  loss.  The  French  retreated, 
N.  part  of  Portugal  was  occupied  by  Soult  but  the  English  were  in  no  condition  to  parsne, 
with  24,000  men  at  Oporto,  and  its  E.  frontier  though  reenforced  the  next  day  by  8,000  of 
was  threatened  by  Victor  with  80,000  at  Mer-  their  countrymen.  The  blunders  of  Coestji  in- 
Ida,  and  Elng  Joseph  at  Madrid.  The  Span-  deed  (who  was  soon  afterward  replaced  by 
lards  and  Portuguese  however,  alone  of  all  the  Eguia)  speedily  obliged  the  allies  themaelves  to 
continental  nations,  continued  to  resist  after  fim  back,  and  Soult  reoccupied  Talavera.  The 
their  armies  had  been  overthrown  by  Napoleon  condition  of  the  English  army  was  now  de- 
and  their  country  occupied.  Wellington  hoped,  plorable.  The  ministry  neglected  or  refused  to 
by  prolonging  tiieir  resistance  until  they  pre-  forward  the  most  necessary  supplies ;  and  the 
sented  the  example  of  a  nation  graduaUy  or-  Spanish  authorities,  though  they  oonferred  upon 
ganizing  itself  for  defence,  to  inspire  the  rest  Sir  Arthur  the  title  of  captain-general  of  their 
of  Europe  with  a  like  patriotic  spirit,  and  by  forces,  would  not  make  the  funtest  effort  to 
degrees  not  only  to  drive  Napoleon  out  of  the  save  his  soldiers  from  starving.  The  cavalry 
peninsula,  but  to  shake  the  whole  fi&bric  of  his  horses  perished  by  hundreds  for  want  of  food; 
empire.  Portugal  was  selected  as  the  first  dysentery  raged  through  the  camps ;  6,000  men 
field  of  operations,  and  the  first  blow  was  within  a  short  time  died  in  hospital ;  and  of  the 
Btruck  against  Soult  at  Oporto.  Beresford  whole  army  only  the  guards,  the  buffs,  two  line 
with  a  body  of  Portuguese  troops  was  sent  to  regiments,  and  Crauford's  light  division  were 
cross  the  Douro  some  distance  above  the  city,  reckoned  fit  for  service.  Wellesley  fell  back  to 
and  cut  off  the  French  retreat  eastward  into  the  Portuguese  frontier,  but  with  his  small 
Spain.  On  May  12  the  main  body  of  the  force  it  was  evident  that  even  this  oould  not  be 
British  army  reached  the  left  bank  of  the  river  defended.  Distributing  his  men  in  detach- 
opposite  Oporto,  but  a  little  further  up  the  ments  for  convenience  of  subsisting,  he  then 
stream.  They  had  no  means  of  crossing,  began  his  famous  triple  line  of  intrenchments 
Soult  had  caused  all  the  boats  to  be  remov^  at  Torres  Yedras,  which  for  a  long  time  was 
to  the  northern  shore,  and,  confident  that  the  regarded  even  by  the  British  ministiy  only  as  a 
only  attempt  of  the  English  general  to  reach  last  means  of  protecting  the  capital  and  cover- 
him  would  be  by  bringing  his  transports  around  ing  an  embarkation.  The  whole  of  Ihe  ground 
to  the  mouth  of  the  river,  directed  all  his  atten-  was  naturally  strong,  but  minute  inspection 
tion  toward  the  sea.  A  British  officer,  how-  satisfied  him  that  it  might  be  made  impreg- 
ever,  had  found  a  skiff  which  Soult^s  patrols  had  nable.  A  defensive  position  80  miles  in  extent, 
overlooked.  Oossing  in  it  with  a  Portuguese  fianked  by  the  Tagus  on  the  one  side  and  by 
priest  and  a  barber,  he  brought  over  several  the  Atlantic  on  the  other,  was  accordingly 
barges,  and  before  the  movement  was  discov-  strengthened  with  perfect  military  science,  with 
ered  a  detachment  of  the  guards  had  occupied  lavish  expense,  and  incredible  labor — ^a  magni- 
a  commanding  position  on  the  northern  bank,  ficent  conception,  which  military  men  have  re- 
The  capture  of  the  city  was  now  effected  with  garded  as  the  grandest  production  of  Welling- 
little  difficulty.  The  French  army  retreated  in  ton's  genius,  and  alone  sufficient  to  stamp  him 
disorder,  abandoned  their  guns,  stores,  and  as  one  of  the  first  of  conmianders^  ancient  or 
baggage,  blew  up  their  ammunition,  and,  bar-  modern.  On  Aug.  26  he  was  raised  to  the 
assed  by  the  pursuing  victors,  escaped  over  the  peerage  as  Baron  Douro  of  WeUesley  and  Vis- 
mountains  northward  into  Spain.  Wellesley  count  Wellington  of  Talavera  and  of  Wellington 
now  hastened  southward  to  observe  Victor,  in  the  county  of  Somerset.  Napoleon  in  the 
who  by  commanding  the  valley  of  the  Tagus  mean  time,  successful  in  other  parta  of  the 
prevented  the  junction  of  the  Spanish  armies,  continent,  was  preparing  to  overwhelm  the 
He  found  him  at  Talavera,  with  63,000  men,  peninsula  by  numbers,  ^y  the  close  of  the 
including  the  combined  forces  of  Joseph  Bona-  year  he  had  sent  866,000  men  across  the  Pyi^ 
parte,  Sebastiani,  Jourdan,  and  Mortier.  To  n6es,  and  selected  from  the  choicest  of  this 
these  Sir  Arthur  was  able  to  oppose  22,000  great  host  two  powerfd  armies  which  he  in- 
British,  beside  88,000  undisciplined  Spanish  trusted  to  two  of  his  best  marshals,  Soult  and 
levies,  commanded  by  the  superannuated,  im-  Mass^na.  The  former  was  directed  to  over- 
practicable,  and  ignorant  Cuesta.  From  these  run  Andalusia ;  the  latter  was  sent  against 
troops  he  received  little  assistance.  ^*  The  Wellington.  The  British  brigades  on  the  con- 
cavalry,"  he  says,  ''make  no  scruple  of  running  fines  of  Spain  still  held  their  posts.  Not  even 
ofE^  and  after  an  action  are  to  be  fonnd  in  every  the  siege  and  capture  of  Oindad  Bodrigo  by 


844  WEUMGTC^ 

French  armies.    Joseph  Bonaparte  had  been  command  of  the  beaten  amqr  was  noirfliivHi to 

Joined  bj  Bonlt,  and  was  marohing  toward  the  8oalt.    Their  two  advanced  posts  were  tibe 

Tagns.   The  army  Wellington  had  lately  beaten  fortresses  of  St  Sebastian  and  PampelmuL    A 

was  reorganized  and  reinforced,  and  he  had  Spanish  force  nnder  0*Donnell  blockaded  tiie 

no  choice  bat  a  retreat  to  Portugal.    In  this  latter;  SirThomasGraham  was  ordered  to ky 

paitifhl  march  of  nearly  200  miles,  daring  which  siege  to  St.  Sebastian ;  and  the  main  body  <rf 

the  troops  snffered  almost  every  privation  and  Wellington's  army,  in  order  to   co^er  both 

lost  heavily  by  all  kinds  of  casnalties,  his  con-  operations,  was  pushed  forward  between  thea 

sommate  generalship  was  shown  more  signally  toward  the  passes  of  the  Fyr^n^es  from  FaeD- 

perhaps  than  daring  any  other  part  of  his  terrabia  to  BoncesvaUes.    St-  Sebaatiaii,  after 

career.    At  last  he  halted  on  the  banks  of  the  an  assault  had  been  once  repelled  with  heevy 

Aguada,  and  undertook  a  thorough  reorganiza-  loss,  and  the  siege  had  been  for  a  time  aban> 

tion  of  his  forces.    In  Englaiid  the  news  of  the  doned,  was  taken  by  storm  Aug.  81,  and  Pam- 

failure  before  Burgos  and  the  evacuation  of  peluna  surrendered  Oct.  81.  In  the  mean  time 

Spain  was  followed  by  the  severest  censure  of  Soult  had  been  actively  engaged  with  the  main 

Lord  Wellington's  conduct.    The  press  was  al-  body  of  the  allies,  but,  after  a  series  cf  battles 

most  unanimous  in  abusing  him ;  his  enemies  and  manoeuvres  among  the  mountunpaaaeai 

counted  a  strong  party  in  parliament ;  even  the  had  been  driven  into  France,  whither  WeUing- 

ministry,  though  it  recognized  his  services,  ton  followed  him.    Wellington  deelared  thai 

gave  him  but  a  niggard  support.    The  prince  he  had  never  seen  such  fighting  as  they  had 

regent  however  created  him  a  marquis;  parlia-  in  the  Pyr6n6es.    **  I  began,'' wrote  he  to  a 

ment  granted  him  £100,000  (afterward  increas-  Mend,  *^  on  Ihe  25th  of  July,  and  excepting  the 

ed  to  £200,000)  for  the  support  of  this  dignity ;  29th,  when  not  a  shot  was  fired,  we  had  it 

and  retoforcements,  especially  of  cavalry,  which  every  day  till  the  2d  of  August.    The  battle  of 

had  long  been  wanting,  were  at  last  sent  to  hun  the  28th  was  bludgeon  work."  On  Oct.  7,  by  e 

freely.    The  Spaniards  and  Portuguese,  too,  brilliant  and  unexpected  movement,  he  creeacd 

had  become  useful  soldiers  under  his  con-  the  Bidassoa,  and  finished  the  operationa  ef  the 

trol,  so  that  in  1818  he  was  enabled  to  resume  year  by  cutting  off  Soult  from  Bayonne,  end 

oflRsnsive  operations  at  the  head  of  200,000  blockading  that  fortress,  where  18.000  Fren^ 

men — ^tbe  best  army,  as  a  whole,  that  England  soldiers  were  in  garrison.    He  issued  the  meat 

had  ever  placed  in  the  field.    The  effective  stringent  orders  for  the  protection  ef  the  French 

force  of  the  French  was  slightly  larger.    They  popmation,  and  finding  it  impossible  te  dbeck 

no  longer  surrounded  him,  as  in  the  previous  the  plundering  propensities  ofhis  Spanish  allies^ 

campaigns,  but  stretched  across  Spain  from  he  sent  them  back  to  Spain.    The  loaa  which 

Valencia  on  the  £.  to  Galicia  on  the  N.  W.  he  thereby  suffered  in  numbers  was  partly  re* 

Wellington's  first  movement  was  against  King  paid  by  the  good  will  of  the  peasantry,  who 

Joseph  at  the  centre  of  this  line  on  the  Douro.  supplied  him  with  provisions  and  inibrmation. 

Forcing  him  back  gradually  across  the  Ebro  and  returned  under  his  protection  to  the  hcwaee 

and  toward  Biscay,  he  then  changed  his  base  from  which  they  had  fled  on  the  approach  of 

of  operations  from  Portugal  to  the  N.  coast  of  their  own  countrymen.    Having  beaten  Sonlt 

Spam,  and  Suddenly  appeared  upon  the  flank  at  Orthez,  Feb.  27, 1814,  he  sent  Bereaford  to 

01  the  retreating  lYench.    Joseph  determined  occupy  Bordeaux,  and  then  forced  Sonlt  heck 

to  make  a  stand  at  Yittoria,  where,  in  conse-  to  Toulouse,  which  he  captured  April  10.     He 

quence  of  Wellington's  change  of  base,  he  was  had  scarcely  entered  the  city  when  intelligence 

obliged  to  draw  up  his  army  in  such  away  that  reached  him  of  the  occupation  <^  Paria  by  the 

his  flank  instead  of  his  rear  was  toward  his  only  allies,  and  the  consequent  termination  of  the 

remaining  line  of  retreat.    The  battle   was  war.    On  the  80th  he  left  Toulouae  for  Paris, 

fought  June  21.    The  attack  was  made  by  the  as  ambassador  of  his  sovereign  at  the  ccrait 

English  at  several  points  simultaneously,  and  of  France,  and  was  received  by  the  illnstriona 

before  night  the  IVench  were  flying  in  the  personages  there  assembled  with  the  highest 

utmost  disorder  toward  Pampeluna,  leaving  distinction.    About  the  same  time  he  reeei-ved 

enormous  quantities  of  plunder,  baggage,  sup-  the  intelligence  of  his  elevation  to  a  dokedom 

plies,  and  artillery  in  the  hands  of  the  victors.  (May  11).    From  Paris  he  went  to  Madrid.    On 

The  main  army  was  driven  into  the  Pyr6n6es ;  June  14  he  took  leave  of  his  army  at  Bordeenx, 

all  Spain  except  Oatalonia  and  Aragon  was  and  returned  to  England,  where  a  still  more 

free;  and,  a  not  less  important  result  of  the  cordial  greeting  awaited  him.    Those  who  had 

victory,  Austria  was  induced  to  join  the  coali-  most  severely  assailed  his  past  conduct  were 

tion  against  Napoleon,  at  a  moment  when  her  now  among  the  first  to  do  him  honor.    Beside 

determination  was  of  the  utmost  consequence  to  the  thanks  of  both  houses  of  parliament,  he 

both  parties  in  the  great  European  contest.  Wei-  received  a  pension  of  £10,000.    In  August  he 

lington  was  now  made  a  field  marshal  of  Great  returned  to  Paris,  and  in  Feb.  1815  replaced 

Britain.    In  February  he  had  been  created  a  Lord  OasUereagh  at  the  congress  of  Viama« 

knight  of  the  garter ;  and  it  has  been  remarked  where  he  was  still  engaged  at  the  time  of 

as  a  circumstance  almost  prophetic,  that  before  Napoleon's  return  from  Elba.    He  immediately 

his  great  victory  of  June  21  the  Portuguese  urged  upon  his  government  the  importance  of 

regency  had  created  him  d/uqus  da  Vitoria.  The  Bending  a  large  force  to  the  Ketherlandsi  aad 


846  WELLOTGTOir  WELU 

• 

bj  Lord  Qrej,    On  the  dissolution  of  Lord  and  additions  by  the  Bey.  G.  B.Gleig,  cbtpUiii 

Helbonme^s  cabinet  in   Nov.  1884,  he  was  general  of  the  forces  (4  vols.,  London,  1858). 
oonsulted  by  the  king,  whom  he  advised  to  call        WELLS,  a  N.  E.  oo.  of  Indiana,  intersected 
Sir  Robert  Peel  to  the  head  of  affairs.    Until  by  the  Wabash  river ;  area,  872  sq.  m. ;  pop. 
Sir  Robertas  retam  from  Italy,  where  he  was  in  1860, 10,884.    It  has  a  rolling  snrface,  and 
then  travelling,  the  duke  performed  the  func-  the  soil  is  very  fertile.    The  prodnctions  in 
tions  of  premier,  beside  filling  several  other  1850  were  60,289  bushels  of  wheat,  148,565  of 
offices  of  state ;    but  poon  after  the  opening  Indian  corn,  20,089  of  oats,  and  7,601  lbs.  of 
of  parliament  the  whigs  returned  to  power,  wool.    There  were  12  grist  mills,  9  saw  mills, 
and  the  duke  appeared  no  more  as  a  cabinet  2  newspaper  offices,  9  churches,  and  1,510  pa- 
minister.    He  haa  been  appointed  in  1829  lord  pils  attending  public  schools.    Large  nnmbers 
witfden  of  the  cinque  ports,  and  in  Jan.  1834  of  live  stock  are  raised.    There  is  an  abundance 
was  elected  chancellor  of  the  university  of  of  excellent  timber.    Capital,  Bluffton. 
Oxford.    On  the  death  of  Lord  Hill,  in  whose        WELLS,  Horacs,  an  American  dentist,  ose 
&vor  he  had  resigned  the  rank  of  commander-  of  the  claimants  of  the  discovery  of  aniestbes-a, 
in-chief  when  he  became  psemier,  he  return-  born  in  Hartford,  Windsor  co.,  Yt.,  Jaxu  21, 
ed  to  the  horse  guards  (1B48).     His  death  1815,  died  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  24, 1848.    H« 
was  caused  by  apoplexy.    The  public  grief  at  was  educated  at  the  academies  of  Bellows  Pall?, 
the  event  was  most  profound.    All  the  dnke^s  Yt.,  Hopkinton  and  Amherst,  Mass.,  and  Wal- 
nnpopnlar  acts  were  forgotten ;  only  his  ser-  pole,  N.  H.    In  1884  he  commenced  the  study 
vices  were  remembered.    A  magnificent  public  of  dentistry  in  Boston,  and  after  a  time  opened 
fbneral  followed  his  remains  to  St.  Paulas  ca-  an  office  there,  but  removed  in  1886  to  Hart- 
ihedral,  where  they  were  interred  Nov.  18. —  ford.  Conn.,  where  he  soon  gained  a  li^cratiTe 
In  person  the  duke  was  of  middle  height,  practice.    At  an  early  period  in  his  practice  he 
strongly  built,  with  keen  gray  eyes,  a  long  face,  had  considered  the  possibility  of  administering 
an  aquUine  nose,  and  a  generally  cheerful  coun-  some  ancesthetic  to  prevent  pain    in   dental 
tenance.    He  was  active  in  his  habits  almost  operations.     He  experimented  upon  himself 
to  the  close  of  his  lifcj  fond  of  amusements,  but  with   several  of  the  narcotics,  but   without 
fiomewhat  insensible  perhaps  to  the  softer  in-  satisfactory  result.    As  early  as  1840  the  ns« 
floences  of  human  nature.    His  firmness  often  of  nitrous  oxide  gas  occurred  to  him,  bnt  he 
approached  severity.    His  charities  were  pro-  had  never  seen  it  administered,  and  there  was 
fuse,  but  unostentatious.    One  of  his  most  re-  then  in  Connecticut  a  strong  distrust  of  it  from 
markable  characteristics  was  a  contempt  for  an  unfortunate  result  which  had  followed  its 
alldifficultiesinthe  way  of  any  thing  he  wished  administration  in  New  Haven  several    years 
to  do.    "I  never  in  my  life," said  he,  "gave  up  before.    On  Sept.  10,  1844,  Mr.  G.  Q.  Colton 
any  thing  I  once  undertook."    This  character-  lectured  in  Hulford   and   administered    the 
isUo  was  as  conspicuous  in  the  cabinet  as  lA  nitrous  oxide  gas  to  several  persona,  one  of 
the  field.    While  he  was  premier,  being  once  whom  under  its  influence  bruised  himself  se- 
assured,  in  reply  to  his  desire  to  have  some  verely  by  falling  over  some  benches,  hut  was 
treasury  accounts  simplified,  ihat  the  thing  quite  unconscious  of  pain.    Dr.  Wells  ohserved 
was  impossible,  he  remarked :  "  Never  mind ;  tills,  and  at  once  declared  his  belief  *^  that  a 
if  you  cannot  accomplish  it,  I  will  send  you  in  man,  by  taking  that  gas,  could  have  a  tooth  ex- 
half  a  dozen  pay  sergeants  who  will;"  and  the  tracted  or  a  limb  amputated,  and  not  feel  the 
thing  was  done.  Oleamess  of  discernment,  cor-  pain."    The  next  day  he  tested  the  matter  in 
rectness  of  judgment,  and  rapidity  in  execn-  nis  own  person,  having  a  large  molar  tooth  ex- 
tion  were  the  principal  elements  of  his  achieve-  tracted  without  the  slightest  pain.     He  ffl- 
meats  in  war.    He  owed  little  or  nothing  to  lowed  this  by  the  succes^ul  administration  of 
the  enthusiasm  which  has  so  often  won  battles,  the  gas  in  12  or  15  cases  of  extraction  of  te^tb 
for  all  his  greatest  exploits  were  performed  during  the  autumn  of  1844,  and  other  dentirsts 
nnder  the  most  discouraging   circumstances,  of  the  city  administered  it  in  their  practice 
At  no  time  were  the  means  at  his  disposal  equal  with  like  success.    In  Dec.  1844,  he  visits 
to  the  ready  and  certain  execution  of  his  plans ;  Boston  in  order  to  lay  his  discovery  b^ore  the 
he  gained  every  thing  by  perseverance  and  res-  medical  faculty  of  that  city.   He  made  it  known 
olution.     His  admirable  military  despatches  to  Drs.  Warren  and  Hayward,  and  also  to  the 
are  remarkable   for  straightforwardness  and  distinguished  chemist  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson,  and 
clearness.    He  exaggerated  no  success  and  ex-  to  Dr.  W.  T.  G.  Morton,  a  practising  dentist 
tenuated  no  disaster.     Thirteen  volumes  of  and  a  former  pupil  of  his.    Dr.  Warren  invito 
them  were  published  by  Ool.  Our  wood  (1834-  him  to  address  his  medical  class  on  the  snl>- 
'8),  and  a  supplementary  collection,  including  ject,  and  he  did  so,  bnt  was  too  diffident  to 
some  of  his  correspondence  and  memoranda,  is  make  a  very  satisfactory  impression.     He  was 
now  in  the  course  of  publication  by  the  duke^s  invited  to  extract  a  tooth  for  a  patient  nndt-r 
son,  the  9th  volume  of  which  appeared  at  Lon-  its  infiuence  in  the  presence  of  ihe  medical 
don  in  1862.    Among  the  best  biographies  of  class.    The  patient  did  not  inhale  enongrh  of 
Wellington  are  those  of  W.  H.  Maxwell  (3  vols,  the  gas  to  produce  unconsciousness,  and  as  he 
8vo.,  London,  1839-41)  and  of  the  Belgian  said  he  felt  some  pain,  the  medical  students 
Capt  Brialmont,  translated  with  emendations  hissed  the  dentist  and  declared  his  diaoovexy 


848  WENDS  WENHJnTDALE 

8,000  Jews,  he  also  confiscated  to  his  own  nse  elle,  and  hospitable.  Their  number  'vaofoU 
the  property  of  the  victims.  He  oompelled  the  to  abont  150,000,  of  whom  two  third*  Ihe  in 
Bohemian  nobles  to  return  without  payment  Upper  Lnsatia  and  one  third  in  Lower  Lnsstii. 
the  estates  of  the  crown,  on  the  pledge  of  Of  the  former  aboat  60,000  belong  to  the  Idog- 
which  they  had  loaned  money.  John  Nepoma-  dom  of  Saxony,  and  all  the  others  to  PruMu.— 
oen  he  tortured  with  his  own  hand,  and  then  The  language  of  the  Wends  is  similar  to  the 
threw  him  bound  into  the  Moldau.  He  was  other  branches  of  the  north-western  stem  of  the 
seized  and  imprisoned  at  Prague  by  a  con-  Blayio  langusges,  the  Polish  and  the  BofaemiuL 
epiracy  among  the  nobles  to  which  his  brother  It  is  divided  into  the  dialect  of  Lower  Losatu, 
Sfgismund  of  Hungary  was  a  party,  but  was  which  is  but  little  developed,  and  that  of  Upper 
aet  free  at  the  instance  of  the  German  princes.  Lnsatia.  The  latter  is  subdivided  into  the 
After  his  release  he  practised  new  enormities  evangelical  dialect,  near  Bantien ;  the  Oitkolk 
of  violence,  and  also  relieved  his  pecuniary  dis-  dialect,  near  Eamenz  and  in  the  north-west; 
tress  by  creating  Giovanni  Galeazso  Visconti  and  the  north-eastern  dialeet.  ThediffereoMi 
duke  of  lOlan  in  consideration  of  100,000  gold-  are  mostly  confined  to  shades  of  pronuadatioo. 
en  florins.  In  the  controversy  between  the  The  stock  of  words  in  the  present  langnftge  of 
popes  and  anti-popes,  he  adhered  to  the  cause  the  Wends  is  largely  mixed  with  Gemu  el^ 
of  the  former  untQ  he  finally  united  with  ments.  Orthography  has  always  been  in  i 
France  to  urge  the  abdication  of  Boniface  IX.  very  unsettled  condition,  and  espedally  s  Rib- 
and Benedict  XTTT.  in  order  that  a  new  pope  Ject  of  controversy  between  Oalhoha  iztd 
might  be  chosen  in  place  of  the  two.  Here-  Protestants ;  but  in  modem  times  attempts  it 
upon  a  number  of  powerfiil  German  princes,  reconciliation  and  improvement,  msde  eipe- 
who  had  hitherto  befriended  him  as  a  friend  of  cially  by  Jordan,  have  met  widi  approral  oo 
Boniface,  became  his  enemies,  and  formally  de-  botii  sides.  In  their  publications,  the  Wends 
posed  him  at  Frankfort  in  1400,  as  did  Boniface  have  mostly  made  use  of  the  Geiusn  letten 
in  1408.  New  troubles  in  Bohemia  resulted  in  There  are  8  vowels,  a,  «,  t«,  s,  i,  dl  <^  ▼bicfa 
his  being  seized  again  by  his  brother  Sigismund  are  pronounced  as  in  German  and  It«liiD«  ^ 
and  imprisoned  for  10  months  in  Vienna.  He  (between  o  in  note  and  u  in/vIQ,  #' (Ukoloog 
favored  the  Husntes  in  Bohemia,  out  of  hatred  English  e%  and  y  (approaching  the  Germis  «). 
against  the  Oatholio  clergy,  but  was  unable  to  Of  consonants  there  are  8S :  j  (y  eoDsoniDt\ 
save  the  life  of  Hues.  In  1410  he  abdicated  to  («),  fh  (e  soft),  by  K  (soft),  o,  p  (soft),  n,  ik 
an  claims  to  the  imperial  dignity  in  favor  of  (soft),  n,  ^  (soft,  Fr.  gn\  /,<(likef),  r/^ix^X 
Sigismund,  and  leaving  the  government  of  Bo-  e,  i  (Fr. }'),  s,  »  («A),  d^oM^di  (d$h  soft),  di,  1 1 
hemia  to  the  local  diets,  he  gave  himself  up  to  ^),  ^  (tch  soft),  ^  (toA),  tt,  h,  ek  (k%  g  O^ird).  I 
drinking  and  excesses  till  he  died  of  apoplexy.  There  is  no  article. '  The  snbstantives  are  of  5 
He  was  a  weak,  cruel,  and  sensual  man.  genders,  masculine,  feminine,  and  neuter.  Sob- 
WEND8,  the  name  of  a  Slavic  tribe,  forming  stantives  ending  in  a  consonant  are  mostly  lus- 
a  subdivision  of  the  north-western  stem  of  the  online,  those  in  a  and  i  feminine,  and  thoie  in 
6IavL  (See  Slavi.)  In  the  6th  century  the  o  and  e  neuter.  There  are  7  declensions,  S  for 
Wends  were  a  powerful  people,  extending  in  the  masculine,  8  for  the  neuter,  and  S  for  the 
K.  and  K  Germany  fi'om  the  Elbe  aloog  the  feminine.  The  language  has  a  dual  nniDber* 
Baltic  as  far  as  the  Vistula,  and  southwsrd  as  There  are  7  cases,  viz. :  nominative,  soeoittiTe, 
Ihr  as  Bohemia.  They  comprised :  1,  the  Obo-  genitive,  dative,  locative  (to  express  the  rele* 
trits,  who  formed  an  independent  kingdom  in  tion  of  tn),  instrumental  (to  ei^ress  the  rels^ 
what  is  now  Mecklenbui^,  but  were  almost  tions  of  5^  and  loitA),  and  .vocative.  The«4i^ 
entirely  extirpated  in  the  12th  century  by  Henry  tives  end  in  y,  t  (masculine),  a  (femiaiDeX  « and 
the  Lion,  duke  of  Saxony ;  2,  the  WUtzi  (Yeliti  e  (neuter>.  The  oomparatave  is  formed  by  tlie 
or  Lutici),  th  e  most  po werfiil  and  warlike  among  termination  Ui,  and  in  order  to  form  the  mper- 
an  the  north-western  Slavi,  who  occupied  in  lative  the  syllable  naj  is  plaoed  before  the  ooni- 
the  2d  century  the  coast  of  Prussia,  advanced  parative.  The  persons!  pronouns  are  incg^ 
to  the  mouths  of  the  Oder,  and  afterward  ular;  the  others  are  declmed  like  s4iMtrre& 
expanded  to  the  west  as  far  as  the  £Ibe,  but  The  verb  has  6  tenses,  present,  imperfect,  per- 
after  the  conquest  of  Brandenburg^  by  the  Ottr-  feet,  pluperfect,  future,  and  future  perfect:  o 
mans  gradually  disappeared  from  history;  8,  moods,  indicative,  subjunctive,  <^tative,  uo* 
the  Ukeri,  Hevelli,  and  Rhetarions,  in  the  5  perative,  and  infinitive,  beside  a  gerund;  aiwS 
marks  of  Brandenburg,  who  were  conquered  participles,  present  and  perfM  active,  w^J^ 
and  almost  annihilated  by  Albert  the  Bear,  feet  passive.  There  are  grammars  of  the  Ven- 
margrave  of  Brandenburg ;  4,  the  Luzici  in  dish  language  by  Ticinus  (Prague,  1679),  *>»- 
Upper  and  Lower  Lnsatia;  and  6,  the  Sor-  thai  (1721),  Seller  (Bautzen,  1880),  end  Jowtfi 
bians,  who  however  are  by  some  writers  ex-  (Prague,  1841). 

pressly  distinguished  from  the  Wends.    The        WENSLEYBALE,  Jams  Pasxb,  bsron.  in 

only  remnants  of  the  Wends  are  now  to  be  EngHshjudge,  born  at  Highfield,  near  Uverpooj, 

found  in  Lusatia,  where  they  still  speak  their  March22,1782.  He  was  educated  at  TrinitTca^ 

language  and  retain  their  old  customs  and  lege,  Cambridge,  and  in  1818  was  eslled  to  tbe 

usages.    They  mostly  occupy  themselves  with  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple.    After  a  highly  wj- 

agrioultnre,  and  are  well  formed,  laborious,  do-  oesaftil  professional  career,  he  was  in  18S8oi» 


860  WENTWOBTH  WEBGfiLAND 

New  Ham|>Bhire,  Aug.  11, 1766,  and  was  at  the  tion,  he  exhibited  mnoh  patriotic  firmness  and 
same  time  appointed  sarvejor-general  of  the  energy.  He  had  three  wives  and  left  many 
king^s  woods  in  North  America,  with  a  salary  children.  YI.  Johk,  jr.,  a  patriot  of  the  Amer- 
of  £700  and  perquisites.  He  landed  atOharles-  ican  revolution,  son  of  the  preceding,  bom  in 
ton,  S.  0.,  in  March,  1768,  and  travelling  north-  Bomersworth,  N.  H.,  July  17,  1746,  died  in 
ward  by  land  registered  his  commission  as  snr*  Dover,  Jan.  10,  1787.  He  was  gradaated  at 
veyor  in  each  of  the  colonies  through  which  Harvard  college  in  1768,  studied  law,  served 
he  passed.  He  entered  on  his  duties  as  gov-  for  many  years  in  the  state  legislature,  was  a 
emor  in  June,  1768,  and  on  Nov.  11,  1769,  member  of  the  continental  congress  in  177!^, 
Just  10  days  after  the  burial  of  her  first  husband,  1779,  and  1781,  and  in  that  capacity  signed 
married  his  cousin,  Mrs.  Frances  Atkinson,  to  on  behalf  of  New  Hampshire  the  original  ar- 
whom  he  had  been  engaged  previous  to  going  tides  of  confederation.  He  was  also  a  rneoh 
to  England.  He  lived  in  much  style,  having  ber  of  the  New  Hampshire^  committee  of  safe- 
a  house  in  Portsmouth,  which  is  still  in  posses-  ty,  which  administered  the*  government  drum 
aion  of  the  family,  and  a  country  seat  at  Wolfs-  the  recess  of  the  le^slatnre.  YIl.  Johx,  an 
borough,  where  he  entertained  very  liberally.  English  lawyer,  a  nephew  of  Gk>v.  John  Went- 
He  gave  Dartmouth  college  its  charter  and  worth,  bom  in  Portsmouth,  N.  U.,  in  170$, 
endowed  it  with  44,000  acres  of  land,  and  also  died  in  Paris  in  1816.  He  was  taken  to  £cg- 
gave  a  piece  of  land  to  each  member  of  the  land  about  1775,  and  educated  as  a  lawyer. 
first  graduating  class.  Being  a  man  of  amiable  He  wrote  *^  System  of  Pleading^^  (10  vols.,  Lon- 
qualities,  he  maintained  his  popularity  through  don,  1797),  was  appointed  attorney -general 
tiie  incipient  stages  of  the  revolution ;  but  when  of  Prince  Edward's  Island,  removed  to  Porto- 
in  1774  Gren.  Gage  found  it  impossible  to  pro-  mouth,  N.  H.,  where  he  married,  and  remained 
onre  carpenters  to  construct  barracks  for  the  till  1816,  when  he  went  back  to  London,  and 
royal  troops  in  Boston,  and  Wentworth  endeav-  soon  after  died.  Yin.  John,  an  American 
ored  to  procure  them  for  him  privately  from  journalist  and  politician,  grandson  of  John 
Wol&borough,  the  indigpiation  of  the  people,  led  Wentworth,  jr.,  above  mentioned,  born  at 
by  his  uncle  Hunking  Wentworth,  rose  against  Sandwich,  N.  H.,  March  5, 1816,  was  gradaated 
him  to  such  a  degree  that  he  was  obliged  to  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1836,  removed  to  D- 
take  refuge  in  Fort  William  and  Mary,  and  linois  in  Oct.  1836,  and  became  editor  of  ^*  The 
then  on  board  a  British  ship.  In  a  proclama-  Ohicago  Democrat,*'  which  post  he  retained  till 
tion  on  Dec.  26, 1774,  he  attempted  to  stay  the  July,  1861.  Meantime  he  studied  law,  enter- 
storm,  but  in  vain ;  and  after  another  proclama^  ing  in  1841  the  law  school  of  Harvard  nniver- 
tion  proroguing  the  legislature  from  Sept.  1775,  sity,  in  1848  was  elected  a  representative  in 
to  April,  1776,  he  went  to  England,  where  he  congress  for  the  Quincy  district,  and  vas  re- 
remained  until  peace  was  declared.  He  then  elected  three  times  in  succession,  and  again  in 
removed  to  Nova  Scotia  and  resumed  his  funo-  1852  was  elected  for  the  Chicago  district  He 
tions  as  surveyor  of  the  king's  woods,  and  on  was  an  adherent  of  the  democratic  partj  and 
May  14,  1792,  was  appointed  lieutenant-gover-  of  Mr.  Douglas  until  the  repeiJ  of  the  Missouri 
nor  of  that  province,  which  office  he  resigned  compromise,  but  has  since  generally  sided  with 
in  1808,  receiving  a  pension  of  £500.  He  was  the  republicans.  He  was  elected  mayor  ot 
created  a  baronet  in  1795,  and  received  the  de-  Ohicago  in  1857  and  again  in  1860,  and  al^ 
gree  of  LL.D^.  from  Oxford,  from  Marischal  took  a  leading  part  in  the  convention  of  IS^l 
college,  and  from  Dartmouth  college.  The  to  revise  the  constitution  of  Illinois, 
baronetcy  became  extinct  April  10, 1844,  on  the  WERGELAND,  Hbnrik  Arnold,  a  Xorwe- 
death  of  his  only  child  Oharles  May  Wentworth,  gian  poet,  bom  in  Ohristiansand,  June  1 7. 1  ^0^^^ 
a  graduate  of  Oxford,  long  private  secretary  died  in  Ohristiania,  Aug.  12, 1845.  Hestuditd 
to  the  earl  of  FitzwiUiam,  who  died  at  King-  theology  at  Ohristiania,  where  in  1886  be  l>e- 
sand,  Devon,  leaving  the  bulk  of  his  property  came  keeper  of  the  university  library.  HU 
to  his  cousin  Mrs.  Gore,  the  well  known  nov-  literary  career  began  in  1827  with  the  farce  of 
elist.  y.  John,  a  patriot  of  the  American  ^^  Ah  I'*  under  the  assumed  name  of  ^^SifulSifad- 
revolution,  a  great-grandson  of  Elder  Wil-  da,"  which  was  followed  by  12  other  dramatic 
liam  Wentworth,  born  in  Dover,  N.  H.,  March  satires  of  a  similar  character.  In  1828  he  pub- 
30,  1719,  died  in  Somersworth,  May  17,  1781.  lished  "Sinclair's  Death,"  a  tragedy,  and  in 
He  was  usually  called  "  Ool.  John"  or  "  Judge  1830  a  religious  philosophical  poem,  ''  Crea- 
John"  to  distinguish  him  from  others  of  the  tion,  Man,  and  the  Messiah,^'  in  which  he  ad- 
name.  He  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  vanced  heterodox  opinions.  Subsequentlr  »\^ 
the  pi^ovincial  assemblies,  was  elected  speaker  peared  the  dramas  of  "  Opium "  and  ''  "nic 
in  1771,  in  1773  became  chief  justice  of  the  Asiatic  Cholera,"  the  tragedy  of  "The  Chiia 
court  of  common  pleas,  and  on  Jan.  17, 1776,  Murderess,"  the  opera  of  "  The  Campbell*. 
was  chosen  one  of  the  superior  judges,  and  so  and  the  play  of  "  The  Venetians ;"  the  two 
continued  till  his  death.  He  was  also  oolo-  last  named  are  regarded  as  his  most  finished 
nel  of  the  2d  New  Hampshire  regiment,  pieces.  Of  his  other  works,  "  Jan  van  Hay; 
Though  made  a  judge,  he  had  never  studied  sum's  Flower  Garden "  and  "  The  Spaniard ' 
nor  practised  law.  As  speaker  of  the  legis-  are  especially  celebrated.  He  had  officiated 
ktive  assembly  at  the  beginning  of  the  revoln-  for  some  time  as  curate  for  his  fiither,  a  prom- 


85S  WESLEY 

Werra,  whioh  rises  in  Saxe-HildbTirgliaiiseii,  "  Original  Letters  by  the  Beven^nd  John  17e»> 
and  the  Falda,  which  has  its  source  in  the  ley  and  his  Friends"  (8yo.,  Birmingham,  1791). 
Rhdn  mountain  in  Bayaria.  Their  junction  IIL  John,  brother  of  the  preceding,  and  foander 
takes  place  at  MQnden  in  Hanover,  and  the  of  the  religious  denommation  called  Method- 
united  stream  flows  northward  in  a  course  of  ists,  bom  at  Epworth,  Lincolnshire,  June  17, 
225  m.,  and  falls  into  the  Korth  sea  by  an  estu-  1708,  died  in  London,  Karch  2, 1791.  At  tk 
ary24m.  wide,  45  m.  below  the  city  of  Bremen,  age  of  17  he  passed  from  the  CharterhuuK 
It  passes  through  parts  of  Hanover,  Hesse-  school  to  Ohnstchurch  college,  Oxford,  in 
Cassel,  Westphalia,  Brunswick,  Lippe-Schaum-  1725  was  ordained  deacon,  in  1726  was  elected 
burg,  the  territory  of  Bremen,  and  Oldenburg,  a  fellow  of  Lincoln  college  and  appointed 
Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Aller  and  its  Greek  lecturer  and  moderator  of  the  classes, 
branches,  the  Wumme  and  the  Leine,  on  the  and  in  1727  was  graduated  M.A.  From  l\i 
right,  and  the  Aue,  the  Dehne,  and  the  Hunte  earliest  years  he  had  been  of  a  serious  temper, 
on  the  left.  It  is  navigable  to  its  head  streams,  and  seems  to  have  entertained  an  impresaion, 
^  WESLEY,  or  Westlbt.  I.  Samuel,  an  Eng«  strengthened  by  various  domestic  incidents, 
lish  clergyman,  born  in  Prestou,  died  April  80,  that  he  was  set  apart  for  some  eztraordinirr 
1785.  The  date  of  his  birth  is  given  by  differ-  work.  Soon  after  his  ordination  he  becuoe 
ent  authorities  as  1662,  1666,  and  1668.  He  his  father^s  curate  at  Wroote,  and  while  offici- 
was  designed  by  his  father,  the  Bev.  John  ating  in  that  capacity  was  ordained  to  the 
Westley,  for  a  dissenting  minister,  but  early  priesthood.  Returning  to  Oxford  at  the  end 
Joined  the  church  of  England,  entered  Exeter  of- two  years  in  conseauence  of  a  college  re^- 
college,  Oxford,  as  a  poor  scholar,  supported  lation,  he  entered  with  great  ardor  into  a  re- 
himself  by  teaching  until  he  obtained  orders,  ligious  association  of  students,  of  whom  his 
served  a  curacy  in  London  for  a  year,  and  was  brother  Charles  and  George  Whitefield  irerv 
then  for  another  year  chaplain  on  board  a  man-  prominent  members,  and  to  whom  the  name  of 
of-war.  He  was  again  a  London  curate  for  Methodists  hAd  already  begun  to  be  applied. 
two  years,  during  which  he  married  and  made  (See  Methodism.)  Soon  id&rward  he  became 
some  reputation  as  a  writer  for  the  press,  and  acquainted  with  William  Law,  author  of  the 
afterward  obtained  a  small  living  in  the  conn-  ^^  Serious  Call,"  whose  writings  had  exerted  a 
try.  He  preached  against  King  Jameses  **  Dec-  powerful  influence  in  the  formation  of  his  re- 
laration  for  Liberty  of  Conscience"  (1688),  and  ligious  opinions,  and  the  two  brothers  used  to 
when  the  revolution  took  place  is  said  to  have  walk  two  or  three  times  a  year  from  Oxfoni 
written  a  book  in  defence  of  it.  Some  time  to  the  vicinity  of  London  to  visit  Law  at  his 
afterward  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of  house.  In  1785  John  Wesley  was  induced  to 
Epworth  in  Lincolnshire.  He  wrote  a  heroic  go  out  to  Georgia  with  Gen.  Oglethorpe,  to 
poem  on  *'  The  Life  of  Ohrist"  (fol,  1693) ;  *'  £1-  preach  to  the  Indians  and  settlers  of  the  coIoht. 
egies  on  Queen  Mary  and  Archbishop  Tillot-  He  sailed  in  October,  with  his  brother  Charles 
son"  (fol.,  1695) ;  *^The  History  of  the  New  and  several  of  his  Oxford  associates,  and  land- 
Testament  attempted  in  Verse"  (1701),  followed  ed  at  Savannah,  where  he  soon  found  himself 
by  a  similar  *^  History  of  the  Old  Testament"  at  the  head  of  a  large  and  flourishing  congre- 
(1704) ;  a  poem  on  the  battle  of  Blenheim  gation.  The  strictness  of  discipline  which  he 
(1705),  for  which  Marlborough  made  him  attempted  to  introduce  proved  excess velj  db>* 
chaplain  of  a  regiment ;  a  Latin  commentary  tasteful  to  the  colonists,  and  his  refusal  to  &d* 
on  the  book  of  Job,  edited  by  his  eldest  son  mit  a  certain  lady  to  communion  iuTolTed  him 
ri785) ;  and  a  *^  Treatise  on  the  Sacrament."  in  a  suit  for  defamation,  which  however  vu 
According  to  his  son  John,  he  wrote  the  de-  never  brought  to  an  issue.  After  a  residence 
fence  delivered  by  Dr.  Sacheverell  before  the  of  less  than  two  years  in  America  he  return<fd 
house  of  lords.  II.  Sam ubl,  eldest,  or  at  least  to  England,  *^  shaking  the  dust  off  his  feet,"  to 
eldest  surviving  son  of  the  preceding,  born  at  use  his  own  expression ;  and  immediateljup^A 
Epworth  in  1690  or  1692,  died  Nov.  6,  1739.  his  arrival  (Feb.  1788)  he  hastened  to  renev 
He  was  educated  at  Westminster  school  and  at  his  connection  witii  the  Moravians,  wbo  had 
Christchurch,  Oxford,  and  was  afterward  for  been  his  fellow  missionaries  in  the  ooloniee. 
nearly  20  years  an  usher  in  the  former.  He  It  was  a  few  months  after  this  that,  according 
took  orders,  but  in  consequence,  it  is  said,  of  to  his  own  account,  he  first  reached  a  koovl- 
his  strong  tory  sentiments,  obtained  no  prefer-  edge  of  true  Ohristianity,  being  converted  at  & 
ment.  He  viewed  the  "  new  faith"  and  pecu-  quarter  before  9  o'clock  on  the  evening  of  Ved- 
liar  conduct  of  his  brothers  John  and  Charles  nesday,  May  24,  at  a  meeting  of  "a  society  ia 
with  strong  disapprobation,  and  wrote  a  letter  Aldersgate  street,  where  one  was  reading  Lo; 
of  remonstrance  to  his  mother  when  he  heard  ther's  ^  Preface  to  the  Episde  to  the  Eoroans." 
that  she  had  become  "  one  of  Jack's  congrega-  Three  weeks  afterward  he  visited  the  Moravian 
tion."  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  had  been  settlement  at  Hermhut,  made  the  acqusint&D<^ 
for  7  years  head  master  of  Tiverton  school,  of  Zinzendorf,  and  was  presented  to  the  prince 
A  collection  of  his  poems,  containing  some  re-  royal  of  Prussia,  afterward  Frederic  the  Gre«t. 
markable  humorous  pieces,  appeared  in  1789.  Shortly  after  his  return  to  England  he  becanie 
His  correspondence  with  his  brother  forms  the  associated  with  George  Whitefield,  who  hm 
principal  part  of  Dr.  Priestley's  collection  of  Just  landed  from  the  new  world;  and  follow'- 


854  WESLETAN  UNIVERSITY 

« 

^*  Primiliye  Physio,''  and  a  list  of  polemical  and  nation  at  that  time  intended  to  establidi  a  eol- 

devotional  works  altogether  too  long  for  enu-  lege  somewhere  in  the  eastern  states,  and, 

meration,  he  published  from  time  to  time  ao-  beside  offers  from  several  other  towns  and 

ooonts  of  his  spiritnal  labors  in  a  series  of  cities,  received  a  tender  of  tiiese  bmldinga  u 

^^  Journals,"  which  involved  him  in  oontrover-  .  a  free  .gift,  on  condition  that  an  additional 

sies  with  Bishop  Lavington  and  Bishop  War-  endowment  of  |40.000  should  be  raised.   The 

burton.    A  collection  of  his  writings  appeared  offer  was  acceptea,  and,  the  condition  hem 

during  his  lifetime  (82  vols.  12mo.,  1778),  and  speedily  fulfilled,  the  institution  was  orgaoixed 

another  in  1809  (16  vols.  8voO.    His  style  in  in  1830,  chartered  by  the  legislatare  of  Con- 

the  pulpit  was  fluent,  dear,  argumentative,  necticut  in  May,  1881,  and  opened  for  students 

often  amusing,  and  well  suited  to  the  capacity  in  the  following  September.    The  Rev.  ^ilbor 

of  his  hearers,  but  never  impassioned  like  Fisk,  D.D.,  was  elected  its  first  president,  and 

Whitefield^s.    He  had  a  mild  and  grave  coun-  continued  in  that  office  until  his  death  in  \b^% 

tenance,  which  in  old  age  appeared  extremely  The  Bev.  Nathan  Bangs,  D.D.,  was  ekctcd 

yenerable.  His  manners  were  polite  and  totally  president  in  1841,  but  resisted  in  1842,  and 

free  from  gloom  or  austerity.    His  benevolence  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Stephen  Olin,  I)lK 

was  unbounded.    He  literaUy  gave  away  all  who  held  the  ofQce  till  Ms  death  in  1851.   Dr. 

he  had,  and  kept  his  resolution  to  die  poor.  Olin's  presidency  was  a  prosperous  one  for  the 

It  is  estimated  that  he  dispensed  in  charity  university,  and  through  his  exertions  the  endow- 

during  his  lifetime  (150,000.    During  the  65  ment  was  largely  increased.   In  1852  Angusti^s 

years  of  his  ministry  he  travelled  about  270,000  "W.  Smith,  LL.D.,  who  had  been  a  profe&$or  in 

miles,  and  delivered  over  40,000  sermons,  be-  the- institution  from  its  oreanization,  was  elect- 

side  addresses,  exhortations,  and  prayers. — ^His  ed  to  the  presidency,  which  he  resigned  i& 

life  was  written  by  Dr.  Thomas  Ooke  and  Henry  1857.     He  was  succeeded  by  the  present  in- 

Moore,  to  whom  all  his  MSS.  were  left  (8vo.,  cnmbent,  the  Rev.  Joseph  Oummings,  D-It 

1792),  and  by  Robert  Southey  (2  vols.  8vo.,  nreviously  president  of  denesee  college,  Ludi 

London,  1820).    See  also  the  **  History  of  the  J^.  Y.     The  amount  of  the  present  endow- 

Religious  Movement  of  the  Eighteenth  Century  ment  of  the  university  is  about  $150,000,  and 

called  Methodism,"  by  the  Rev.  Abel  Stevens,  measures  are  now  (1862)  in  progress  for  its  in- 

D.D.  (8  vols.  12mo.,  New  York,  1859-'62).  crease.    Numerous  scholarships  have  been  ta- 

lY.  Ghablbs,  an  English  clergyman,  brother  dowed,  securing  free  tuition,  and  indigent  stii- 

of  the  preceding,  bom  at  Epworth,  Dec.  18,  dents  are  aided  in  their  other  expenses.    There 

1708,  died  in  Ix>ndon,  March  29,  1788.    He  are  4  prizes  awarded  during  the  year.    At  the 

passed  some  years  at  Westminster  school  under  organization  of  the  university,  at  &e  snggestioQ 

the  care  of  his  brother  Samuel,  and  at  the  age  of  Dr.  Fisk,  in  place  of  the  usual  arrangeroecit 

of  18  entered  Ghristchurch  college,  Oxford,  of  college  classes,  the  progress  of  the  studec: 

where  he  took  an  active  part  with  his  brother  and  his  ability  to  pass  the  rigorous  examination 

John  in  religious  meetings.    When  John  went  required  were  the  only  grounds  of  dassificatioo ; 

aa  a  missionary  to  Georgia,  Charles  accompa-  the  student  who  could  pass  the  examination  for 

nied  him,  in  the  capacity  of  secretary  to  the  the  degree  of  A.B.  received  his  diploma  with- 

governor  of  the  colony.    When  they  arrived  out  reference  to  the  time  spent  in  the  c<)llege. 

in  America  the  brothers  took  different  courses,  This  system  was  maintained  for  some  years,  but 

Charles  going  with  Ingham,  one  of  his  Oxford  has  gradually  fallen  into  disuse,  and  the  regc- 

aasodates,  to  Frederica.    FaUing  to  carry  out  lar  college  classes  are  now  maintained,  thoogb 

his  strict  views  of  Christian  discipline,  he  re*  a  student  taking  a  course  of  KngJish  stndit^ 

turned  to  Savannah,  where  he  remained  for  a  only  and  passing  a  satisfactory  examinatioo 

short  time,  and  then  went  to  Charleston,  from  may  take  the  degree  of  bachelor  in  science, 

whi(^  place  he  sailed  for  Europe.  He  preached  or  students  may  take  a  select  course  without 

for  a  while  to  large  congregations  at  Black-  receiving  a  degree.   Very  few  avail  thenuelTH 

heath,  near  London,  and  after  the  return  of  his  of  these  privileges.    During  the  present  coIl<^ 

brother  from  Geor^  entered  upon  the  itiner-  giate  year  (1861-^2),  8  only  are  enrolled  as  stn- 

ant  ministry.    After  his  marriage  in  1749  he  dents  in  the  scientific  course,  and  2  in  the  select 

confined  his  labors  mostly  to  London  and  its  course.    The  university  is  well  supplied  with 

vicinity.    A  volume  of  his  sermons,  his  jour-  apparatus,  including  a  fine  refracting  tele^copt^t 

nal,  and  two  volumes  of  his  hymns,  which  pos-  transit  circle,  and  astronomical  clock,  as  well 

sees  extraordinary  merit,  have  been  published,  as  complete  philosophical  and  chemical  appara- 

He  left  two  sons,  Charles  and  Samuel,  who  tus  and  good  cabinets  of  mineralogy,  geolo^^ 

were  remarkable  musicians.  and  natural  history.    The  college  and  societT 

WESLETAN  UNIVERSITY,  a  literary  in-  libraries  amount  in  the  aggregate  to  If  OOO 

stitution  in  Middletown,  Conn.,  under  the  con-  Tolumes.    The  whole  number  of  alumni  ac> 

trol  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church.    The  cording  to  the  last  triennial  cataJogne  is  707. 

principal  buildings  now  occupied  by  the  uni-  of  whom  629  are  living.    Of  this  number  S73 

versity  were  erected  in  1824  for  the  "American  are  clergymen.    There  are  now  connected  with 

literary,  scientific,  and  military  academy^'  of  the  institution  a  president  and  7  other  pro* 

Oapt  Alden  Partridge,  which  was  removed  to  fessors  and  teachers,  and  150  atodents,  of  wbom 

Norwid^  Yt,  in  1629.  The  Methodist  denomi-  62  belong  to  the  class  of  186& 


856  WEST 

WEST,  Benjamin,  an  Anglo- American  paint-  ries  and  influential  noblemen,  he  was  induced  to 
er,  born  in  Springfield,  Penn.,  Oct.  10,  1738,  take  up  his  permanent  reside Dce  in  that  citj, 
died  in  London,  March  11,  1820.  He  was  of  where  in  1765  he  was  married  to  ElizaWth 
Quaker  parentage,  and  was  born  prematurely  Shewell,  a  young  American  woman  to  wIkic 
in  consequence  of  the  agitating  effect  upon  his  he  had  been  previously  attached,  and  who 
mother  of  the  preaching  of  one  Edward  Peck-  joined  him  in  England  at  his  request  A  sue- 
over,  an  itinerant  Quaker  minister.  In  his  7th  cessfiil  picture  representing  Agrippina  l&r.d- 
year  he  astonished  his  parents  by  a  drawing  ing  with  the  ashes  of  Germanicus  was  tie 
ezecuted  in  red  and  black  inks  of  the  infant  means  of  introducing  him  to  George  III.,  fr>r 
daughter  of  his  sister ;  and  thenceforth  he  took  whom  he  painted  the  "  Departure  of  RegDloN'' 
delight  in  copying  from  nature  birds,  flowers,  and  who  for  nearly  40  years  was  his  firm  fi-ieo'l 
and  similar  objects,  his  brushes  being  made  and  munificent  patron.  Commiasions  tbei/c- 
with  hairs  pulled  from  the  house  cat^s  back,  forth  flowed  in  upon  him  from  all  anart€r>i,  and 
and  his  colors  consisting  of  red  and  yellow  during  a  career  of  almost  unvarying  prosper- 

Eaints  which  he  was  taught  by  some  wandering  ity,  marked  by  few  noticeable  incidents.  L 

adians  to  prepare,  and  of  indigo  with  which  painted  or  sketched  about  400  pictures,  maov 

his  mother  furnished  him.    A  relative  from  of  which  are  of  great  size,  beside  leaving  iv- 

Philadelphia,  having  seen  these  juvenile  eflbrts,  ward  of  200  drawings  at  his  death.    His  ?i^V 

sent  him  a  box  of  colors,  with  pencils,  canvas,  jects,  drawn  at  first  from  ancient  hiatory.  ari! 

and  a  few  prints ;  and  with  these  materials  he  subsequently  from  sacred  and  modern  histi  ry, 

composed  in  his  9th  year  a  picture  which  67  were  ezecuted  with  facility,  care,  and  taste,  axid. 

years  afterward,  in  the  plenitude  of  his  fame,  as  his  admirers  believed,  in  the  style  of  the  •  .! 

he   asserted  contained  touches  never  subse-  masters,  a  circumstance  which  greatly  contriV 

quently  surpassed  by  him.  He  soon  after  deter-  nted  to  the  reputation  he  enjoyed  in  £ngl&i<i 

mined  to  make  painting  his  profession,  and,  during  the  last  century,  ^ne  of  his  early  {ic 

having  received  a  few  elementary  instructions  tures,  the  "  Death  of  "W^olfe,"  may  be  said  to  ha^i 

in  Philadelphia,  practised  his  art  in  that  city  created  an  era  in  the  history  of  British  a^. 

and  the  neighboring  towns,  chiefly  as  a  por-  from  the  fact  that  the  figures  were  habited  i: 

trait  painter.    At  Lancaster  he  executed  for  a  the  costume  appropriate  to  their  time  sid 

gunsmith,  who  had  a  classical  turn,  a  picture  character,  insteaa  of  that  of  the  ancient  Gre*  k' 

of  the  death  of  Socrates,  which  contained  the  and  Romans,    which    custom   had  rendered 

first   figure   he    ever  painted  from  the  life,  indispensable  in  historical  pictures.    The  cv 

Upon  his  return  to  Springfield  at  the  age  of  16,  periment  was  considered  hazardous,  &nd  >: 

the  propriety  of  his  following  painting  as  a  vo-  Joshua  Reynolds  and  others  endeavored  to  d:« 

cation  was,  after  considerable  discussion,  con-  suade  the  painter  from  attempting  it.    He  yor- 

ceded  by  the  society  of  Friends  there ;  but  he  severed,  however,  and  Reynolds  was  one  oi*li 

soon  after  took  a  step  utterly  at  variance  with  first  to  congratulate  him  on  his  success  acl  t' 

the  principles  of  the  sect  by  volunteering  under  confess  his  own  error  of  judgment    The  [i  - 

M^jor  Sir  Peter  Hdket  to  go  in  search  of  the  ture  obtained  an  immense  popularity  in  Er: 

remains  of  Braddock^s  army.    In  his  18th  year  land,  and  has  been  widely  known  through  r!f 

he  established  himself  again  in  Philadelphia  as  a  fine  engraving  by  Woollett.    He  painted  f-  * 

portrait  painter.  Thence  he  went  to  New  York,  George  III.  a  number  of  subjects  taken  frnn 

where  he  painted  heads  at  5  guineas,  and  occa-  early  English  history,  and  projected  a  gr&^*^ 

sionally  attempted  a  historical  piece.    In  1760,  series  of  works  illustrating  the  progress  of  r>^ 

through  the  assistance  of  some  merchants  of  vealed  religion  for  the  chapel  at  Windsor  ct^ 

Kew  York  and  Philadelphia,  he  was  enabled  to  tie,  of  which  28  were  executed.    After  the  -^• 

visit  Italy;  and  arriving  in  Rome  in  July,  he  was  perannuation  of  the  king  the  commission  vi- 

kindly  received  by  Lord  Grantham,  to  whom  cancelled.    He  then  commenced  a  series  • ' 

he  had  taken  a  letter  of  introduction.    His  religious  pieces  on  a  grander  scale  than  i-i ' 

portrait  of  that  nobleman,  at  first  generally  at-  thing  he  had  previously  accomplished,  the  !:r ' 

tributed  to  Raphael  Mengs,  attracted  consider-  of  which,  "  Christ  Healing  the  Sick,"  wjl*  '>- 

able  attention,  which  was  greatly  increased  tended  as  a  present  to  the  Pennsylvania  ho^i 

when  the  circumstances  of  his  birth  and  artis-  tal  in  Philadelphia.  It  was  purchased  hoTiev^' 

tic  education  became  known,  the  arrival  of  a  for  £3,000  by  the  British  institute,  and  fj-- 

student  of  painting  from  the  distant  wilds  of  sented  to  the  British  national  gallery,  anu  > 

Korth  America  being  a  thing  unheard  of  in  copy  with  some  alterations  was  sent  by  ^^- 

Rome.    By  the  advice  of  Mengs,  who  became  to  Philadelphia,  where  the  proceeds  of  its  t  v 

his  warm  admirer,  he  made  a  careful  tour  of  hibition  enabled  the  trustees  to  build  an  ftii<i  - 

study  through  the  chief  Italian  art  capitals,  and  tion  to  the  hospital.    The  most  remark.V 

at  Rome  painted  two  pictures,  ^* Gimon  and  picture  of  this  series  was  ^* Death  on  the  P:'" 

Iphigenia"  and  "  Angelica  and  Medora,"  which  Hoi;pe,"  from  the  Revelations,  exhibited  in  !>"•  - 

were  well  received.    He  was  also  elected  a  don  In  1817,  and  in  reference  to  which  A'V^r 

member  by  the  academies  of  Florence,  Bologna,  Cunningham  observes :  ^' As  old  age  benumb « - 

and  Parma.    In  1768  he  proceeded  to  England  his  faculties  and  began  to  freeze  up  the  v^'  - 

on  his  way  to  America ;  but  having  executed  in  spring  of  thought,  the  dtiring  intrepidity  of  t^ 

London  some  commissions  for  church  dfgnita-  man  seemed  but  to  grow  and  augment  Immer'. 


858 


WEST  INDIES 


coral  formation,  S.  E.  of  Florida,  and  extending 
toward  Hajti  (see  Bahahas)  ;  2,  the  Greater 
Antilles,  between  the  Bahamas  and  Central 
America,  comprising  the  4  great  islands  of 
Cuba,  Hayti  or  St.  Domingo,  Jamaica,  and  Fm*- 
to  Rico ;  3,  the  Lesser  Antilles  or  Windward 
islands,  extending  in  a  semicircular  line  from 


Porto  Rico  to  the  month  of  the  Orinoco;  acd 
4,  the  Leeward  islands,*  Ijing  off  the  coast  of 
Venezuela,  and  consisting  of  Margarita,  Tor- 
tuga,  Buen  Ayre,  Cura^oa,  and  several  emaller 
islands.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  aiv&, 
population,  &c.,  of  the  larger  islands  and  grooi'S, 
according  to  the  latest  authorities : 


Bt  Domingo,  Hftytl,  or  HispanlolA. . 


Coba,  Porto  Rico,  Isle  of  Pines,  And 
two  of  the  Yirgin  Islea 

The  Bahamas,  Jamaica,  and  most  of 

.  the  Windward  lalaada  (Trinidad, 
Tobago.  Barbados,  Grenada,  Bt 
Tincent,  St  Lnda,  Dominica, 
Montaerrat,  Antigua,  Bt  Christo- 
pher, Barbuda,  Anguilla,  most  of 
the  Virgin  isles,  AcO 

Guadeloupe,  Desirodo^  Martinique, 
>^rie  Oalante,  Baintes,  N.  part  of 
Bt  MarUn'a,  all  in  the  Windward 
group , 

Cnra^oa,   Buen   Arre,  Oruba,   Los 
Boques  (Leewara  ialos);  St  Kusta 
tla^  Saba,  and  S.  part  of  Bt  Mar-  ( 
tin*s  (Windward  islands) J 

Bt  John's,  Bt  Thomas,  and  Baott ) 
Crua  (Virgin  Ule^ J 

Bt  Bartnolomow  (Windward  islands). 

Margarita,  Tortngn,  Ac   (Leeward  ) 
islands)..../ f 


Totel. 


To  whom  beloBflii^ 


W.  part,  an  indepen- 
dent republic. 

K  part,  a  republic 
protected  by  Spain. 

Spain. 


Great  Britain. 


France. 

Ketheriands. 

Denmark. 

Sweden. 

Venezuela. 


Ana,  •4.111. 

Popol*- 
tloo. 

Haya,       11,718 

560,000 

Domini<»,lT,S18 

800,000 

47,130 

1,888,002 

18,414 

890,792 

l,e91 

868,511 

418 

88,600 

110 

87,187 

85 

18,000 

600 

20,000 

93,228 

8,788,102 

Capllals. 


Port  aa  Prinoa. 

Bt  Dominea 

Havana  (CabA). 

San  Juan  (Porto  BSee). 


i 


Spanish  Town  (Jamaica). 
Nassau  (Bahamas). 
Port  of  Spain  (TrliiidadX 


fPoint-a-Pitra 
1     loupe). 


(Qnade- 


1 


St  Pierre  (ICaitinique^ 

Willemstad   or  Cnra^ 
((3urafoa). 


j  GhristiaDstAd  (8ta.Cmz). 
(  St  Thomas  (St  Thomas). 
Gustavia. 

Asuncion  (Margarita). 


7."»i 


11<'"^ 

1  •"','*'■ 
10,' "J 


The  surfaoe  of  the  islands  is  very  diversified. 
The  Bahamas  are  low  and  flat,  and  entirely 
of  coralline  formation.  The  Antilles,  Greater 
and  Lesser,  are  volcanic,  and  form  the  peaks 
of  a  mountain  chain  continnous  with  the  N. 
£.  range  of  Venezuela,  and  rising  in  Cuba, 
Hay  ti,  and  Jamaica  into  summits  from  6,000  to 
7,000  feet  high,  and  in  many  of  the  Lesser  An- 
tilles to  the  height  of  4,000  to  5,000  feet.  In 
St  Vincent  and  Guadeloupe  there  are  active 
volcanoes,  and  Hayti  and  Jamaica  are  subject 
to  earthquakes.  The  Bahamas,  being  low,  are 
Bultry  and  intensely  hot,  though  for  a  part  of 
the  day  the  sea  breezes  temper  the  heat.  The 
more  mountainous  islands  have  a  delightful  and 
temperate  climate,  especially  in  the  highlands. 
The  ifidands  abound  in  minerals.  The  copper 
mines  of  Cuba  are  among  the  most  extensive 
on  the  globe.  Gold,  silver,  alum,  copperas,  and 
excellent  coal  are  found  on  the  same  island ; 
gold,  silver,  copper,  tin,  iron,  and  rock  salt  in 
Hayti ;  lead,  copper,  and  salt  in  Jamaica ;  gold, 
copper,  iron,  lead,  and  coal  in  Porto  Rico; 
asphaltum  and  coal  oil  in  Trinidad;  and  salt 
in  the  Bahamas.  The  characteristic  feature  of 
the  botany  of  the  West  Indies  is  the  great  pre* 
dominance  of  ferns  and  orchidaceous  plants. 
The  forests  furnish  mahogany,  lignum  vitas, 
granadilla,  rosewood,  and  other  woods  of  great 
value  for  ornamental  and  useful  purposes.  The 
fruits  are  mostly  tropical  in  their  character, 
and  many  of  them  of  excellent  quality.  The 
pineapple,  cocoanut,  pomegranate,  mango,  gua- 
va,  orange,  lemon,  lime,  breadfruit,  and  banana, 
many  of  them  of  nomerooB  varieties,  abound. 


Of  spices,  drugs,  and  dye  stuffs,  indigo,  ginger, 
pepper,  arnotto,  aloes,  sassafras,  cochineal,  log- 
wood, &c.,  are  the  principal.  Maize  is  lanie:; 
cultivated  in  most  of  the  islands,  whfle  tobaco<-, 
coffee,  and  sugar  are  staples  in  several,  aid 
cotton  is  considerably  cultivated.  Of  the  wi.ii 
animals  existing  at  the  discovery  of  the  arcLi- 
nelago,  the  agouti,  peccary,  raccoon,  natlTf 
Indian  dog,  and  wild  boar,  the  last  on  It  re- 
mains. Monkeys  are  also  found  on  sevcTal  of 
the  islands.  Birds  are  numerous,  and  nuuij 
of  them  of  beautiful  plumage.  Reptiles  als) 
abound,  including  turtles  of  large  size  and  deli- 
cacy, lizards,  and  snakes.  The  fish  are  of  tx- 
cellent  quality  and  very  abundant.  The  instit 
tribes  form  the  greatest  pest  of  the  island?.— 
When  Columbus  discovered  the  West  lodits 
the  southern  islands  were  peopled  by  the  CaribN 
a  fierce  and  warlike  tribe,  and  the  northern 
were  in  possession  of  the  Arrowanks,  a  much 
milder  and  gentler  race.  Both  are  now  nearlr 
extinct,  a  few  families  of  Caribs  only  remain- 
ing in  St.  Vincent  and  Trinidad.  The  present 
population  consists  of  whites,  negroes  and 
mulattoes ;  the  first  named  are  somewhat  le^^ 
than  I  of  the  whole  population.  Slavery  oor^ 
existed  in  all  the  islands,  but  is  now  aboli^bed 

*  The  Bpftnlsb  explorers  approprlitely  gBve  tbe  ntme  <^ 
]>eward  UUnds  to  tnoae  along  the  ooaet  of  Vraexorb;  tjt^ 
some  of  the  English  geogmphera,  regardless  of  this ftrL  «•- 
Tided  the  Lesser  Antilles  into  two  groups^  the  dlTi<liu  ti'^ 
being  thepABsage  between  Martiniqoe  and  Dominica,  ui 
the  Islands  lying  K.  and  N.  W.  of  Martinique  utiru  P^^rt" 
Bico  were  called  Leeward  isles.  This  nse  of  tbe  tf  nn  •> 
oonflned  to  English  geograpberi,  and  Is  Inooftect  vben  u* 
whole  archipelago  is  spoKen  ot 


Seo                       WESTALL  WESTERN  AUSTRALIA 

course  of  stadj  was  raised,  more  being  reqmred  dnsivelj,  and  his  style  became  maxmerad  and 
in  the  way  of  preparation ;  and  a  more  ex-  insipid.  In  the  latter  part  of  hia  life  he  en- 
tended  instmotion  in  drawing  and  engineering,  countered  heavy  pecuniary  lossee in  oonseqnence 
fortification,  tactics,  the  construction  of  roads  of  unsuccessful  speculations  in  picture  dealing, 
and  bridges,  rhetoric,  moral  philosophy,  and  He  was  in  1794  elected  a  royal  academician. 
political  science,  including  constitutional  and  — ^William,  brother  of  the  preceding,  bom  in 
mternational  law,  added.  In  1868  the  course  Hertford,  Oct.  12,  1781,  died  Jan.  22,  16o0. 
of  study  was  extended  to  five  years,  but  subse-  He  acquired  his  early  instruction  in  the  acbool 

auently  again  reduced  to  four.  The  officers  of  of  the  royal  academy,  and  in  1801  took  part  in 
^e  academy  are  now  (1862)  a  superintendent  a  voyage  of  discovery  under  Capt  Flinders,  in 
and  commandant  of  the  post,  with  the  rank  of  the  course  of  which  he  visited  AuatraUa,  China, 
colonel  of  engineers;  a  professor  of  military  and  India,  making  in  each  of  those 'oonntri«s 
and  civil  engineering,  with  2  acting  assistants ;  numerous  sketches  of  striking  scenery  and  ob- 
a  professor  of  natural  and  experimental  phi-  jects,  a  number  of  which,  executed  in  water 
losophy,  with  one  assistant  and  2  acting  assist-  colors,  were  exhibited  in  London  in  1808.  He 
ants ;  a  professor  of  mathematics,  with  one  also  painted  some  elaborate  views  of  the  coasts 
assistant  and  4  acting  assistants ;  one  com-  and  interior  of  Australia,  which  attracted  at- 
mandant  of  cadets  and  instructor  of  artillery,  tention.  Subsequently  he  occupied  himself 
cavalry,  and  infantry  tactics,  with  the  rank  of  almost  exclusively  with  making  drawings  for 
lieutenant-colonel  of  engineers,  with  5  assist-  engraving.  Among  his  best  productions  are  a 
ants ;  a  professor  of  drawing,  with  2  assistants ;  series  of  engraved  designs  of  the  lake  region 
a  professor  of  French,  and  2  assistants ;  a  chap-  of  England,  of  the  monastic  ruins  of  York- 
lam  and  professor  of  geography,  history,  and  shire,  the  Isle  of  Wight,  &c. 
ethics,  with  one  assistant  and  8  acting  assist-  WESTCHESTER,  a  S.  E.  co.  of  New  York, 
ants;  a  professor  of  chemistry,  mineralogy,  bordering  on  Connecticut  and  Long  Island 
and  geology,  with  one  assistant ;  a  professor  of  sound,  bounded  W.  by  the  Hudson  and  8.  W.  bj 
Spanish,  witii  one  assistant  and  an  acting  assist-  the  Harlem  river,  separating  it  from  New  York 
ant;  an  instructor  in  ordnance  and  gunnery;  city,  and  drained  by  the  Croton  and  Bronx 
an  instructor  of  practical  military  engineering,  rivers;  area,  625  sq.  m.;  pop.  in  1860,  99,457. 
with  one  assistant ;  and  an  instructor  in  the  use  Several  ridges  of  hills  extend  N.  and  S.  through 
of  small  arms,  witii  one  assistant ;  in  idl,  41  pro-  the  county,  the  valleys  between  which  are  gen- 
feasors  and  teachers.  The  course  of  instruction  erally  fertile.  The  productions  in  1856  were 
is  as  follows:  1st  year,  mathematics,  English  85,148  bushels  of  wheat,  402,288  of  Indian 
studies,  fencing,  bayonet  exercise,  and  practical  com,  204,759  of  oats,  51,404  of  rye,  286,249  of 
instruction  in  the  school  of  the  soldier,  compa-  potatoes,  1,116,589  lbs.  of  butter,  and  90,41M) 
ny  and  battalion,  and  artillery ;  2d  year,  mathe-  tons  of  hay.  There  were  29  grist  miUa,  81  saw 
matics,  French,  fencing,  and  tactics  of  infantry,  mills,  5  furnaces,  4  iron  founderies,  1  cotton 
artillery,  and  cavalry ;  3d  year,  natural  philoso-  and  8  woollen  factories,  6  carpet  factories.  14^ 
phy,  chemistry,  drawing,  riding,  and  tactics  of  churches,  10  newspaper  offices,  and  30,301 
infantry,  artillery,  and  cavalry ;  4th  year,  mill-  pupils  attending  public  schools.  Stock  grow- 
tary  and  civil  engineering,  mineralogy  and  mg,  gardening,  and  fruit  raising  are  among  tiie 
geology,  chemistry,  law  and  literature,  practicid  chief  occupations.  The  county  haa  numerous 
military  engineering,  tactics  of  infantry,  cav-  villages  and  towns,  and  fbrnishea  homes  for 
airy,  and  u*tillery,  ordnance,  and  gunnery,  thousands  of  people  employed  in  New  York 
The  instruction  is  free,  but  the  cadet,  unless  city.  Extensive  quarries  of  marble  are  found 
sooner  released  by  the  government,  is  required  near  Sing  Sing,  and  there  are  several  mineral 
to  serve  for  8  years  after  completing  his  course,  springs.  The  county  is  traversed  by  the  Hud- 
The  cadet  must  not  be  under  16  or  over  21  on  son  river,  the  Harlem,  and  the  New  York  and 
entering.  One  cadet  is  appointed  from  each  New  Haven  railroads.  Capitals,  White  Plains 
congressional  district,  and  10  annually  at  large,  and  Bedford. 

The  former  are  appointed  on  the  nomination  of  WESTCHESTER,  Penn.  See  West  Cbxstks. 

the  members  of  congress  from  their  respective  WESTERGAARD,  Niels  Ludvio,  a  Danish 

districts,  and  tiie  latter  by  the  president.  orientalist,  bom  in  Copenhagen,  Oct.  27, 1815, 

WESTALL,  Richard,  an  English  painter,  was  graduated  at  the  university  there,  and  in 

bom  in  Hertford  in  1765,  died  Dec.  4,  1886.  1888  went  to  Bonn  to  study  Sanscrit.    Thence 

He  served  an  apprenticeship  to  an  engraver  of  he  went  to  Paris,  London,  and  Oxford^  and 

heraldic  emblems,  but  upon  coining  of  age  took  afterward  made  a  journey  to  India,  retambg  in 

,  up  painting  and  designing  as  a  profession,  and  1844  by  way  of  Tiflis,  Moscow,  and  St.  Peters- 

*  executed  a  number  of  exquisite  wateV-color  burg.    He  was  appointed  professor  of  oriental 

drawings  on  subjects  taken  chiefly  from  classi-  languages  at  the  university  of  Copenhagen, 

cal  mytiiology.    Li  this  department  of  the  art  which  office  he  still  holds.    He  has  published 

he  was  without  a  rival.    Subsequently  he  fur-  Sadiees  Santeritm  (Bonn,  1841),  a  critical  e<ii- 

nlshed   designs   for   Boydell's  *^  Shakespeare  tion  of  the  Z»i^uif>e8to,  and  other  works,  includ- 

Gallery,"  and  for  an   indefinite   number  of  ing  dissertations  on  the  cuneiform  inscriptions, 

annuals  and  illustrated  books.    The  latter  de-  WESTERN  AUSTRALIA,  a  British  colony 

scription  of  work  finally  occupied  his  time  ex-  of  the  Australian  continent,  originally  called 


802  WESTERN  EMFIBE 

he  soon  transferred  hie  homage  to  the  court  of  demande  of  the  Gk)thic  king.    The  senate  ini- 

Arcadius.     The  command  of  the  expedition  willingly  consented  to  pay  a  snbsidy  of  4,(KK> 

against  the  nsorper  was  intrusted  to  Mascezel,  pounds  of  gold,  and  Stilicho^s  advocacy  of  the 

Gildo^s  brother,  and  the  fate  of  the  country  measure  endangered  his  popularity  among  the 

was  decided  in  one  campaign  (398),  in  which  Roman  legions,  while  his  influence  at  court  ^sa 

the  rebel  chieftain,  having  been  defeated  in  secretly  undermined  by  the  minister  Olympitu^ 

battle,  destroyed  himself.   In  402  Alaric  invaded  who  filled  the  weak  Honorius  with  suspicions  of 

Italy,  but  in  the  spring  of  403  was  defeated  his  general.    Stilicho  was  finally  assassinated 

with  great  slaughter  by  Stilicho  at  Pollentia  in  Aug.  408,  and  the  western  empire,  which 

and  Verona.    The  deliverance  of  Italy  was  eel-  in  him  lost  its  only  military  leader,  had  now 

ebrated  in  Rome  with  magnificent  processions  no  one  capable  of  withstanding  the  power  of 

and  games,  in  which  for  the  last  time,  it  is  said,  the  Goths.    Moreover,  the  wives  and  children 

combats  of  gladiators  were  exhibited.     The  of  the  barbarian  auxiliaries,  who  had  been  kept 

court  was  also  removed  from  the  defenceless  in  the  principal  cities  of  Italy  as  hostages,  and 

city  of  Milan  to  the  impregnable  fortress  of  were  strongly  attached  to  the  dead  general, 

Ravenna,  which  oontinued  until  the  middle  of  were  treacherously  massacred,  and  by  this  act 

the  8th  century  to  be  the  seat  of  the  govern-  the  government  lost  30,000  of  its  best  soldiers, 

ment  and  the  capital  of  Italy.    Scarcely,  how-  who  went  over  to  Alaric.    That  general,  after 

ever,  had  the  country  been  freed  from  the  pres-  carrying  on  an  artfiil  negotiation  with  the  Ko- 

ence  of  Alaric,  when  it  was  threatened  by  a  new  man  court,  suddenly  crossed  the  Alps  and  the 

and  more  formidable  invasion.    Radagaisus,  at  Po  in  408,  ravaged  all  northern  Italy,  and  en> 

tiie  head  of  a  mixed  horde  of  Goths,  vandals,  camped  under  the  very  walls  of  Rome.    As  all 

Suevi,  Burgundians,  and  Alani,  crossed  in  405  sources  of  supply  were  cut  off,  the  inhabitants 

the  Alps,  the  Po,  and   the  Apennines,  pil-  soon  began  to  feel  the  horrors  of  famine,  thou- 

laged    and  destroyed   many  cities,   and  was  sands  dpng  of  hunger  in  the  streets.    Two  am- 

carrying   on   the    siege    of  Florence,    when  bassadors  were  finaUy  sent  to  make  terms  with 

the  army  of  Stilicho  in  its  turn  besieged  the  the  Gothic  king.    They  threatened,  if  an  honor- 

barbarian  hosts,  and  finally  forced  them  by  able  capitulation  was  not  given,  that  he  would 

famine  to  surrender.    Radagaisus  was  put  to  have  to  meet  a  countless  multitude  armed  with 

death,  and  most  of  his  surviving  troops  were  all  the  energy  of  despair.     "The  thicker  tlio 

sold  as  slaves ;  but  a  part  of  his  army  on  their  hay,  the  easier  it  is  mowed,"  was  the  reply  of 

retreat  invaded  Gaul,  and,  carrying  ruin  and  the  haughty  barbarian,  who  at  length  agreed  to 

devastation  in  their  path,  advanced  in  less  than  leave  Rome  unmolested,  provided  all  the  gold 

two  years  to  the  foot  of  the  Pyr^n^es.    At  the  and  silver  in  the  city,  whether  public  or  pri- 

same  time  the  neglected  army  in  Britain  revolt-  vate  property,  and  all  the  rich  and  precions 

ed,  and  hastily  placed  upon  the  throne  and  as  movables,  and  all  the  barbarian  slaves,  were 

hastily  murdered  Marcus.    He  was  succeeded  given  up  to  him.    To  the  question,  what  he 

by  Gratian,  who  at  the  end  of  4  months  suffered  intended  to  leave  the  inhabitants,  he  answered, 

the  fate  of  his  predecessor ;  and  he  in  turn  was  "  Their  lives."    Alaric,  however,  finally  raided 

succeeded  in  407  by  a  private  soldier  named  the  siege  on  receiving  6,000  pounds  of  gold, 

Constantino,  who,  not  allowing  his  troops  to  80,000  pounds  of  silver,  4,000  robes  of  silk. 

remain  idle  in  camps,  immediately  crossed  the  8,000  pieces  of  fine  scarlet  cloth,  and  S.(n  0 

channel  with  the  purpose  of  effecting  the  con-  pounds  of  pepper.    As  soon  as  these  demands 

quest  of  the  western  empire.    Landing  at  Bon-  were  satisfied,  he  fixed  his  winter  quarters  in 

logne,  he  summoned  the  cities  of  Gaul  to  ac-  Etruria,  where  he  began  to  carry  on  negotia- 

knowledge  his  authority.     He  was  likewise  tions  with  the  Roman  court,  which  acted  with 

successful  at  first  in  gaining  some  advantages  its  usual  treachery  and  weakness.     At  last 

over  the  barbarians,  but  was  soon  forced  to  con-  Alaric,  indignant  at  repeated  insults,  marched 

dude  with  them  a  degrading  and  precarious  again  toward  Rome,  but,  instead  of  attacking 

truce.    On  the  approach  of  Sams,  the  general  it  directly,  captured  Ostia,  in  which  was  stored 

of  Honorius,  Oonstantine  shut  himself  up  in  the  grain  for  feeding  the  capital.    Rome  now 

Vienna  (now  Vienne  in  Dauphine),  and  there  surrendered,  and  received  from  its  conqueror 

endured  an  attack  of  7  days,  in  which  the  impe-  a  new  emperor.  Attains,  the  prefect  of  the  city. 

rial  army  was  ignominiously  defeated  and  forced  He  made  the  Gothic  leader  master-general  of 

to  recross  the  Alps.    This  success  was  soon  fol-  the  western  empire,  and  almost  all  Itidy  soon 

lowed  by  the  conquest  of  Spain  under  the  usurp-  submitted  to  the  new  monarch,  whom  Alaric  led 

er's  son  Gonstans,  the  only  opposition  offered  to  the  very  gates  of  Ravenna.    There  he  was 

being  by  a  rustic  army  assembled  by  four  relar  met  by  an  embassy  from  the  Roman  court  who 

tives  of  the  late  emperor  Theodosius.    In  the  proposed  to  divide  between  Attalus  and  Hono- 

mean  time  Alaric  after  his  retreat  from  Italy  had  rius  the  sovereignty  of  the  West ;  but*  this  was 

left  the  service  of  the  eastern  empire  and  gone  disdainfally  refused  by  the  king  of  the  Goths, 

over  to  that  of  the  western,  being  created  mas-  who  promised  that  if  Honorius  would  instantly 

ter-general  of  the  whole  prefecture  of  Illyri-  give  up  his  authority,  he  should  be  pennitti-d 

oum.    In  the  negotiations  which  were  carried  to  pass  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  peace  in 

on,  Stilicho,  who  knew  the  weakness  of  the  em-  some  distant  island.    To  such  an  extent  had 

pire,  advised  compliance  with  the  extravagatt  the  power  of  the  emperor  fallen,  that  his 


864  WESTERN  EMPIBE 

of  comes.  Acting  led  Pladdia  to  snspect  the  that  purpose  by  the  iijnred  senator.     The 
fidelity  of  Count  BonifEM^e,  who  was  command-  murder  took  place  on  March  16,  455,  after 
ing  in  Africa,  and  to  order  his  recall,  while  at  Yalentinian  had  reigned  20  years.    Until  450 
the  same  time  he  warned  Boniface  to  resist,  as  the  government  had  been  in  the  hands  of  his 
his  death  had  been  determined  upon.    By  this  mother  Placidia,  who  zealously  labored  for  the 
double  treachery  the  African  general  was  per-  interests  of  the  church,  deprived  heathens  and 
suaded  to  revolt,  and  in  427  he  called  in  to  his  Jews  of  all  chance  of  obtaining  military  rank 
aid  the  Vandals  under  Gonderic.    During  the  or  of  practising  the  law,  and  restored  to  the 
absence  of  Aetius,  the  fraud  of  that  generd  ecclesiastics  the  privileges  from  which  they 
was  discovered ;  but  Boniface  repented  too  late  had  been  excluded  by  the  usurper  Joannee. 
of  having  invoked  the  assistance  of  the  barba-  Yalentinian  was   succeeded   as  emperor   by 
rians,  who  under  Genserio,  the  successor  of  Petronius  Mazimus,  the  unanimous  choice  of 
Gonderic,  crossed  over  from  Spain  into  Africa,  the  senate  and  the  people.    The  new  emperor 
Defeated  in  battle,  the  Roman  commander  took  forced  Eudoxia,  the  widow  of  Yalentinian,  to 
refuge  in  Hippo,  where  he  endured  a  siege  of  become  his  bride,  though  acknowledging  to 
14  months,  when,  being  reinforced  by  an  army  her  his  agency  in  the  murder  of  Yalentinian ; 
under  Aspar,  he  ventured  a  second  battle,  in  and  she,  actuated  by  a  blind  desire  of  revenge, 
which  he  was  totally  defeated.     Africa  was  secretly  implored  the  aid  of  Genseric,  king  of 
now  abandoned  to  its  fate,  but  Oarthage  was  the  Yandals,  whose  fleets  had  already  ravaged 
not   taken    until    8    years   afterward    (489).  the  coasts  of  Italy.    At  the  head  of  an  army 
Boniface  returned  to  Italy  in  432,  and  was  Genseric  disembarked  at  the  mouth  of  the 
made  master-general  of  the  forces ;  whereupon  Tiber.     Maximus  in  an  attempt  to  flee  wbh 
Aetins,  who  had  been  for  several  years  fight-  slain  in  a  tumult  at  Rome,  after  a  reign  of  8 
ing  with  great  success  against  the  Franks  and  months.    Three  days  afterward  the  Yandals 
Germans,  returned  to  Italy  also,  and  the  two  marched  upon  the  city,  and  for  14  days  and 
generals  decided  their  quarrel   by  a  battle,  nights  the  pillage  went  on.     All  the*  wealth 
Boniface  was  victorious,  but  received  a  mortal  and  treasure  that  were  left  by  the   Goths, 
wound ;  the  defeated  A&tius  fled  to  the  Huns,  together  with  a  large  number  of  captives,  in- 
with  whose  aid  he  soon  procured  his  rein-  eluding  the  empress  and  her  two  danghters, 
statement.    In  485  peace  was  made  with  Gen-  were  carried  off.    Maximus  during  his  short 
seric,  by  which  the  western  empire  still  main-  reign   had    appointed   Avitus,  an    illustrious 
tained  an  undisturbed  control  over  Maurita-  Roman,  to  the  master-generalship  of  the  cav* 
nia.    A  war  however  broke  out  in  southern  airy  and  infantry  of  Gaul ;  and  he  while  hold- 
Gaul,  where  the  Goths  under  their  king,  Theo-  ing  this  office  visited  the  court  of  Theodoric, 
doric,  the  son  of  Alaric,  began  in  436  the  siege  king  of  the  Yisigoths,  at  Toulouse.     While 
of  Narbonne,  which  was  relieved  by  some  Hun-  there  he  heard  of  the  death  of   Maximus, 
nish  auxiliaries  under  Oount  Litorius,  who  in  and  soon  afterward  the  annual  assembly  of 
turn  besieged  Theodoric  in  Toulouse,  but  in  the  7  provinces  of  Gkiul  at  Aries  offered  him 
439  was  defeated  and  made  prisoner  by  the  the  imperial  throne.    At  the  request  of  the 
Gothic  king.    The  latter,  however,  made  peace  senate  and  the  people  he  took  up  his  residence 
with  the  Romans,  who  under  A&tius  had  been  in  Rome,  and  by  his  conduct  soon  aroused  the 
successful  in  maintaining  the  sovereignty  Of  the  contempt  and  hatred  of  his  subjects,  jealous 
empire  in  eastern  GauL     The  extreme  cities  likewise  of  the  Gothic  influences  which  had 
and  provinces  began  gradually  to  drop  off  from  placed  him  upon  the  throne.    These  feelings 
the  western  empire;    Sicily  was  ravaged  by  were  taken  advantage  of  by  Count  Ricimer, 
Genserio  in  440 ;  in  446  Britain  was  entirely  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  barbarian  troops  en- 
abandoned  by  the  Roman  forces ;  and  in  451  gaged  in  defence  of  Italy,  who,  after  returning 
Attila,  king  of  the  Huns,  marched  into  Gaul,  victorious  from  an  expedition  against  the  Yan> 
and  began  the  siege  of  Orleans.    The  city  was  dais,  informed  Avitus  that  it  was  time  for  him 
almost  on  the  point  of  surrendering,  when  the  to  abdicate.    His  life  was  granted  him  hy  his 
Roman  and  Gothic  army  under  A6tius  and  conqueror,  but  not  by  the  senate,  and  he  fled  to 
Theodoric   advanced   to    its   rescue.     Attila  Auvergne,  where  he  soon  afterward  died.    A 
crossed  the  Seine  and  awaited  the  enemy  in  vacancy  of  some  months  followed,  in  which 
the  plains  of  Chalons,  where  he  suffered  a  total  Ricimer  was  the  real  governor  of  the  empire, 
defeat,  but  the  year  following  renewed  his  pre-  but  did  not  assume  the  imperial  title.    In  457 
tensions,  and  at  the  head  of  a  large  army  passed  he  consented  to  the  accession  of  Migorian.  the 
into  Italy.    After  ravaging  the  northern  por-  ablest  and  best  of  the  later  Roman  emperors, 
tion,  the  payment  of  a  vast  sum  of  money  in-  M(\jorian  immediately  set  about  the  establit^- 
duced  him  to  return  to  hiS  wooden  palace  in  ment  of  laws  for  the  relief  of  the  country.    He 
Pannonia,  where  his  sudden  death  in  453  re-  granted  amnesty  from  all  arrears  of  tribute  and 
lieved  the  empire  from  the  terror  of  another  public  debt,  restored  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
invasion.    In  454  Aetius  was  murdered  by  the  provincial   magistrates  whose  functions  ha<l 
hand  of  his  master,  who,  having  subsequently  been  superseded  in  great  measure  by  extraor- 
dishonored  the  wife  of  Petronius  Maximus  of  dinary  commissions,  compelled  the  municij>ftl 
the  Anician  family,  was  assassinated  in  turn  corporations  to  resume  their  duty  of  levjing 
by  two  barbarians  who  had  been  hired  for  the  tribute,  revived  the  office  of  defenders  of 


366              WESTERN  EMPIRE  WESTMACOTT 

had  completed  his  arrangements,  he  marched  empire,  after  existing  separately  from  the 
in  472  at  the  head  of  an  army  largely  re6n«  ern  81  years,  and  during  that  time  having  be^ 
forced  by  barbarians  to  Rome,  and  encamping  mled  over  by  12  emperors,  beside  a  large  nmn- 
on  the  banks  of  the  Arno  proclaimed  Olybrius,  her  of  usurpers  in  the  provinces, 
a  senator  of  the  Anician  family,  emperor.  The  WESTERN  ISLANDS.  See  HsBBiDBa. 
siege  of  Rome  lasted  3  months,  but  it  was  taken  WESTERWALD,  a  mountain  range  of  Ger- 
on  July  11  and  given  up  to  pillage.  Anthemius  many,  traversing  portions  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
was  killed  by  order  of  Ricimer,  wha  died  him-  the  district  of  Arnsberg  in  Westphalia,  and 
self  40  days  afterward,  leaving  the  conmoand  the  northern  part  of  the  grand  duchy  of  N«s- 
of  his  army  to  his  nephew  Gundobald,  prince  sau.  The  range  lies  between  the  Sieg  and 
of  the  Burgundians.  The  death  of  Olybrius  fol-  the  Lahn,  though  nearer  the  former,  corn- 
lowed  on  Oct.  28.  Gundobald  now  persuaded  mencing  with  the  Sauerland,  a  plateau  of  S. 
Glycerins,  an  obscure  soldier,  to  accept  the  Westphalia  about  1,600  feet  above  the  sea 
phantom  sovereignty,  and  he  was  accordingly  level,  between  the  sources  of  the  Sieg  and 
elevated  to  the  throne  in  March,  478,  at  Raven-  Lahn,  near  the  little  village  of  Emdebrack, 
na.  His  title  was  not  however  acknowledged  forming  two  curves  like  a  horizontal  8,  and 
by  the  emperor  of  the  East,  who  conferred  the  terminating  on  the  Rhine  nearly  opposite  Co- 
imperial  dignity  upon  Julius  Nepos,  the  nephew  blentz.  The  range  is  nearly  70  m.  in  length, 
of  Marcellinus  and  governor  of  Dalmatia.  He  and  about  2,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea ; 
immediately  marched  against  Glycerins,  who,  its  highest  summit,  the  Salzburger  Kopf,  at- 
unsupported  by  the  Burgundian  prince,  engaged  tains  an  elevation  of  2,172  feet.  A  bleaJE  pU- 
in  ambitious  projects  beyond  the  Alps,  was  teau,  called  the  Ealte  Eich,  extends  fix)m  the 
taken  prisoner  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  and  Westerwald  S.  E.,  intersected  by  the  narrow 
resigned  his  claims  to  the  throne  in  exchange  for  valley  of  the  Lahn,  to  the  Taunus  range,  which 
the  bishopric  of  Salona.  Scarcely  any  thmg  is  forms  the  watershed  between  the  Lahn  and 
known  of  the  reign  of  the  new  emperor,  which  Main.  The  mean  height  of  this  plateau  is  not 
lasted  about  14  months,  except  that  the  terri-  over  1,600  feet;  but  uie  Taunus  range  itself  is 
tory  of  Auvergne  was  ceded  to  the  Visigoths,  about  2,000  feet,  and  its  principal  summit,  the 
In  475  the  general  of  the  barbarian  confed-  Feldberg,  rises  to  the  height  of  2,850  feet  The 
erates,  Orestes,  raised  the  standard  of  revolt,  waters  of  these  ranges  ^1  belong  to  the  basin 
and  marched  from  Ravenna  to  Rome,  whence  of  the  Rhine. 

Nepos  hastily  fled  to  his  Dalmatian  province,  WESTMACOTT,  Sib  Richakd,  an  English 

where  he  lived  five  years,  and  was  finally  sculptor,  bom  in  London  in  1776,  died  there, 

murdered  by  Glycerins,  whom  he  had  sue-  Sept.  1, 1856.    He  obtained  his  first  instruction 

ceeded  on  the  throne.    Orestes  refused  to  ao-  in  art  from  his  father,  who  was  a  sculptor, 

oept  the  title  of  emperor,  but  consented  that  He  was  sent  in  1798  to  Rome,  where  he  re- 

his  son  Romulus  Augustus,  whose  name  the  ceived  the  advice  and  instruction  of  Oanova, 

Latins  contemptuously  changed  into  the  dimin-  and  gained  prizes  offered  by  the  grand  duke  of 

utive  Augustulus,  should  be  invested  with  the  Tuscany  and  the  pope.    In  1795  he  was  elected 

purple.    This  emperor,  who  united  in  his  name  a  member  of  the  academy  of  Florence.  Betum- 

the  appellations  of  the  founder  of  the  city  and  ing  to  England  in  1797,  he  followed  his  art  in 

of  the  founder  of  the  empire,  did  not  long  en-  London  for  more  than  haJf  a  century  with  repu- 

Joy  his  elevation.    Orestes,  in  whom  the  real  tation  and. profit.    His  works,  comprising  aho- 

sovereignty  lay,  refused  the  insolent  demand  rilievos,  bass-reliefs,  and  bronze  and  marble 

of  his  barbarian  allies  that  a  third  part  of  the  statues  and  groups,  may  be  divided  into  classical 

lands  of  Italy  should  be  divided  among  them ;  or  imaginative  pieces,  portrait  busta  and  statues, 

whereupon  Odoacer,  their  leader,  in  476  re-  and  monumental  sculptures,  in  all  of  which  he 

volted,  stormed  Pavia,  in  which  Orestes  had  showed  merit.    He  also  excelled  in  represents- 

taken  refuge,  and  deposed  Augustulus.    The  tions  of  children.  Among  the  more  poetical  and 

barbarian  general  determined  to  destroy  the  inventive  of  his  productions  are  the  **  Psyche" 

name  as  well  as  the  power  of  the  emperor  of  and  "  Oupid  "  executed  for  the  duke  of  Bed- 

the  West,  and  at  his  wish  the  Roman  senate  ford,  the  "  Houseless  Wanderer"  at  Bowood, 

sent  to  the  emperor  Zeno  an  epistle  in  which  the  "Nymph  and  Oupid**  in  the  Grosvenor  col- 

they  "  disclaim  the  necessity,  or  even  the  wish,  lection,  and  the  large  rilievo  of  the  "  Dream  of 

of  continuing  any  longer  the  imperial  succes-  Horace,"  which  evince  a  feeling  for  the  antique 

sion  in  Italy ;  since,  in  their  opinion,  the  ma-  and  considerable  executive  slall.    Among  nis 

jesty  of  a  sole  monarch  is  sufficient  to  pervade  statues  of  public  men,  the  works  by  whi(£  he 

and  protect,  at  the  same  time,  both  the  East  is  now  best  known,  may  be  mentioned  those  of 

and  the  West.    In  their  own  name  and  the  Pitt,  Fox,  Spencer  Perceval,  and  Addison ;  the 

name  of  the  people,  they  consent  that  the  seat  colossal  equestrian  bronze  statue  of  George  HI. 

of  universal  empire  shall  be  transferred  from  at  Windsor ;  and  the  monumental  groune  and 

Rome   to    Oonstantinople."     They   also   re-  statues  of  Abercromby,  OoUingwood,  Paken- 

quested  that  the  emperor  would  invest  Odo-  ham,  Erskine,  and  of  the  duke  of  York  on  the 

acer  with  the  title  of  patrician,  and  charge  him  column  in  Waterloo  place,  London.    In  1816  he 

with  the  civil  and  military  administration  of  became  a  royal  academician ;  in  1827  he  snc- 

the  diocese  of  Italy.    Thus  fell  the  western  oeeded  Flaxmanaa  professor  of  sculptare  at  the 


888       WESTMINSTEB  ASSEMBLY  "WESTMOBELANB 

the  aasemblj  were  of  no  permanent  impor-  WESTMORELAND.     L   A  8.  W.  oa.  of 
tanoe,  bat  conBUted  of  admonitions  to  par-  Penn.,  bounded  K.  W.  bj  the  Alleghany  river 
liament  and  the  nation,  controversial  tracts,  and  N.  and  N.  E.  by  the  Conemangh  and  Kis- 
letters  to  foreign  diorohes,  &c.    The  annota-  kiminetas  rivers,  and  drained  by  the  Tonghio- 
tions  on  the  Bible  usually  attributed  to  them,  gheny  river  and  Loyalhanna,  Jacob's,  and  Big 
though  made  in  part  by  some  of  the  mem-  Sewickly  creeks ;  area,  1,040  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in 
bers,  did  not  proceed  from  the  assembly  at  1860,  53,736.    The  S.  E.  part  is  moantaiDous, 
all.    In  the   summer   of  1647  the  Scottish  and  has  a  poor  soil ;  the  other  parts  are  billy 
commissioners  withdrew  from  the  assembly,  and  fertile.    The  productions  in  1850  were 
In  Feb.  1649,  after  it  had   held  1,163  sit-  668,476  bushels  of  wheat,  839,711  of  Indijin 
tings,  the  parliament  by  an  ordinance  changed  com,    1,161,656    of  oats,  1,711,854    Iba.   of 
what  remained  of  the  assembly  into  a  com-  butter,  161,351  of  wool,  and  48,024  tcms  of 
mittee   for  trying  and  examining  ministers,  hay.    There  were  92  grist  milla,  76  saw  milK 
and  in  this  form  it  continued  to  hold  weekly  8  iron  founderies,  5  furnaces,  12  ooUieries,  2S 
sittings  till  the  dissolution  of  the  long  parlia-  salt  establishments,  10  woollen   fiactories^  8 
ment,  March  25,  1652.    The  ^^  Directory  for  wool-carding  miUs,  55  tanneries,  101  churches, 
Public  Worship"  was  adopted  and  ratified  by  and  4  newspaper  offices;  and  in  1S60  there 
the  general  assembly  of  the  church  of  Scotland  were  14,202  pupils  attending  public  schools, 
in  Feb.  1645,  the  ^^  Confession  of  Faith"  in  Iron  ore,  bitummous  coal,  and  salt  are  very 
Aug.  1647,  and  the  catechLsmsin  July,  1648;  abundant.     The   Pennsylvania  canal    pass*^ 
and  these  are  still  the  standards  of  that  estab-  along  the  N.  border,  and  the  county  is  inter- 
lishment.    They  are  also  recognized  in  sub-  sected  by  the  Pennsylvania  central  railroad 
stance  by  the  Free  church  of  Scotland,  and  by  and  its  Blairsville  branch,  and  the  Pittsburg 
the  other  seceding  Presbyterian  bodies  in  that  and  Oonnellsville  and  the  Alleghany  vailej  rail- 
country.    In  England  the  ^^  Directory  for  Pub-  roads.    Capital.  Greenburg.    II.  An  £.  co.  of 
lie  Worship"  was  ratified  by  both  houses  of  Ya.,  separated  n'om  Maryland  by  the  Potomac, 
parliament,  Oct.  2, 1644,  and  the  doctrinal  part  and  bounded  partly  on  the  W.  by  the  Rappa- 
of  the  '^  Confession  of  Faith,"  with  slight  ver-  hannock  river,  occupying  a  part  of  the  penin- 
bal  alterations,  in  March,  1648.    The  presby-  sula  called  the  northern  neck;  area,  816  sq. 
terian  form  of  church  government  was  by  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  8,282,  of  whom  8,704  were 
vote  of  the  house  of  commons  to  be  tried  for  a  slaves.    It  has  a  diversified  surface,  and  the 
Tear,  but  was  never  fully  established  in  Eng-  soil  along  the  streams  is  very  fertile     The 
Ifmd  by  legislative  authority ;  and  at  the  resto-  productions  in  1850  were  82,774  bnahels  of 
ration,  as  none  of  these  acts  had  received  the  wheat,  269,115  of  Indian  com,  and  7,897  of 
royal  sanction,  it  was  not  deemed  necessary  to  oats.    There  were  13  churches,  and  80€  pupils 
pass  any  act  to  restore  episcopacy  to  its  former  attending  public  schools.    The  vsdae  of  real 
authority.    The  confession  of  &ith  and  cate-  estate  in  1856  was  $1,645,203,  being  an  in- 
chism  are  now  the  standard  of  the  English  crease  of  48  per  cent,  since  1850.    This  county 
Presbvterians,  and  of  the  Irish  Presbyterian  was   the   birthplace  of  George  Washington, 
church.    They  have  been  adopted,  with  slight  James  Monroe,  and  Bichard  Henry  Lee.     Cap- 
alterations,  by  all  the  Presbyterian  bodies  in  ital,  Westmoreland  Court  House, 
the   United   States,  and  the  ''Directory  for  WESTMORELAND,  a  N.  co.  of  England. 
Worship,"  with  some  modifications,  is  in  gen-  bounded  N.  and  N.  W.  by  Cumberland,  N.  £. 
eral  use  in  these  bodies.    The  ''  Shorter  Cate-  by  Durham,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  Yorkshire,  S.  by 
chism"  was  also  introduced  into  New  England,  Lancashire,  and  8.  W.  by  Lancashire  and  More- 
as  a  correct  compend  of  doctrine,  by  the  early  oambe  bay;  area,  758  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1861. 
ministers,  and  formed  a  part  of  the  "  New  60,809.    The  surface,  except  that  portion  bor- 
England  Primer,"  which  for  almost  two  cen-  dering  on  Morecambe  bay,  is  mountainous ;  the 
turies  was  the  book  of  primary  instruction  of  Pennine  chain  stretches  across  the  N.  £.,  and 
the  children  of  Puritan  families.    The  Congre-  curving'  forms  the  boundary  between  West- 
gationalists,  as  a  denomination,  recognize  the  morelandand  Yorkshire;  while  the  principal 
confession  of  faith  and  catechisms  as  substan-  chain  of  the  Cumbrian  mountains  extends  from 
tially  an  expression  of  their  doctrintd  views. —  Helvellyn  in  Cumberland  to  Bowfell,  and  sends 
There  is  not,  so  far  as  is  known,  any  complete  a  spur  through  the  centre  of  the  county.   There 
account  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Westminster  are  numerous  small  lakes  in  Westmoreland, 
assembly  of  divines  in  print,  or  in  manuscript,  which  is  frequently  called  the  lake  region  of 
The  official  record  is  said  to  have  been  destroy-  England.    The  most  celebrated  are  the  llle^ 
ed  in  the  great  fire  in  London.    Three  volumes  water,  Grasmere,  Rydal  Water,  and  Winder- 
of  notes  by  Dr.  Thomas  Goodwin,  one  of  its  mere  on  the  western  border.     The  principal 
members,  are  preserved  in  Dr.  Williams's  li-  streams  are  the  Kent,  which  has  a  navigable 
brary,  London ;  and  two  volumes  by  George  estuary  in  the  county,  the   Eden,  and    the 
GUlespie,  one  of  the  Scottish  commissioners,  in  Lune.    The  minerals  are  grmphite,  date,  mar- 
the  advocate's  library,  Edinburgh.    Hethering-  ble,  coal,  lead,  and  copper.    The  soU  is  not  re- 
ton's  ^'History  of  the  Westminster  Assembly  of  markably  fertile,  but  well  adapted  to  grazing. 
Divunes"  (8vo.,  1848)  is  the  only  full  history  of  Large  herds  of  cattle  of  extraordinai^siBe  and 
their  action,  and  the  causes  which  led  to  it.  numerous  fiocks  of  sheep  are  raised.  The  baeon 


trO                   WB8TPHALIA  WEXFOBD 

OnabrttiOk  and  the  other  at  Monster  in  1648.  among  the  European  powers.    AUhonifr  modi* 

The  first  of  these,  ezeoated  Ang.  6,  was  con-  fied  by  the  peace  of  Utrecht  in  1718,  many  of 

daded  between  the  emperor  Ferdinand  TIL  and  its  provisions  and  most  of  its  territorial  divi* 

Sweden  and  its  Protestant  allies ;  the  second,  sions  remained  up  to  the  wars  of  the  beginning 

signed  Oct.    24,  between  the   emperoi:  and  of  the  present  century. 

France  and  its  Catholic  allies.    These  treaties  WET6TEIN,  Johann  Jakob,  a  Swiss  scholar, 

were  the  result  of  long  negotiations  between  born  in  Basel  in  1693,  died  in  Amsterdam  in 

the  envoys  of  France,  Sweden,  the  emperor,  1764.     He  studied  divinity  under  his  nncle 

the  states  of  the  empire,  Venice,  and  the  pope.  Johann  Rudolph   and  the  Hebrew   Inngnatfe 

Spain,  hoping  to  profit  by  the  troubles  of  the  under  Buxtorf  at  Basel,  and  became  a  minister 

F^nde,  refused  to  adhere  to  the  conditions  of  of  the  national  church  in  1713.    He  travelled 

MUnster,  and  continued  the  war  against  France  through  Switzerland,  France,  England,    aiid 

np  to  the  peace  of  the  Pyr6n6es  in  1669.    The  Germany,  to  examine  and  compare  rarioud 

treaties  of  Westphalia  had  reference  to  the  ad-  manuscripts  of  the  New  Testament;    and  in 

Jostment  of  territorial  lines  and  authority,  the  1730  he  published  Prolegomena  ad  Nori  Tetta- 

niture  policy  of  the  high  contracting  parties,  menH  Graci  Editionem  accuratimmaim.     By 

and  the  relations  of  Protestants  and  Catholics,  those  who  feared  that  the  received  text  of  the 

Under  the  first  head  it  was  acknowledged  that  Testament  would  be  unsettled,  he   waa    dt^ 

the  8  bishoprics  and  Alsace,  except  Strasbourg  nounced  before  the  oouncU  of  Basel  aa  an  in- 

and  Montb^iiard,  had  been  conquered  by  France  novator ;  and  he  was  deposed  from  his  ministrv, 

and  were  henceforth  to  belong  to  her.  Sweden  and  a  decree  was  issued  against  his  projected 

was  to  possess  Upper  Pomerania,  the  isle  of  RCl-  new  edition  as  useless  and  dangeroua.     There^ 

gen,  Wismar,  and  the  secularized  archbishopric  upon  he  retired  to  Amsterdam,  where  the  He- 

of  Bremen  and  bishopric  of  Yerden,  with  8  votes  monstrants  or  Arminians  appointed  him  profe<i- 

in  the  diet  of  the  empire  and  6,000,000  rix  dol-  sor  of  philosophy  and  history.    The  decree  of 

lars  for  the  payment  of  her  army;  the  elector  the  council  of  Basel  was  reversed  in  May,  17*>3. 

of  Brandenburg  was  allowed  the  archbishopric  His  edition  of  the  New  Testament,  consisting 

of  Magdeburg^and  the  bishoprics  of  Halberstadt  of  the  received  text,  with  the  variona  reading 

liinden,  and  Kamin,  secularized;  the  duke  oi  and  a  critical  commentary,  was  published  in 

Ifecklenburg,  the  bishoprics  of  Batzeburg  and  1761-2  (2  vols.  foL,  Amsterdam). 

9ch  werin ;  &e  landgrave  of  Hesse  and  the  duke  WETTE,  Wilhblm  Martin  Lebbbxcbt  de. 

of  Brunswick  were  to  have  the  abbeys,  seen-  See  De  Wbttb. 

larized ;  the  elector  palatine,  the  restitution  of  WETZEL,  a  K.  W.  co.  of  Virginia,  border- 

the  Lower  Palatinate  and  of  the  electoral  digni-  ing  on  Pennsylvania,  and  bounded  N.  W.  bv 

ty,  the  Upper  Palatinate  being  left  to  the  duke  the  Ohio  river ;  area,  860  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 

of  Bavaria ;  and  tJie  independence  of  the  Unit-  6,703,  of  whom  10  were  slaves.    Tne  aorfiace  i« 

ed  Provinces  and  of  Switzerland  was  formally  very  hilly  and  the  soil  fertile.    The  prodactioni 

recognized.    The  emperor  was  thenceforward  in  1860  were  12,162  bushels  of  wheat,  124, 1^^^ 

prohibited  from  doing  any  thing  relative  to  of  Indian  com,  8,000  lbs.  of  tobaooo,  and 

the  general  interests  of  the  contracting  parties,  12,869  of  wool.    Iron  ore,  bituminous   coal, 

without  the  approval  of  the  national  diets,  and  limestone  are  found  in  abundance.     The 

The  princes,  states,  and  free  cities  were  to  be  value  of  real  estate  in  1866  was  $891,29^ 

^owed  the  exercise  of  territorial  sovereignty,  being  an  increase  of  49  per  cent,  since  1850. 

that  is,  the  right  to  govern  themselves  and  The  county  is  traversed  along  the  K.  £.  bor> 

their  sulgects,  and  to  make  alliances  either  der  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad.     Cap- 

with  each  other  or  with  foreign  powers ;  their  it^.  New  Martinsville. 

number  was  fixed  at  848,  of  whom  168  were  WEXEOBD,  a  N.  W.  co.  of  Michigan,  not 

secular  princes,  128  ecclesiastics,  and  62  repre-  organized  when  the  census  of  1860  was  taken, 

sentatives  of  imperial  cities.    The  religious  fea-  drained  by  the  Manistee  river  and  its  trib- 

tnres  of  the  treaty  were  as  follows:  the  peace  utaries;  area,  626  sq.  m.    The  surface  is  div^r- 

of  Passau  (1662)  and  that  of  Augsburg  (1666)  sified  by  prairie  and  woodland,  and  is  inter- 

were  confirmed;  the  advantages  wnich  had  been  spersed  with  several  small  lakes,  the  principal 

accorded  to  Lutherans  were  to  be  extended  to  of  which  are  the  Otisgo  lakes  in  the  8.  £.  p&rt. 

O^vinists;  the  public  exercise  of  religion  and  WEXFORD,  a  S.  E.  county  of  Ireland,  prov- 

tiie  enjoyment  of  secularized  ecclesiastical  prop-  ince  of  Leinster,  bounded  ^1 .  by  Wicklow,  £. 

ertv  were  placed  upon  the  same  footing  as  they  and  S.  by  St.  George^s  channel,  S.  W.  by  Water- 

haa  occupied  previous  to  the  year  1624;  24  ford,  and  W.  by  Kilkenny  ana  Oarlow;  area. 

Protestants  were  admitted  into  the  imperial  901  sq.  m.  iPop.  in  1861,  148^94.    The  chief 

chamber,  and  6  into  the  aulio  council.    This  towns  are  Wexford  and  New  Ross.    The  N.  £. 

treaty,  which  from  the  importance  of  its  pro-  part  of  the  coast  is  low,  &ced  by  sand  banks. 

Tiflions  has  been  called  the   ^^  international  and  has  no  harbors,  but  the  S.  £.  and  8.  shon^ 

pode,"  assured  religious  liberty  to  the  Protes-  are  mdented  by  several  bays  and  havens.    The 

tants  of  Germany,  guaranteed  the  equilibrium  surface  in  the  interior  rises  toward  the  N.  W. 

of  Europe,  which  had  been  endangered  by  the  and  becomes  mountainous,  but  the  S.  £.  por> 

predominance  of  the  house  of  Austria,  and  ad-  tion  is  level.    The  chief  rivers  are  the  Slanej, 

Tanced  France  for  the  time  to  the  first  rank  with  its  tributaries  the  Derry  and  Baan,  and 


ITS  WHALE 

tiieir  ioujl  rize  when  oomnared  with  the  tail ;  Important  as  the  whale  has  beento  dTiliudnft- 

When  life  is  extinot  they  fall  over  on  tbe  back ;  tions,  it  is  still  more  so  to  the  arctic  races,  who 

the  yomig  are  also  held  by  these  limbs. — ^In  use  the  oil  to  light  and  warm  their  bats  a&d 

the  hdkmidm  or  baleen  whales  there  are  no  for  drink,  the  blnbber  and  flesh  for  food^  tbe 

teeth  in  the  adcdt,  though  there  are  in  the  em-  internal  membranes  for  articles  of  clothbg 

hryo,  but  from  the  early  ossification  and  coa-  and  as  a  substitute  for  glass  in  their  windows, 

lescenoe  of  the  groove  in  which  they  lie,  they  the  bones  and  baleen  in  making  tenta,  sledg^N 

do  not  come  into  view ;  the  mouth  is  provided  boats,  harpoons,  and  spears,  and  Uie  sioews  for 

With  numerous  plates  of  the  homy  substance  thread.    Gestation  has  been  variously  pl&oed 

well  known  as  whalebone  or  baleen ;  along  the  at  9  to  16  or  18  months;  the  young  messnrti 

oentre  of  the  palate  runs  a  strong  ridge,  and  on  at  birth  10  to  14  feet  in  length,  and  is  tenderly 

each  side  of  this  a  wide  depression  along  which  cared  for  by  the  mother  for  a  year  or  more; 

tho  plates  are  inserted ;  these  are  long  and  flat,  during  nursing  they  gently  roll  from  «de  to 

hanging  free,  placed  transversely,  with  their  side  horizontally,  so  that  each  in  turn  mafbare 

aides  parallel  and  near  each  other ;  the  base  an  opportunity  to  breathe ;  the  young  ^misb 

imd  outer  edge  ar#  solid  whalebone,  but  the  but  little  oil,  and  are  never  struck  by  the  h&r- 

iftner  edge  is  fringed,  filling  up  the  interior  of  poon  unless  to  capture  the  mother  by  meam 

the  mouth  and  acting  as  a  strainer  for  the  food,  of  her  extraordinary  affection  for  her  pro^n;. 

which  consists  objefly  of  the  small  swinuning  According  to  Prof.  J.  Wyman,  in  an  embryo 

moUusks  (like  cUo  horealU)  and  medusa  or  6  inches  long,  the  tail  was  rounded  as  in  tlie 

Jelly  fishes,  very  abundant  in  the  arctic  seas,  manatee,  wiui  a  vertical  crest  above  and  belov 

t  rarely,  if  ever,  swallows  any  thing  larger  it,  and  the  thymus  gland  very  large,  almost 

than  a  herring;  shoals  of  these  small  creatures  enveloping  the  heart.    The  southern  or  Cape 

are  entangled  in  the  fibres  of  the  baleen,  the  whale   {B,  australu,  Desmoulins)   attains  a 

water  which  does  not  escape  by  the  mouth  be-  length  of  50  or  60  feet,  and  has  a  relatively 

Ing  expelled  by  the  blow-holes;   though  the  sm^lerhead  tiian  the  northern  species;  itio- 

oavity  of  the  mouth  is  large  enough  to  contain  habits  the  southern  ocean,  generally  near  tbe 

a  ahip's  long  boat,  the  opening  of  the  gullet  is  coast,  and  in  comparatively  callow  water:  it 

not  lar^r  ihan  a  man's  fist.    The  lower  jaw  goes  up  the  Pacific  even  to  Japan  and  Earn- 

has  neither  baleen  nor  teeth,  but  has  large  tchatka,  the  Atlantic  as  far  as  the  United  States, 

fleshy  lips  within  which  the  upper  is  received  and  all  along  tbe  African  coasts ;  it  is  bunted  is 

when  the  mouth  is  closed.    In  the  genus  hch  siunmer,  when  the  shoals  come  near  tbe  shore 

lana  (Linn.)  there  is  no  dorsal  fin ;  the  baleen  to  produce  their  young ;  the  principal  fisheries 

whales  with  a  dorsal  fin  have  been  described  are  about  New  Zealand  and  S.  Africa.--Tbe 

under   Bobqval.     The    right   or    Greenland  family  phyuterida  or  oatodontida^  or  the  sperm 

whale  (B.  mystieetus^  Linn.)  attains  a  length  whales,  have  no  baleen  plates,  but  40  to  50 

of  60  to  70  feet,  the  tail  being  6  or  6  feet  long  conical  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  witb  interoal 

and  20  to  25  in  width;  the  general  color  is  cavities;  this  is  shorter  and  narrower  than 

blackish  above  and  grayish  white  below ;  pec-  the  upper,  and  completely  enclosed  by  it  when 

torals  8  to  9  feet  long  and  4  or^S  wide;  the  the  mouth  is  shut;  the  teeth  fit  into  cavities  in 

mouth  is  16  or  16  feet  long,  6  to  8  wide,  and  the  upper  jaw,  which  has  some  radimentary 

10  to  12  high  inside,  presenting  a  sigmoid  curve  teeth  concealed  in  the  gums ;  the  bead  is  of 

when  shut;  the  eyes  are  not  larger  than  those  enormous  size,  i  the  whole  length  of  the  body. 

of  an  ox,  with  a  white  iris,  and  placed  about  a  nearly  cylindrical,  truncated  in  front  with  a 

foot  obliquely  above  and  behind  the  angle  of  single /-shaped  blow-hole  in  the  anterior  mar- 

the  mouth ;  the  tongue  is  soft,  thick,  fatty,  and  gin  of  the  snout ;  the  greater  part  of  the  bulk 

Tory  slightly  movable ;  the  tail  is  of  immense  of  the  head  is  made  up  of  a  cartilaginous  cl- 

power,  whether  as  an  instrument  of  progres-  velope  or  ^^  case,'*  containing  an  oily  noid  baid- 

mon  or  for  striking  its  animal  or  human  pur-  ening  on  exposure  to  the  air,  and  well  known 

auers.    The  ordinary  rate  of  progress  is  4  or  6  as  spermaceti ;  there  is  a  false  tn  or  protnber- 

miles  an  hour ;  they  swim  not  far  beneath  the  ance  on  the  hind  part  of  the  back.    The  oM 

aur&ce,  and  throw  themselves  in  sport  entire-  genus  physeter  (Linn.)  has  been  varionaly  sub- 

ly  out  of  water ;  they  are  fond  of  immersing  the  divided  by  modem  authors,  and  not  always  on 

Dody  perpendicularly  and  fiapping  the  tail  on  what  seem  sufficient  grounds.   The  beet  known 

the  surfiace,  making  a  sound  heard  for  2  or  8  and  largest  of  the  sperm  whales  is  the  P.  "^* 

miles ;  they  usually  come  up  every  8  or  10  min-  erocephalus  (Shaw),  or  blunt-headed  cachaiL^t 

tttes,  but  can  remain  down  half  an  hour  or  more ;  of  the  whalemen ;  it  belongs  to  the  genos  wUf 

they  generally  keep  on  the  surface  about  2  don  of  Lac6p^e.     The  males  attain  a  length 

minutes,  during  which  they  blow  8  or  9  times,  of  60  to  76  feet,  and  the  females  are  abont  b^ 

and  then  descend;  they  feed  swinuning  just  be-  as  long;  the  color  is  blackish  and  greeni^ 

low  the  surface,  with  the  mouth  wide  open,  gray  above,  whitish  beneath  and  abont  tue 

They  are  found  in  most  parts  of  the  arctic  seas,  eyes.    The  skeleton  is  very  similar  to  that  ot 

ttid  are  specially  hunted  by  American  and  Eng-  the  dolphin,  except  in  the  head;  tbe  cerrics'^ 

Msh  whalers  about  BafiSn^s  bay;  the  vessela  ar-  are  7  and  united  except  the  first,  dorsals  H  or 

Hve  about  the  end  of  April,  and  continually  16  with  as  many  pairs  of  ribs,  and  the  other 

keep  a  sharp  lookout    (See  Whau  EiaHxanr.)  Tertebr»  88  to  40,  with  strong  processes  " 


S74  WSAJLR  £1SH£BT 

under  oommand  of  the  boat  steerer,  so  called,  whales  wvre  abundant  in  Baffin^s  bay  andaloiv 

though  his  daties  are  not  confined  to  steering  tiieW.  ooast  of  Greenland,  but  after  BomeTeus 

the  boat    Each  man  of  the  crew,  from  the  cap-  they  deserted  that  region  altogether.  Thej 

tain  to  the  cabin  boy,  has  an  interest  in  the  were  next  found  in  Hudson's  bay,  and  ^hao 

fbtore  cargo,  and  this  interest,  technically  call-  driven  thence  they  appeared  in  great  nomben 

^  a  ^^  lay,"  constitutes  his  compensation  for  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  America,  and  in  the  vi- 

the  Toyage.    With  the  common  sailors  this  lay  dnity  of  Behring^s  straits.    Here  and  vitLk 

is  firom  ^ii  ^  t4t)  ^^  ^  ^^®  vessel  is  large  tJ^  the  Arctic  ocean  they  continued  to  be  abundatt 

of  the  proceeos  of  the  cargo.    The  owners  for  a  number  of  years,  when  they  abuidon«d 

make  advances  to  the  hands  of  clothing  and  that  region,  and  of  late  have  been  fomd  ii 

other  necessaries,  to  be  deducted  at  the  end  of  great  numbers  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  HucUod*! 

the  voyage  firom  their  lay.    The  boat  steerers  bay. — The  implements  used  for  the  captore  of 

receive  from  ^  to  jij^  according  to  the  size  of  the  whale  are  the  harpoon,  the  lance,  and  the 

the  vessel,  and  the  nigher  officers  more  in  pro-  harpoon  gun.    The  harpoon  is  a  heavy  barM 

portion.    The  voyage  of  a  sperm  whaler  usual-  iron,  very  sharp  on  the  cutting  edges,  b^ 

ly  lasts  8  or  4  seasons  or  years;  that  of  a  right  ing  a  shank  putly  of  wood  2i  or  8  feet  m 

whaler  one  or  two  seasons,  and  occasionally,  if  length,  and  attached  to  a  strong  rope  oarefiuly 

luck  is  poor,  8  seasons.    It  is  not  uncommon  coiled  in  a  tub ;  it  is  hurled  by  the  boat  steenr 

for  a  rignt  whale  ship,  especially  if  she  comea  with  his  utmost  force  at  tiie  moment  when  t^e 

Qp<m  a  new  whaling  ground,  to  fill  up  com-  boat  is  nearest  to  the  whale,  and  if  possible  is 

pfetely  and  return  within  a  twelvemonth. —  contact  with  it.    The  lance  is  a  long  spear-lib 

llie  prindpal  species  of  whale  hunted  have  instrument,  the  head  ovid,  and  the  blade  5  or 

been  described  in  the  article  Whale.     The  6  inches  long  and  2i  to  8  wide,  not  ver  j  thick* 

halana  my$Ueeta,  or  right  whale,  is  found  with  but  with  keen  cutting  edges,  the  shank  fitted 

rare  exceptions  only  within  the  arctic  cirde,  with  a  long  wooden  handle ;  it  is  used  oidy 

and  is  the  source  from  which  most  of  the  whale  when  the  whale  rises  after  bdng  struck  deeplj 

or  '*  train*'  oil  is  derived.    Its  congener,  the  with  one  or  more  harpoons,  and  is  apparentlj 

halana  awtralu  or  Gape  whale,  has  not  been  so  much  exhausted,  when  it  is  thrust  if  posdbk 

long  or  so  closely  hunted  as  the  right  whale,  into  a  vital  part.    The  harpoon  gun  is  an  Eog- 

and  its  range  is  greater,  extending  from  within  lish  or  Dutch  invention  for  hurling  the  bar- 

the  antarctic  cirde  to  the  £.  and  W.  coasts  of  poon  by  the  force  of  powder  instead  of  hnman 

America  and  Africa,  and  the  £.  coast  of  Asia,  musde;  though  usea  to  some  extent,  it  has 

Its  oil  and  whalebone  are  not  so  highly  valued  not  much  reputation  among  the  older  whale 

as  those  of  the  right  whale.    The  finback  (see  men.    Bome  ot^er  improvements  have  been 

Bosqual)  is  less  abundant  and  less  easily  cap-  attempted  in  the  apparatus  for  killing  whaltf ; 

tured,  but  its  oil  is  of  good  quality.    The  bow-  one  instrument  had  in  the  shank  of  the  harpoon 

head  whale,  also  a  Intlama^  is  found  only  in  the  a  falminating  powder,  which  was  exploded  by 

aea  of  Okhotsk  and  the  Arctic  ocean.   All  these  the  whale  in  running  after  being  struck  bj 

are  inhabitants  of  cold  latitudes,  and  the  vessels  the  harpoon ;  another  contained  a  bottle  d 

Intended  for  hunting  them  are  required  to  be  prussic  acid,  which  it  was  expected  wooid  be 

stronger  and  better  provided  with  material  for  crushed  and  absorbed  into  the  blood  vessels  of 

resistmg  the  intense  cold  than  those  intended  for  the  whale  in  the  aame  way ;  Vut  most  vhale 

hunting  the  sperm  whale  (phyMter  maerocepha-  men  eschew  these  inventions,  and  adhere  to  the 

Iim),  which  is  only  found  in  tropical  and  semi-  harpoon  and  lance. — The  process  of  capture i^ 

tropical  latitudes.    There  are  other  genera  and  substantially  the  following:  When  the  wbak 

apeloiea  of  the  sperm  whale,  but  all  are  charac-  ahip  arrives  in  the  vicinity  of  a  whaling  groaud, 

terized  by  the  absence  of  the  baleen  or  whale-  a  lookout  is  stationed  at  the  masthead.  As  aooo 

bone,  the  presence  of  conical  teeth  from  8  as  a  whale  is  discovered,  the  whale  boats  an 

Inches  to  a  foot  in  length,  and  the  reservoir  of  lowered,  and  each  crew  exerts  its  utmost  stieogu 

Bpermaoeti  and  sperm  oil  in  the  head. — ^The  to  reach  the  whale  first.    If  the  crews  of  two 

right  whale  ships  leave  their  ports  m  April  or  ships  spy  the  whale  at  the  aame  time,  as  some- 

May,  so  aa  to  take  advantage  of  the  abort  arctic  times  occurs,  the  rivalry  is  still  more  intense; 

summer ;  or  if  they  are  to  hunt  whales  on  the  the  boats  almost  fly  over  the  water.  In  the  bov 

K.  W.  coast,  they  go  in  the  autumn  to  reach  sits  the  boat  steerer  or  harpooner*  with  his  tab 

there  the  ensuing  summer,  stopping  for  a  while  at  his  feet,  the  harpoon  and  9  or  8  ooils  of  the 

at  the  Bay  of  Islands,  New  Zealand,  or  the  rope  ready  to  be  seized  at  ^e  right  instaut;  he 

Padfio  islands  to  hunt  sperm  whales.     For  stimulates  his  crew  oonstanlJy  to  still  greater 

hunting  the  Oape  or  antarctic  whale  they  also  exertion,  and  at  the  proper  moment  he  seues 

leave  port  in  the  autumn,  usuaUy  stopping  at  the  harpoon  in  his  ri^t  nand  and  the  coilot 

St.  Helena  on  their  outward  and  return  voyage,  rope  in  his  left,  and,  as  the  bow  of  the  boat 

either  for  more  hands  or  for  farther  supplies. '    * 

The  sperm  whalers  can  sail  at  any  season,  but  .  •  Fornariy  the  fi>rwwd  ouhbm  on  ^^^^ 

MuaUy  prefer  leayin*  port  in  the  ajtumn.  ^^S^i^l^^iS^SZ^::^^^^^^^ 

The  haunts  of  the  right  whale  have  changed  exbuBtton  of  Ui«  (Mnnm  ftom  rowii«,  wbMi  «^!^ 

onder  ti>e  eor«rt«nt  pnnmit  of  its  o«pto«.    In  gHS.tSSS.rth^S.Snr'X'rffiS  ^'^  " 

Bw  etrljr  put  of  ue  preaent  oentory  ri^  th..^^.,  which  tMbwftoXrfgwtidmm' 


S76  WHALE  FISHERY 

gas  and  mineral  oils,  and  the  production  of  nets  received  was  £487,288.  In  1842  the  mnh 
stearine  and  paraffine,  which  to  a  considerable  ber  of  ships  was  75,  and  the  yalae  of  prodocts 
extent  have  taken  the  place  of  spermaceti ;  and  £864,680.  In  1852  only  4  ships  were  sent  out, 
&e  substitution  of  steel  for  whalebone  in  many  and  the  entire  tonnage  belonging  in  England  en- 
articles  of  female  clothing,  umbrellas,  parasols,  gaged  in  the  business  was  only  16,113.  In  the 
and  tiie  like,  and  of  hard  rubber  or  vulcanite  Australian  and  Kew  Zealand  colonies,  howcTer, 
in  other  cases  in  which  it  was  formerly  used,  small  vessels  are  fitted  out  in  considenble 
In  1880  there  were  102,000  tons  of  shipping  en-  numbers  for  the  pursuit  of  the  Cape  and  spenn 
gaged  in  the  whale  fishery  from  Unit^  States  whale,  and  from  their  proximity  to  the  huntiDg 
ports,  of  which  62,000  were  in  the  sperm  and  grounds  they  are  able  to  complete  the  Tojage 
40,000  in  the  right  whale  fishery.  About  in  a  sinffle  season.  France  in  1887  had  44  bbipi 
8,000  seamen  were  engaged  in  it.  The  prod-  engaged  in  the  whaling  business,  meflsurin^ 
nets  of  the  fishery  for  that  year  were  106,800  19,128  tons,  and  with  crews  numbering  1,615 
bbls.  of  sperm  oil,  116,000  bbls.  of  whale  oil,  and  men.  In  1858  she  had  only  3  ships,  nieasariiu: 
120,000  lbs.  of  whalebone ;  and  2,500,000  lbs.  1,650  tons,  and  the  products  were  valaed  ^ 
of  sperm  candles  were  made.  In  1840  the  ton-  982,180  francs.  Holland,  which  was  odci? 
nage  employed  had  increased  to  187,000.  In  largely  interested  in  this  fishery,  has  al^o 
1850  it  was  181,644,  and  the  receipts  of  the  almost  entirely  abandoned  it,  having  in  18a4 
year  ending  June  80,  1857,  were  99,961  bbls.  only  8  vessels  engaged  in  it.  From  some  of  the 
of  sperm  oil,  928,488  bbls.  of  whale  oil,  and  English,  German,  and  Danish  ports  small  fi^b- 
8,916,500  lbs.  of  whalebone.  In  1858, 240  ves-  ing  smacks  go  out  to  capture  the  beluga  or  white 
sels  arrived,  and  their  cargoes  were  108,077  fieub,  a  smaller  species  of  whale,  which  is  occ»> 
bbls.  sperm  oil,  260,114  bbls.  whale  oil,  and  sionally  found  in  shoals  on  the  English  and  Scut- 
5,652,800  lbs.  bone.  This  was  the  highest  tish  coasts,  and  in  the  North  sea.  OntbecoaFt 
point  reached  except  in  whale  oil,  which  had  of  Brazil,  a  small  black  whale  (^^o&ioe^^aM  is 
attained  to  its  highest  amount  in  1850-^51.  In  found,  which  is  himted  in  boats  from  the  shore, 
1857  tJie  entire  whaling  fleet  from  the  United  and  about  100  are  taken  annually. — ^The  whale 
States  consisted  of  670  vessels,  of  which  858  fishery  has  been  prosecuted  for  more  than  6oO 
were  ships,  259  barks,  17  brigs,  and  46  schoon-  years.  The  bay  of  Biscay  in  the  12tb,  ISth, 
ers ;  the  aggregate  tonnage  was  220,000,  and,  and  14th  centuries  swarmed  with  one  of  the 
reckoning  the  value  of  whaling  property  as  is  smaller  species  of  whale,  probably  either  the 
usually  done  at  $100  per  ton,  the  investment  beluga  or  globiocephalus,  and  the  Biscayans  be- 
was  $22,000,000.  At  the  close  of  the  year  came  adepts  in  their  capture.  They  used  the 
1860  the  number  of  vessels  had  diminished  to  fiesh  as  food,  and  the  baleen  or  whalebone  (lor 
514,  with  an  aggregate  measurement  of  160,841  the  whales  they  caught  were  right  and  do! 
tons ;  the  receipts  of  the  year  were  78,708  bbls.  n>erm  whales)  was  sold  at  a  high  price.  Af^^r 
sperm  and  140,005  bbls.  whale  oil,  and  1,887, 650  the  discovery  of  America,  the  voy  ages  of  English 
lbs.  whalebone.  In  June,  1861,  the  amount  and  Dutch  explorers  to  the  northern  seas  led 
of  tonnage  engaged  in  the  business  had  fallen  to  the  discovery  of  the  nortitem  haunts  of  the 
to  145,784,  a  loss  of  probably  40  to  50  vessels,  balana  or  great  ^^  right^'  whale,  and  the  Dutch 
The  receipts  for  that  year  are  not  reported,  entered  largely  into  the  whale  fishery.  Grest 
The  larger  part  of  the  bone  and  about  half  the  numbers  were  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
tperm  oil  are  exported.  In  1856  the  exports  island  of  Spitzbergen,  and  the  Dutch  erected  • 
were  29,052  bbls.  sperm  oil,  971  bbls.  whale  considerable  village,  which  they  named  Smec^ 
oil,  and  2,000,784  lbs.  bone;  in  1860,  82,792  renberg  (smeeren,  to  melt),  on  the  coast  of  that 
bbls.  sperm  oU,  18,007  bbls.  whale  oil,  and  island  as  a  resort  for  their  ships  for  boiliitg 
011,226  lbs.  whalebone.  The  value  of  these  the  blubber.  After  some  years  the  wbaie« 
exports  in  1660  was :  sperm  oil,  $1,789,089  ;  abandoned  the  shores  of  8pitzbergen  and  were 
whale  oil,  $587,547 ;  whalebone,  $896,298 ;  found  on  the  Greenland  coasts,  and  the  Dutch 
jpermaceti,  $51,829.  The  prices  of  these  ar-  ships  brought  the  blubber  home.  In  1614  the 
tides  have  varied  greatly  during  the  last  12  fishery  was  made  a  monopoly  of  a  single  com- 
years.  The  crude  whale  oil  in  1849  was  worth  pany,  but  in  1642  it  was  thrown  open  to  all 
t6  cts.  per  gallon ;  in  1852,  75  cts. ;  in  1858,  who  chose  to  enter  upon  it,  and  for  the  next  50 
(^  ets. ;  in  1856, 75  cts. ;  in  1861,  40  cts.  The  years  the  Dutch  were  the  oil  factors  of  Europe. 
manufactured  whale  oil  was  49  cts.  in  1849,  In  1680  they  had  260  ships  and  about  14,(>00 
f6  in  1856,  and  57  in  1861.  The  crude  sperm  sailors  engaged  in  this  fishery ;  but  from  that 
oil  was  $1.04  in  1849,  $1.25  in  1858,  $1.80  in  time  their  trafiic  in  oil  began  gradually  to  de 
1866,  and  $1.87  in  1861.  The  manufactured  dine.  England  attempted  to  take  the  pl:^^ 
•perm  at  the  same  dates  was  $1.12,  $1.81,  which  Holland  had  occupied  in  the  fisher},  hot 
fi2.06,  and  $1.60.  Whalebone  in  1849  was  with  slight  success.  In  1782  she  offered  ^ 
29  ots.  per  lb. ;  in  1858,  81  cts. ;  in  1856,  62  bounty  of  20  shillings  a  ton  to  every  ship  en- 
oto. ;  in  1858,  $1 ;  and  in  1861,  75  cts. — ^The  gi^ng  in  the  capture  of  whales,  and  in  1749 
whale  fishery  in  Great  Britain,  once  of  consid-  raised  it  to  40  shillings ;  but  even  this  Itrffi 
«rable  magnitude,  has  of  late  years  been  almost  bounty  brought  a  comparatively  small  nanber 
Mitirdy  abandoned.  In  1888  there  were  129  of  ships  into  the  business.  In  1815,  when  the 
•hipe  engaged  in  it,  and  the  value  of  the  prod-  fishery  was  at  its  heighti  there  were  only  1^ 


8T8  WEABOOS  WHATOOlC 

Ibnoe  of  PlnraHtieB'*  (8to.,  1698) ;   an  8to.  onoe  took  high  rank  as  a  debater,  and  so  aeal- 

pamphlet  containing  severe  strictures  on  Bnr-  ons  was  his  support  of  the  ministry,  that  widtia 

net^s  history ;  and  edited  some  previously  nn-  a  year  he  was  created  duke  of  Wharton  in  the 

published  works  by  the  Venerable  Bede,  and  English  peerage — ^an  almost  nnezampled  in- 

the  *^  History  of  Ihe  Troubles  and  Trials  of  stance  of  promotion.    In  1780  he  took  his  seat 

Archbishop  Laud.'*    Two  volumes  of  his  ser-  in  the  English  house  of  peers,  where,  with  a 

mons  were  published  after  his  death.  total  disregard  of  his  own  interests,  he  soon 

WHAHTON,  Thomas  WnABifoN,  marquis  o^,  threw  the  weight  of  his  brilliant  talenta  into 

an  English  statesman,  bom  about  1640,  died  m  the  scale  against  the  ministry.    Wittiin  3  yean 

London,  April  2, 1716.    He  was  the  eldest  son  his  estate,  esthnated  at  £16,000  a  year,  had  he- 

of  Philip,  4th  Baron  Wharton,  a  rigid  adherent  come  so  involved  hy  his  extravagance  that  it 

to  the  parliament  during  the  dyil  wars,  and  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  trustees  for  the 

with  his  father  was  among  the  first  to  join  the  henent  of  his  creditors,  an  annnil  allowance 

prince  of  Orange  upon  his  arrival  in  England  of  £1,200  being  made  to  him ;  and  early  in 

in  1688.     He  held  several  important  offices  1724,  having  for  several  months  previous  edited 

nnder  William  III.,  and  subsequently  acted  as  a  semi-weekly  political  paper  called  the  ^*-  True 

one  of  the  commissioners  for  arranging  the  Briton,"  he  left  England  for  ever,  and  went  to 

treaty  of  union  with  Scotland.     He  succeeded  Vienna,  where  he  attracted  much  attention, 

to  his  father's  title  in  1696,  and  in  1706  was  Repairing  thence  to  Madrid,  he  treated  with 

created  Viscount  Winchenden  and  earl  of  Whar-  contempt  an  order  under  the  privy  seal  earn- 

ton.    In  1708  he  was  appointed  lord  lieutenant  moning  him  home ;  and  in  1726,  immediately 

of  Ireland,  which  office  he  held  for  two  years ;  upon  tiie  death  of  his  wife,  whom  he  had  d> 

and  upon  the  accession  of  (George  I.  he  was  ways  neglected,  he  was  married  to  If  iseO^Byraa 

created  marquis  of  Wharton,  and  lord  privy  the  daughter  of  an  Irish  colonel  in  the  Spanish 

seal  in  the  Halifax  ministry.    He  was  through-  service.    He  soon  made  no  secret  of  his  adher- 

out  life  a  devoted  whig,  and  unrivalled  as  a  ence  to  the  pretender,  from  whom  he  accepted 

party  manager,  but,  according  to  his  political  the  order  of  ibe  garter;  and  at  the  siege  of 

adversaries,  utterly  void  of  principle  in  every  Gibraltar  in  1727  he  openly  appeared  in  ann« 

thing  but  politics,  at  once  a  libertine,  liar,  and  among  the  enemies  of  his  country,  acting  as 

hlasphemer  without  parallel;  an  opinion  in  aide-de-camp  to  the  count  of  Torres.     The 

which  Macaulay  and  other  later  writers  agree,  king  of  Spain  rewarded  him  with  the  colonelcr 

Swift  says :  *^  He  was  the  most  universal  villain  of  an  Iriui  regiment  in  the  Spanish  service,  biiit 

I  ever  knew.^'    According  to  Bishop  Percy,  he  in  England  he  was  attainted  for  high  treason 

was  the  author  of  the  famous  Irish  ballad  of  anddispossessedof  the  remnant  of  his  property. 

'^  Lillibulero." — Philip  Wharton,  duke  of,  son  The  remainder  of  his  life  was  passed  in  w^ 

of  the  preceding,  horn  in  Dec.  1698,  died  in  dering  from  place  to  place  as  caprice  or  neces- 

Catalonia,  Spain,  May  81, 1781.  Being  intended  sity  impelled  him,  his  means  of  support  beic? 

by  his  father  for  public  life,  he  was  early  imbu-  chiefly  derived  from'  the  contributions  of  }  i$ 

ed  with  whig  doctrines,  and  for  the  purpose  of  friends.    He  died  at  a  little  village  in  Cata]o> 

confirming  him  in  these  views,  it  was  ^thought  nia,  whither  he  had  gone  with  the  hope  of 

essential  to  educate  him  in  the  Presbyterian  recovering  his  health  by  the  use  of  a  mineral 

faith.    He  inherited  however  his  father^s  vola-  spring,  from  which  he  had  previously  derived 

tile  disposition  and  his  tastes  for  debauchery  benefit;  and  being  utterly  destitute,  he  wis 

and  extravagance,  and  at  16  years  of  age  made  buried  by  the  charity  of  the  monks  of  a  neigb- 

A  private  marriage  with  a  lady  far  inferior  in  boring  convent.     His  duchess  survived  bim 

rank  to  himself^  which  so  disconcerted  the  am-  nearly  half  a  century,  dying  in  London  in  1777. 

bitious  schemes  of  his  parents  that  they  both  His  character  has  been  drawn  by  Pope  in  tbe 

died  heart-broken,  it  is  said,  within  a  year,  lines  in  the  ^^  Moral  Essays'^  commencinir: 

In  conformity  with  his  father^s  plans,  however,  **  Wharton,  the  scorn  and  wonder  of  our  daya'* 

he  repaired  in  1716  to  Geneva  to  complete  his  in  which  he  is  held  up  as  an  example  of  tbe 

education,  but  soon  parted  from  his  Galvinist  evil  effiscts  of  indulging  the  **  lust  of  praise/' 

tutor,  and  travelled  to  Avignon,  where  he  which  was  his  ruling  passion.  In  1782  appealed 

had  an  interview  with  the  pretender  and  re-  the  *'  life  and  Writings  of  Philip,  late  Buke  of 

cei ved  from  him  the  title  of  duke  of  Korthum-  Wharton"  (2  vols.  8vo.),  containing  hia  '*  True 

berland.    He  next  repaired  to  Paris,  where  he  Briton"  papers  and  speech  in  defence  of  Atter- 

wasonfriendlytermswiththe  widow  of  James  bury;  and  there  is  another  publication  in  S 

n.,  the  queen  dowager  of  England,  from  whom  vols.  8vo.,  purporting  to  contain  the  poetical 

he   borrowed  £2,000,  which  she  raised   by  works  of  himself  and  his  friends.    He  was  t 

pawning  her  jewels,  and  which  he  is  said  to  warm  patron  of  the  poet  Young,  who  dedicated 

have  promised  to  employ  in  furthering  the  in-  to  him  his  tragedy,  *^  The  Revenge." 
terests  of  the  Jacobites.    Returning  to  England       WHATCOM,  a  N.  W.  oo.  of  Washington  ter- 

in  the  latter  part  of  1716,  he  was  permitted  ritory,  bordering  on  the  British  posaessioDs  aod 

■oon  after,  though  scarcely  19  years  of  age,  to  on  the  gulf  of  Georgia,  bounded  8.  by  the 

take  his  seat  in  the  Irish  house  of  peers  as  earl  Taxpam  river,  and  drained  by  Skaget  an  J  Span- 

of  Rathfarnham  and  marquis  of  Oatherlough,  ish  rivers ;  area,  about  800  so.  m. ;  pop.  in  I860, 

Irish  tidea  inherited  from  his  father.    He  at  852.    Mt  Baker  liea  on  the  £.  border,  and  tbe 


WHEATOV  WHSATCnoinC 

came  reporter  of  the  deoiiloiiB  of  the  sapreme  of  tiie  Northmen.'*  Li  1686  ye  **  Slemeiits  of 
ooort  of  the  United  States,  whioh  offiee  he  held  International  Law''  appeared  in  England  and 
nntU  1827.  £Qs  reports  extend  to  12  yolnmes,  the  United  States.  In  1841  he  wrote  a  pnie 
and  contain,  as  a  German  author  says,  "  the  essay  for  the  French  inatitnte,  nnder  the  title 
golden  book  of  American  law."  The  familiar-  of  HUUnre  du  droit  des  gena  en  Europe,,  depni$ 
ify  of  Mr.  Wheaton  with  the  langaages  and  liter-  la  paix  de  Weatphalie  juiou^au  congrit  de  Ft- 
atnre,  and  particularly  the  legal  systems,  of  En-  enne.  In  1846  this  work,  greatly  enlarged, 
rope,  enabled  him  to  record  the  application  of  appeared  in  Leipsio  and  Paris.  An  Engli^ 
every  branch  of  public  and  municipal  law  to  translation  under  the  title  of  ^  History  of  the 
the  diversified  objects  of  international  and  fed-  Law  of  Nations  in  Europe  and  America,  from 
eral  relations,  as  well  as  of  private  rights.  The  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Treaty  of  Washmg- 
character  which  he  acquired  as  a  repori»r  was  ton,"  was  publidied  in  New  York  in  l&4o. 
unrivalled.  Mr.  Lawrence,  in  his  introductory  The  object  of  this  work  is  to  trace  the  progress 
remarks  to  the  author^s  ^^  Elements  of  Interna-  which  the  law  of  nations  has  made  since  the 
tional  Law,"  in  speaking  of  these  admirable  treaty  of  Westphalia,  and  it  may  be  said  to  oo 
reports,  says  Mr.  Wheaton*^  did  not  confine  him  oupy  aplace  never  before  filled  in  the  liters- 
self  to  a  summary  of  the  able  arguments  by  ture  of  the  English  or  any  other  language.  It 
which  the  cases  are  elucidated,  but  there  is  has  ever  since  its  publication  been  regarded 
scarcely  a  proposition  on  any  of  the  diversified  throughout  Europe  as  a  standard  anthority. 
eubjects  to  which  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court  The  6th  and  greatly  enlarged  edition  of  hi^ 
extends,  that  might  give  rise  to  serious  doubts  "  IHements  of  International  Law"  was  publish- 
in  the  profession,  that  is  not  explained,  not  ed  in  Boston  in  1856.  A  7th  edition  of  the 
merely  by  a  citation  of  authorities  adduced  by  work  is  in  press  (1862),  xmder  the  editorial  care 
counsel,  but  copious  notes  present  the  views  of  Mr  William  j^each  Lawrence,  brinmig  tb« 
which  tiie  publicists  and  civilians  have  taken  subject  down  to  the  present  time.  In  1842 
of  the  question."  During  this  period  Mr.  Mr.  Wheaton  published  in  Philadelphia  ^*  An 
Wheaton  was  a  constant  contributor  to  the  Inquiry  into  the  British  Claim  of  a  Right  of 
*^  American  Quarterly,"  the  **  North  American  Search  of  American  Vessels."  In  1843  he  wns 
Review,"  and  other  periodical  publications,  elected  a  corresponding  member  of  the  FreDch 
and  delivered  several  addresses  before  the  institute,  and  in  the  following  year  a  foreicn 
literary  societies  of  New  York.  The  anniver-  member  of  the  royal  academy  of  science  vi 
sary  address  before  the  historical  society  in  Berlin.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in 
1820,  upon  the  ^^  Science  of  Public  or  Interna-  1847.  A  public  dinner  was  given  him  in  New 
tional  Law,"  contains  the  germ  of  his  great  York,  and  a  similar  compliment  was  tendt- rtd 
works  on  the  law  of  nations.  In  1821  he  was  to  him  in  Philadelphia.  His  last  literary  di^ 
elected  a  delegate  from  the  city  of  New  York  course  was  delivered  before  the  Phi  Beta  Eap- 
to  the  convention  for  forming  a  new  constitu-  pa  society  of  Brown  university,  Sept.  1,  1M7, 
tion  for  the  state.  In  1825  he  was  associated  being  an  "  Essay  on  the  Progress  and  Prospect* 
with  Mr.  Benjamin  E.  Butler,  afterward  at-  of  Germany."  During  the  following  winter  Le 
tomey-general  of  the  United  States,  and  Mr.  was  to  have  read  a  course  of  lectures  on  in- 
John  Duer  in  a  commission  for  revising  the  temational  law  before  the  law  institute  of 
statute  law  of  New  York.  In  the  following  Harvard  university,  and  had  he  lived  woold 
year  he  publidied  the  ^*  Life  of  William  Pink-  have  been  appointed  to  a  professorship  of  civil 
ney,"  and  subsequently  wrote  an  abridgment  and  international  law,  which  was  about  to  be 
of  it  for  Sparks^s  *^  American  Biography."  ^  In  established  in  that  instituti<xi.  He  received  the 
1827  he  was  appointed  by  President  Adams  degree  ofLL.D.  from  Brown  university  in  1819. 
charg^d^afifaires  to  Denmark,  being  the  first  reg-  from  Hamilton  college,  N.  Y.,  in  1843,  and 
nlar  diplomatic  agent  from  the  United  States  to  from  Harvard  college  in  1846. 
that  country,  and  resided  at  Oopenhagen  until  WHEATSTONE,  GHAmJcs,  an  English  ex- 
1836,  when  he  was  appointed  by  President  perimental  philosopher,  bom  in  Gloucester  in 
Jackson  minister  resident  to  the  court  of  Pms-  1802.  He  was  engaged  from  early  youth  iii 
sia.  Two  years  later  he  was  made  minister  the  manufiioture  of  mudcal  instruments,  and 
plenipotentiary  by  President  Van  Buren,  which  for  the  purpose  of  perfecting  them  devoted 
ofiioe  he  retained  until  1846.  In  1831  ap-  great  attention  to  the  laws  of  sound  and  their 
peared  his  *'  History  of  the  Northmen,  from  application  to  music.  From  these  he  was  led 
the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Oonquest  of  England  to  investigate  those  of  light,  and  to  make  no- 
by  William  of  Normandy"  (London  and  Phila*  merous  experiments  in  optics  and  acoustics, 
delphia),  which  was  translated  into  French  some  of  which  were  published  in  the  *^  Jonnial 
by  M.  Guillot  and  published  in  Paris  (1844),  of  the  Royal  Institulion"  and  in  the  ^^Pfailo- 
under  the  eye  of  the  author,  and  with  notes  sophical  Magazine."  In  1838  he  commimicated 
and  additions  fr^m  his  pen.  At  the  time  of  to  the  royal  society,  through  Prof.  Faraday. 
Mr.  Wheaton^s  death,  he  was  engaged  upon  a  a  paper  on  "  Acoustic  figures,'*  and  the  next 
new  and  greatly  enlarged  edition  of  this  work,  year  his  celebrated  ^'  Accoimt  of  some  Experi- 
The  *'  History  of  Scandinavia"  (1888)  was  the  ments  to  measure  the  Velocity  of  Electridtj  and 
joint  production  of  Mr.  Wheaton  and  Dr.  Crich-  the  Duration  of  Electric  light."  He  was  ap- 
too,  and  intended  as  a  seqnel  to  the  *^  History    pointed  the  same  year  (1684)  proftMor  of  expei^ 


S84  WHEEL 

teeth,  two  disks  are  fixed  upon  the  shaft,  with    pared  with  that  o^its  driver,  in  toothed,  as  also 
pins  or  rollers  extending  between  them,  with    in  band  and  rolllDg  contact  wheels,  can  &YKii\h 
which  the  teeth  or  cogs  of  another  wheel  en-    be  expressed  by  Sie  inverse  ratio  of  the  cir- 
gage,  this  arrangement  is  a  trundle  or  lantern,    cumferences,  or  of  the  diameters,  or  of  the  mdil 
Pin  wheels  are  those  having  short  round  pins,    according  to  convenience.     Hence,  also,  to  find 
usually  upon  t^e  side,  acting  upon  a  trundle  or    the  comparison  of  the  velocity  of  the  h>t 
toothed  wheel.    Wheels  with  teeth,  properly    wheel  in  any  train  with  that  of  the  first,  it  in 
Bocalled,  are  mainly  of  two  kinds:  spur  wheels,    only  necessary  to  find  the  inverse  ratios  of 
in  which  the  teeth  at  the  periphery  point  from    the  couples  of  wheels  successively  throDghoot 
the  centre;  and  crown  wheels,  in  which  they    the  train,  and  multiply  these;    their  prodict 
are  on  the  side,  and  point  parallel  with  the  axis    will  be  the  ratio  sought.    When  it  is  desired 
of  motion.    In  contact  by  rolling,  or  by  spur    to  regulate  the  transmitted  velocity  at  wit],  the 
or  crown  wheels,  the  two  shafts  so  connected    most  common  method  is  by  use  of  speed-con« 
must  turn  in  opposite  directions ;  and  to  secure    — two  cones  with  axes  parallel,  but  tapering 
a  common  direction  a  third  wheel  must  be  in-    in  opposite  directions,  so  that  a  band  passing 
terposed.    In  case  of  band  wheels,  or  of  inside    about  them  can  be  so  shifted  as  to  cause  the 
gearing  (by  use  of  an  annular  wheel),  the  revo-    motion  of  the  follower  to  be  greater  or  Use 
lotion  of  the  two  axes  is  in  a  common  direction,    than  or  equal  to  that  of  the  driver,  according 
When  two  successive  wheels  are  of  unequal    as  the  band  is  at  one  or  other  end,  or  the  mid- 
size, the  larger  is  named  the  wheel,  the  smaller    die,  of  the  cones ;  or  by  use  of  speed-pullejs— 
the  pinion ;  and  the  former  is  said  to  have    a  succession  of  wheels  of  varying  size  on  one 
teeth,  the  latter  leaves.    When  of  any  pair  of     axis,  and  of  pinions  of  sizes  varying  in  the 
wheels  the  axes  are  so  placed  that  the  teeth    reverse  direction  on  another,  so  that  by  shift- 
engage,  the  wheels  are  said  to  be  ^*  in  gear ;"    ing  the  band  to  difierent  couples,  similar  varia- 
when,  as  is  usually  allowed  by  shifting  one  axis    tions  of  velocity,  differing  by  definite  removes, 
slightly  out  of  place,  the  connection  is  broken,    can  be  secured.    For  the  fiy  wheel  and  ec- 
the  wheels  are  *^  out  of  gear."    By  a  train  of    centric,  see  Steam  Engine  (II.).    The  actios 
wheels,  or  of  wheel-work,  are  usually  meant    of  a  cam  or  lifter  is  similar  to  that  of  tn 
more  than  two  wheels  through  which  motion  is    eccentric  wheel ;    in  fact,  it  is  an  eccentrir 
aucoessively  transmitted.    Evidently,  the  teeth    with  an  irregular  outline,  in  form  of  one  or 
upon  two  wheels  or  a  wheel  and  pinion  intend-    more  waves,  so  that  during  a  whole  or  partial 
ed  to  engage,  must  be  of  like  size  and  of  cor-    revolution  it  imparts  a  throw  or  forward  move- 
responding  form.    The  cutting  and  forming  of    ment  once  or  oftener  to  any  piece  against  a  pin 
the  teeth,  so  as  to  secure  continued  rolling  and    or  shoulder  on  which  the  waves  act.    Friction 
action,  with  the  least  practicable  jar,  needless    wheels,  or  friction  rollers,  are  two  or  more 
friction,  and  wear,  is  a  consideration  of  much    small  wheels  or  cylinders  introduced  in  such 
importance,  and  to  which  much  study  has  been    positions  as  to  receive  on  their  peripheries  the 
given.    Two  general  forms  have  been  found    friction  of  a  turning  axle  or  journal,  thus  redu- 
best  to  satisfy  these  conditions :  1,  that  in  which    cing  the  resistance  that  would  occur  mainly  in 
the  general  outline  of  the  teeth  is  that  of  epi-    the  lowest  part  of  a  fixed  journal  box,  by  tran«- 
oydoids,  or  hypocycloids ;  2,  that  in  which  they    ferring  the  bearing  surfaces  and  converting  the 
have  the  form  of  involutes  of  a  circle.    For  the    friction  from  the  sliding  to  the  rolling  form 
manner  of  determining  these  curves  in  practice    (see  Fbiction),  and  diminishing  wear  by  dis- 
for  teeth  of  wheels  having  various  sizes,  and    tributing  the  pressure  over  a  larger  number  of 
the  use  of  the  odontograph,  by  aid  of  which    bearing  surfaces.    A  ratchet  wheel  is  a  »iiall 
the  curves  are  described,  as  well  as  for  specific    wheel  intended  to  traverse  the  length  of  a 
information   respecting  wheel- work  and  the    straight    rack    furnished  with   correspi  nding 
variety  of  other  connections    in    machinery    teeth,  or  turning  about  an  axis  fixed  in  {ic^sition, 
which  cannot  here  be  detailed,  the  reader  is    and  used  to  move  a  straight  piece  back  and 
referred  to  Willis's  "  Principles  of  Mechanism,"    forth  or  up  and  down,  the  wheel  being  turned 
Bnchanan^s  "Practical  Essays  on  Mill  Work    in  either  case  by  a  hand  winch.     Of  the  former 
and  other  Machinery,"  Mosely's  "Mechanical    arrangement,  application  is  made  in  the  shift- 
Principles  of  Engineering,"  &c.  (New  York,    ing  of  a  movable  carriage  or  otlier  part  of 
1866),  Rankine^s  "Applied  Mechanics,"  and    mechanism  along  a  horizontal  base  or  support : 
other  similar  works. — ^The  teeth  of  two  wheels    and  of  the  latter,  in  a  common  form  of  counter 
or  of  a  wheel  and  pinion  working  together    pump  for  liquids,  sometimes  in  air  pumps,  &c, 
being  of  like  size,  it  follows  that  the  velocity    — Wheels  of  carriages  and  of  vehicles  generalir. 
of  the  second  wheel,  or  "follower,"  in  any    are  those  the  construction  of  which  (i^ave  in 
oouple,  will  be  to  that  of  the  first,  or  "  dri-    the  case  of  the  finest  mechanism)  calls  for  the 
yer,"  in  the  inverse  ratio  of  their  respective    greatest  study  and  ingenuity;  since  thej  ai\' 
numbers  of  teeth;  as,  if  the  wheel  have  60  teeth    exposed  to  strains  greater  for  their  size  and 
and  the  pinion  15,  the  pinion  must  make  4  revo-    weight,  and  in  more  various  directions,  tlian 
lu tions  to  one  of  the  wheel;  and  so  of  the  re-    are  any  others.    To  bear  without  fractnre  the 
verse.    But  this  ratio  of  the  numbers  of  teeth    concussions  to  which  they  are  subject,  thev  re^ 
being  also  the  ratio  of  the  circumferences,  it    quire  to  be  exceedingly  strong,  and  somewhat 
follows  that  the  velooity  of  any  follower  as  oom-    elastic.    Ordinary  carriage  wheels  consist  of  a 


386                   WHEELOOE  WHELK 

WHEELOOK,  "Rr.gArAtt^  D.D.,  an  American  was  his  sister-in-law,  and  he  partook  of  her 

clergyman,  the  founder  and  first  president  of  views.    Differences  of  opinion  led  to  peieooBl 

Dartmouth  college,  bom  in  Windhazn,  Oonn.,  animosities  between  him  and  Mr.  WilsoiL,  the 

in  April,  1711,  £ed  in  Hanover,  N.  H.,  April  pastor  of  the  Boston  church;  and  the  gene^ 

24, 1779.    He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  court  in  its  session  of  1686-^7  appointed  a  f&t, 

1783,  and  in  1785  was  settled  as  pastor  of  the  partly  to  heal  these  dissensions.    On  this  o€c&- 

2d  Congregational  society  in  Lebanon,  near  sion  Mr.  Wheelwright  preached  in  Boston,  and. 

Columbia,  Conn.,  which  office  he  held  for  86  as  his  enemies  asserted  (though  the  manuscript 

years.    His  salary  being  small  and  irregularly  of  the  sermon,  still  in  existence,  does  not  ju.<«- 

paid,  he  opened  a  school,  and  the  proficiency  tify  the  assertion),  denounced  the  ministers  aiid 

of  one  of  his  pupils,  an^Lidian  boy  named  magistrates.     The  general  court  pronounctrd 

Samson  Occom,  led  to  his  establishing  an  In-  him  guilty  of  aedition  and  contempt,  for  yfhicL 

dian  missionary  school,  out  of  which  grew  after  some  monthsMelay,  he  was  banished  with 

eventually  Dartmouth   College.    (See   Dart-  his  friends  from  the   colony.     Li   1636  U 

MOUTH  College,  and  Ocoom,  Samson.)    He  formed  a  settlement  on  the  banks  of  the  Fiaoa- 

removed  to  Hanover  in  1770,  and  presided  over  taqua,  which  he  called  Exeter.    After  a  rt^i- 

his  new  college  9  years.    He  published  a  '^  Nar-  dence  of  5  years  here,  the  town  was  deckrttl 

rative  of  the  Indian  School  ^'  in  1762,  and  sev-  to  be  within  the  limits  of  Massachusetts.  aLd 

eral  continuations  of  it  up  to  1778.  His  memoir,  he  removed  with  a  part  of  his  church  to  Wtll^ 

with  selectL/ns  from  his  correspondence,  ap-  in  the  district  of  Maine.    In  1644  a  reconcili;.- 

S eared  in  1811. — John,  LL.D.,  second  presi-  tion  took  place  between  him  and  the  oolonU 
ent  of  Dartmouth  college,  son  of  the  preced-  government  of  Massachusetts,  in  consequence 
ing,  bom  in  Lebanon,  Conn.,  Jan.  28,  1754,  of  some  acknowledgments  on  his  part,  and  bt 
died  April  4, 1817.  He  entered  Yale  college  returned  to  that  colony  in  1646,  and  settled  ii^ 
in  1767,  but  on  the  removal  of  his  father  to  Hampton,  where  he  remained  8  years.  In 
Hanover  became  a  member  of  the  new  college,  1654  he  published  his  '^  Vindication.^'  About 
was  graduated  with  the  first  class  in  1771,  and  1657  he  went  to  England,  where  Cromwell  re- 
was  a  tutor  there  from  1772  to  1776.  In  1776  ceived  him  cordially ;  but  he  returned  k 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  colonial  as-  1660,  and  settled  as  pastor  in  Salisbury,  X.  H. 
eembly,  and  in  1777  was  appointed  a  m^or  in  WHELE,  a  marine,  univalve,  gasteroi  j^ 
the  New  York  forces,  and  soon  after  lieutenant-  shell,  of  the  genus  hiecinum  (lann.).  The:' 
colonel  in  the  continental  army.  In  1778  he  are  about  20  living  species,  and  more  than  l"* 
was  selected  by  Gen.  Stark  to  lead  an  expedi-  fossil  in  the  miooene  formations.  The  sitell  i- 
tion  against  the  Indians,  and  within  a  year  was  ovate-conic,  the  aperture  having  a  notdi  wirL- 
called  to  a  position  on  Cen.  Gates^s  stafi^,  in  out  a  canal,  and  the  pillar  not  flattened  ^^ 
which  he  remained  till  the  death  of  his  father,  somewhat  twisted.  The  common  whcIk  ^.r 
when  he  was  elected  his  successor  as  president  buckie  (B,  undat'un^  Linn.)  is  the  laives:. 
of  the  college,  though  only  25  years  of  age.  being  about  8  inches  long,  grayish  or  brown:.-'' 
In  1782  the  trustees  sent  him  to  Europe  to  white,  with  numerous  raised  lines  and  stria-  > 
procure  books,  money,  &c.,  for  the  institution,  it  is  very  common  on  the  coasts  of  Great  Bri' 
On  his  return  the  vessel  in  which  he  had  em-  lun,  where  it  is  dredged  as  an  article  of  fv<  i 
barked  was  wrecked  off  Cape  Cod,  and  the  its  supply  to  the  London  market  being  a  ai: 
money,  books,  and  papers  lost.  He  continued  siderable  branch  of  trade ;  it  is  found  from  ]o^« 
in  the  presidency  86  years,  till,  in  conse-  water  mark  to  a  depth  of  100  fathoms,  and  i^ 
quence  of  some  ecclesiastical  controversy  among  distributed  through  the  Irish,  North,  and  An  tie 
tne  trustees,  he  was  removed  in  1816,  a  meas-  seas,  along  the  American  ^ore  from  Cape  Co<i 
nre  which  excited  very  general  indignation,  to  Greenland,  and  across  to  the  Sib^an  and 
and  nearly  caused  the  ruin  of  the  college.  In  Okhotdc  seas ;  it  is  found  fossil  in  the  newer 
1817  a  new  board  of  trustees  was  elected,  who  pliocene  of  Sicily,  though  not  now  living  in  tb.' 
restored  him  to  office,  but  his  death  occurred  a  Mediterranean.  The  most  common^specie^  ud 
few  weeks  after.  He  bequeathed  half  his  large  the  Atlantic  coast  of  America  is  the  R  oh»lc- 
estate  to  Princeton  theological  seminary.  He  turn  (Adams),  ovate,  reddish  or  olive  brown, 
published  *^  Sketches  of  the  History  of  Dart-  with  a  network  of  lines,  aperture  dark  violet, 
mouth  college"  (1816).  with  6  whorls  and  apex  generally  eroded;  it  \i 
WHEELWRIGHT,  John,  an  American  cler-  about  1  inch  long  and  4  inch  wide ;  the  aninji) 
gyman,  born  in  Lincolnshire,  Endand,  in  1594,  is  mottled  wiUi  slate  color.  Its  movements  a.^ 
died  in  Salisbury,  N.  H.,  Nov.  15,  1679.  He  very  active,  and  its  food  consists  of  dead  craK 
was  a  graduate  of  Cambridge,  and  a  classmate  fish,  &c.,  rendering  it  a  very  good  scavenger  iii 
of  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  for  some  years  a  cler-  aquarial  tanks ;  it  occurs  all  alons  the  Ailantio 
gyman  of  the  established  church  at  Alford,  coast,  preferring  muddy,  still  inlets,  fiats  nn- 
near  Boston,  Lincolnshire ;  but  in  1686,  being  coverea  at  low  tide,  and  the  mouths  of  nver> 
driven  from  his  church  by  Archbishop  Laud,  where  the  water  is  brackish ;  the  old  shells  an 
he  emigrated  to  Boston  in  New  England,  where  of  a  dark  green,  almost  blacki^  color,  torn  a 
the  same  year  he  was  chosen  pastor  of  a  branch  marine  vegetation  which  grows  upon  theai. 
of  the  Boston  church,  in  what  is  now  Brain-  The  B.  Moittatum  (Adams)  is  also  abondac' 
tree.    The  celebrated  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson  on  our  coast,  especially  about  Nantucket,  and 


888                     WHIMBREL  WHIPPLE 

and  therefore  liable  to   change  when   they  Ipdia  trade,  and  in  the  old  French  war  be 

should  cease  to  promote  that  object.    Within  made  himself  conspicnons  while  in  command 

those  bounds  which  he,  as  well  as  his  antag-  of  the  privateer  Game  Oock,  fitted  out  in  Prov- 

onist,  meant  Aot  to  transgress,  and  rejecting  all  idence,  taking  in  a  single  cmise  23  French 

unnecessary  innovation,  the  whig  had  a  natu-  prizes.    In  1772  the  encroachments  of  cerudn 

ral  tendency  to   political  improvement,  the  British  revenue  vessels  led  to  ruptures  between 

tory  an  aversion  to  it This  made  the  their  commanders  and  the  people  of  Rhode 

privileges  of  the  subject,  l^at  the  crown^s  pre-  Island,  culminating  in  the  burning  of  hia  ma- 

rogative,  his  peculiar  care.    Hence  it  seemed  jesty^s  armed  schooAer  Gaspee  in  the  waurs 

likely  that,  through  passion  and  circumstance,  of  Narraganset  bay  in  June  of  that  year.   The 

the  tory  might  aid  in  establishing  despotism,  party  engaged  in  this  affair  was  secretly  or- 

or  tiie  whig  in  subverting  monarchy.    The  ganized  in  Providence,  and  Gapt.  Whipple  was 

former  was  generally  hostile  to  the  liberty  of  chosen  to  command  the  expedition,  consisting 

the  press  and  the  freedom  of  inquiry,  especially  of  8  long  boats  manned  with  brave  and  expe- 

in  religion ;  the  latter  their  friend.    The  prin-  rienced  men.    Large  rewards  were  offered  bj 

ciple  of  the  one,  in  short,  was  amelioration ;  Gov.  Wanton  and  by  the  British  government 

of  the  other,  conservation.^'    The  party  has  in  for  the  discovery  of  the  perpetrators  of  the 

general  adhered  to  these  principles  since  it  act,  and  a  royal  conunission  was  sent  out  to 

Irst  received  its  distinctive  name,  though,  as  is  inquire  into  the  affair;  but  the  perpetrators 

natural,  time  and  circumstances  have  effected  were  never  discovered.     In  June,  1775,  two 

important  modifications  in  its  professions  and  armed  vessels  were  fitted  out  by  Rhode  Island, 

modes  of  action.    Within  the  last  80  years,  a  of  which  Whipple  was  put  in  command,  with 

S regressive  wing  of  the  party  has  ceased  to  be  the  title  of  commodore.  The  larger  vessel  ^  as 
esignated  by  the  old  name,  but  is  now  known  manned  by  80  men,  and  carried  10  guns.  In 
as  the  radicals ;  and  in  like  manner,  such  has  August  they  added  to  this  navy  two  row  gid- 
been  the  general  progress  of  political  ideas,  leys,  carrying  60  men.  ^  The  design  of  thi^ 
much  of  what  was  whiggiam  at  the  commence-  measure  is  somewhat  equivocally  stated  by  the 
ment  of  the  last  century  is  now  toryism  or  general  assembly  to  be  "  to  protect  the  trade 
conservatism,  and  tJie  whigs  of  the  present  day  of  the  colony.''  On  his  way  down  the  btiy 
resemble  in  their  general  principles  only,  and  Com.  Whipple  made  a  prize  of  one  of  the  tt-i:- 
not  in  the  immediate  objects  to  be  attained,  ders  to  the  British  frigate  Rose,*  then  off  New- 
the  founders  of  the  party.  The  whigs  came  port.  This  was  a  year  before  the  declaration 
into  power  in  England  with  the  accession  of  of  independence.  Prom  1775  to  1779  he  otm- 
William  ni.,  and  were  in  general  the  dominant  mbnded  the  schooner  Providence,  which  car- 
party  until  the  middle  of  the  next  century;  tured  and  destroyed  more  vessels  than  anj 
after  which  the  tories  predominated  for  up-  other  in  the  service  during  this  period.  SI  v 
ward  of -80  years.  The  agitation  of  the  reform  was,  however,  finally  taken  by  the  British,  lit 
biU  and  of  OathoUc  emancipation  again  brought  was  afterward  placed  in  command  of  the  ncw 
the  whigs  into  power,  but  since  1830  the  set-  frigate  Providence.  Having  entered  Narra- 
tlement  of  old  disputed  issues  has  made  the  ganset  bay,  the  British  naval  force  completely 
term  practically  obsolete  as  a  political  defini-  blockaded  it  to  prevent  her  egress ;  she  never- 
tion. — ^In  the  United  States  the  term  whig  was  theless  succeeded  in  getting  to  sea.  On  t!:L^ 
applied  during  the  war  of  independence  to  the  occasion  Oom.  Whipple  was  bound  to  Franoe 
patriotic  party,  the  sidherents  to  the  crown  with  government  despatches,  a  voyage  whid 
being  called  tories.  The  word  subsequently  he  successfully  accomplished,  evading  the  Brit- 
disappeared  froln  the  political  vocabulary  of  ish  ships  sent  in  pursuit.  One  of  his  nio^t 
the  country  until  the  presidential  election  daring  exploits  was  performed  in  1779,  whes 
which  resulted  in  the  return  of  Gen.  Jackson  he  encountered  the  homeward-bound  Jamaica 
for  a  second  term,  when  the  anti-Jackson  or  fieet  of  nearly  160  sail,  convoyed  by  a  74-^n 
nationid  republican  party,  as  it  was  called,  took  ship  and  several  smaller  vessels.  He  conceale*3 
the  name  of  whig.  The  whigs  of  America  his  guns,  hoisted  British  colors,  and  joined  the 
having  been  hopelessly  dividend  by  the  anti-  fleet  as  one  of  the  merchantmen.  He  the? 
davery  movements  of  1848  and  subsequent  sailed  in  their  company  for  several  days,  and 
years,  the  party  ceased  to  exist  as  an  indepen-  each  night  made  a  capture  of  one  vessel,  which 
dent  organization'in  1854-'5,  and  its  members  he  manned  from  his  own  crew,  and  despatch- 
were  absorbed  by  the  democratic  party  and  the  ed  homeward,  so  as  to  be  ere  morning  oot 
newly  created  republican  party.  A  part  had  of  sight  of  the  fleet.  In  this  way  he  captored 
previously  joined  the  American  party,  or  10  richly  laden  vessels,  8  of  which  reached 
"know-nothings."  American  ports  in  safety.  The  following  year. 
WHIMBREL.  See  Cuklew.  when  endeavoring  with  a  squadron  to  ^vc 
WHINOHAT.  See  Stone  Ghat.  Oharleston  from  capture,  he  was  uBsuoces^cl. 
WHIPPLE,  Abraham,  a  commodore  in  the  lost  his  squadron,  and  was  held  as  a  prisoner  till 
American  navy  during  the  war  of  tiie  revolu-  the  end  of  the  war.  The  large  amount  of  prixe 
tion,'  bom  in  Providence,  B.  I.,  in  1788,  died  money  due  him  h^  relinquished  to  t^e  goverD- 
near  Marietta,  O.,  May  29,  1819.  In  early  life  ment.  In  1784  he  conunanded  the  first  ve^* 
he  was  captain  of  a  merchant  vessel  in  tl^e  West  that  displayed  the  United  States  flag  on  the 


890  WHIP-TOM-KELLY  WHIRLWIND 

WHIP-TOM-KELLY.  See  Vibeo.  winds  of  email  diameter,  it  majbe  inclined  to 
WHIRLWIND,  a  wind  distingnished  by  the  the  earth  at  various  angles,  or  as  traceable  m 
ciroumstance  of  its  consisting  in  the  movement  water  spouts  or  columns  of  dust,  have  a  tor- 
of  a  body  of  air  of  greater  or  less  extent  in  a  tuous  direction. — ^For  the  causes  concerned  in 
circular  or  spiral  course,  and  one  more  or  less  producing  winds  in  general,  see  Winds.  If, 
nearly  approaching  the  horizontid  of  the  place  within  the  region  of  trade  winds,  a  broad  tract 
at  which  at  any  time  it  may  be  situated.  Any  of  air  be  rapidly  lightened,  by  oondensatioiu 
such  movement  is,  of  course,  to  be  regarded  as  with  the  removal  of  the  moisture  in  clouds 
occurring  about  an  axis ;  and  the  plane  or  di-  carried  away  or  in  rain  fall,  or  by  heat,  or  both 
rection  in  which  the  whirling  motion  takes  these  causes,  a  sheet  of  air  of  corresponding' 
place  may  be,  in  different  instances,  such  that  breadth  will  begin  to  move  into  the  lightened 
the  axis  shall  point  for  the  time  or  continuously  space,  first  as  a  direct  wind.  K  this  wind. 
at  almost  any  inclination  to  the  surface  of  the  in  case  of  being  formed  alone,  supposing  it  in 
land  or  sea,  from  that  nearly  horizontal  up  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  would  now  in  any 
a  true  vertical.  The  extent  and  violence  of  the  course  from  E.  or  S.  of  their  direction,  then. 
whirl  varies  in  different  cases,  from  the  tem-  being  formed  within  and  relatively  to  the  trade 
porary  eddy  of  a  few  feet  diameter,  often  mark-  winds,  it  will  conspire  with  their  movement, 
ed  out  and  observed  by  means  of  an  ascending  producing  a  more  rapid  westing  of  the  nonh- 
colunm  of  dust,  straws,  or  other  light  objects,  wardly  parts  of  the  body  of  air  so  affected^ 
and  that  may  appear  in  a  nearly  calm  day  in  while  the  slower  movement  of  the  trades  a? 
summer  and  even  upon  open  fields  or  plains,  to  they  near  the  equator,  and  their  approach  t«> 
the  revolving  tempest  or  cyclone  of  the  breadth  the  direction  of  the  meridian,  will  cause  iha 
of  600  miles.  In  common  usage,  the  name  new  wind  to  be  more  resisted  toward  its  south- 
whirlwind  is  applied  only  to  a  vortical  or  turn-  ward  edge,  and  the  total  impulse  will  be  rela- 
ing  wind  of  considerable  violence,  and  such  as  tively  to  eastward ;  the  result  being  the  grado&I 
can  seldom  or  never  have  a  diameter  of  less  setting  in  of  a  revolution  of  the  entire  body  in 
than  100  yards.  Such  winds,  moreover,  are  the  direction  opposite  to  that  of  the  hands  of  a 
probably  never  stationary,  but  advance  along  watch  having  its  face  upward.  If  the  new 
the  land  or  sea  from  the  point  of  their  incep-  wind  come  from  the  west  or  north,  still  the 
tion  in  a  course  either  straight  or  curved,  and  eastwardly  resultant  of  its  southern  portioi. 
called  their  track.  Up  to  the  present  century,  will  be  the  greater,  and  the  westwardly  ^l.'^I:l- 
the  name  was  given  to  all  violent  winds  known  tant  of  its  northern ;  and  the  revolution  m  ill 
to  have  a  whirling  movement,  whatever  their  be  in  the  same  direction.  And  if  it  commence 
extent.  But  the  observations  of  Capper  in  beyond  the  trade  wind  region,  still  the  com- 
1801,  and  the  general  theory  of  Professor  bined  influence  of  the  earth^s  rotation  and  i-f 
Dove,  since  sustained  and  confirmed  by  the  re-  the  resistances  of  the  stationary  bodies  of  air 
searches  of  Redfield,  Reed,  and  others,  have  at  the  sides  of  the  broad  belt  of  wind  supposeii 
established  the  fact  that  many  of  the  tempests  first  to  arise, 'will  suffice  to  impart  the  tendcncj 
occurring  near  to  and  within  tlfs  tropics,  and  to  revolve  in  the  like  course.  In  the  sonthem 
which  from  their  great  extent  appear  at  any  hemisphere,  the  direction  will  of  course  be  m- 
given  place  and  time  to  be  simple  or  rectilinear  versed.  The  advance  of  the  centre  of  such  a 
winds,  consist  also  of  vast  bodies  of  air  having  vortex  or  whirl,  and  usually  along  a  cQr>  ed 
a  continuous  and  rapid  whirling  movement,  path,  is  further  determined  by  tlie  relative 
Accordingly,  whirlwinds  are  now  known  to  be  force  of  the  winds  originating  it,  and  bj  the 
of  two  entirely  distinct  classes,  presenting  un-  continued  influence  of  the  earth's  rotation. 
Hke  characters,  and  due  to  the  operation  of  un-  Such  is,  without  doubt,  the  explanation  of  the 
like  causes.  These  classes  are :  1,  cyclones,  origin  of  many  cyclones,  perhaps  of  aU.  In  a 
probably  never  known  except  as  setting  in  with  report  in  1848,  however,  8ir  J.  Herschel  sug- 
or  during  extensive  storms  of  rain,  and  of  gests  that  cyclones  may  sometimes  ori^nate  in 
which  the  diameter  seldom  or  never  falls  short  consequence  of  the  crossing  at  some  angle  of 
of  100  miles,  while  their  forward  movement  is  the  crests  of  two  great  atmospheric  waves  (de- 
comparatively  slow,  and  their  dm'ation  from  scribed  under  Winds),  the  production  of  move- 
one  to  several  days ;  2,  tornadoes,  properly  so  ment  in  an  ellipse  or  circle  by  combination  of 
called,  wMch  often  arise  quite  independently  two  rectilinear  impulses  being  well  understood ; 
'  of  rain  and  in  a  clear  sky,  though  they  usually  but  though  he  finas  some  of  the  phenomena  in 
end  in  producing  a  violent  rain  storm,  and  may  harmony  with  this  theory,  there  are  others 
accompany  one  from  the  first ;  the  breadth  of  that  appear  to  contradict  it,  as  that  there  are 
their  proper  vortex  being  often  less  than  a  mile  probably  in  no  case  two  whirls  in  opposite  di- 
exA  never  exceeding  a  few  miles,  while  their  rections,  such  as  the  crossing  of  two  snch 
advance  is  usually  very  rapid,  and  their  dura-  waves  should  occasion  in  the  opposite  angie> 
tion  comparatively  brief.  It  can  now  scarcely  made  by  their  intersection.  M.  Lartigne  in 
be  doubted  that  in  all  extensive  or  violent  1855,  treating  of  the  storms  of  the  Tji^^'^ 
storms  the  .wind  acquires 'more  or' less  com-  remarks  their  similarity  to  certain  hurricane^ 
pletely  a  movement  of  rotation.  In  cyclones,  of  the  American  coast,  and  proposes  apbstan- 
the  axis  of  this  movement  must  be  supposed  to  tially  tl\e  same  explanation  with  that  of  Her- 
become  nearly  or  quite  vertical ;  in  whirling  schel  just  given.    (See  also  Otcloxb  :  and  for 


392  WHISKEY  WHIST 

origin.    One  of  these  is  by  the  meeting  of  two  concerned,  in  the  article  Distillbst;  and  the 
rapid  currents  of  air,  giving  rise  to  an  eddy  process  adopted  in  the  United  States,  especbllv 
which  increases  in  extent,  and  results  in  a  com-  m  those  establishments  where  it  is  made  on  a 
pressionof  the  air  about  the  position  of  its  axis;  large  scale,  is  essentially  the  same.    WhiskeT 
this  compressed  air,  finding  no  escape  down-  is  the  cheapest  and  most  common  form  of  in- 
ward or  laterally,  is  forced  upward,  establish-  'toxicatiog  liqu<H*  made  in  the  United  Sute^ 
ing  a  current  in  that  direction,  while  the  cen-  and  its  production  has  been  very  large  from  the 
tnfugal  tendency  of  the  wlurl  conduces  also  revolutionary  period  to  the  present  time.    The 
after  a  little  time  to  rarefy  its  middle  portions;  *^  whiskey  insurrection"  of  1791-4  grew  oct 
and  the  upward  current,  as  well  as  the  whirl  of  an  attempt  to  collect  an  excise  tax  on  tliig 
itself,  are  prolonged  by  air  close  to  the  surface  liquor  in  western  Pennsylvania.     The  statts 
rushing  from  all  sides  into,  and  a  part  of  it  up  which  are  most  largely  engaged  in  the  duldq- 
through  the  vortex.    Such  whirlwinds  differ  fsu^ture  of  whiskey  are  New  York,  PenniTl- 
whoUy  from  cyclones,  in  that  the  ascensional  vania,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  KentuckT. 
movement  in  the  latter  precedes  the  revolution  Considerable  quantities  are  made  also  in  Ten- 
of  the  wind,  or  they  are  primarily  attended  with  nessee,  Missouri,  and  California.    The  ceDsn^ 
rarefaction ;  while  in  tlie  tornadoes  produced  does  not  distinguish  between  the  different  d«r- 
as  now  explained,  the  upward  movement  is  scriptions  of  distilled  liquors,  and  it  is  therefure 
only  a  mechanical  consequence  of  the  meeting  impossible  to  say  ]^ith  accuracy  what  is  the 
and  revolution  of  the  winds,  these  effects  being  amount  of  whiskey  annually  produced  in  the 
primarily  attended  with  compression.    In  case  United  States.    Its  value  is  not  however  it^ 
of  other  tornadoes,  however,  and  especially  than  $20,000,000,  and  probably  considerably 
those  of  least  breadth  and  most  rapid  motion  exceeds  that  sum.    A  portion  of  this  is  soW 
above  referred  to,  a  rarefaction  of  the  air  just  quently  rectified  and  reduced  to  alcohol ;  bbt 
precedes  and  leads  to  the  turning  of  the  wind,  by  far  the  larger  part  is  consumed  as  whiskey 
The  strata  of  the  air  near  the  suiface  of  land  or  or  exported  to  foreign  countries,  where,  by  th'. 
sea  becoming  very  highly  heated,  and  most  so  addition  of  drugs,  coloring  matter,  &c.,  it  i? 
within  some  limited  tract,  may  yet  be  held  by  transformed  into  "  French  brandy,"  **  HollaLd 
the  elasticity  of  surrounding  piu*ts  for  a  time  in  gin,"  or  other  liquors,  and  often  reexported  as 
a  sort  of  unstable  equilibrium ;  when  some  in-  such  to  the  United  States.  The  whiskey  of  Penn- 
equality  first  sufilces  to  disturb  this,  the  already  sylvania  and  Kentucky,  and  the  better  qnalitied 
rarefied  mass  of  air  rushes  up  veiy  suddenly ;  of  that  manufactured  in  New  York,  are  distilled 
other  bodies  of  air  flow  in  at  once  from  all  from  rye ;  most  of  that  produced  in  Ohio,  Is- 
sides,  and  a  gyratory  motion  results,  as  is  com-  diana,  Illinois,  and  liiissouri  is  from  Iiidi.ii: 
mon  in  a  body  of  water  which  is  allowed  to  run  corn,  which  contains  a  larger  quantity  of  fu^i 
from  an  orifice  in  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  and  oil.    A  great  deal  of  whiskey  was  formtriy 
within  which  currents  from  all  sides  are  press-  made  from  the  common  potato,  the  starch  '.u 
ing  toward  the  orifice.    From  the  nature  of  which  is  readily  changed  to  sugar.    The  K'^* 
either  set  of  causes  of  tornadoes,  it  follows  that  quality  of  the  rye  whiskey  from  PennsjlTani^ 
in  these  the  effect  of  the  earth^s  rotation  must  known  as  ^^ Monongahela,"  and  from  BonrKi- 
always  be  small,  and  usually  insignificant,  in  co.,  Ey.,  is  much  in  demand,  and  brings  a  hi:: 
comparison  with  that  of  the  combined  impulses  price.    The  inferior  kinds  are  adulterated  viti- 
of  the  bodies  of  air  at  the  place.    Consequently,  various  drugs  to  give  them  the  appearance  anti 
in  tornadoes,  the  rotation  may  be  in  either  taste  of  the  better  brands.    The  value  of  wlii<- 
direction,  as  determined  by  the  circumstances  key  exported  from  the  United  States  in  1^57 
of  the  occasion;  and  again,  though  within  the  was  $1,248,284;  in  1859,  $273,576;  in  IboO. 
equatorial  belt  of  calms  there  can  be  no  cy-  $811,595 ;  and  in  1861,  $867,954. 
clones,  tornadoes  can  and  do  occur  there  as        WHIST,  a  game  at  cards,  described  by  Hoyle 
elsewhere.    Finally,  Sir  J.  Herschel  and  others  as  one  requiring  great  attention  and  silence. 
have  suggested  that  certain  winds  which  dash  whence  the  name ;    and   by  Mathews  &s  a 
suddenly  and  with  tremendous  velocity  upon  game  of  calculation,  observation,  and  position 
the  earth,  and  which  move  from  the  equator,  or  tenace.    It  is  played  with  a  fuU  pack  of 
are  portions  of  the  higher  currents  of  the  trade  cards  by  4  persons,  of  whom  those  sitting  op- 
winds  breaking  through  from  some  cause  to  the  posite  to  each  other  are  partners.    The  play* 
surface  of  the  earth,  retaining  for  a  time  the  ers  before  commencing  the  game  cut  for  part- 
speed  they  had  acquired  in  regions  m  which  ners,  and  the   two   cutting   respectively  tie 
they  were  quite  removed  from  friction,  and  highest  and  the  lowest  cards  (the  ace  reckon- 
thus  constituting  hurricanes  or  tornadoes  of  ing  as  the  lowest  and  tite  king  as  the  bigbeft) 
themost  destructive  character.  play  together.    The  one  who  cuts  the  lowe-t 
WHISKEY  (Irish,  nisgue,  water),  a  distilled  card  of  all  takes  the  deal.    The  cards,  bayiiit? 
spirituous  liquor,  made  originally  from  malt  been  shuffled  by  the  dealer  and  out  by  bis  n|:iit 
and  unmalted  barley  or  rye,  but  now  also  hand  adversary,  are  distributed,  one  by  one,  to 
manufactured  from  rye  alone,  Indian  com,  or  each  of  the  players,  commencing  on  the  leit 
potatoes,  and  it  is  said  fr^m  molasses.    The  until  the  pack  is  exhausted.    The  last  card 
process  of  its  manufacture  is  sufficiently  de-  called  the  trump  card,  is  turned  up  bj  i^ 
tailed,  so  frir  as  the  Irish  and  Scotch  whiskey  is  dealer,  and  must  remain  exposed  until  the  fir^ 


894                    WmSTON  WHITBBEAD 

in  this  oonntry.    In  1842  he  was  invited  hy  the  tinnanGe  of  the  salary.    Whiston  was  imeom- 
czar  to  superintend  the  system  of  internal  im-  promising,  resigned  the  lectnreship,  and  was 
provements  then  projected  in  Russia.    His  du-  consequently  in  1710,  after  several  hearing 
ties  while  in  the  service  of  the  emperor  were  before  the  heads  of  the  houses,  deprived  of  hU 
varied  and  severe.    Not  only  the  railroads  professorship  and  expelled  from  the  universitr. 
were  to  be  constructed,  but  the  iron  for  the  He  removed  to  London,  where  he  published 
track,  the  locomotive  cars,  and  every  thing  ap-  his  "Primitive  Christianity"  (6  vols.,  1711), 
pertaining  to  the  roads  were  to  be  manufactured  and  for  5  years  repeated  but  unsuocessfdl  at- 
under  his  immediate  supervision.    He  was  also  tempts  were  made  before  the  convocation,  the 
appointed  engineer  of  the  naval  arsenal  at  dean^s  court  of  St.  Paulas,  and  a  court  of  del^- 
Oronstadt,  and  was  employed  in  the  construe-  gates  appointed  by  the  chancellor,  to  convict 
tion  of  fortifications,  docks,  and  bridges,  and  him  of  heresy.    He  was  assailed  from  pulpits, 
the  improvement  of  harbors  and  rivers.    He  refused  the  communion  by  the  clergy,  and  de- 
was  about  returning  to  the  United  States  when  nied  admission  into  the  royal  society,  t>«0!]^ 
he  was  attacked  by  his  last  illness.  proposed  by  Halley  and  seconded  by  Sloane, 
WHISTON,  WiLUAM,  an  English  divine  and  but  was  never  disconraged  either  in  his  rt^li- 
philosopher,  bom  at  Norton,  Leicestershire,  gious  or  scientific  specuLfttions.    A  snbscription 
Deo.  9,  1667,  died  in  London,  Aug.  22, 1752.  amounting  to  £470  was  made  for  him  in  1721: 
He  was  educated  by  his  father,  the  rector  of  and  he  also  derived  an  income  from  readin;! 
Norton,  till  his  18th  year,  and  two  years  later  astronomical  and  philosophical  lectures,  whith 
was  entered  at  Clare  hall,  Cambridge,  where  were  patronized  by  Addison  and  Steele,  and 
he  applied  himself  to  mathematics  and  the  Car-  from  his  publications,  which  were  59  in  nom- 
tesian  philosophy,  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  ber,  the  most  interesting  of  them  being  a  sin- 
in  1690,  and  obtained  a  fellowship.     He  re-  gular  autobiography  (1749-^50),  and  the  ^1L•^t 
ceived  holy  orders  in  1693,  was  obliged  by  ill  widely  circulated  a  translation  of  Josephu^ 
health  to  give  up  the  pupils  of  whom  he  had '  (1787).  Various  schemes  for  finding  the  longi- 
charge,  and  in  1694  was  appointed  chaplain  of  tude  were  suggested  by  him.    He  long  con- 
Dr.  More,  bishop  of  Norwich,  and  became  ac-  tinned  a  member  and  regularly  attend^  xh*: 
qnainted  with  Newton,  whose  Principia  he  service  of  the  church  of  England,  but  finallT 
had  already  studied.    In  1696  he  published  his  became  a  Baptist.     He  gathered  a  religions 
"New  Theory  of  the  Earth,"  in  support  of  the  society  at  his  own  house,  and  believed  tb..t 
Mosaic  account,  which  passed  through  6  edi-  the  millennium  was  to  begin  in  1766,  when 
tions,  and  gave  him  an  extended  reputation,  the  Jews  would  be  restored. 
Among  the  hypotheses  which  he  ingeniously  WHITAKER,  John,  an  English  divine  and 
maintained,  was  one  that  a  comet  must  have  author,  born  in  Manchester  about  1735,  diid 
passed  just  before  the  earth  on  the  first  day  of  in  Ruan-Langhorne,  Cornwall  Oct.  80,  1><'^. 
the  deluge,  and  that  by  force  of  attraction  and  He  was  educated  at  Oxford.    In  1771  he  pll^- 
the  action  of  external  tides  the  water  beneath  lished  a  "History  of  Manchester,'^  reprintil 
the  crust  of  the  earth  was  made  to  break  forth  in  2  vols,  in  1778,  and  increased  by  an  a<Idi- 
and  cover  the  surface,  and  thus  "  the  fountains  tional  volume  in  1775.    In  refutation  of  Mat- 
of  the  great  deep  were  broken  up  ;^'  that  the  pherson's  theory  that  the  modem  highlauder^ 
vapors  left  upon  the  earth  by  the  tail  of  the  were  deseendants  of  the  Caledonians  of  Taci- 
comet,  being  afterward  rarefied  by  the  solar  tus,  he  wrote  his  "Genuine  History  of  the  Brit- 
heat,  ascended  into  the  atmosphere  to  return  in  ons*^  (1772),  maintaining  that  they  were  dt- 
the  violent  "  forty  days'  rain ;"  and  that  sub-  soended  from  an  Irish  colonization  which  fol- 
sequently  a  mighty  wind  dried  up  a  portion  of  lowed  the  Roman  invasion.    In  1773  he  wa< 
the  water,  and  forced  another  portion  through  made  morning  preacher  at  Berkeley  chaptK 
clefts  into  the  abyss  from  which  it  came,  while  London;  but  in  two  months  he  was  removed 
a  great  quantity  still  remained  to  form  the  la  1778  he  was  presented  by  his  college  to  the 
oceans  and  seas.    He  was  appointed  rector  of  rectory  of  Ruan-Langhorne.    His  most  )in{>or- 
Lowestoft  in  1698,  fulfilled  the  duties  of  that  tant  works  are:  "Sermons  upon  Death,  Jndg- 
ofiice  with  singular  industry,  and  vacated  his  ment.  Heaven,  and  Hell"  (8vo.,  1783);  "Man. 
fellowship  by  marriage,  but  returned  to  the  Queen  of  Scots,  vindicated  "(8  vols.  8vo.,  1787: 
nniversity  in  1701  as  deputy  of  Newton  in  the  enlarged  ed.,  1790) ;  "Gibbon's  History  of  the 
Lucasian  professorship  of  mathematics.     He  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  review- 
succeeded  Newton  in  this  chair  in  1703,  and  ed"(8vo.,  1791);  "  The  Origin  of  Arianism  dis- 
expounded  and  defended  the  Newtonian  phi-  closed"  (8vo.,  1791);  "The  Oonrse  of  Hanni- 
losophy  in  a  series  of  scientific  works.    He  had  bal  over  the  Alps  ascertained"  (2  vok.  8Tn.. 
also  attained  eminence  as  a  preacher,  when  he  1794) ;   and  "  The  Life  of  St.  Neot"  (180^^). 
adopted  Arianism,  rejected  mfant  baptism,  and  He  began  also  a  history  of  London  and  a  bi^to- 
began  to  omit  portions  of  the  litany.    The  An-  ry  of  Oxford,  and  composed  some  poetry  which 
glican  church  at  that  time  tolerated  latitudina-  was  printed  in  the  work  entitled  ^'  The  Coni- 
rianism,  and  the  bishop  of  Ely  contented  him-  wall  and  Devon  Poets." 
self  with  requesting  him  not  to  fulfil  the  duties  WHITBREAD,  Samttel,  an  English  state^ 
of  the  Boyle  lectureship,  in  which  he  was  man,  bom  in  London  in  1768,  oommitted  j^iii- 
making  his  views  public,  but  allowed  the  con-  cide  while  insane,  July  6, 1816.    The  son  of  & 


396  WHITE 

favorite  pnrsuit  of  natural  history.    He  had  which  he  had  received  from  his  friends.    But 

freqaent  offers  of  preferment  in  the  church,  but  he  achieved  his  distinction  hj  the  sacrifice  of 

declined  them.    He  wrote  the  *^  Katural  His-  health  and  life.    "  Were  I,''  said  he,  ^'  to  pain: 

tory  of  Selbome"  (4to.,  1789),  one  of  the  Eng-  Fame  crowning  an  under>gradnate  after  the 

lish  classics.    After  his  death  there  was  pnb-  senate-house  examination,  I  would  represent 

lished,  selected  from  a  natural  history  journal  him  as  concealing  a  death^s  head  under  a  mil^k 

kept  by  him,  ^'  A  Naturalist^s  Calendar,  with  of  beauty.^'    After  a  visit  to  London,  be  rt- 

Observations  in  various  Branches  of  Natural  turned  to  college  only  to  die  of  consumptiuD. 

History,"  which  was  edited  by  Dr.  Aikin.  A  tablet  to  his  memory,  bearing  an  inscription 

WHITE,  Henry  Kikke,  an  English   poet,  with  a  medallion  by  Chantrey,  was  placed  in 

bom  in  Nottingham,  March  21,  1785,  died  in  All  Saints^  church,  Cambridge,  by  Mr.  FrancL^ 

Cambridge,  Oct.  19,  1806.    He  was  the  son  of  Boott,  an  American  gentleman.    His  papi>r^ 

a  butcher,  and  assisted  his  father  until  his  14th  were  transferred  to  Southey,  who   in  18ii7 

year,  often  poring  over  a  volume  while,  car-  published  a  selection  from  them,  in  prose  and 

rying  the  butcher^s  basket,  and  having  mean-  verse,  with  a  charming  biography.    A  supple^ 

time  acquired  an  acquaintance  with  the  French  mentary  volume  appeared  in  1822 ;  and  both. 

language  and  begun  to  write  verse.    At  the  united  under  the  title  of  ^*  The  Remains  of 

request  of  his  mother,  who,  with  her  eldest  Henry  Kirke  White,"  have  since  passed  through 

daughter,  had  opened  a  successful  girls*  school,  many  editions. 

he  was  apprenticed  to  a  stocking  weaver ;  WHITE,  Hugh  Lawson,  an  American  state*- 
but  after  a  year,  he  "felt  that  he  should  be  man,  born  in  Iredell  co.,  N.  C,  Oct.  80,  177o, 
wretched  if  he  continued  longer  at  this  trade,  died  in  KnoxviUe,  Tenn.,  April  10,  1840.  Ik 
or  indeed  in  any  thing  except  one  of  the  learn-  served  as  a  private  soldier  during  the  Indim: 
ed  professions."  He  was  therefore  placed  in  hostilities  in  1792;  in  1794  went  to  PLI'l- 
an  attorney's  office,  and  with  unremitting  dili-  delphia,  where  he  studied  mathematics ;  af^vr- 
gence  applied  himself  to  the  Latin,  Greek,  ward  studied  law  at  Lancaster,  Penu.,  and  ::. 
Italian,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  languages,  to  1796  commenced  practice  at  Knoxville,  TeniL 
some  of  the  sciences,  to  drawing,  and  to  play-  In  1801  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  supnir  e 
ing  the  piano.  His  devotion  to  the  law,  also,  court  of  the  state,  in  1807  became  U.  8.  distrii^: 
was  so  remarkable  that  it  seems  wonderful  attorney,  in  1809  state  senator,  and  in  the 
that  he  could  have  found  time  for  any  thing  same  year  was  again  called  to  the  supreme 
else.  In  his  16th  year  he  began  to  acquire  court  bench,  where  he  served  till  1816.  It 
distinction  as  a  speaker  in  a  literary  society  at  1820  he  was  again  a  member  of  the  state  sen- 
Nottingham,  to  obtain  prizes  from  the  "  Month-  ate,  and  in  1821  was  appointed  by  Prendent 
ly  Preceptor,"  a  London  magazine,  which  pro-  Monroe  one  of  the  commissioners  to  adjust  il>t 
posed  prize  themes  to  the  young  of  both  sexes,  claims  of  our  citizens  against  Spain.  In  1^:!J 
and  ^o  write  for  several  other  publications,  he  was  elected  senator  from  Tennessee.  In 
The  proprietor  of  the  *'  Monthly  Mirror,"  and  1835  Tennessee  and  some  of  the  other  south- 
others,  encouraged  him  in  1804  to  publish  a  western  states  nominated  Judge  White  for  iIk 
volume  of  poems,  dedicated  by  permission  to  presidency,  and  at  the  election  in  18S6  be  rt- 
the  duchess  of  Devonshire,  who  however  failed  ceived  26  electoral  votes.  In  1889  he  resiioiet] 
to  take  notice  of  the  author.  It  attracted  little  his  seat  an  the  senate,  having  been  instructetl 
attention,  and  incurred  some  contemptuous  to  vote  contrary  to  his  convictions, 
criticisms,  which  inflicted  the  most  exquisite  WHITE,  Joseph  Blanco,  a  Spanish  prie?: 
pain  upon  the  young  poet.  The  volnme  how-  and  English  author,  born  in  Seville,*  July  11 » 
ever  fell  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Southey,  who  1775,  died  in  Liverpool,  May  20,  1841.  His 
wrote  to  White  encouragingly,  and  to  whose  grandfather  was  an  Irishman,  who  settled  ii^ 
generous  care  he  is  largely  indebted  for  his  Seville,  became  a  flourishing  merchant  ard 
fame.  Before  the  appearance  of  this  volume  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  the  nobility.  lib 
he  had  been  converted  from  religious  indif-  father  failed  in  business,  but  marrying  a  6paDi^ll 
ference  to  that  earnest  Christian  faith  which  lady  of  rank  reestablished  his  affairs.  BIac(-t> 
marks  his  writings,  and  his  chief  desire  now  was  early  taken  into  his  father's  count ins:- 
was  to  gain  a  university  education  in  order  house,  but,  being  disinclined  to  mercantile  pnr- 
to  devote  himself  to  the  church.  After  many  suits,  he  was  at  the  age  of  12,  at  his  own  re- 
difficulties  he  obtcdned  in!' 1804  a  sizarship  at  quest,  sent  to  college  to  be  educated  for  the 
St.  John*s  college,  Cambridge,  with  additional  Roman  Catholic  priesthood.  He  was  ordaiDcd 
pecuniary  aid ;  and  though  he  exhausted  him-  a  priest  in  1799,  but  soon  conceived  a  dislike  fi>r 
self  by  his  severe  studies,  and  hesitated  to  the  profession,  and  in  1780  went  to  Englantl 
appear  at  the  college  examination,  he  was  yet  where  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He 
pronounced  the  first  man  of  his  year.  In  the  conducted  in  London  with  abOitjr  and  success 
second  year  his  name  was  also  placed  first,  and  a  Spanish  periodical,  entitled  El  JEspafiol^  nntO 
he  was  declared  one  of  the  three  best  theme  1814,  when  he  received  from  the  Engli^^^ 
writers,  between  whom  the  examiners  could  government  a  life  pension  of  £250.  He  tlio!) 
not  decide.  The  college  otfered  him  a  tutor  joined  the  church  of  England,  with  a  view  to 
in  mathematics  during  his  vacation,  and  made  the  clerical  profession,  but  soon  abandoned  the 
him  independent  of  the  pecuiiary  assistance  project ;  and  his  religions  opinions  sabeequent* 


398  WHITE  GUNPOWDER  WHITB  LEAD 

are  caught  prinoipallj  by  gill  nets,  most  abnn-  so  called  from  their  resemblance  to  the  knp? 
dantly  when  spread  under  the  ice,  the  fish  en-  shoe  buckles  of  former  times.  The  thickness 
tering  chiefly  at  night ;  the  fishery  is  accompa-  of  the  lead  is  only  about  {  of  an  inch,  and  the 
nied  by  considerable  labor  and  exposure,  as  the  diameter  of  each  buckle  is  6  or  8  inches,  h 
nets  should  be  examined  everyday;  the  fish  are  some  of  the  factories,  as  in  Brooklyn,  the  cast- 
sometimes  speared  by  the  Indians  through  holes  ing  iis  rapidly  efifected  by  the  application  of  in- 
in  the  ice.  The  flesh  is  delicious,  fat,  and  at  the  genious  machinery  which  presents  a  SDccession 
same  time  easily  digested ;  it  is  eaten  both  fresh  of  moulds  to  the  current  of  melted  lead  dow- 
and  salted ;  the  stomach  is  extremely  thick,  re-  ing  from  the  furnace,  and  without  any  bac^- 
sembling  the  gizzard  of  a  fowl,  and  is  a  favorite  ling  the  buckles  as  soon  as  they  become  solid 
morsel.  It  forms  the  principal  food  of  many  are  separated  from  each  other  and  discharged 
Indian  tribes,  and  of  the  fur  traders,  for  8  or  9  into  the  vessels  for  receiving  them.— In  ci-ii- 
months  in  the  year ;  the  flesh  is  bluish  white,  verting  white  lead  into  the  carbonate,  it  i«  ei- 
changing  when  boiled  to  pure  opaque  white,  posed  for  a  long  time  to  the  vapors  of  water 
whence  the  name.^'^Many  are  caught  in  Lake  and  acetic  acid  in  an  atmosphere  of  carboni*: 
Champlain  by  seines  in  May  and  June,  and  sell  acid.  The  effect  of  the  vapors  is  to  oxidke 
fresh  for  6  to  10  cents  a  pound.  There  are  sev-  the  outer  portion  and  convert  it  first  into  tlte 
eral  other  allied  species,  all  inferior  as  articles  neutral  acetate  (PbO,  O4HSOO  and  then  into  a 
of  food. — ^De  Kay  describes  the  Otsego  white  triacetate  of  lead  (BPbO,  04HiO$).  By  the  a> 
fish  (G.  OtsegOy  De  Kay),  or  shad  salmon  of  that  tion  of  carbonic  acid  this  is  transformed  into 
l^e,  H  feet  long,  dusky  above  the  lateral  line  carbonate  of  the  oxide,  and  the  acetic  acid  i* 
and  silvery  below  it,  with  6  or  8  dusky  lateral  set  free  to  act  agfdn  upon  other  portioo:^  of 
stripes  as  in  the  bass  (Idhrax  lineatus^  Ouv.).  It  lead.  The  chemical  changes  are  represented 
id  now  rare,  and  taken,  if  at  all,  in  seines ;  its  by  the  following  formulas : 
flesh  is  of  exquisite  flavor.  PbO,  €411,0,  +  2PbO  =  sPbO,  C4H.0, :  and 
WHITE  GUNPOWDER,  an  explosive  com-  8PbO,  C4H,o,  +  2C0,  =  Pbo,  c^HjO,  +  «(PW),  oo,> 

pound  formed  of  8  parts  of  chlorate  of  potash,  In  carrying  out  the  operation  upon  a  larct- 
1  of  white  sugar,  and  1  of  ferrocyanide  of  po-  scale,  the  buckles  are  laid  in  earthen  p*  t« 
tassium,  separately  pulverized,  and  then  inti-  shaped  like  flower  pots,  and  are  Bnpported 
mately  mixed  in  a  wooden  mortar  with  a  wood-  above  the  bottom  by  a  ledge  or  points  pre- 
en pestle.  It  has  the  dangerous  property  of  jecting  from  the  inner  surface.  Some  vinegar 
the  other  fulminates  of  exploding  by  friction  or  strong  acetic  acid  is  placed  in  the  hottomaf 
and  percussion,  and  should  never  be  prepared  each  pot ;  and  in  order  to  admit  a  freer  ciron- 
except  in  very  small  quantities.  If  a  minute  lation  of  the  vapors,  it  is  well  to  break  a  pi«c 
drop  of  sulphuric  acid  wets  any  portion  of  it,  out  of  the  upper  edge  of  each  pot,  unless  it  be 
the  whole  mass  explodes.  made  with  a  gap  in  this  i>ortion.  In  extensive 
WHITE  LEAD,  dr  Oeruse,  a  compound  of  white  lead  works  an  immense  supply  of  thex' 
oxide  of  lead  and  carbonic  acid,  used  chiefly  as  pots  is  kept  on  hand,  the  number  in  one  of  t^i^* 
a  paint.  Its  composition  is  represented  by  the  establiBhments  in  Brooklyn  amounting  to  abon' 
formula  PbO,  CO9 ;  but  a  variable  proportion  160,000.  When  charged  with  the  acid  ^\ 
of  oxide  of  lead  (PbO,  HO)  is  commonly  present  buckles,  they  are  set  close  together  in  rows  npin 
in  addition.  The  manufacture  was  introduced  a  bed  of  spent  tan,  a  foot  or  two  thick  over  ac/ 
by  the  Dutch,  who  practised  it  exclusively  till  convenient  area,  as  one  of  20  feet  sqnare  or 
about  the  close  of  the  last  century,  when  it  was  less.  The  pots  are  loosely  covered  with  thin 
adopted  by  the  English.  It  was  introduced  sheets  of  lead,  and  pieces  are  laid  in  the  opeo- 
into  Philadelphia  about  the  year  1815. — ^White  ings  between  them,  always  however  in  su'^i 
lead  is  distinguished  for  its  perfect  whiteness,  manner  as  to  leave  abundant  interstices  for  the 
and  for  forming  when  finely  pulverized  a  soft  circulation  of  the  vapors.  A  flooring  of  b(«r^* 
and  heavy  powder,  which  mixes  readily  with  is  then  laid  over  the  pots,  and  this  is  coTerw 
oil,  giving  to  it  a  drying  property.  Pure  white  with  another  layer  of  tan,  on  which  is  set  1 
lead  has  the  reputation  of  being  the  best  paint  second  course  of  pots  and  lead.  Thns  socces- 
in  respect  of  color  and  body.  It  is  idso  used  sive  tiers  are  built  up,  to  the  height  it  ^^^^ 
in  the  preparation  of  vulcanized  caoutchouc,  of  25  feet,  the  sides  being  secured  by  boards 
The  preparation  of  the  pure  white  lead  requires  fastened  to  framework.  A  single  stack  ma.^ 
the  use  of  the  purest  metallic  lead ;  and  that  thus  contain  50  or  60  tons  of  lead  distriboted 
preferred  is  either  European  lead  ^at  has  been  among  some  12,000  pots.  The  whole  is  coTerc<l 
refined,  or  the  metal  from  the  upper  mines  of  by  a  layer  of  tan.  Soon  after  the  pile  is  com- 
the  Mississippi.  The  old  method  was  to  use  the  pleted  the  tan  begins  to  ferment,  and  thns  s^n* 
metal  in  thin  sheets,  out  in  small  pieces,  each  of  erates  heat,  which  causes  the  vinegar  to  evapo- 
which  was  rolled  into  a  loose  spirfd,  in  which  rate  and  its  vapors  to  circulate  among  the  lead, 
form  it  could  be  conveniently  subjected  to  the  The  process  goes  on  as  long  as  the  tan  conunnt* 
action  of  the  vapors  by  which  its  conversion  into  to  ferment,  which  may  be  from  8  to  12  ^^^ 
carbonate  is  eflTected.  Instead  of  these  spirals  the  and  consequently,  in  order  that  there  ma;  t^ 
metal,  after  the  invention  of  Mr.  Augustus  Gra-  no  interruption  to  the  work,  it  is  necesswy  ^^ 
ham  of  Brooklyn,  N".  Y.,  is  now  almost  univer-  have  a  number  of  stacks,  that  the  workmen 
sally  cast  in  the  form  of  gratings  or  ^*  buckles,''  may  be  constantly  enqtloyed  in  making  op  ^ 


400  WHITE  MOUNTAINS 

prinoipal  summits  of  the  eastern  gronp  are,  on  the  Androscoggin,  descending  over  200  f«^t 
beginning  at  the  Notch  and  passing  around  to  in  the  course  of  a  mile ;  and  the  Cryste] 
Gorham,  Mts.  Webster,  Clinton,  Pleasant,  cascade  and  Glen  EUis  fall,  near  the  Glee 
FrankliD,  Monroe,  Washington,  Olay,  Jefferson,  house,  on  a  tributary  of  the  AndrosooggiB. 
Adams,  and  Madison.  Of  these  Mt.  Washing-  Of  the^  "  notches,"  or  passages  rent  throui^ 
ton  is  the  highest,  and  is  indeed  the  highest  .  the  solid  granite  of  the  mountains  apparent'} 
mountain  summit  in  New  England,  being  6,285  by  some  violent  convulsion  of  nature,  iLf  re 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  hei^t  of  are  6 :  the  White  mountain  notch,  2  m.  i  i 
some  of  the  other  peaks  is  as  follows :  Pleas-  length,  and  at  its  narrowest  point  only  22  fet! 
ant,  4,T12  feet ;  Franklin,  4,850 ;.  Monroe,  6,849 ;  wide,  through  which  the  Saoo  river  passes :  the 
Jefferson,  5,657;  Adams,  5,759 ;  Madison,  5,415.  Franconia  notch,  which  permits  the  passage  f>\ 
The  principal  summits  of  the  Franconia  group  thePemigewasset;  the  Pinkham  notch,  tiiroi2i:h 
are  Mts.  Pleasant,  Lafayette  (5,500  feet).  Liber-  which  a  branch  of  the  Saco  and  one  of  the 
ty,  Oherry  mountain,  and  Moosehillock  (4,686).  Androscoggin  find  their  way;  and  the  Gnfton 
Near  the  southern  border  of  the  plateau  rise  and  Dixville  notches,  through  which  flow  the 
Whiteface  mountain,  Chocorua  Peak  (8,858  Androscoggin  and  one  of  its  tributaries.  The 
feet),  Bed  hill,  and  Mt.  Ossipee ;  and  in  the  8.  first  two  of  these  are  those  best  known.  ^'The 
E.,  Mt.  Eearsarge  (2,461  feet).  North  of  the  Flnme*^  at  Franconia  notch  is  ^e  most  note'l 
plateau,  and  near  the  upper  waters  of  the  Oon-  of  those  narrow  waterways  excavated  thron?h 
necticut  river,  are  several  considerable  summits,  the  rock,  though  there  are  others  hardly  ir- 
of  which  the  twin  mountains  known  as  the  feripr  to  it  in  attractiveness.  Among  the  other 
Stratford  peaks  are  the  most  considerable.  The  objects  of  interest  in  the  Franconia  gronp  \^ 
plateau  is  traversed  and  its  surface  deeply  fur-  the  "  Old  Man  of  the  Mountain,"  a  well  delioed 
rowed  by  several  streams :  the  Androscoggin  profile  of  the  human  face  formed  by  8  proj^ct- 
and  its  tributaries,  which  form  the  N.  E.  valley ;  ing  rocks.  (See  Fbanoonia.)  At  the  base  o? 
the  Saco  and  its  branches,  which  form  two  the  mountain  lies  a  beautiftil  lakelet  i  of  a  mi.v 
deep  depressions  in  the  E.  group,  and  finally  long  and  i  wide,  called  "  Profile  lake,"  or 
form  a  part  of  the  8.  E.  boundaiy  of  the  pla-  the  "  Old  Man's  Washbowl."  Five  miles  S.  oi 
teau ;  the  Pemigewasset,  the  principal  afiluent  the  notch  is  the  *'  Basin,"  a  circular  bowl-lik^' 
of  the  Merrimack,  which  divides  the  Franconia  cavity  45  feet  in  diameter  and  28  in  depth,  jiro 
group  from  N.  to  8. ;  and  the  Lower  Ammonoo-  duoed  by  the  whirling  of  large  stones  in  s 
suck  and  Israel's  rivers,  tributaries  of  the  Oon-  natural  hollow  in  the  rock  by  the  cun-f d*„ 
necticut,  which  form  valleys  in  the  N.W.  part  of  It  is  filled  with  clear  sparkling  water,  wbi«h 
the  plateau.  The  geological  formation  of  the  flows  down  the  mountains  in  a  successioD  oi 
Wh  ite  mountains  is  ^most  entirely  of  the  ancient  beautiful  clear  cascades.  The  "Pool,*' in  tU 
metamorphic  rocks.  In  many  of  the  peaks  the  same  vicinity,  is  a  natural  well  in  the  soiii 
upper  portion  is  composed  of  huge  masses  of  rock  60  feet  in  diameter  and  190  feet  deep,  of 
naked  granite  or  gneiss;  and  the  debris  which  in  which  40  feet  is  water.  The  ascent  of  ^t. 
the  course  of  ages  have  clothed  the  lower  por-  Washington  was  until  recently  a  toilsome, 
tion  with  a  coarse  gravelly  soil,  possess  only  and  at  times  a  dangerous  feat;  but  a  car- 
enough  of  the  constituents  of  vegetable  life  to  riage  road  has  been  constructed  to  the  sum- 
support  those  trees  and  shrubs  which  will  grow  mit,  rendering  the  ascent  comparatively  es-j. 
in  the  hardest  and  poorest  soil.  Land  slides,  not  A  rough  stone  building,  40  by  22  feet  and  *" 
the  result  of  a  glacier  movement,  but  of  dislodg-  feet  high,  with  walls  4  feet  thick,  was  erected 
ment  of  bowlders  and  loosely  adherent  soil  after  under  the  lee  of  the  highest  rocks  on  Mt.  Wa>li- 
heavy  rains,  are  not  infrequent.  One  of  these,  ington  some  years  since,  and  a  second  struct r.r,, 
occurring  in  the  notch  of  the  White  mountain  known  as  the  "  Tip-top  House,"  not  long  afta 
group  in  Aug.  1826,  destroyed  a  whole  family  The  White  mountain  plateau  is  approached  by 
named  Willey,  consisting  of  9  persons.  Tlie  travellers  from  4  directions,  viz. :  from  tlie  I- 
slide  was  occasioned  by  a  deluge  of  rain  in  the  by  the  Grand  Trunk  railroad  to  Gorham ;  ttom 
night,  and  the  bodies  were  found  buried  be-  the  8.  by  Lake  Winnipiseogee  and  the  valley  u'' 
neath  it  at  a  distance  from  their  dwelling,  which,  the  Pemigewasset ;  from  the  S.  W.  by  way  t'l 
although  they  had  fled  from  it,  remained  un-  the  Connecticut  river  and  White  mountab  rail- 
injured,  the  mass  of  stones  and  earth  having  road  or  the  Boston  and  Montreal  railroad  t<' 
divided  at  some  distance  in  its  rear  and  swept  Littleton;  and  from  the  N.  by  the  Grand  Tron^ 
down  each  side  of  it.  The  most  noteworthy  railroad  to  Northumberland. — ^The  White  moim- 
of  many  waterfalls  among  the  mountains  are :  tains  were  first  visited  by  a  white  man  in  lW3i 
the  Artist's  fall  in  North  Oonway ;  the  Silver  Darby  Field  of  Pascataquaok  having,  as  Vin- 
cascade,  a  beautiful  thread  of  water  descending  throp  informs  us,  ascended  Mt.  Washinjrt-' 
from  far  up  the  side  of  Mount  Webster ;  Rip-  with  two  Indians  in  that  year.  Thomas  G<'r- 
ley's  falls,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Saco,  below  the  ges,  a  relative  of  the  proprietor  of  Maine,  ^it'i 
Willey  house,  the  lower  one.  Sylvan  Glade  cat-  some  friends,  also  visited  them  in  Aug.  1W-- 
aract,  falling,  at  an  angle  of  45'',  156  feet,  in  a  taking  the  route  by  the  Saco  river.  They  d'v 
stream  from  50  to  75  feet  in  width ;  the  falls  covered  that  this  plateau  included  the  sonrrf ? 
of  the  Ammonoosuck,  which  in  a  course  of  80  of  the  Oonnepticut,  the  Saco,  the  Androscopnn. 
m.  descends  over  5,000  feet ;  the  Berlin  falls,  and  the  Kennebec  rivers.    The  first  pabhslicO 


WHUB  PLAINS  WHITE  EIVEB                 401 

umfeiTe  of  %  yuat  to  the  moontains  was  that  landing  on  the  ooaat  near  Pell^a  and  Throok^ 

{ J  zutaraliflt,  John  JoaalTn,  giren  in  his  ^^  New  pointa,  and  had  moved  np  toward  the  Bronx. 

Lijliad's  RaritieB  diacoTered  '^  (1672).    Joaa-  bkimuahea  took  plaee  between  the  two  annies^ 

.:.  risited  the  moontaina  between  1663  and  resolting  generally  in  £iTor  of  the  Americana. 

:::«  and  seems  to  have  had  some  interooorse  On  Oct  SI  Gen.  Washington  established  hia 

r::i  the  Indians  in  the  vicinitj,  as  he  gives  head-qnarters  at  White  Plains,  where  the  Amer- 

* . .  J-  traditiooa  in  regvd  to  thdr  origin^  as  well  loan  troops  were  fortifying  their  pomtion.    As 

L* .  very  vivid  and  interesting  description  of  the  British  approached,  Oeo.  Washington  called 

: .?  moontains  themselves^     No  settlements  in  all  his  detachments,  and  abandoning  his  po- 

vere  made  in  the  region  till  abont  1771.    The  aitions  along  the  lower  waters  of  the  Bronx 

r*«:  scientific  exploration  was  made  in  1784  by  establidied  his  whole  force  in  the  immediate 

u«  Rev.  Manasseh  Cutler,  D.D.,  of  Ipswich,  vicinity  of  White  Plains.    On  the  evening  of 

i.j  tro  friends.     Their  explorations  led  to  Oct. 27  OoL  Haslett  with  abont  1,600  American 

-Licf  visits  and  settlements.     In  1797,  and  troops  had  taken  possession  of  Chatterton  hill, 

tris  in  1803,  President  Dwight  passed  through  a  commanding  eminence  on  the  W.  side  of  the 

: .«  White  mountain  notch,  and  he  gives  a  fdll  Bronx;  and  on  the  morning  of  the  28th,  reftn- 

:  -^  nation  cf  it  in  his  *^  Travels."    In  July,  forced  by  a  small  additional  force  nnder  CoL 

^4.  Dr.  Cutler  again  visited  the  mountains,  McDongall  and  2  pieces  of  cannon  nnder  com- 

L.i  maile  observations  to  ascertain  the  height  mand  of  Oapt.  Alexander  Hamilton,  he  forti* 

:  yti.  Wsahington,  and  with  some  friends  col-  fied  his  position  as  well  as  time  would  allow. 

':c'^  the  alpine  plants  of  the  region.    In  1816  On  the  morning  of  that  day  Gen.  Howe  ad- 

>.  Bigvlow,  Dr.  Francis  Boott,  Mr.  F.  0.  vanoed  with  his  forces  in  two  columns,  nnm- 

-*nj.  and  Chief  Justice  Shaw  made  a  thorough  bering  about  18,000  men,  upon  the  American 

uta.-al  history  snrvey  of  the  mountains,  which  army  posted  along  the   Bronx.      Perceiving 

'-^«  piblisbed  by  Dr.  Bigelow  nnder  the  title  the  importance  of  the  position  on  Chatterton 

' "  A'^^unt  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  hill,  and  regarding  it  as  the  only  aasailabltf 

Ho'^hire.'^    The  flora  of  the  mountains  was  point  of  the  American  army,  Gen.  Leslie  waa 

■1*1  'Jji^rooj^iy  explored  by  Mr.  W.  Oakes,  of  sent  with  a  strong  detachment  to  cross  the 

i'»vioh,  wlio  published  in  1828  a  quarto  vol-  Bronx  and  attack  it  in  fit>nt,  while  Col.  Rail 

::ne  entitled  ''Scenery  of  the  White  Monn-  with  a  Hessian  regiment  was  ordered  to  cross 

U'.s,*'  iilistrated  with  16  plates.  The  most  com-  the  river  a  quarter  of  a  mile  below  and  attack 

'   v  work  illustrative  of  the  scenery,  botany,  Col.  Haslett  in  flank.    The  hill  was  carried 

'■i  history  of  the  region  is  '^  The  White  Hills,  with  great  difficulty,  the  Americans  retreating 

'  eir  Leireoda.  Landscapes,  and  Poetry,'^  by  the  in  good  order  and  without  being  pursued.    The 

F*.v.  T.  StuT  King  (Boston,  1860).  British  troops  rested  that  night  on  Chatterton 

WHITE  PLAINS,  a  township  and  village  hilL    The  next  day,  Oct  29,  a  skirmish  took 

111  the  ca|Htal  of  Westchester  co.,  K.  T.,  sit-  place  between  the  two   armies;  but  Howe, 

u:dl  on  the  Harlem  railroad,  26  m.  N.  £.  finding  the  Americans  still  too  strongly  posted 

i'  >3  Xsv  York  city ;  pop.  about  1,600.    The  to  be  attacked  with  safety,  widted  for  reenforoe- 

'-c«  ooQtains  6  churches  and  several  semi-  ments.    These  arrived  on  the  evening  of  the 

'-^'^     Forming    a  part   of  the    debatable  30th,  but  a  storm  coming  on,  the  Americana 

^  1^  between   the  British    and  American  took  advantage  of  it  and  withdrew  to  the  still 

'-  ^  it  was  the  scene  of  several  important  stronger  position  of  Newcastle,  2  miles  above, 

e'ciu  diring  the  revolutionary  war.     The  which  they  had  previonsly  fortified.    Afraid 

^  <  noticeable  of  these  was  the  action  usu-  to  attack  them  in  thia  podtion,  Howe  feQ 

i-j  koown  as  ^  the  battle  of  White  Plains,'^  back  to  the  junction  of  the  Harlem  and  Hnd* 

'-  'i^ii  it  actually  occurred  in  the  town  of  son  rivers,  and  encamped  on  Fordham  heights ; 

'Trtt:Qbar^,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Bronx  and  Washington  withdrew  hb  army  leisurely 

^~er.   After  the  skirmish  of  Harlem  heights^  into  New  Jersey  and  made  his  head-qnartars 

^-rt  10, 1776,  in  which  the  British  were  re-  at  Hackensack.    The  loss  of  the  Americans  in 

V'  v^  vith  considerable   loss.  Gen.  Howe,  the  battle  of  White  Plains  and  the  skirmish 

yly:  that  the  American  position    on   the  of  the  succeeding  day  was  nearly  300  in  killed, 

-~^aU  wss  too  strong  to  be  carried,  attempt-  wounded,  and  prisoners,  and  that  of  the  Brit- 

^  to  fl«Dk  it  by  landing  troops  on  the  shore  ish  about  the  same. 

^  Westchester  co.,  and  by  a  dexterous  ma-  WHIT£  RIVflR,  a  river  of  Arkansas  and 

^^TTe  henmiing  in  the  Americans  npon  the  Missouri,  which  rises  in   the   Ozark  monn- 

^Mtods  at  the  north  of  the  island.    6en«  tains  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  former  state  by 

Washington  perceived  hia  design,  and  sending  three  separate  atreama,  uniting  a  few  miles  S. 

^^  detachments  to  oppose  their  landing  of  Fayetteville.     From  this   point   it  flows 

*!«  oecapy  the  coast,  and  a  smaller  force  to  N.  N.  £.  into  Miasonii^  and  after  making  a  cir- 

z^  Plains,  or  rather  to  the  W.  side  of  the  cult  of  nearly  100  m.  returns  into  Arkanaaa^ 

^^'^  to  throw  np  fortifications,  he  com-  flowing  thence  8.  £.  to  its  junction  with  the 

^^^  moving  on  Oct.  17  along  the  line  of  Black  river,  and  receiving  in  its  course  the 

'^^fODx,  forming  a  series  of  intrenchments  North  fork  of  White  river  on  its  left  bank  and 

^^j^^tllisms's  bridge  to  White  Plains.    The  the  Bnffslo  fork  on  its  right  After  its  jnnctimi 

'^^^^  aeanwhile  h^  succeeded  in  effecting  a  with  the  Black  it  tnma  aonthward,  and  enters 
VOL.  xn. — ^26 


402  WHITE  SEA  WHITEBAIT 

the  MiflsiBBlppi  16  m.  above  the  month  of  the  inffredients  of  the  water  are  solphate  of  Ibne, 
Arkansas,  with  which  it  also  nnites  by  an  arm  snTphate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  carbon- 
near  the  same  point.  Its  whole  conrse  is  not  ate  of  magnesia,  carbonate  of  lime,  chloride  of 
less  than  800  m.  It  is  navigable  to  the  month  of  calcinm,  chloride  of  sodinm,  solpho-b  jdrate  of 
Black  river,  850  m.,  at  all  stages  of  water,  and  sodium,  peroxide  of  iron,  iodine,  phosphate  of 
daring  most  of  the  year  to  Batesville,  80  m.  lime,  precipitated  snlphnr,  and  a  small  qaanti* 
farther.  It  is  seldom  obstructed  by  ice,  and  ty  of  organic  matter ;  the  gaseous  ingredients 
flows  through  a  fertile  country  well  adapted  to  are  carbonic  acid,  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  ox  j- 
the  culture  of  maize  and  cotton.  gen,  and  nitrogen.    It  is  said  to  resemble  tlje 

WHITE  SEA  ^RuBS.  Beloe  More)^  a  large  Bharon  springs  of  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  its 
gulf  or  branch  of  the  Arctic  ocean,  which  pen-  chemical^  and  medicinal  properties.  The  w&- 
etrates  far  into  N.  W.  Russia,  between  lat.  63^  ters  are  considered  efficacious  in  dyspep^iA, 
48'  and  68°  60'  N.  It  is  nearly  semicircular  jaundice,  and  liver  diseases  generally,  goat 
in  form,  and  has  a  length  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.  rheumatism,  diseases  of  ^e  skin  and  IddDej^ 
of  about  860  m.,  whSe  its  average  breadth  &c. — At  distances  from  22  to  42  m.  from  tLis 
from  N.  W.  to  S.  £.  is  about  60  m.  At  its  en-  spring  are  the  Red,  Salt,  and  Blue  Sulphur 
trance,  between  Eanin  Nos  and  Sviatoi  Nos,  springs,  at  each  of  which  there  are  rooms  for 
it  is  about  100  m.  in  width ;  but  where  it  turns  about  400  guests.  The  water  of  the  Red  Sul- 
to  the  S.  W.  it  has  contracted  to  about  40  m.  phur  springs  has  a  temperature  of  54**  F.,  and 
It  forms  4  large  gulfs  or  bays,  viz. :  that  of  is  very  strongly  charged  with  sulphuretted  hy- 
Mezen  on  the  N.  £.,  that  of  Dwina  or  Arch-  drogen.  The  Salt  Sulphur  spring  contains  no 
angel  on  the  S.,  that  of  Onega  on  the  S.  W.,  chloride  of  sodinm,  but  a  larger  proportion  of 
and  the  deep  inlet  extending,  with  a  mean  sulphate  of  soda  than  the  other  springs.  Th^r 
width  of  25  m.,  a  distance  of  100  m.  into  Lap-  Blue  or  Gray  Sulphur  possesses  valuable  diu- 
land  on  the  N.  W.,  called  the  gulf  of  Eandalask.    retic  properties. 

Its  area  is  estimated  at  44,000  sq.  m.  It  has  WHITE  SWELLING,  the  name  popnlarl} 
numerous  small  islands,  and  two  of  consider-  given  to  a  chronic  inflammation  of  the  joints 
able  size,  that  of  Solovetz,  in  the  Solovetzkoi  occurring  in  scrofulous  subjects.  The  coxaplaiLt 
group,  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Onega,  appears  sometimes  to  originate  in  a  slight  in- 
and  Moryovetz,  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of  jury,  a  bruise  or  a  sprain ;  sometimes  no  car.5« 
Mezen.  The  sea  has  bold  and  rocky  shores,  can  be  assigned  for  its  occurrence.  The  joint 
and  deep  waters,  except  in  the  gulf  of  Dwina,  slowly  becomes  stiff  and  swollen ;  for  a  long 
which  is  obstructed  by  a  sand  bank  and  is  for  time  it  is  painful  only  on  being  moved,  and  th« 
most  of  its  extent  shallow.  The  Mezen,  N.  patient  keeps  it  as  quiet  as  possible  in  a  podturc 
Dwina,  Onega,  Vig,  Eem,  Kamienna,  and  many  that  relaxes  as  far  as  may  be  the  snrroundicg 
smaller  streams  discharge  their  waters  into  muscles  and  tendons,  and  this  is  generally  in  & 
the  White  sea.  Its  only  large  port  is  that  of  semi-flexed  position.  The  swelmig  is  caueeJ 
Archangel  on  the  gulf  of  Dwina.  The  naviga-  largely  by  the  parts  exterior  to  the  joint  be- 
tion  is  open  for  5  or  6  months  of  the  year,  coming  thickened  and  infiltrated  with  plastic 
Fish  are  abundant  The  white  whale,  or  and  fatty  matters.  It  comes  on  very  slowh, 
white  fish  of  the  whalemen,  seal,  salmon,  cod,  and  as  it  supervenes  the  prominences  of  the 
herring,  &c.,  are  caught  in  large  numbers ;  and  bones  are  lost,  and  the  joint  becomes  rounded 
from  Archangel  and  the  other  towns  on  the  and  has  a  doughy  or  semi-elastic  feel.  The  av 
coasts,  vessels  are  sent  to  Spitzbergen,  Nova  pearance  of  the  skin,  which  for  a  long  tlm«^ 
Zembla,  and  the  coasts  of  the  Polar  sea  in  preserves  its  natural  color,  gives  the  disease  \u 
pursuit  of  whales,  seals,  and  walruses. — ^The  popular  name.  The  swelling,  considerable  in 
White  sea  first  became  known  to  English  navi-  itself,  seems  greater  from  the  wasting  of  tie 
gators  through  Richard  Ohancellor,  command-  rest  of  the  limb.  The  disease  has  a  great  ton- 
mg  a  ship  in  the  unfortunate  squadron  of  Sir  dency  to  run  on  to  suppuration,  wLich  take« 
Hugh  Wuloughby  in  1553,  who  landed  on  the  place  both  within  the  joint  and  around.  This 
shores  of  the  gulf  of  Dwina.  is  rapidly  followed  by  hectic  fever,  and  oflca 

WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  post  village  by  the  development  of  tubercles  in  the  Inngsw 
of  Greenbrier  co.,  Vs.,  containing  the  principal  The  general  treatment  consists  in  hygienic 
minerd  spring  of  Virginia,  on  Howard^s  creek,  measures,  in  a  generous  diet,  and  in  the  use  of 
206  m.  W.  from  Richmond,  and  9  m.  E.  from  •  iron,  ood  liver  oil,  phosphoric  acid,  and  io- 
Lewisburg,  the  county  seat.  The  first  use  of  dine.  Locally,  the  cnief  indication  to  be  fd- 
the  waters  by  the  whites  is  said  to  have  been  filled  is  to  keep  the  joint  in  a  state  of  perfect 
in  1778,  and  in  1820  the  spring  had  become  a  rest,  and  this  is  best  done  by  the  use  of  prop- 
f^hionable  resort.  Bnildings  have  now  been  erly  a^'usted  splints  or  the  employment  of  the 
erected  capable  of  receiving  1,500  guests.  The  starch  bandage.  When  the  inflammation  has 
spring  is  in  the  lowest  part  of  a  bKdautiful  val-  entirely  subsided,  friction  and  stimulating  lini- 
ley,  and  is  covered  by  a  dome  supported  by  12  ments  may  be  employed  to  remove  the  thicken- 
Ionic  columns  and  crowned  by  a  statue  of  Hy-  ing  and  stiffness  which  remain, 
^ia.  Its  elevation  is  about  2,000  feet  above  WHirEBAIT  (clupea  alba,  Tarr.),  a  small 
tide  water,  and  its  temperature  62°  F.  It  fish  of  the  herring  family,  in  great  repute  ^ith 
yields  about  SO  gallons  per  minute.  •  The  solid    London  epicures.    It  has  teeth  on  the  palate 


404                    WHITEHALL  WHITEHEAD 

mob  in  Dablin,  and  Beverely  wounded  with  streams  furnish  ample  water  power,  which  is 

stones.    He  made  his  sixth  American  tonr  in  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  timber,  flour, 

1768-'6,  and  started  on  a  seventh  in  Sept.  1769,  machinery,  woollen  goods,  carpets,  and  sasliea 

taking  affectionate  leave  of  Wesley  in  a  faro-  and  blinds.    There  is  also  a  considerable  btL^i- 

weU  letter.    He  preached  for  two  hours  at  ness  done  in  the  construction  of  boats,  sailic:; 

Exeter,  N.  H.,  the  day  before  his  death,  and  vessels,  and  steamboats  for  the  lake   trade, 

on  his  arrival  at  Newburyport  the  same  even-  Whitehall  has  7  churches  (2  Methodist,  and  1 

ing  made  an  address  to  the  crowd  that  came  each  Baptist,  Congregational,  Episcopal,  Pre». 

to  iheet  him.    He  died  of  asthma,  and  was  byterian,    and   Roman   Oatholic),   17    public 

buried  beneath  the  pulpit  of  the  Federal  street  schools,  and  one   academy. — The  town   wa^ 

church  in  Newburyport.    Like  Wesley  he  was  first  settled  in  1761  by  M^or  Philip  Bkene^  & 

unhappily  married.    During  his  sQCond  Amer-  BritLsh  half-pay  officer,  who  gave  it  the  name 

ican  journey  he  wrote  to  a  friend  asking  for  his  of  Skenesborough.    During  the  revolatiooarr 

daughter  in  marriage,  but  blessed  Gk>d,  in  the  war  his  house  was  used  by  the  colonists  &$  a 

letter,  ^at  his  heart  was  *^  free  from  that  fool-  fort,  but  was  blown  up  by  the  garrison  after 

ish  passion  which  the  world  calls  love."    The  Fort  Ticonderoga  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of 

proposal  was  declined,  and  in  1741  he  married  the  British.    The   name   of  the    plaoe  was 

a  widow,  whose  death  in  1768,  according  to  changed  to  Whitehall  in  1786.    In  the  war  of 

his  friend  Winter,  "  set  his  mind  much  at  rest."  1812  it  was  an  important  military  depot.     The 

She  bore  him  a  son  who  died  an  infant. —  first  steamboat  which  plied  on  the  lake  was 

Whitefield  was  tall  in  person ;    his  features  launched  here  in  1809.    The  Ghamplain  canal 

were  regular,  and  his  eyes  small,  blue,  and  lu-  was  constructed  from  thb  point  to  Fort  Edward 

minous;  one  of  them  had  a  slight  cast.    His  in  1819,  and  completed  to  Troy  in  1824. 

voice  was  marvellously  rich,  sweet,  and  sono-  WHITEHAVEN,  a  parliamentary  borooirl), 

rous.   His  eloquence  has  rarely  been  surpassed,  seaport,  and  market   town  of   Cumberland, 

It  was  a  natural  gift  improved  by  diligent  England,  on  a' small  creek  of  the  Irish  sea,  ^^ 

study,  and  Garrick  said  that  each  repetition  of  m.  8.  W.  from  Carlisle ;  lat.  54**  33'  N.,  locr. 

the  same  sermon  showed  a  constant  improve-  8**  85'  W. ;  pop.  in  1861  (of  the  tows),  18«^2. 

ment,  as  many  as  40  repetitions  being  required  It  is  built  at  the  foot  of  high  hills,  haa  a  go**] 

before  the  discourse  reached  its  full  perfection,  harbor,  and  emoys  an  extensive  commerce,  tbc 

According  to  the  same  authority,  he  could  principal  articles  of  export  being   coal,  itvk 

make  his  audience  weep  or  tremble  merely  by  *and  iron  ore.    The  coal  mines  extend  under 

varying  his  pronunciation  of  the  word  Mesopo-  the  town  and  for  more  than  2  miles  under  the 

tamia.    His  style  was  severely  simple,  and  in  sea,  being  the  deepest  known  in  the  world 

his  printed  sermons  seems  even  meagre.    He  In  1869-^60  the  exports  by  water  indnded  195,- 

never  fell  into  vulgarity,  but  delighted  in  odd  608  tons  of  coal  and  198,897  tons  of  iron,  be- 

illustrations,  anecdotes,  local  allusions,  coUo-  side  about  as  much  more  sent  by  railway. 

quial  phrases,  and  the  language  of  the  common  WHITEHEAD,  Paul,  an  English  poet»  bore 

people.     Sometimes  he  stamped  loudly  and  in  London,  Feb.  6,  1710,  died  there,  Dec.  3i». 

passionately,  and  he  was  frequently  so  much  1774.    He  was  apprenticed  to  a  mercer  of  Lon- 

overcome  that  he  required  some  time  to  com-  don,  but,  not  liking  trade,  became  a  student  of 

pose  himself.     He  seldom  preached  without  law  at  the  Middle  Temple,  and  in  1786  obtainid 

weeping.    His  gestures  and  the  play  of  his  a  small  competence  by  marriage.     In  1733  he 

features  were  full  of   dramatic   power.     A  published  **  State  Dunces,]*  a  satire  npon  the 

collection  of  his  sermons,  tracts,  and  letters  ministry,  which  gained  him  the  favor  of  the 

was  published  in  London   in  1771  (6  vols,  opposition,  then  headed  by  the  prince  of  Wal<.'5. 

8vo.),  and  his  journals  were  printed,  like  Wes-  Having  joined  Fleetwood,  the  mana^rer  of  Dm- 

ley^s,  during  his  lifetime,  a  second  and  cor-  ry  Lane  theatre,  in  a  bond  for  £dy(>00,  be  re- 

rected  edition  of  them  appearing  in  1756. —  fused  to  pay  when  caUed  upon  to  do  so,  and  in 

See  Robert  Philip,  ^^Life  and  Times  of  White-  consequence  underwent  a  long  confinement  in 

field;**  John  Gillies,  ^* Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  the  Fleet  prison.    In  1739  another  satire  frcm 

the  Rev.  George  Whitefield"  (8vo.,  London,  his  pen  appeared  under  the  title  of '^  Manners*' 

1772) ;  and  the  Rev.  Abel  Stevens,  '*  History  of  and  was  so  personal  in  its  attacks  that  Dod^lej . 

the  Religious  Movement  of  the  18th  Oentury  his  publisher,  was  imprisoned,  and  be  Iiim^i^lf 

called  Methodism"  (8  vols.  12mo.,  New  York,  only  escaped  the  same  penalty  by  flight.    Snb- 

1859-62).  sequently  he  became  a  literary  hanger-on  of 

WHITEHALL,  a  township  and  village  of  Bubb  Dodington,  and  in  1744  pobliahed  a  sdt- 

Washington  oo.,  N.  Y.,  situated  at  the  extremity  ire  upon  boxing  under  the  title  of  the  ^'  Grmna- 

of  Lake  Ohamplain ;  pop.  in  1860,  4,862.    It  is  siad,^'  and  about  the  same  time  another  upi>o 

coimected  with  Troy  by  the  Ghamplain  canal,  the  government  entitled  **  Honour.^'     Sir  Fran- 

and  by  the  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga,  and  Sara-  cis  Dashwood,  afterward  Lord  de  Deq>enser, 

toga  and  Whitehall  railroads.    The  village  is  obtained  for  him  the  situation  of  deputy  trea»- 

situated  at  tbe  entrance  of  Wood  creek  and  urer  of  the  chamber,  which  office,  yielding  about 

Pawlet  river  into  Uie  lake,  and  several  steam-  £800  a  year,  he  held  until  his  death.    He  was 

boats  ply  daily  during  the  summer  between  it  one  of  the  party  engaged  in  the  scenes  of  de- 

and  the  other  lake  ports.    The  falls  in  the  banchery  and  blasphemy  enacted  at  Medmon- 


406                  WHTTEWEED  WHITLOW 

8,950  tons  of  haT-.  There  were  4  ohnrcbes,  and  print  except  in  London,  Oxford,  and  Gam- 
1,864  pupils  attending  public  schools.  The  bridge;  the  number  of  printers  was  to  be  de- 
county  is  intersected  bj  the  Fulton  and  Iowa  termined  by  the  ecclesiastical  commiasioners; 
railroad.  Capital,  Sterling.  none  but  a  few  special  printers  were  to  be  sof- 
WHIT£W££D.  See  Oxbtx.  fered  to  print  any  book,  matter,  or  thing 
WHITEWOGD.  See  Tuup  Tbse.  whatsoever  uutU  it  should  be  pemsed  and  al- 
WHITFIELD^  or  WnrrKFiKLD,  a  N.  W.  co.  of  lowed  by  the  archbishop  of  Ganterbaiy  and  the 
Georgia,  bordermg  on  Tennessee,  and  bounded  bishop  of  London ;  and  every  one  selling  books 
£.  by  the  Connasauga  river;  area,  about  700  contrary  to  the  intent  of  the  ordinance  was  to 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  10,047,  of  whom  1,732  be  imprisoned  for  8  months.  In  1586  be  was 
were  slaves.  The  surface  is  mostly  mountain-  sworn  of  the  privy  council,  and  framed  the 
ous,  and  much  of  the  soil  fertile.  Iron  ore  and  statutes  of  cathedral  churches ;  in  1587  be  re- 
some  other  minerals  are  found.  The  county  is  fused  the  chancellorship,  recommending  for  ihe 
intersected  by  the  Atlantic  and  western  and  the  place  Sir  Ghristopher  Hatton ;  and  in  1595,  go 
East  Tennessee  and  Georgia  railroads.  It  was  occasion  of  the  controversy  on  predestinAti<m. 
organized  in  1862  out  of  parte  of  Murray  and  he  in  concert  with  others  of  the  clergy  drew 
Walker  counties.  Gapital,  Dalton.  up  the  celebrated  Lambert  articles.  At  the 
WHITGIFT,  John,  an  English  prelate,  bom  conference  held  at  Hampton  Gourt  in  1604,  he 
in  Great  Grimsby,  Lincolnshire,  in  1680,  died  was  appointed  member  of  a  commission  for  reg- 
at  Lambeth,  Feb.  29,  1604.  He  manifested  al-  nlating  the  affairs  of  the  church.  His  life  was 
most  from  boyhood  a  decided  aversion  to  the  written  by  Strype  and  by  Sir  George  Panle. 
Boman  Gatholic  faith,  was  educated  at  Pern-  WHITING.  See  Hake,  and  Poixocx. 
broke  hall,  Cambridge,  of  which  Ridley  was  WHITLEY.  L  A  8.  E.  co.  of  Kentucky,  bor- 
then  master,  and  during  the  reign  of  liary  was  dering  on  Tennessee,  and  intersected  bj  the 
in  great  danger  on  account  of  his  opinions.  Cnmberland  river ;  area,  600  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in 
After  the  accession  of  Elizabeth  he  entered  into  1860,  7,762,  of  whom  188  were  slaves.  The 
holy  orders  (1660),  and  was  made  chaplain  to  snrface  is  hilly  and  broken.  The  prodnctioos 
Oox,  bishop  of  Ely;  subsequently  he  succeeded  in  1860  were  8,609  bushels  of  wheat,  312,91!^ 
Hutton  as  lady  Margaret^s  professor  of  divinity,  of  Indian  com,  62,678  of  oats,  186,361  lbs.  of 
in  which  office  he  gained  a  high  reputation  by  his  butter,  11,674  of  tobacco,  and  48,889  of  flax, 
lectures  on  the  book  of  Revelations  and  the  There  were  42  churches,  and  1,197  pnpiL: 
Epistle  to  the  Hebrews.  In  1667  he  was  elected  attending  public  schools.  Iron  ore  and  bitu- 
master  of  Pembroke  hall.  Soon  afterward  the  minous  coal  are  abundant  The^falla  of  the 
queen  made  him  her  chaplain  and  master  of  Gnmberland  river  are  in  this  county.  Capital, 
Trinity  college,  Gambridge,  and  the  same  year  Williamsburg.  II.  A  K.  £.  co.  of  Indiana,  in- 
he  also  became  regius  professor  of  divinity.  In  tersected  by  Eel  river ;  area,  SM  sq.  m  ;  pop. 
1671  he  was  vice-chancellor  of  the  university,  in  1860,  10,781.  The  snr&ce  is  nndnlating, 
and  in  1672  prolocutorto  the  lower  house  of  con-  but  there  are  several  prairies;  the  soil  is  verr 
vocation.  About  this  time,  at  the  desire  of  Dr.  fertile.  The  productions  in  1860  were  46.669 
Parker,  archbishop  of  Ganterbury,  he  wrote  an  bushels  of  wheat,  126,049  of  Indian  com,  20.040 
answer  to  a  work  entitled  "  An  Admonition  to  of  oats,  and  10,269  lbs.  of  wool.  The  Pitt»- 
the  Parliament,"  which  had  bitterly  assailed  burg.  Fort  Wayne,  and  Ghicago  railroad  passes 
the  established  church.  His  reply  was  attacked  through  the  county.  Gapital,  Golumbia. 
by  Gartwright,  and  Whitgift  rejoined  in  his  WHITLGW,  or  Felon  {paronychia)^  an  aV 
*'  Defence."  He  was  now  made  dean  of  lin-  scess  occurring  on  the  fingers,  attended  with 
coin,  and  in  1676  bishop  of  Worcester,  and,  great  pain  and  inflammation,  commencing  in. 
having  also  received  a  civil  commission  as  vice-  if  not  confined  to,  the  terminal  joint.  The  co- 
president  of  the  marches  of  Wales,  made  con-  taneous  or  superficial  whitlow  consists  of  ao 
stant  use  of  both  the  temporal  and  spiritual  inflammation  of  the  skin  of  the  last  phalanx. 

?owers  to  put  down  Roman  Gatholicism  and  with  burning  pain  and  efiusion  of  a  serous  or 
*uritanism  within  the  limits  of  his  jurisdiction,  bloody  fluid  raising  the  cuticle  into  a  blister; 
In  1683  he  became  archbishop  of  Ganterbury.  when  under  the  skin,  and  especially  when 
He  soon  promulgated  articles  for  the  observ-  about  the  nails,  there  is  great  pain  and  throb- 
ance  of  dbcipline,  one  of  which  exacted  from  bing  until  the  pus,  which  is  almost  sure  to 
every  clergyman  in  the  church  a  subscription  form,  is  let  out  either  spontaneously  or  by  in- 
to the  three  points  of  the  queen^s  supremacy,  cision,  attended  often  with  loss  of  the  naiK 
the  lawfulness  of  the  common  prayer  and  ordi-  Supposing  all  foreign  bodies  to  be  removed, 
nation  service,  and  the  truth  of  the  whole  89  leeches,  fomentations,  and  opiated  poultices 
articles.  Making  use  of  the  court  of  high  com-  may  be  applied ;  and  if  these  fail,  relief  may 
mission  created  under  the  act  of  supremacy  be  obtainea  by  a  free  incision.  A  painful  aD«l 
passed  at  the  beginning  of  Elizabeth^s  reign,  he  tender  state  of  the  tip  of  the  fingers  may  be 
removed  from  stations  in  the  church  all  schis-  remedied  by  painting  them  with  nitrate  of  sil- 
matics  or  noneomformists.  In  1686  the  star  ver.  In  the  tendinous  form  or  thecal  abscess, 
chamber,  of  which  he  was  a  member,  at  his  in-  where  the  inflammation  is  within  the  sheaths 
stigation  passed  ordinances  for  the  regulation  of  the  tendons,  the  pain  is  much  more  eevem 
of  the  press,  by  which  no  one  was  allowed  to  and  the  pus,  from  inability  to  escape  through 


408                 WHITBUiniDE  WUirUKK 

1845,  and  spent  8  jears  in  the  study  of  Bansorit  He  was  apprenticed  sncoesaTely  to  s 
at  Berlin  with  Br.  A.  Weber,  and  at  T&bingen  dresser,  a  brass  founder,  and  a  boot  maker, 
with  Professor  B.  Both.    During  his  residence  fin^j  studied  for  the  ministry  nnder  the  Rer. 
at  Berlin,  he  transcribed  with  his  own  hand,  Hosea  Ballon.    In  April,  1821,  he  was  settled 
from  the  Sanscrit  MSS.  in  the  royal  library,  the  as  a  Universalist  minister  at  Milford^  Mass.,  bnt 
Atharv€h  Veda^    and   afterward    collated   the  after  remaining  there  one  year  he  remored  to 
manuscripts  of  the  poem  in  Pans  and  England,  a  church  in  Oambridgei>ort.    He  continaed  in 
and  in  connection  with  Professor  Both  publish-  the  pastoral  relation  9  years,  when  he  resigned, 
ed  the  Atharva  text  (8yo.,  Berlin,  1866).    In  but  resided  in  GEunbridge  for  the  remainder  of 
185S  he  returned  home,  and  in  1854  was  ap-  his  life.    Early  in  his  ministry  he  was  joint 
pointed  professor  of  Sanscrit  in  Tale  college,  editor  of  the  "  Universalist  Magazine,'^  and  in 
and  became  an  active  officer  of  the  American  1828  he  commenced  the  publicatioii  of  the 
oriental  society,  in  which  he  has  held  the  office  **  Trumpet,"  a  Universalist  newspaper  in  Bos- 
of  corresponding  secretary  since  1867.    To  va-  ton,  of  which  he  was  sole  editor  and  proprietor 
riousperiodicals,  but  chiefly  to  the '^Journal  of  for  nearly  80  years.    He  was  also  prudent 
the  American  Oriental  Society,"  he  has  contrib-  of  the  Gambridge  bank  and  of  the  Vermont 
uted  papers  on  oriental  and  philological  subjects,  and  Massachusetts  railroad,  and  represented 
i^ong  the  most  important  of  these  may  be  Gambridge  repeatedly  in  the  state  legi^atnre. 
mentioned  a  translation,  with  copious  notes,  of  In  1880  he  published  "  A  History  of  Unireraal* 
the  Surya  Siddhantay  an  ancient  Hindoo  trea-  ism,"  which  he  subsequently  enlarged,  the  first 
iise  of  astronomy,  in  which  he  made  an  elab-  volume  of  a  new  edition,  devoted  to  the  history 
orate  examination  of  the  relations  of  the  an-  of  Universalism  in  Europe,  appearing  in  1860. 
cient  Hindoo  and  Greek  astronomical  science,  and  the  second  being  at  the  time  of  his  death 
This  was  dso  issued  as  a  distinct  volume.    His  nearly  ready  for  the  press.    His  other  worlds 
publication  of  the  Atharra-  Veda  Fratifahhyaj  are :    *^  Notes  and  Illustrations  of  the   Para- 
text,  translation,  and  commentary,  also  deserves  bles"  (Boston,  1832) ;  ^^  Songs  of  2Son^^  (1886) : 
notice,  as  well  as  his  reviews  of  MftUer's  *^  An  "Plain  Guide  to  Universalism"  (18S9);  *'''  The 
dent  Sanscrit  Literature,"  and  Lepsius's  pho-  Gospel  Harmonist"  (1841);  "GonferenceHymns^ 
netic  alphabet.    He  is  mentioned  by  Professors  (1842) ;  and  "  Sunday  School  Ghoir''  (1844). 
BOhtlingk  and  Both  as  one  of  their  coUabora-  WHITTIEB,  Johk  Greenleaf,  an  American 
tors  in  uxe  preparation  of  the  Sanscrit  dictions-  writer,  born  in  Haverhill,  Mass.,  in  Dec.  1607. 
ry  now  publishing  at  St.  Petersburg.    He  has  His  parents  were  members  of  the  soeiety  of 
oontributed  several  articles  on  oriental  philolo-  Friends.    His  early  education  was  acquired  at 
gy  and  literature  to  this  cyclopaedia.    The  hon-  home,  where  until  his  18th  year  he  worked  on 
orary  degree  of  Ph.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  the  farm.    He  then  spent  two  years  in  stodv 
by  the  university  of  Breslau  in  1861.  at  the  town  academy,  and  in  1829  became  editor 
WHITSUNTIDE.    See  Psntbcost.  of  the  "  American  Manufacturer"  at  Boston,  a 
'WHITTEMOBE,  Amos,  an  American  inventor,  paper  devoted  to  the  maintenance  of  the  tari£ 
bom  in  Gambridge,  Mass.,  April  19, 1759,  died  then  threatened  with  reduction.    In  1830  he 
in  West  Gambridge,  Mass.,  in  April,  1828.    He  succeeded  George  D.  Prentice  as  editor  of  the 
was  the  son  of  a  farmer,  worked  for  some  years  ^^  New  England  Weekly  Beview"  at  Hartford, 
as  a  gunsmith,  and  finally  formed  a  copartner-  and  wrote  a  brief  memoir  prefixed  to  a  ooI]e<s 
dup  with  one  of  his  brothers  and  several  other  tion  of  Brainard^s  poems.    This  was  not  his  only 
persons  for  the  manufacture   of  cotton  and  early  attempt  at  prose  authorship.    The  *^  Le- 
wool  cards.    He  had  not  been  long  engaged  in  gends  of  New  England  "  (Hartford,  1831)  was  s 
this  business  before  he  invented  a  machine  for  collection  of  some  of  those  early  colonial  and 
puncturing  the  leather  and  setting  the  wires,  a  Indian  traditions  from  which  he  afterward  drew 
work  previously  performed  by  hand.    Inez-  the  subjects  of  many  of  his  poems.    His  ^'Mogg 
perimenting  for  this  invention  he  met  with  the  Megone,"  *^  Bridal  of  Pennacook,"  *'*■  Ga»andra 
greatest  difficulty  in  bending  the  wires  to  a  Southwick,"  and  *^  Mary  Garvin"  all  indicate  a 
given  angle  after  they  were  finally  fastened  in  thorough  familiarity  with  these  materials  for 
uie  leather,  and  was  on  the  point  of  giving  up  poetic  pictures.    He  soon  returmed  to  the  oJd 
the  attempt  when  in  a  dream  he  discovered  the  homestead  and  the  pursuits  of  the  farm,  diver- 
method  of  efiecting  it.    The  invention  was  pat-  sified  by  two  years'  experience  (1885-^6)  as  a 
ented  in  the  United  States  in  1797,  and  Whitte-  member  of  the  Massachusetts  legislatare.    In 
more  went  to  England  to  secure  his  rights  there,  1838  he  published  an  essay  entitled  ^*  Justice 
bnt  was  unsuccessfiil.    In  the  United  States  the  and  Expediency,  or  Slavery  considered  with  a 
patent  was  sold  for  $160,000;  but  afterward  View  to  its  Abolition."    In  common  with  the 
nis  brother  Samuel  Whittemore  repurchased  it,  Friends  generally,  Mr.  Whittier  held  slavery  in 
and  carried  on  the  business.    Amos  Whitte-  abhorrence,  and  the  opprobrium  then  riiowered 
more  devoted  his  last  years  to  the  invention  of  upon  the  abolitionists  called  forth  his  stronp- 
an  orrery,  in  which  every  planet  was  to  describe  est  sympathies  in  their  behalf.     In  1836  he  be> 
its  own  orbit,  but  did  not  live  to  complete  it.  came  identified  with  them,  and  was  appointed 
WHITTEMGBE,  Thomas,  D.D.,  an  Ameri-  secretary  of  the  American  anti-slavery  society ; 
oan  clergyman,  bom  in  Boston,  Jan.  1,  1800,  and  soon  afterward  he  went  to  Philadelphia, 
died  in  Gambridge,  Mass.,  March  21,  1861.  wherefor  some  years  he  edited  tiie '^Fennsyl- 


410  WHOOPDTG  OOUGH  WHO! 

has  a  twist  safficient  to  tarn  tbe  projectile  8  rentUated,  moderately'  warm  room;  carefti] 
times  in  the  length  of  the  gun ;  the  projectile  watch  must  be  kept  for  pulmonary  inflamma- 
is  a  litde  more  than  8  diameters  in  length,  a  tion,  which  mnst  be  met  at  once  by  appropriate 
double  tmncated  cone  in  form,  and  grooved  to  remedies.  When  the  second  or  paroxyaiial 
fit  the  gnn.  Its  range  is  very  great,  the  8-inch  stage  has  been  fairly  established,  with  diminn- 
gnn,  with  a  charge  of  2^  pounds,  throwing  its  tion  of  fever,  return  of  appetite,  and  an  approadk 
projectile  6  miles.  to  health  during  the  intervals,  a  change  of  air 
WHOOPING  OOUGH,  an  affection  charac-  from  the  city  to  the  country,  and  rice  term,  with 
teiized  by  paroxysms  of  convulsive  cough,  ao-  antispasmodics  and  expectorants,  will  compile 
companied  by  short  and  sudden  acts  of  noisy  the  cure ;  ouinine  and  other  tonics  are  some- 
expiration,  followed  by  a  long  and  whooping  times  useful  when  the  convalescenoe  is  alow, 
inspiration ;  it  is  the  chincough  of  the  English,  Oomplications,  of  course,  require  the  treatmeBt 
the  pertusna  of  Sydenham,  and  the  eoqueluehe  suited  to  their  character;  the  most  dangerous 
of  the  French.  It  regularly  occurs  but  once  in  of  these  are  bronchitis,  pneumonia,  and  codtuI- 
the  life  of  an  individual,  and  generally  during  sions  from  hydrocephalus.  Belladonna  is  re- 
infancy  or  childhood ;  but  it  has  been  known  to  garded  by  many  physidans  as  the  best  remedy 
attack  a  person  twice,  and  adults  and  even  aged  for  the  spasmodic  symptoms  of  this  disease. 
people  not  uitfrequently  have  it.  It  does  not  Dr.  Horace  Green  has  treated  it  socoeastfully  by 
appear  to  have  been  distinguished  from  ca-  the  local  application  of  nitrate  of  silvor  to  the 
tarrhal  affections  until  about  the  18th  century,  mouth  of  the  larynx. 

and  it  is  almost  exclusively  confined  to  tem-        WHORTLEBEBRT  (Anglo-Sax.  heort^btrg, 

pernte  and  cold  regions.    It  begins  with  the  hart  berry),  the  name  of  certain  low  ahrube, 

symptoms  of  ordinary  catarrh,  which  continue  bearing  edible  fruits,  originally  applied  to  rae- 

5  or  10  days,  after  which  the  convulsive  char-  dnivm  myrtillvs  (Linn.),  a  native  of  northern 

acter  of  the  cough  becomes  manifest,  at  inter-  Europe.    It  is  also  found  growing  at  the  elera- 

vals  of  from  half  an  hour  to  4  hours ;  the  par-  tion  of  4,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  in 

oxysm  is  attended  with  the  signs  of  threatened  the  mountains  of  Scotland,  and  according  to 

suffocation,  lividity  and  swelling  of  the  face  and  Loudon  occurs  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  America, 

neck,  fulness  of  the  eyes,  quick  pulse,  and  ex-  The  berries  are  bluish  black,  of  the  aixe  of  a 

treme  agitation ;  at  the  end  of  a  few  minutes,  currant,  covered  with  a  mealy  bloom,  and  es- 

more  or  less,  the  coughing  ceases  on  the  vomit-  teemed  for  cooking  or  when  eaten  raw  with 

ing  of  food  or  tough  mucus ;  in  severe  cases  cream.    In  the  United  States  the  name  ia  ap- 

there  may  be  discharges  of  blood  from  the  plied  to  several  species  of  Oaylvuaeia^  a  ^eous 

nose  and  mouth,  and  even  fits  of  faintness.  of  low-branching,  resinons-dotted  shrubs  of  the 

When  the  whoop  is  established,  the  catarrhal  general  aspect  of  vaeeinium;  the  flowera  are 

symptoms  diminish  or  disappear,  the  fever  is  whit^  tinged  with  red  or  purple,  the  corolla 

very  slight,  and  the  child  may  be  lively,  with  tubular,  ovoid,  or  bell-shaped,  with  a  5H2left 

good  appetite,  and  apparently  well  in  the  inter-  border,  10  stamens  with  awnless  antbera ;  tbe 

^als  of  the  paroxysms  ;  after  8  or  4  weeks,  in  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe  containing  10  seeds 

the  most  favorable  cases,  the  cough  becomes  (nutlets).    The  most  common  spedea  ie  the 

looser  and  milder,  with  longer  intervals,  and  black  whortleberry,  or  huckleberry  as   it  is 

finally  ceases  in  2  or  8  months,  though  recovery  more  generally  called,  a  shrub  1  to  8  feet  high, 

may  be  much  delayed  by  unpleasant  weather  much  branched,  erect,  the  branches  slender  and 

or  exposure  to  cold.—- Simple  whooping  cough  pubescent  when  young;  the  leaves  oval,  oblong 

runs  its  limited  time,  not  amenable  to  medical  oval,  or  elliptical,  entire,  obtuse,  thin,  on  abort 

treatment,  and  rarely,  if  ever,  is  fatal ;  but  its  petioles,  and  borne  on  the  lateral  and  terminal 

complications  of  pulmonary  and  cerebral  dis-  branches,  profusely  dotted  beneath  with  resi- 

ease  may  destroy  life,  or  leave  behind  various  nous  particles ;   the  flowers  on  abort  latertl 

marks  of  irritation  and  inflammation  in  the  racemes,  with  small  colored  bracts  near  the 

lungs  and  brain,  while  the  simple  disease  leaves  base  of  the  stems,  the  calyx  greenish  yellow, 

no  trace  which  throws  light  upon  its  nature ;  the  corolla  of  a  dull  red,  stamens  ahorter  than 

it  is  generally  classed,  however,  among  the  the  corolla,  the  style  projecting  and  terminated 

neuroses.     It   may  occur  at  all   seasons  of  with  a  capitate  stigma;  the  berries  giobnlar. 

the  year,  sometimes  epidemically,  is  unques-  of  a  shining  black  color,  and  aweet.     Several 

tionably  often  communicated  by  infection,  and  varieties  are  known  by  some  peculiar  chara<v 

its  causes  are  entirely  unknown.    The  whoop  ters  of  the  leaves  or  by  the  size  and  color  of 

and  the  paroxysmal  character  of  the  cough  the  fruit.    The  species  is  widely  difinsed  from 

prevent  this  disease  from  being  confounded  Canada  to  the  mountains  of  Georgia.    Theber> 

with  any  other.    In  simple  cases  the  prognosis  ries  find  a  ready  sale,  and  thousands  of  bosheU 

is  favorable,  but  its  complications  in  teething,  of  them  are  annually  gathered  for  the  market 

unhealthy,orrecently  weaned  children  are  dan-  from  uncultivated  lands.    The  blue  tangle  or 

gerous  and  frequently  fatal.    In  uncomplicated  dangle  berry  (0.  frondomt,  Torrey  and  Gray) 

whooping  cougb  the  treatment  consists,  in  the  grows  taller  and   more  spreading,  in  moist 

first  stage,  of  that  proper  for  ordinary  catarrh,  places,  near  lakes  and  cold  springs ;  the  shoots 

with  gentle  laxatives  and  emetics,  low  diet,  and  fruit  stalks  are  of  a  light  [Mle  green  and 

simple  expectorants,  and  confinement  in  a  well  reddish  yellow  color ;  the  leaves  pale  green,  ob- 


41S  WIGHTTA  WIDGEON 

agents  for  OhriBtuui  aseoouitioiiB,  xniBsioiiaries,  The  coast  is  generally  rooky  andpredintOiBa. 
Ac.     While  occapying  these   various  posts,  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Slaney,  Vartrey,  and 
they  keep  np  their  correspondence  with  the  Ovoca.    The  surface  of  the  covnty  is  mountain- 
fonnder  of  the  institute  and  its  officers,  and  for  ous,  Lngnaquilla,  the  highest  peak,  attaining  the 
convenience  adopted  a  cipher  which  is  common  height  of  8,039  feet  ahove  the  level  of  the  sea. 
to  them  all.    ijmually,  too,  those  who  are  The  sceneiy  is  remarkahly  pictoresqne.    Gold 
ahle  assemble,  and  those  who  are  not  send  and  silver  are  found  In  small  quantities,  and 
reports  to  the  institute  of  their  labors  for  the  iron,  lead,  zinc,  copper,  tin,  manganese,  arsenic, 
year.    Through  tiiis  organization  all  or  nearly  antimony,  and  pyrites  in  more  or  lees  aboD> 
all  the  efforts  for  the  reformation  and  mond  dance.    The  soil  varies  mucli  in  different  paru> 
improvement  of  the  poor  and  vicious  through*  of  the  county,  but  upon  the  whole  is  tolerably 
out  Germany  were  united  by  Dr.  Wichern,  and  fertile.    The  climate  is  mild  and  agreeable. 
he  gave  to  it  the  name  of  the  *^  Inner  Mission"  The  oounty  returns  two  members  to  parliament. 
(Innere  Miuion).    In  Sept.  1848,  an  ecclesi-  — Wioklow,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
astical  convention  was  held  at  Wittenberg,  and  right  bank  of  the  estuary  of  the  river  Vartrey, 
at  his  suggestion  a  central  committee  for  the  in  lat.  62''  58'  N.,  long.  %""  3'  W.,  25  m.  6.  S.  £. 
inner  mission,  of  which  he  was  a  member,  was  from  Dublin;  pop.  in  1851,  8,141.    The  bar- 
appointed.    The   next   year   it  received  the  bor  is  accessible  by  vessels  drawing  8  or  9  feet 
name  of  the  ^^  Inner  Mission  of  the  German  of  water,  and  the  town  has  a  smtdl  trade,  ex- 
Evangelical  church."    Its  members  are  now  porting  grain,  and  copper  and  lead  ores, 
to  be  found  in  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  as       WICQUEFORT,  Abraham  db,  a  Dutch  di* 
well  as  all  over  the  continent   of  Europe,  plomatist,  born  in  Amsterdam  in  1598,  died  in 
Beside  the  young  vagrants  and  delinquents,  1682.    He  was  representative  of  the  elector  of 
and  the  institute  of  brothers  of  the  inner  Brandenburg  at  the  court  of  France  from  1626 
mission,  Dr.  Wichern  has  established  a  school  until  1658,  when  he  was  imprisoned  by  Cardi* 
on  the  same  premises,  though  a  little  seclud-  nal  Mazarin  on  a  charge  of  having  niade  im- 
ed  from  the  others,  for  disobedient  and  way-  proper  disclosures  to  the  states-generaL     He 
ward  children  of  wealthy  parents,  under  the  remained  in  the  Bastile  a  year,  and  was  then 
care  of  some  of  the  brothers.    The  success  ordered  to  lea^e  France.    He  first  went  to 
of  tiie  Rtiuhes  Hdus  as  a  reformatory  has  been  England,  and  then  to  Holland,  where  De  Witt 
greater  than  that  of  any  other  institution  of  the  made  him  historiographer  of  the  states,  and  the 
kind  in  the  world.    The  relapses  into  vice  of  duke  of  Brunswick-Ltlneburg  made  him  his 
the  pupils,  after  leaving  the  institution,  do  not  minister  to  the  Hague.    In  1676  he  was  con- 
exceed  4  or  5  per  cent.    In  1851  Dr.  Wichern  demned  to  perpetual  imprisonment  on  a  charge 
visited  England,  and  on  his  return  was  em-  of  giving  mformation  to  the  enemies  of  the 
ployed  by  the  Prussian  government  to  visit  and  states ;  but  after  4  years'  confinement  he  made 
inspect  the  prisons  and  houses  of  correction  of  his  escape,  and  fled  to  the  court  of  the  dcke 
tiie  kingdom,  and  suggest  measures  for  their  of  Zell.    There  he  labored  ineffectuaUy  to  pro- 
improvement.    This  led  to  his  appointment  the  cure  the  reversion  of  his  sentence,  and  ia  said 
next  year  as  director  of  prisons  for  the  king-  to  have  died  of  chagrin.    He  was  the  author 
dom,  and  the  wardens  and  overseers  of  the  of  a  work  entitled  *'  The  Ambassador  and  bis 
prisons  and  bridewells  are  now  all  graduates  Functions,"  and  of  *a  '*  History  of  the  United 
of  the  institute  of  brothers,  who  have  been  Provinces,"  both  in  French, 
specially  trained  for  this  work.    Since  1844       WIDGEON,  the  common  name  of  the  river 
Dr.  Wichern  has  published  a  monthly  periodi-  ducks  of  the  genus  mareea   (Steph.).    They 
cal,  Fliegende  Blatter  des  Rauhen  Hautea^  de-  have  a  bill  shorter  than  the  head,  of  equal 
voted  to  the  interests  of  the  refonnatory  and  width  throughout,  much  rounded  at  the  tip, 
of  the  inner  mission.    From  this  it  appears  with  a  strong  broad  nail,  and  upper  lam^» 
that  the  annual  receipts  and  expenses  of  the  prominent;  wings  long  and  pointed,  1st  and 
school  are  about  $6,000.    The  institute  is  sup-  2d  quills  longest ;  tail  moderate  and  wedge- 
ported  by  the  German  Evangelical  church,  and  shaped ;  toes  fully  webbed,  and  hind  one  lobcd. 
has  a  separate  treasury.    The  expense  of  the  There  are  about  10  species  in  various  parts  of 
support  of  the  children  per  head  is  about  $51  the  world,  performing  periodical  migrations  at 
a  year.    Dr.  Wichern  has  published  an  account  night  in  vast  flocks ;  they  are  found  on  the  sea 
of  the  system,  entitled  dU  Innere  Mission  der  shore  and  on  the  margin  of  lakes  and  rivers 
deutseh-emngelisehen  Kirche  (Hamburg,  1849"^.  feeding  chiefly  on  vegetable  substances.    Tie 

WICHITA,  an  unorganized  N.  W.  co.  of  American  widgeon  or  bald  pate  (if.  Amrri- 

Texas,  bounded  N.  by  Red  river  and  drained  eana,  Steph.)  is  about  22  inches  long  and  &"> 

by  the  Wichita  and  other  streams ;  area,  about  in  alar  extent ;  the  tail  has  14  feathers,  and 

900  sq.  m.    It  has  a  diversified  surface,  is  part-  the  bill  is  blue,  black  at  the  base  and  tip:  up- 

ly  covered,  by  dense  forests,  and  is  thinly  sejbtled.  per  parts  finely  waved  transversely  with  black 

WIOKLOW,  a  S.  £  county  of  Ireland,  in  and  gray  or  reddish  brown,  and  lower  parts 

the  province  of  Leinster,  bounded  E.  by  St.  mostly  white ;  top  of  head  nearly  white,  with 

George^s  channel ;  area,  781  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  a  broad  green  patch  around  and  behind  the 

1861,86,093.  The  principal  towns  are  Wicklow,  eyes;  rest  of  head  and  neck  grayiih,  spotted 

the  capital  Arklow,Baltinglass, and Rathdmm.  and  banded  with  black;  wing  coverts  white, 


414  WIELAND 

oongenial  field  of  Greek  story,  and  aboat  this  period  were  almost  all  of  an  amatory  character. 

time  he  published  Arcupes  und  Panthea^  from  His  views  of  love  he  intended  to  express  in  i 

the  beautiful  episode  in  the  **  Cyropasdia'*  of  large  poem  called  Psyche^  but  of  this  only  frag- 

Xenophon.    His  residence  in  Bern  was  exceed-  ments  appeared.    In  1768  he  published  Idrit 

ingly  favorable  to  his  intellectual  culture,  as  he  und  Z&ntde^  in  5  cantos,  and  ifiiaaran,  vhlcb 

constantly  associated  with  women  of  superior  he  himself  called  a  philosophy  of  the  graces,  and 

talents  and  education,  and  among  others  became  which  is  remarkable  for  its  elegance,  ea^e,  and 

intimately  acquainted  with  Julia  Bondeli,  the  harmony  of  style.    A  poem  entitled  Die  Gra- 

friend  of  Rousseau.    In  1760  he  returned  to  Bi-  tien  appeared  in  1770,  and  in  1*111  J>er  nm 

berach  as  director  of  the  chancery.    His  red-  Amadu^  in  which  he  celebrates  the  superiority 

deuce  there  was  not  at  all  to  his  taste ;  the  bud-  of  mental  over  phydcal  beauty.    This  subject 

ness  of  his  office  was  not  in  accordance  with  he  took  up  again  later  in  life  in  his  KraUt  mi 

his  feelings ;  he  missed  the  cultivated  society  to  Hipparchia.    In  1765  Wiel^jid  had  married  th« 

which  he  had  been  accustomed ;  and  above  all,  daughter  of  an  Augsburg  merchant,  with  whom 

he  found  his  cousin  Sophie  married.    His  dis-  he  lived  long  and  happily,  and  who  bore  him  14 

satisfaction  was  somewhat  dissipated  by  the  children  in  20  years.    In  1769  he  went  to  the 

task  of  trandating  the  plays  of  Shakespeare,  university  of  Erfurt  as  professor  of  philosoplij. 

28  of  which  were  printed  in  8  volumes  between  With  Der  verklagte  Amor  (**  Cupid  AccosedH 

1762  and  1768.    The  previous  studies  of  Wie-  he  gave  up  the  exclusive  attention  he  had  paid 

land  in  classic  and  French  literature,  and  the  to  amatory  poetry,  although  defending  it  in  this 

naturally  light  and  tpirituel  tendency  of  his  poem.    The  Dialoge  des  Diogenes  von  Sinopi 

own  mind,  hardly  fitted  him  for  the  work  of  (1771)  was  intended  as  a  vindication  of  his 

giving  a  faithful  transcript  of  the  great  £ng-  own  philosophical  views.    Rouaseau^s  works, 

fish  dramatist.    Imperfect  as  the  translation  is,  then  causing  a  great  sensation  in  Europe,  were 

especially  in  comparison  with  that  of  Schlegel,  a  fair  mark  for  satire,  and  against  them  he 

it  yet  opened  the  path  for  his  successors.    In  wrote  a  littie  novel  entitled  Kosthox  und  Kih- 

the  meanwhile  he  fell  into  a  society  which  ex-  guetul  (1769-^70)  and  Beitrdge  tur  geheime% 

erted  a  decided  influence  upon  the  character  Geechtchtedesmensehlichen  Verttandeavndffer- 

of  his  after  writings.    Sophie  von  Laroche  and  eene,  aus  den  Arehiven  der  Ndtur  (^  Contribn- 

her  husband,  and  the  count  Stadion,  who  had  tions  to  the  Secret  History  of  the  Human  Un- 

retired  from  his  position  as  minister  to  the  derstanding  and  Heart,  from  the  Archives  of 

elector  of  Mentz,  took  up  their  residence  near  Nature,"  1770).    The  reforms  of  Joseph  II.  of 

Biberach.    Stadion^s  library  was  rich  in  French  Austria  also  stirred  his  sympathies  and  prompt- 

and  English  writers,  especially  those  of  the  ed  him  to  write  Der  goldene  ^negel  (^'  Golden 

moral  deistical  school,  and  his  study  of  these  Mirror,"  1772),  which  was  a  collection  of  the 

led  the  poet  to  manifest  tendencies  radically  most  useful  lessons  that  the  great  coald  leam 

opposed  to  that  religious  mysticism  for  which  from  the  history  of  mankind.    In  1772  the 

his  writings  had  previously  been  distinguished,  duchess  Amalia  of  Saxe- Weimar  chose  Wie- 

He  became  the  poet  of  good  society,  and  his  land,  on  the  recommendation  of  Dalberg,  as  the 

writings  soon  acquired  a  voluptuous  character  instructor  of  her  two  sons.    He  therefore  went 

and  finally  an  obscenity  which  exposed  him  to  to  Weimar,  received  the  titie  of  Hofraih^  with 

severe  criticism.    In  vain  Wieland,  in  defend-  a  salary  of  1,000  thalers,  which  was  continaed 

ing  himself  from  his  critics,  pointed  to  the  after  his  duties  were  finished  in  the  form  of  a 

scrupulous  morality  of  his  private  life,  and  pension,  and  became  a  great  ^favorite  with  the 

wished  that  his  enemies  "  could  see  him  in  his  duchess,  who  had   already  ^assembled  about 

quiet  domestic  home ;  they  would  then  judge  her  many  distinguished  literary  men.    HaTiog 

otherwise  of  him."    His  reputation  became  ample  leisure  for  authorship,  he  prodoced  a 

bad,  but  he  outlived  the  storm.    The  first  pro-  melodrama  called  Die  Wahl  da  Hercula  ("  The 

duction  that  gave  an  idea  of  the  change  his  Ghoice  of  Hercules^^,  and  the  lyric  draioa 

mind  was  undergoing  was  the  tale  of  ifadine,  Alceste,  both  of  which  were  highly  succesEfol. 

which  he  himself  called  a  creation  after  the  He  became  editor  of  the  DeuUeher  Mereur.  a 

manner  of  Prior.    This  was  followed  by  the  monthly  periodical  devoted  to  literary  criti- 

Abenteuer  dee  Don  Sylvio  von  Rosaha^  oder  der  cism,  with  which  he  remained  connected  until 

Sieg  der  Naiur  uber  die  Sehwdrmerei  ("  Adven-  the  end  oi  his  life.    At  this  time  there  was  i 

tures  of  Don  Sylvio  de  Rosalva,  or  the  Victory  general  outcry  in  Germany  against  him  as  an 

of  Nature  over  Fanaticism,"  1764),  for  which  unmoral  and  even  as  an  atheistical  writer. 

**  Don  Quixote"  served  as  his  model,  and.by  the  Many  theologians  would  not  allow  their  foUoWj 

Eomisehe  ErzoMungen  ("  Comic  Tales,"  1763-  ers  to  read  his  works.    Lavater  called  upon  ali 

^4).    In  1766  and  1767  appeared  his  novel  of  good  Christians  to  pray  for  the  sinner.  In 

Agaikon^  which  placed  his  reputation  on  a  last-  1778,  on  Klopstock^s  birthday,  his  works  were 

ing  basis.    The  scene  of  this  story  is  laid  in  an-  solemnly  burned  by  the  disciples  of  that  poet 

dent  Greece,  and  the  object  of  it  is  to  show  He  was  assailed  by  Goethe  in  a  satire  called  G'cjr 

how  far  a  man  can  proceed  in  virtue  and  wis-  ter^  Eelden  und  Wieland  Q*'  Gods,  Heroes,  aiKl 

dom  through  the  agency  of  his  natural  faculties,  Wieland"),  not  for  any  inmiorality  in  bis  ▼^^ 

and  to  what  an  extent  the  world  without  him  in-  ings,  but  for  treating  the  mythologic  heroes 

flnenceshis  development    His  poema  at  this  ui2ieroically,  and  degrading  our  octtoeptioBS  or 


416  WIG  WIGHT 

extensive  use  are  given.  Astjages,  king  of  the  made  in  the  oloae  imitation  of  nature,  which  b 
Medes,  according  to  Xenophon,  wore  a  wig.  Al-  eometimes  so  perfect  as  to  defy  detection. 
luBions  to  wigs  are  found  in  the  writings  of  Livj,  WIGHT,  Islb  of,  an  island  in  the  EngM 
Ovid,  MartitJ,  Juvenal,  Propertius,  Plutarch,  channel,  2  m.  off  the  coast  of  Hampshire,  to 
and  Suetonius ;  and  even  the  use  of  natural  hair  which  county  it  is  politically  attadied,  sepa- 
in  their  manufacture  was  understood  hy  the  an-  rated  from  the  mainland  by  the  roadstead  of 
cient  Romans,  the  blond  locks  of  the  German  8pithead  and  the  Solent ;  extreme  length  2S 
maidens  being  preferred.  It  was  one  of  these  m.,  breadtib  15  m. ;  area,  164  sq.  m.;  pop.  in 
blond  wigs  in  which  the  empress  Messalina,  1851,  50,324.  Newport  is  the  capital,  and  the 
according  to  Juvenal,  was  wont  to  disguise  other  places  of  importance  are  Cowes,  Rjde. 
herself  in  her  frequent  assignations.  In  the  Yarmouth,  Brading,  Newton,  Yentnor,  and  St. 
early  ages  of  the  Christian  era,  the  fathers  of  Helen's.  The  coast  of  the  island  is  indented 
the  church,  Tertullian,  Clement  of  Alexandria,  by  several  small  estuaries  and  bays,  and  at  the 
St.  Ambrose,  and  others,  protested  against  the  S.  part  and  "  back  of  the  island"  it  is  bold  and 
use  of  wigs,  and  condemned  it  in  very  strong  cliffy.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Brading, 
terms,  but  in  vain ;  and  after  it  had  become  Medina,  and  Tar.  The  general  surface  is)  tie- 
evident  that  resistance  to  the  practice  of  wear-  vated,  and  consists  of  plains  or  downs,  diversi* 
ing  them  was  useless,  even  churchmen  them-  fied  with  hills  and  dales  and  tracts  of  wood- 
selves,  following  the  example  of  Zonaras,  a  land.  The  scenery  is  picturesque  and  romaB- 
Greek  monk,  Balsamon,  and  others  in  the  12th  tic.  St.  Catharine's  hill,  the  highest  point,  is 
century,  commenced  covering  their  heads  with  880  feet  above  the  sea,  and  Dunnose,  the  next 

Serukes.    In  1518  Duke  John  of  Saxony  or-  highest,  is  792  feet.    The  elevated  part  of 
ered  his  bailiff,  Arnold  of  Falkenstein,  to  pur-  the  island  consists  of  chalky  formations,  par< 
chase  for  him  secretly  at  Nuremberg  a  large  ticularly  rich  in  fossil  remains,  under  which 
and  well  made  wig.    Henry  m.  of  France,  there  are  various  kinds  of  schists.    Good  coal, 
having  lost  his  hair  from  sickness,  wore  a  wig,  yellow  and  red  ochre,  fullers^  earth,  sandstone, 
and  his  courtiers  began  to  follow  his  example,  pipe  day,  native  alum,  sulphur,  and  coppens 
Under  Louis  XIII.  the  use  of  wigs  became  gen-  stones  are  found.    Sand  and  flints  for  the  man- 
eral.    They  were  made  of  silk  or  thread,  but  nfacture  of  glass  and  china  are  extensively  ex- 
did  not  attain  the  dimensions  which  afterward  ported  to  London  and  elsewhere.    The  climate 
became  common.    In  the  latter  part  of  the  is  remarkably  healthy,  and  so  mild  that  mjr- 
reign  of  Louis  XIY.,  to  wear  one^s  own  hair,  ties,  geraniums,  and  many  other  delicate  plants 
or  to  wear  only  a  small  wig,  was  almost  an  grow  luxuriantly  in  the  open  air.    Tlie  soO  is 
offence  against  good  morals.    The  dimensions  generally  a  rich  loam,  and  a  very  small  por- 
of  the  wig  had  been  increasing  from  the  be-  tion  of  the  surfiace  is  waste.     Wheat,  oat.<. 
ginning  of  his  reign,  and  at  length  they  ex-  barley,  turnips,  and  potatoes  are  the  principal 
tended  half  way  down  the  back,  while  the  crops,  and  the  island  is  said  to  produce  7  timei! 
curls  on  the  sides  fell  equally  low  upon  the  as  much  as  is  consumed  by  the  population, 
breast.    They  were  generally  made  of  silk,  Large  flocks  of  sheep  of  superior  quality  are 
though  a  few  of  the  most  costly  were  of  hair,  fed  upon  the  uplands.    Some  manufactures  are 
From  France  the  fashion  pervaded  Europe,  carried  on  at  Newport ;  and  the  principal  ex- 
and  was  at  its  height  in  England  during  the  ports  are  grain,  wool,  salt,  and  silicious  sand, 
reign  of  Queen  Anne,  as  is  familiar  to  us  in  the  — The  name  given  to  the  Isle  of  Wight  by  the 
portraits  of  Addison,  Steele,  Oongreve,  &o,  ancient  Britons  was  Guith  or  Goict,  which 
Toward  the  close  of  his  life  Louis  XIY.  began  means  the  "  divorced  "  or  *^  separated,^^  and  the 
to  adopt  the  practice  of  powdering  the  wig  Romans  called  it  Yecta  or  Yectis.    In  A.  D.  43 
slightly ;  but  his  grandson  Louis  XY.  from  the  island  was  conquered  by  a  Roman  general : 
childhood  used  powder  upon  his  wig,  and  made  and  in  530  Cerdio,  a  Saxon  chieftain,  irho 
it  completely  white,  and  his  courtiers  followed  founded  the  kingdom  of  Wessex,  colonized  it 
the  fashion.    This  practice  continued  till  the  with  Jutes  and  Saxons.    The  Danes  seized  it 
French  revolution,  when  wigs  and  powder  dia-  in  787.  William  Fitzosbome,  afterward  earl  of 
appeared  together  from  France.    The  large,  Hereford,  who  came  to  England  with  William 
white,  "  full-bottomed"  wig  is  still  retained  in  the  Conqueror,  received  the  Isle  of  Wight  as  an 
the  English  courts,  and  worn  by  the  judges  as  independent  lordship.    It  was  confer^  upon 
a  symbol  of  the  age  and  dignity  which  should  the  earl  of  Devon  by  Henry  I. ;  and  Edward  I. 
characterize  the  judiciary.    The  large  wig  was  purchased  the  reversion  of  it  for  6.000  marks, 
somewhat  in  vogue  in  the  American  colonies  in  The  duke  of  Warwick  was  crowned  king  of  it 
the  last  half  of  the  1 8th  century,  but  disappear-  by  Henry  YL  (1445).    The  Isle  of  Wight  con- 
ed very  generally  after  the  revolution.    Wigs  tains  very  extensive  barracks,  erect^  from 
are  now  seldom  worn  except  to  conceal  baldness.  1800  to  1815,  and  the  depot  companies  of  ser- 
Great  improvements  have  been  made  in  them  eral  regiments  are  stationed  here,  while  the 
within  a  few  years.    Hair  is  used  wholly  in  the  head-quarters  are  in  British  colonies.   Osborse 
more  costly,  and  in  all  for  the  portion  which  is  house,  the  marine  villa  of  Queen  Yictoria,  is 
exposed,  and  the  wig  is  much  lighter  and  permits  near  East  Cowes  on  the  N.  shore  of  the  island. 
more  thorough  ventilation  than  was  formerly  Carisbrooke  castle,  where  Charles  I.  was  con- 
the  case.    Great  improvement  has  also  been  fined,  is  near  Newport.    (See  Cabisbbooeb.) 


418                WILBEBFOROB  WUOOX 

8vo.    His  memoirs  were  also  compiled  bj  them.  Episcopal  Ohurcli*'  (12mo.,  1844) ;  ^  Fete  Book 

n.  RoBEBT  IsAAO,  an  English  clergyman  and  of  a  Oonntry  Clergyman  f  *'  Sennons  before 

author,  second  son  of  the  preceding,  born  at  Queen  Victoria"  (1844) ;  "  Sermons  preached 

Broomfield   house,  near   Olapham   common,  on  several  Occasions"  (1854);  and  ^'Sennoi? 

Dec.  19,  1802,  died  in  Albano,  Italy,  Feb.  4,  on  Miscellaneous  Subjects"  (1855). 

1857.     He  was  educated   at   Oriel   college,  WILBRANGER,  an  unorganised  K.  W.  co. 

Oibford,  taking  the  highest  university  honors  in  of  Texas,  bounded  N.  by  Red  river  and  drmd 

1828,  and  was  subsequently  chosen  fellow  of  by  Pease  river  and  other  streams.     It  is  mocn- 

his  college,  associating  in  that  capacity  with  tainous  in  the  N.  W.  part,  and  the  soil  is  mod- 

Drs.  Pusey  and  Newman,  Mr.  Froude,  and  erately  productive. 

other  leaders  of  the  high  church  party.    He  WILBRORD,  or  Willibrod,  Saikt,  geoenl- 

became  tutor  and  public  examiner  in  litteris  ly  called  the  apostle  of  the  Frisians,  born  in  the 

humanioribus.    In  1880  he  left  Oxford  to  take  Saxon  kingdom  of  Northnmbria  about  657.  dial 

charge  of  a  parish.    In  1840  he  obtained  the  in  788.  He  was  brought  up  in  St.  Wilfred's  mon- 

living  of  Burton  Agnes,  and  was  made  arch-  astery  at  Ripon,  spent  18  years  in  Ireland,  fiod 

deacon  of  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire.    He  at  the  age  of  88  with  11  or  12  associates  &v 

published  shortly  afterward  a  compendium  of  barked  as  a  missionary  for  FriesUmd,  where  i^ 

ancient  history  under  the  title  of  "  The  Five  was  warmly  welcomed   by  the    Francuoki 

Empires,"  and  a  treatise  on  "  Church  Courts  prince  Pepin,  who  had  just  conquered  a  pr: 

and  Discipline,"  followed  by  two  tales,  *^  Ruti-  of  the  country  from  the  pagan  prince  RadlnitL 

lius  and  Lucius,  or  Stories  of  the  Third  Age."  Wilbrord  made  two  visits  to  Rome  (692  and  6.p  <, 

His  next  publications,  including  the  "Doctrine  and  on  the  latter  occasion  was  made  bi>l(: 

of  the  Incarnation"  and  "Doctrine  of  Holy  by  Pope  Sergius  over  all  the  converted  Fri>k5. 

Baptism,"  attracted  great  attention  by  the  very  A  missionary  journey  to  Denmark  remsiiicd 

positive  doctrines  thoy  enunciated.  With  Arch-  without  permanent  effect    At  the  ishnd  (f 

deacon  Manning  and  others  he  signed  the  cir-  Fositesland,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the  iq*:-- 

oular  letter  protesting  against  the  Gorham  de-  ern  Helgoland,  and  at  that  time  belonged  '^ 

cision.    He  also  published  a  "  History  of  Eras-  the  dominions  of  the  Frisian  king  Radbod,  ic 

tianism"  (8vo.,  London,  1851) ;  "  Doctrine  of  barely  escaped  death.    Returning  to  that  \4r. 

the  Eucharist"  (1852) ;  ^^  Inquiry  into  the  Princi-  of  Friesland  which  was  under  the  rule  of  tlr 

pies  of  Church  Authority"  (1854) ;  .and  sermons  Franks,  he  founded  a  large  number  of  Cbristui 

"  On  the  Holy  Oonamunion"  and  "  On  the  New  churches,  many  of  which  were  destroyed  a  :«.▼ 

Birth  of  Man^s  Nature."  Finding  that  he  could  years  later  in  consequence  of  the  successes  <  f 

no  longer  hold  his  position  in  the  church  of  the  pagan  Frisians.    He  was  buried  in  the  m<  o- 

England  consistently  with  his  religious  convic-  astery  of  Echternach  near  Treves,  in  which  It 

tions,  he  resigned  his  preferments,  and  after  lived  several  years,  and  is  commemorated  ia 

passing  some  time  in  retirement  was  received  the  Roman  Catholic  church  on  Nov.  7. 

into  the  Roman  Catholic  church  in  Paris  in  WILBUR,  Hervbt  Baokus,  MJ).,  an  Amer- 

Oct.  1854.    He  entered  the  Academia  EccUn-  ican  philanthropist,  bom  at  Wendell,  M&is.. 

astiea  at  Rome  with  the  design  of  becoming  Aug.  18,  1620.-    He  was -graduated  at  Ambers 

a  priest,  but  did  not  live  to  finish  his  studies,  college  in  1838,  taught  school  for  some  mo&tltN 

III.  Samttel,  bishop  of  Oxford,  brother  of  the  then  studied  engineering,  and  finidly  determine 

preceding,  bom  at  Broomfield  house,  Sept.  7,  ed  to  become  a  physician.    He  practised  ^ 

1805.    He  was  educated  at»  Oriel  college.  Ox-  at  Lowell  and  afterward  at  Barre,  Mass.   Me^r- 

ford,  was  ordained  in  1828,  and  appointed  ing  an  account  of  Dr.  Seguin^s  school  for  idiots 

rector  of  Brightstone  in  the  Isle  of  Wight  in  in  Paris,  he  resolved  to  open  a  school  of  a  sic*- 

1880.  In  1837  he  was  appointed  select  preach-  ilar  character,  and  in  July,  1848,  received  u- 

er  before  the  university  of  Oxford  ;   in  1839  first  idiot  pupils  into  his  own  house  in  Barre- 

archdeacon  of  Surrey,  rector  of  Alverstoke,  In  1851,  the  legislature  of  New  York  hivij  z 

and  chaplain  to  Prince  Albert ;  in  18i0  canon  decided  to  establish  an  experimental  eciif-' 

of  Winchester  cathedral ;  in  1841  Bampton  lee-  for  idiots  at  Albany,  Dr.  Wilbur  was  appoint  ^^ 

turer;  in  1844sub-almoner  to  the  queen;  and  superintendent.     In  1854  ^e  institotioa  w&.- 

in  1845  dean  of  Westminster     In  the  last  organized  as  the  state  asylum  for  idiots^  &i'i 

named  year  he  was  again  select  preacher  be-  buildings  were  erected  for  it  at  Syracuse.   U'- 

fore  the  university,   and  in  November  was  is  still  in  charge  of  it,  and  under  his  care  it  bs« 

appointed  bishop  of  Oxford,  to  which  office  is  proved  more  successful  thau  any  other  iosU* 

attached  the  chancellorship  of  the  order  of  the  tntion  of  the  kind. 

garter.    In  1847  he  was  made  lord  high  almo-  WILCOX.    I.  A  new  central  oo.  of  Geonna. 

ner  of  the  queen.     He  is  one  of  the  ablest  bounded  N.E.  by  the  Oomulgee  river;  are^ 

debaters  in  the  house  of  lords.    Beside  the  life  about  600  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 2,115,  of  wbon 

and  the  correspondence  of  his  father  prepared  421  were  slaves.    The  surface  is  unduLtinc 

by  him  and  his  brother,  Bishop  Wilberforce  and  the  soil  fertile.    Capital,  Abbeville.  H. 

has  published  '*  Eucharistica"  (1889) ;   "  Ser-  A  S.  W.  co.  of  Alabama,  intersected  by  the  Ai- 

mons  at  Oxford"  (1889);  "Rooky  Island  and  abama  river;  area,  1,200  sq.  m.;  pop.  in  1^-^ 

other  Parables"  (1840);  "Agathos  and  other  24,618,  of  whom  17,797  were  alavee.    Tbes^- 

Stories"  <1840);   ^History  of  the  American  £aoe  is  undulating  and  the  soil  gencnlljfeiti^^ 


420  wniBAID  ALEXIS  WILKES 

adherent  of  the  Sooto-Iriflh  paiiy,  and  Wilfred  States  to  set  np  fixed  aatronomk  inatrameoti 

did  not  obtain  poasesBion  until  Archbishop  and  observe  with  them.    The  obaerratory  wu 

Theodore  of  Oanterbnrj,  who  had  been  sent  in  his  own  garden,  where  he  waa  prevented 

to  Britain  from  Rome,  decided  in  his  favor  in  from  enclosing  in  a  permanent  stmctore  the 

669.    King  Egfred,  the  successor  of  Alohfred,  stone  pi^rs  to  which  his  instraments  were  tl- 

was  an  enemy  of  Wilfr^  and  in  678  divided  tached,  by  an  informal  Qotice  tram  the  nvj 

his  bishopric  into  three.    Wilfred  appealed  to  department  that  a  national  observatory  was  uo- 

Bome,  and  obtained  from  Pope  Agatho  and  a  constitutional.   From  this  post  he  was  detadb^i 

synod  of  50  bishops  a  decision  m  his  favor.    On  to  the  survey  of  George^s  Bank,  which  difficoh 

his  way  to  Rome  he  spent  some  time  in  Fries-  operation  he  accomplished  with  great  snccesi 

land,  in  order  to  preiMch  to  the  pagans  of  that  relieving  the  minds  of  navigators  fix>m  one  of 

country.    He  returned  to  England  in  680,  with  their  greatest  terrors.    After  an  exploring  ex- 

the  papal  decree ;  but  King  Egfred  imprisoned  pedition  for  the  examination  of  the  aoutbeni 

him  for  9  months,  and  then  exiled  him.    Wil-  seas  had  been  more  than  once  projected,  tod 

fred  preached  for  some  time  to  the  pagans  of  had  been  as  often  abandoned,  ^e  organifi- 

Sussex,  but  some  years  later,  after  the  death  tion  and  command  of  a  squadron  for  this  por* 

of  Egfred,  he  obtained  possession  of  the  three  pose  were  finally  intrusted  to  him.     The  expe- 

episcopal  sees  which  had  been  formed  out  of  dition  was  composed  of  6  vessels  aocompamed 

^e  bishopric  of  York.    Tet  the  quarrel  be-  by  a  store  ship.    Leaving  Norfolk,  Va.,  Aug. 

tween  him  and  the  bishops  of  the  Scottish  18, 1888,  it  proceeded  to  ludeira,  and  thence  br 

party  continued;  a  synod  in  692  again  declared  the  way  of  the  Oape  Yerds  to  Bio  Janero. 

m  favor  of  a  division  of  the  bishopric  of  York ;  The  whole  squadron  then  sailed  via  Rio  Kegn 

and  though  Wilfred  again  proceeded  to  Rome  to  Orange  harbor  in  Terra  del  Fnego.    Hen 

and  again  obtained  a  papal  decision  in  his  favor  the  flag  ship  was  moored,  and  two  divisioni 

208),  he  was  not  restored  to  his  see.    He  spent  formed  qf  the  remaining  4  vessels,  for  a  soctu* 
e  last  years  of  his  life  in  a  monastery.  em  expedition.    One  of  the  divlaionfi  was  k 
WTTTRATT)  ALEXIS.    See  HIbiko.  conunand  of  Lieut  Wilkes  himself  the  other 
WILKES.  I.  A  N.  W.  CO.  of  North  Carolina,  of  lieut.  Hudson.     On  the  reunion  of  tht 
intersected  by  the  Yadkin  river;  area,  864  sq.  squadron,  the  whole  proceeded  to  Yalparsifo, 
m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 14,749,  of  whom  1,208  were  and  thence  to  Callao.    From  Callao  the  sqcad- 
alaves.    The  Blue  ridge  extends  along  the  N.  W.  ron  passed  through  the  Paumotoo  group  to  Tft- 
border,  and  the  surface  of  the  county  is  diver-  hiti,  visiting  islands  not  before  known.    lieot 
sified  by  mountains  and  valleys.    The  soil  of  Wilkes  next  proceeded  to  the  Saxnoan  group, 
the  latter  is  very  fertile,  and  that  of  the  moun-  which  he  surveyed  and  explored,  &^d  thence  br 
tains  is  well  adapted  to  pasturage.    The  pro-  the  way  of  Wallis  island  to  Sydney,  New  Sooth 
ductions  in  1860  were  14,440  bushels  of  wheat,  Wales.    Leaving  Sydney  Dec.  26, 1889,  the  v^ 
408,160  of  Indian  corn,  68,882  of  oats,  29,208  sels  proceeded  separately  to  the  sonthwarl 
of  sweet  potatoes,  and  108,812  lbs.  of  butter,  when  all  reached  the  icy  barrier,  and  8  of  them 
There  were  96  grist  mills,  80  saw  mills,  48  were  rewarded  with  a  sight  of  the  hitherto  un- 
churches, and  2,419  pupils  attending  public  known  antarctic  continent.     Along  the  bar- 
schools.    There  is  a  great  abundance  of  iron  rier,  and  in  sight  of  the  land,  the  flag  ship  coc- 
ore,  and  bituminous  coal  is  foxmd.    Oapital,  tinned  its  course  westward  throngjii  more  that 
Wilkesborough.    U.  A  N.  E.  co.  of  Georgia,  70  degrees  of  longitude.    This  discovery  wu 
bounded  N.  by  Broad  river  and  S.  by  littie  subsequently  confirmed  by  both  Frmch  and 
river,  and  drained  by  their  branches ;  area,  660  English  authorities.    After  a  visit  to  New  Zea- 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  11,420,  of  whom  7,968  land,  which  was  left  April  6, 1840,  and  eaUing 
were  slaves.    The  surface  is  undulating  and  the  at  Tongataboo,  the  time,  up  to  Aug.  1840,  wts 
soil  only  moderately  fertile.    The  productions  spent  in  a  complete  exploration  of  the  Fe<j«e 
in  1860  were  12,649  bushels  of  wheat,  418,176  group.    Here  a  nephew  of  the  commander  vt5 
of  Indian  com,  188,218  of  oats,  69,626  of  sweet  killed  by  the  cannibal  natives,  and  prompt  vo* 
potatoes,  71,881  lbs.  of  butter,  and  12,024  bales  geance  inflicted  upon  them.   The  rmdt  of  the» 
of  cotton.    There  were  17  churches,  and  461  operations  has  been  to  open  these  islands  to  tbr 
pupils   attending  schools.    Iron  ore,  granite,  visits  ofnavigators  and  the  influence  of  mianons. 
and  quartz  are  found.    Capital,  Washington.  A  visit  to  the  Hawaiian  group  snooeeded,  diu^ 
WIUOIS,  Ohablbs,  an  American  naval  offi-  ing  which  the  very  difficult  and  important  prr>- 
oer  and  explorer,  bom  in  the  city  of  New  York  cess  of  measuring  the  pendulum  on  tlie  smniBit 
in  1801.    He  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman  of  Mauna  Loa  was  performed  by  the  command* 
in  1816,  and  his  earliest  important  service  was  er  in  person.    He  subsequentiy  vinted  the  K.  ^• 
with  Oom.  McDonou^  on  the  Mediterranean  coast  of  America,  and  the  Oolnmbia  and  Sacrt- 
station  in  1819-'20.    He  was  with  Gomi  Stew-  mento  rivers  (1841),  made  explorations  by  laixi 
art  in  the  Pacific  in  1821-'8,  where  he  exhibited  in  California,  and  on  Nov.  1  aet  safl  from  Stn 
ap  much  nautical  skill  as  to  be  selected  for  a  Francisco,  visited  Manila,  Sooloo,  Borneo,  Sis- 
aeparate  command.    In  April,  1826,  he  waa  gapore,  the  Oape  of  Gk>od  Hope,  and  the  iskBti 
promoted  to  be  lieutenant     In  1880  he  waa  of  St.  Helena,  and  on  June  10, 1842,  cast  anchor 
appointed  to  the  depot  of  charts  and  instru-  in  New  York  harbor.    The  next  month  be  wa» 
menta,  when  he  waa  the  first  in  the  United  promoted  to  be  commander.    Jntheaunayoir 


422  WILKES  WILEIB 

he  did  not  appear  to  reoeire  sentence,  having  oonunanded  to  attend  at  the  bar  of  the  house, 

fled  to  ii'ance,  was  outlawed.    The  trial  had  bnt  refdsed  to  appear  except  in  his  place  as 

not  produced  the  looked  for  effect.    Wilkes's  member   for   Middlesex.    The  house   finaJlr 

character  was  already  too  bad  to  be  blackened  evaded  the  contest  by  summoning  him  to  be 

by  a  conviction  for  immorality,  and  the  min-  present  on  April  8.  and  a^jonming  to  the  dtk 

istry  incurred  no  little  odium  by  the  surrep-  In  1771  he  was  cnosen  sheriff,  and  in  1774 

titious  means  they  had  resorted  to  in  order  to  mayor.    In  October  of  that  year  he  was  elected 

obtain  the  book,  only  12  copies  of  which  were  from  Middlesex  a  member  of  the  now  parha- 

printed.  Wilkes  spent  4  years  travelling  on  the  ment.    He  did  not  take  a  conspicuous  put  in 

continent,  and  published  at  Paris  in  1767  a  the  proceedings,  although  he  stron^y  opposed 

famphlet  entitled  **  OoUection  of  the  Genuine  all  me  measures  which  led  to  the  American 
'apers.  Letters,  &c..  in  tiie  Oase  of  J.  Wilkes,  war.    In  1779  he  was  elected  chamberlain  uf 
late  Member  for  Aylesbury.**    On  a  change  of  London,  which  office  he  held  during  the  re- 
the  ministry  he  ventured  to  return  to  England  mainder  of  his  Ufe.    He  made  several  ineffec^ 
in  1768,  and  was  elected  to  parliament  from  the  tual  efforts  to  have  the  resolutions  expellini; 
county  of  Middlesex  by  a  large  majority.    As  him  from  the  house  of  commons  expunged 
soon  as  he  was  returned,  he  gave  himself  up  to  from  the  records,  but  succeeded  in  1782,  wbea 
the  court  of  king*s  bench.    The  court  refused  the  house  voted  that  the  resolution  passed  Feb. 
to  commit  him.    He  was  immediately  rear-  17, 1769,  by  which  he  had  been  declared  in- 
rested,  but  was  rescued  from  the  officers  by  the  capable   of  being   reelected,  should  be  ex- 
mob.    Too  prudent  to  take  advantage  of  this  punged,  "  it  being  subversive  of  the  rights  of 
act,  he  voluntarily  went  into  confinement  as  the  whole  body  of  the  electors  of  the  Iriiigdom." 
soon  as  the  tumult  was  quelled.    When  parlia-  During  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  was  quite 
ment  met  on  May  10,  a  large  crowd  assembled  forgotten.  Neither  his  writings  nor  hia6peecbe« 
in  front  of  his  prison  for  the  purpose  of  carry-  were  of  a  high  order,  but  he  had  learning,  t«st«. 
ing  him  in  triumph  to  the  house  of  commons,  and  wit,  and  was  very  agreeable  in  aocietj, 
A  riot  followed,  the  military  were  ordered  out,  though  he  squinted  and  lisped,  and  his  featiuvs 
and  several  of  the  mob  were  shot.    This  oc-  were  ugly.     His  "  Letters  to  his  Daught<*r** 
currence  was  called  by  the  populace  "  the  mas-  from  the  year  1774  to  1796  were  printed  in 
sacre  in  St.  G^orge^s  fields."    Lord  Mansfield  1804;  and  in  1806  Almon  published  his  cor- 
afterward  reversed  Uie  sentence  of  outlawry,  respondence  in  6  volumes,  with  a  biography. 
but  Wilkes  was  convicted  of  two  libels,  fined        WILKESBABBE,  a  borough  and  the  capital 
£1,000,  and  sentenced  to  22  months'  imprison-  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn.,  situated  on  the  £.  bank 
ment    Having  charged  Lord  Weymouth  with  of  the  North  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  herif 
planning  "  the  horrid  massacre  in  St.  George's  crossed  by  a  handsome  bridge,  116  m.  N.  frum 
fields"  weeks  beforehand,  he  was  again  ex-  Harrisburg;  pop.  in  1860,  4,278.     It  has  lu 
polled  the  house  of  commons,  and  a  new  elec-  churches  (1  loaptist,  1  Episcopal,  1  German 
tion  was  ordered  for  Middlesex.    Wilkes  was  Reformed,  1  Jewish,  1  Lutheran,  2  Methodist, 
returned  without  opposition,  but  the  house  de-  1  Presbyterian,  and  2  Roman  Oatholic).  &l 
dared  him  incapable  of  sitting.    Three  other  academy,  8  high  schools,  17  public  sehook  & 
elections  took  place  with  the  same  result,  and  "  home  for  the  friendless,"  8  newspaper  ofijcts 
at  last  the  house  declared  Wilkes^s  opponent,  a  bank,  2  founderies  and  machine  shops,  i 
Ool.  Luttrell,  elected,  though  he  had  received  planing  mills,  2  breweries,  and  msnufactorie^ 
only  800  votes,  on  the  ground  that  the  votes  for  of  wire  screens,  soap  and  candles,  sashes,  kega. 
Wiikes  were  void  from  his  incapacity  to  serve.  &c.    It  also  possesses  a  library  and  Athensmn. 
This  measure  awakened  intense   indignation  and  a  histoncal  and  geological  society  with  s 
throughout  the  whole  country.    The  contest  fine  collection  of  coins  and  medals,  and  is  tba 
between  Wilkes  and  the  ministry  became  a  centre  of  an  active  business  in  anthracite  coiL 
contest  for  the  preservation  of  the  rights  of  It  is  lighted  with  gas  and  supplied  fix>m  the 
the  people.    Wilkes,  though  in  prison,  was  at  Laurel   run  with   good  water.     The  North 
the  height  of  his  popularity.    Presents  of  jew-  branch  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  cansl  pass* 
elry,  furniture,  wines,  and  plate  were  forced  es  through  the  borough.    The  Lehigh  and  Sus- 
upon  him,  and  the  sum  of  £20,000  was  raised  quehanna  railroad  extends  from  Wi&esbarre  to 
to  pay  off  his  debts.    In  Nov.  1 769,  ajury  gave  White  Haven,  and  the  Lackawanna  and  BIocvos- 
him  damages  of  £4,000  against  Lord  Halifax  for  burg  railroad  passes  along  the  opposite  bank  of 
false  imprisonment  and  seizure  of  his  papers,  the  river.    The  borough  was  named  in  compli- 
In  April,  1770,  he  was  freed  from  his  imprison-  ment  to  John  Wilkes  and  Ool.  Barr^. 
ment  and  elected  alderman  of  the  city  of  Lon-        WTLKIE,  Sir  David,  a  Scottish  painter,  bora 
don.    During  his  magistracy  the  house  of  com-  in  Quits,  Fifeshire,  Nov.  18, 1785,  died  at  s«a 
mons  offered  a  reward  for  the  arrest  of  cer-  near  Gibraltar,  June  1, 1841.    He  was  the  son 
tain  printers  who  had  refused  to  appear  at  the  of  a  minister  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  aod 
bar  and  answer  for  publishing  the  speeches  of  evinced  in  childhood  a  remarkable  taste  tor 
the  members.    One  of  them  was  brought  be-  painting,  having,  it  is  said,  been  able  to  draw 
fore  Wilkes,  who  not  only  discharged  him  as  before  he  could  read.  At  14  years  of  age  be  was 
iOegally  arrested,  but  committed  to  prison  the  placed  in  the  trustees'  academy  in  Edinbur^pb, 
officer  who  apprehended  him.    He  was  twice  where  he  remained  6  years,  and  gained  a  prise 


434  WILKIE  WILKINSON 

the  inspeotion  of  Pope  Paul  lU./'  becdde  per-  182S  by  George  lY.,  and  in  1825  reeeived  the 

traits  of  William  lY.,  Qaeen  Victoria,  the  duke  gold  medal  of  the  royal  society  of  literataxe. 

of  Wellington,  and  other  distinguished  persons,  He  edited  Bichardson^s  Arabic  and  Peraan 

most  of  which  are  well  known  by  engravings,  dictionary  (London,  1806-^10),  and  published 

The  works  themselves,  like  most  executed  in  ^'  The  Boots  of  the  Sanscrit  Language^'  (1816), 

his  later  style,  are  rapidly  perishing,  while  his  and  several  papers  in  the  ^*  Asiatic  Beflearchea," 

early  pictures  are  as  fresh  as  when  they  left  the  the  "  Annals  of  Oriental  literatnre,'*  and  the 

easel.    In  the  autumn  of  1840  he  set  out  with  '*  Oriental  Bepertory.".   He  had  nearly  com- 

a  friend  on  a  journey  to  the  East,  painted  a  pletedatranslationof  the  ^^  Institutes  of  Mann'' 

portrait  of  the  sultan  at  Oonstantinople  on  the  when  he  abandoned  it  on  learning  that  Sir 

way,  passed  some  time  in  Jerusalem  and  the  William  Jones  was  engaged  upon  it. 
Holy  Land,  and  died  on  his  voyage  home,  and       WILEINS,  John,  an  English  prelate  and 

was  buried  at  sea.    A  statue  of  him,  raised  by  mathematician,  bom  at  Fawsley,  near  Daven* 

public  subscription,  was  subsequently  placed  in  try,  Northamptonshire,  in  1614,  died  in  Lon- 

the  national  gallery.    His  life  has  been  written  don,  Nov.  19,  1672.    He  was  graduated  at 

by  Allan  Ounningham  (8  vols.  8vo.,  1843).  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford,  in  1631,  became  chap- 

WILKIE,  WiLUAJC,  a  Scottish  poet  and  di-  lain  successively  to  Lord  Say,  Lord  Berkeley, 
vine,  born  at  Echlin,  parish  of  Dalmeny,  Lin-  and  Oharles,  count  palatine  of  the  Bhine,  signed 
lithgowshire,  Oct.  6, 1721,  died  Oct.  10,  1772.  the  '^  Solenm  League  and  Oovenant,'*  and  dur- 
Ho  entered  the  university  of  Edinburgh  at  the  ing  the  civil  war  formed  with  the  aid  of  Dr. 
age  of  18,  but  before  his  studies  were  complet-  Wallis  and  others  a  club,  which  was  the  ne- 
ed his  father  died,  and  left  him  a  farm,  on  dens  of  the  royal  society.  In  1648  he  was  ap- 
which  he  worked,  continuing  his  studies ;  and  pointed  warden  of  Wadhun  coUegei,  Oxford, 
in  1753  he  was  ordained  assistant  and  successor  In  1666  he  married  the  widowed  sister  of  Oliver 
to  the  clergyman  of  Batho,  near  Edinburgh.  Oromwell,  having  first  received  from  CromweQ 
In  1759  he  was  made  professor  of  natural  phi-  a  dispensation  £om  the  rules  of  the  eoilege 
losophy  at  St.  Andrew^s.  He  wrote  the  "  Epi-  which  required  celibacy  in  the  warden.  In 
goniad,'^  a  poem  in  9  books,  and  a  volume  of  1659  Bichard  OromweU  made  him  master  of 
'^  Moral  Fables^'  in  verse.  Trinity  college,  Cambridge.    At  tiie  restoration 

WILKINS,  Sib  Ohableb,  an  English  orien-  he  was  ^ected  from  his  mastership,  and  re* 

talist,  bom  at  Frome,  Somersetshire,  in  1749,  mained  out  of  favor  with  the  court  for  some 

died  in  London,  May  18, 1836.    He  went  to  Oal-  time,  but  was  chosen  preacher  to  the  society  at 

cutta  in  1770  as  a  writer  on  the  Bengal  estab-  Gray's  Inn.    In  1662  Charles  IT.  presented  him 

lishment,  employed  his  leisure  time  in   the  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Lawrence,  Jewry,  London, 

study  of  Bengalee,  Arabic,  Persian,  Sanscrit,  and  on  the  formation  of  the  royal  society  the 

and  other  eastern  languages,  and  in  1778  cut  next  year  he  was  made  one  of  the  conned'  He 

the  matrices,  cast  the  type,  and  superintended  was  not  long  after  appointed  dean  of  Bipoo, 

the  printing  of  Halhed^s  Bengalee  grammar,  and  in  1668  bishop  of  Chester.    His  principal 

for  which  the  best  workmen  in  London  had  works  are:  "The  Discovery  of  a  New  World," 

found  themselves  unable  to  produce  the  type,  containing  arguments  to  prove  the  moon  habi* 

He  afterward  formed  the  matrices  for  a  font  table  (4to.,  London,  1688) ;   "  Disconrse  con- 

of  Persian  type  in  the  same  way.    In  1784,  in  coming  the  Possibility  of  a  Passage  to  the 

connection  with  Sir  WiUiam  Jones,  he  estab-  World  in  the  Moon"  (1640);  ^*  Disconrse  con- 

lished  the  literary  society  of  Calcutta,  whose  corning  a  New  Planet"  (1640) ;  ^  Merenry,  or 

"Asiatic  Researches"  have  ever  been  highly  the  Secret  Messenger,"  an  essay  on  modes  of 

regarded  by  philologists.    In  1785  he  com-  telegraphing  (1641);  '^  EcclesiasteB,  or  a  Die- 

pleted  his  translation  of  the  Bhagaoat  Gita^  course    on    the    Gift  of  Preaching"   (1646); 

which  was  published  at  the  expense  of  the  "Mathematical  Magic,  or  the  Wonders  that 

East  India  company.    The  next  year  he  was  may  be  performed  by  Mechanical  Geometry** 

compelled  by  the  state  of  his  health  to  return  (1648) ;  *' Essay  toward  a  Real  Character  and  a 

to  England,  and  in  1787  published  a  translation  Philosophical  Language"  (1668);  and  *^Prind- 

of  the  Mitapadesa^  the  Sanscrit  original  of  the  pies  and  Duties  of  Natural  Religion"  (1675). 

fkbles  of  Bidpay  or  Pilpay.     He  then  com-  He  also  invented  and  described  l£e  perambo- 

menoed  an  elaborate  Sanscrit  granmiar,  and,  later  and  measuring  wheeL 
after  making  the  matrices  and  casting  his  type,        WILKINSON.    I.  A  central  co.  of  (^rgia, 

had  set  up  20  pages  of  it  when  his  house  was  bounded  N.  W.  by  the  Goonee  river  and  drained 

burned,  and  his  type  and  the  portions  of  the  by  its  affluents ;  area,  480  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  I860, 

book  already  printed  were  destroyed.     The  9,876,  of  whom  8,887  were  slaves.    The  snr^ 

loss  thus  sustained  was  not  repaired  till  1806,  face  is  undulating  and  diversified  by  extensive 

when,  the  East  India  college  at  Hertford  being  pine  forests,  and  the  soil  is  moderately  fertile, 

established,  Mr.  Wilkins  printed  the  grammar  The  productions  in  1850  were  12,149  bushels 

for  the  use  of  its  pupils.    In  1801  he  was  ap«  of  wheat,  828,976  of  Indian  com,  99,490  <^ 

pointed  librarian  of  the  East  India  company,  sweet  potatoes,  16,614  lbs.  of  lioe,  and  4.9S0 

and  in  1805  visitor  and  examiner  of  the  students  bales  of  cotton.    There  were  28  churches,  and 

in  the  oriental  departments  of  Haileybury  and  460  pupils  attending  public  sdiools.    Sulphur 

Addisoombe  colleges.     He  was  knighted  in  and  chalybeate  springs  are  foimd.    Theooon^y 


436  WILKINSON  WILL 

menial  services,  and  exerted  a  poverM  infla-  lie  revisited  Ektp^  and  on  his  retam  to  Eog- 

enoe  overl^em.    A  farm  of  1,000  acres  was  land  i>ablishea  a  small  volnme  entitled  '*The 

set  apart  for  her  special  use,  and  coltlTated  Egyptians  nnder  the  Pharaohs,^*  which  form»  a 

freely  by  her  followers.    She  inosted  on  the  supplement  to  the  *' Popular  Account.''    His 

Shaker  doctrine  of  celibacy,  and  the  exercises  last  important   publication   is  a  treatise   on 

of  her  religious  meetings  resembled  those  of  '^  Color,  and  the  General  Diffusion  of  Taste 

that  sect    She  never  relinquished  her  preten-  among  all  Glasses''  (1858).    He  has  for  many 

aions,  but  after  some  years  her  influence  waned,  years  been  employed  upon  a  botanical  work 

and  the  latter  part  of  her  life  was  embittered  by  entitled  "  Plants  of  the  Egyptian  Desert,"  and 

jealousies  and  annoyances  which  she  bore  with  an  elaborate  **  Map  of  Egypt,"  neither  of  which 

no  great  fortitude.  After  her  death  the  sect  was  has  yet  been  published.    He  has  also  cod- 

entirely  broken  up.  tributed  many  of  the  notes  to  Rawlinson's  ver- 

WILKINSON,  Sib  Johk  Gabdnxb,  an  Eng-  sion  of  Herodotus,  and  has  published  papers  in 

lish  arohaoologlst,  born  Oct.  5, 1797.    He  was  the  '*  Transactions"  of  the  geomphical  and 

educated  at  Harrow  school  and  at  Exeter  ool-  archadolo^cal  societies  of  Great  Britain, 

lege,  Oiford,  and  on  leaving  the  latter  place  ^  WILL,  m  law,  the  written  instrument  where- 

endeavored  to  procure  a  conunission  in  a  cav-  in  a  man  declares  his  wishes  in  respect  to  the 

airy  regiment.    But  his  attention  having  been  disposition  of  his  property  after  his  death, 

directed  by  Sir  William  Gell  to  the  study  of  There  is  good  reason  to  bdieve  that  the  right 

antiquities,  he  went  to  Egypt,  and  during  a  of  inheritance,  or  of  descent  to  tbe  children  or 

residence  in  that  country  of  12  years  made  a  kindred  of  the  deceased,  was  firmly  established 

profound  study  of  its  ruins  and  topography,  as  and  allowed  earlier  than  the  right  of  disposi- 

also  of  the  languages,  manners,  and  customs  of  tion  by  will.    Blackstone  says  that  until  ^*  mod- 

the  modern  inhabitants.    A  very  considerable  em  times"  a  man  could  only  dispose  of  one  third 

portion  of  his  time  was  devoted  to  making  of  his  personal  property  away  from  his  wife 

drawings  of  the  stupendous  architectural  monu-  and  children,  ana,  in  general,  no  will  of  lands 

ments,  the  paintings,  hieroglyphics,  and  other  was  permitted  tmtil  the  rei^  of  Henry  YIIL 

objects  of  interest.    In  1828  he  published  at  It  seems,  however,  to  have  been  the  law  in 

Malta  his  **  Materia  Hieroglyphia,"  followed  by  those  early  ages,  that  a  man^s  ^^  goods,"  or  as 

lus  ^^  Topography  of  Thebes  and  General  View  we  now  call  it  his  personal  property,  was  di- 

pf  Egypt"  (London,  1885),  and  in  1886  by  the  vided  at  his  death,  if  he  left  a  wife  and  chil> 

first  series  of  his  great  work,  entitled  *^  Manners  dren,  into  three  parts,  his  wife  taking  one,  hU 

and  Customs  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians,  inclnd-  children  jointly  one,  and  the  third  being  at  Lis 

ing  their   private  Life,    Government,   Laws,  disposal  by  his  will  or  testament.    K  he  left  a 

Arts,  Manufactures,  Beligion,  Agriculture,  and  wife  and  no  child,  she  took  one  half,  and  h« 

early  History,  derived  from  a  Oomparison  of  could  dispose  of  the  other ;  and  if  he  left  a 

the  Paintings,  Sculptures,  and  Monuments  still  child  or  children,  but  no  wife,  they  took  one 

existing,  with  the  Accounts  of  Ancient  Au-  half,  and  he  could  dispose  of  the  other ;  and  if 

thors"  (8  vols.  8vo.).    The  2d  series  was  pub-  he  left  neither  wife  nor  children,  he  could  di«- 

lished  in  1840  in  2  vols.,  and  the  whole  work  pose  of  the  whole.    If  he  died  intestate,  the 

is  esteemed  a  monument  of  learning,  careful  king,  as  parens  patruBj  took  possession  of  his 

research,  and  judicious  analysis.    In  acknowl-  personals.  At  first  the  king  aoministered  them 

edgment  of  his  services  to  archsQologioal  liter-  through  his  common  officers  of  justice,  but  at 

ature,  the  author  received  in  the  same  year  the  an  early  period  he  gave  this  power  first,  pt^r- 

honor  of  knighthood.    In  1848  appeared  his  haps,  to  the  county  courts,  but  either  originally 

*^  Modem  Egypt  and  Thebes"  (2  vols.  8vo.),  in-  or  soon  to  his  prelates.   The  bishops  exercised  it 

tended  chiefly  for  the  use  of  travellers,  and  in  in  their  own  courts,  which  were  held  either  by 

1847  tbe  8d  edition  of  his  *^  Manners  and  Cus-  them  in  person,  or  by  their  *^  ordinary,"  as  the 

toms  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians"  (6  vols.),  iUus-  officer  discharging  this  function  was  called, 

trated  with  upward  of  600  plates  and  woodcuts.  This  word  "  ordinary"  came  to  mean  in  Eng- 

In  the  latter  year  appeared  also  a  new  edition  land  principally  an  ecclesiastical  officer  havinc 

of  his  ^*  Modern  Egypt,"  published  by  Murray  judicial  power.    In  some  parts  of  the  United 

in  a  condensed  and  corrected  form  under  the  States  it  is  used  as  the  designation  of  the  judge 

title  of  '^  A  Hand-Book  for  Travellers  in  Mod-  who  has  jurisdiction  in  the  matter  of  wills  and 

em  Egypt."    In  1848  he  publishied  ^*  Dalmatia  administration.     He  is  also  in  some   states 

and  Montenegro"  (2  vols.  8vo.),  the  result  of  a  known  by  the  title  of  surrogate,  in  others  b 

tour  made  in  those  countries  in  1844 ;  to  which  called  a  judge  of  probate,  and  in  others  re^nster 

succeeded  the  *'*'  Architecture  of  Ancient  Egypt,"  of  wills.    The  bishops  were  accountable  to  no 

&c.  (8vo.,  1850),  accompanied  by  a  large  vol-  one  for  their  conduct.    It  would  seem,  how- 

ume  of  plates;    *' Fragments  of  the  Hieratic  ever,  that  the  half  or  two  thirds  going  to  the 

Papyrus  at  Turin"  (1851),  with  a  folio  volume  wife  and  children  were  always  seciued  to  thenu 

of  plates ;  and  an  abridgment  of  his  large  work  but  that  the  bishops  ofi^n,  perha|>e  commonlj, 

entitled  *^  A  Popidar  Account  of  the  Ancient  took  the  remaining  half  or  third  ^*for  pioo» 

Egyptians"  (2  vols.  12mo.,  1854),  which  com-  uses,"   that  is,  to  themselves,  without  even 

prised  much  additional  matter  derived  from  re-  paying  the  debts  of  the  deceased.    This  th^ 

cent  explorations  and  discoveries.    In  1855-'6  were  compelled  to  do  by  the  statute  of  West- 


4aS  WILL 

rey  with  distinctness  the  intention  and  desire  if  a  witness  has  no  reooUection  of  his  attesting 
of  the  testator.  Nor  need  the  instrament  be  the  will,  but  recognizes  his  name  under  such 
called,  or  in  its  form  appear  to  be,  a  will  or  a  statement  as  written  by  himself,  and  tesdfit» 
testament.  There  are  cases  in  which  an  in-  that  he  should  not  have  written  it  there  had 
strument  appearing  on  its  feuse  to  be  a  deed  of  he  not  known  the  statement  to  be  true,  thib 
gift  or  of  conveyance,  or  a  covenant,  or  even  a  will  supply  his  defect  of  memory. — ^As  to  revo- 
letter,  has  been  construed  as  a  will,  because  it  cation,  the  common  law  rule  was,  that  a  mar- 
was  apparent  that  it  was  intended  to  take  effect  riage  and  the  birth  of  a  child  after  the  «zecD- 
after  tiie  death  of  the  party  executing  it.  As  to  tion  of  a  wiU  revoked  it;  and  this  role  lus 
the  execution  and  attestation  of  wills,  the  law  much  force  in  this  country  now,  idthongh  it  i? 
is  far  more  stringent.  The  provisions  of  the  variously  modified  by  statute.  80,  too,  it  is  a 
statute  of  frauds  are  generally  adopted  in  the  general  rule,  that  any  children  not  mentioned 
United  States.  The  will  must  be  signed  in  in  the  will  or  in  any  wise  provided  for  thereby, 
presence  of  two  witnesses,  and  in  many  of  take  the  share  of  the  estate  which  would  come 
the  states  of  three.  But  in  a  few  instances  an  to  them  if  the  fSather  had  died  intestate.  Tin; 
exception  is  made  where  the  will  is  wholly  in  presumption  of  law  in  such  case  was,  that  they 
the  handwriting  of  the  testator,  especially  if  it  had  been  forgotten.  Hence  the  old  phrase  and 
be  found  among  his  papers,  or  disposes  of  per-  custom  of  *'  cutting  off  a  child  with  a  shilling  ;*" 
sonalty  only.  A  seal  is  usual,  but  is  not  always  such  a  legacy  proving  th&t  he  was  remembe^fd. 
required  by  statute,  and  when  not  so  required  and  thus  depriving  him  of  the  benefit  of  this 
is  not  necessary  to  the  validity  of  the  will.  A  presumption.  But  naming  him,  and  refoAing 
mark  may  be  a  sufficient  signature  of  the  testa-  to  give  him  any  thing,  has  the  same  effectl 
tor  or  a  witness;  but  it  is  unusual  and  perhaps  By  the  statute  of  frauds,  a  will  was  effector- 
unsafe  to  have  a  witness  who  cannot  or  will  ly  revoked  by  burning,  cancelling,  tearing,  or 
not  write  his  name,  and  is  what  is  called  in  law  obliterating,  by  the  testator  himself,  or  in  his 
a  marksman.  Against  the  name  of  every  wit-  presence  and  by  his  directions;  and  it  was  not 
ness  his  residence  or  address  should  be  written,  necessary  that  any  witnesses  should  be  present, 
as  a  great  convenience,  where  it  is  not  re-  Li  most,  if  not  all  the  United  States,  the  same 
quired  by  law ;  but  the  absence  of  this,  even  rule  prevails,  and  extends  to  any  Tolnntary 
where  it  is  required,  does  not  invalidate  the  destruction  of  the  will,  as  it  does  now  by  re- 
will.  The  attestation  must  (with  the  exception  cent  statute  in  England.  The  cases  are  no* 
of  a  few  states)  be  in  the  presence  of  the  testa-  merous  on  the  subject  of  revocation,  and  e»- 
tor,  but  not  necessarily  in  the  same  room,  if  tablish  or  illustrate  important  principles.  One 
he  is  so  placed  as  to  see  the  act ;  and  he  must  of  these  is,  that  no  mere  intention  or  demre  or 
have  sufficient  possession  of  his  senses  to  know  even  belief  of  revocation  has  the  effect  of  rev- 
and  understand  the  act  of  attestation.  It  has  ocation,  without  some  act ;  but  a  very  dight 
been  held,  where  a  sick  man  v^as  able  to  give  act,  a  little  tearing,  or  burning,  or  oblitera- 
rationid  directions  for  the  drafting  of  his  will,  tion,  will  have  this  effect,  if  it  is  proved  to 
but  grew  much  more  ill  before  he  signed  it,  have  been  done  for  the  purpose  and  in  the 
that  if  the  jury  thought  he  retained  sense  to  be  belief  of  cancellation.  Another  is,  that  what- 
satisfied  that  his  former  directions  were  right,  .ever  is  done,  even  if  it  be  the  actual  destro<y 
though  he  did  not  remember  them,  and  knew  tion  of  the  will,  will  not  revoke  it,  unless  the 
tiiat  he  executed  the  wUl,  this  was  sufficient.  If  act  be  done  animo  eaneellandu  Therefore  the 
ho  is  blind,  and  tiie  will  is  read  to  him  and  the  testator  must  have  sufficient  mind  to  know 
attestation  stated  to  him  in  good  faith,  this  is  what  he  does ;  and  consequently,  if  he  destroys 
sufficient.  Nor  is  it  necessary  that  he  should  it  in  a  fit  of  insanity,  or  by  mistake  for  another 
actually  see  the  attestation  if  he  might  do  so.  paper,  or  without  knowing  that  what  he  does 
The  execution  of  the  will  must  be  '^published"  will  have  the  effect  of  cancellation,  the  will  b 
in  the  presence  of  the  witnesses ;  which  means  not  revoked.  In  a  few  instances,  this  rule  ha^ 
tiiat  the  testator  must  declare  the  instrument  been  carried  so  far  as  to  establish  a  will  actual- 
to  be  his  will,  or  in  some  way  inform  the  wit-  ly  obliterated  or  destroyed,  when  the  testator 
nesses  of  this  fact,  when  they  attest  it.  And  it  did  this  in  the  mistaken  belief  that  a  certain 
has  been  held,  that  the  distinct  acknowledg-  deed  or  other  instrument  was  sufficient  of  itr 
ment  or  recognition  by  the  testator  of  the  will,  self,  and  made  the  wiU  unneoesaary.  It  may 
in  presence  of  the  witnesses,  is  equivalent  to  a  be  remarked,  however,  that  a  will  thus  can- 
signing  by  him  before  them.  It  is  usual  and  celled  by  mistake  is,  like  a  will  stolen  or  lo6t 
convenient  for  tlie  witnesses  to  sign  in  the  or  destroyed  by  a  casual  fire,  effectually  can- 
presence  of  each  other,  for  then  each  can  celled  in  fact,  unless  its  contents  and  provisions 
prove  the  signatures  of  the  others,  if  they  are  can  be  proved,  by  a  copy  or  otherwise,  with 
not  within  reach.  But  this  does  not  seem,  reasonable  certainty  and  precision.  It  shoold 
generally  at  least,  to  be  essential  to  the  valid-  be  added,  that  a  will  is  always  regarded,  in  the 
ity  of  the  will.  So  it  is  usual  and  proper,  .but  language  of  the  law,  as  an  ambulatory  instra- 
not  essential,  to  write  over  the  signatures  of  ment,  or  as  going  always  with  tiie  testator,  and 
the  witnesses  a  statement  of  the  place,  time,  as  being  open  to  amendment,  variation,  or  de- 
purpose,  and  circumstances  of  the  signatures;  struction  by  him,  at  his  own  pleasure,  daring 
and  it  is  a  prevaUing  if  not  univeraal  rule,  that  his  life;  and  a  will  is  alwaya  revoked  by  a 


430  WnXABD  THLLEMB 

tions  were  made  for  its  removfd  to  other  and  the  department  of  American  historj.    The  first 

larger  plaoes.    In  1818  she  sent  to  Gov.  Olin-  was  a  copious  contributor  to  the  periodic^ 

ton  <^  New  York  a  plan  for  a  female  seminary,  literature  of  his  day,  and  in  1865  pnhli&hed 

involving  state  assistance ;  and  in  his  next  mes-  "  Memories  of  Toa&  and  Manhood  "  (2  toU 

sage  to  the  legislature  the  governor  strongly  12mo.,  Cambridge). 

urged  an  appropriation  in  behalf  of  female       WILLABD,    Sahuel,  D.D.,    an  American 
education.    An  act  was  passed  incorporating  a  clergyman,  bom  in  Petersham,  Mass.,  April  19, 
female  academy  at  Waterford,  and  giving  to  1775,  died  in  Deerfield,  Mass.,  Oct^  8,  ISSS*. 
female  academies  a  share  of  the  literature  fiind.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1^3, 
Mrs.  Willard*s  boarding  school  was  removed  to  was  tutor  for  a  short  time  in  Bowdoin  collerc 
Waterford  the  ensuing  spring,  and  the '"Plan"  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Gongregati<«&l 
was  published  under  the  title  of  "  An  Address  church  in  Deerfield  in  1807,  and  resigned  hi& 
to  the  Public,  particularly  to  the  Legislature  of  pastorate  in  1829  on  account  of  lo«  of  sighL 
New  York,  proposing  a  Plan  for  Improving  (See  Blind,  vol.  iii.  pp.  867-'8.) 
Female  Education."    Its  circulation  in  severid        WILLDENOW,  Kabl  Ludwio,  »  GeimxD 
of  the  states,  and  in  foreign  countries,  led  botanist,  bom  in  Berlin  in  1766,  died  ther<:. 
eventually  to  the  establishment  of  female  semi-  July  10, 1812.    He  studied  medicine  at  Halk, 
naries,  aided   by  state   appropriations.    The  and  chemistry  in  the  laboratory  of  Wiegleb  &t 
hopes  of  legislative  aid  to  her  seminary  were  Langensalza,  and  commenced  the  practice  cf 
not  realized,  however,  and  in  May,  1821,  it  was  his  profession  in  Berlin.    Jn  1787  he  pnblish^^i 
removed  to  Troy.    In  1825  Mrs.  Willard  lost  a  description  of  the  plants  in  and  around  Ber- 
ber husband.    In  1880-^81  she  made  a  visit  to  lin,  followed  a  few  years  after  by  two  eiemdk- 
Europe,  and  on  her  return  entered  into   a  tary  works  on  botany.    In  1798  he  was  af>- 
sdheme  for  educating  a  body  of  Greek  female  pointed  professor  of  natural  history  in  the  uni- 
teachers  at  Athens.    The  sum  of  $2,600  was  versity  of  Berlin,  and  soon  after  saperinten- 
raised  for  tiie  purpose,  $1,100  being  the  profits  dent  of  the  botanic  garden.    His  principal  work 
on  the  sale  of  Mrs.  Willard's  "  Journal  and  Let-  is  a  new  edition  of  the  Species  Blantamm  of 
ters,''  written  and  published  for  the  benefit  of  linnffius,  comprising  in  addition  all  spedes  uf 
this  charity.  In  1888  she  resigned  the  seminary  plants  discovered  since  the  original  pnbUca- 
to  her  son  and  daughter-in-law,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  tion,  arranged  according  to  the  linnaMn  i»7£- 
John  H.  Willard.    With  Mr.  W.  0.  Woodbridge  tem.    He  published  4  volumes  and  a  part  of  s 
she  has  prepared  several  very  popular  school  5th,  and  this  and  the  6th  were  completed  by 
books  of  geography,  with  atlases.    She  has  also  Bchwagricher  and  Link  after  his  death. 
published  a  ''History  of  the  United  States''        WHLEMS,  Jan  Fbaks,  a  Flemish  philologist, 
(1828;  revised  and  continued,  1862); ''Poems''  historian,  and  poet,  bom  at  Boudioat,  uvur 
(1880);   "Universal  History  in  Perspective"  Antwerp,  March  11, 1798,  died  inGhenU  June 
(1887);   "On  the  Oiroulation  of  the  Blood"  24,  1846.    At  the  age  of  12  he  went  to  lierre 
(12mo.,  New  York,  1844);  "Temple  of  Time,  for  the  purpose  of  learning  mudo,  and  there 
or  Ohronographer  of  Universal  History"  (1844) ;  found  a  patron  named  Bergmann,  who  indacvd 
"  Ohronographer  of  English  History"  (1845) ;  his  parents  to  place  him  as  clerk  to  a  notjuy 
"  Ohronographer  of  Ancient  History"  (1847) ;  in  Antwerp,  where  in  1811  he  gained  a  prize 
"  Historic  Guide"  (1847) ;  "  Respiration  and  its  for  a  poem  in  honor  of  the  battle  of  Friedland 
Effects ;"  "  Last  Leaves  of  American  History"  and  peace  of  Tilsit    In  1814  Holland  was  uni- 
(1849) ;  "  Astronography,  or  Astronomical  Ge-  ted  with  Belgium,  and  in  1818  Willems,  who 
ography ;"  and  "Morals  for  the  Young"  (New  now  came  forward  as  the  originator  of  the  m 
York,  1857).  called  "  Flemish  movement"  in  literature,  pub* 
"^^LARD,  Joseph,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  an  Amer-  lished  a  poem  to  the  Belgians  entitled  Aen  dt 
loan  clergyman,  and  president  of  Harvard  col-  Belgen^  in  which  he  exhorted  them  to  maintain 
lege,  bom  at  Biddeford,  Me.,  Dec.  29, 1788,  died  their  Flemish  nationality  while  submitting  to 
in  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  during  a  journey  for  the  the  Dutch  rule.    The  poem  met  with  no  isjtx 
benefit  of  his  health,  Sept.  19, 1804.     Losing  among  portions  ofhis  countrymen,  who  thought 
his  father  at  an  early  age,  he  seems  to  have  re-  him  to  be  a  willmg  instrument  of  the  dtepotism 
solved  on  becoming  a  sailor,  and  made  several  of  Holland ;  but  the  government  rewarded  him 
coasting  voyages.    Being  afterward  enabled  by  with  an  office  in  Antwerp,  where  he  was  aAei^ 
the  generosity  of  some  Mends  to  enter  college,  ward  appointed  keeper  of  the  archivea.    The 
he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1766,  and  the  poem  was  followed  by  a  literary  hisitory  d 
next  year  was  chosen  tutor  in  that  institution.  Flanders  and  Brabant  from  the  Idth  to  the  19tli 
In  1772  he  was  ordained  as  colleague  pastor,  century,  entitled  Verhandding  over  ds  A«i^' 
with  the  Rev.  Joseph  Ohampney,  of  the  first  duyUche  Taelr  en  LeUerhunde^  opUgUHyh  di 
church  in  Beverly.    In  1781  he  was  elected  eugdelyie  JProf>inUen  der  Ifederlanden  (2  vols. 
president  of  Harvard  college.    His  only  publi-  8vo.,  1819-^24).    The  zeal  with  which  he  had 
cations  were  a  few  sermons. — Of  his  two  sons,  combated  the  opponents  of  the  union  with  Hoi- 
SiDNBT  (died  in  1856)  was  professor  of  Hebrew  land  led,  after  the  revolution  of  1880,  to  his  dis- 
and  other  oriental  languages  at  Harvard  college  placement  from  his  former  offices.    He  was 
from  1807  to  1831,  and  Joseph  is  a  lawyer  and  given  a  situation  with  a  small  salary  in  the 
an  active  promoter  of  literature,  especially  in  small  town  of  Eedoo,  and  here  he  contintted 


482  WILLIAM  I.  (EirozasD)' 

the  Saxons  were  defeated,  and  their  king  was  head  of  a  party  Btrfying  to  deprive  liim  of  hii 
slain.    But  litUe  further  resistance  was  made  continental   possessions;    hardly  a   powerful 
to  the  victor,  who  advanced  to  London,  where  neighbor  who  was  not  ready  at  every  moment 
he  was  crowned  Dec.  25.    An  irregular  elec-  to  take  up  arms  against  him ;  one  war  and  in- 
tion  of  William  to  the  throne  took  place  on  surrection  after  another — such  were  the  adverse 
that  day  by  the  English  and  Norman  nobles  circumstances  of  his  reign  in  England ;  and  yet 
who  were  present.    At  first  the  king  affected  they  were  all  so  unconnected,  and  so  void  of  a 
much  regard  for  the  rights  of  his  new  subjects,  common  object,  that  the  king  had  no  caoae  for 
and  his  rule  was  mild  and  just;  but  at  the  same  apprehension  lest  he  should  sink  tinder  such 
time  he  was  careful  to  retain  all  power  in  the  general  hate  and  enmity/'    William  led  an  ex- 
hands  of  the  Normans.    Visiting  Normandy  in  pedition  to  Wales  in  1081.    Most  of  the  latter 
1067,  troubles  broke  out  in  England  during  his  part  of  his  reign  he  passed  in  Normandy,  leav- 
absence,  which  he  suppressed  on  his  return ;  ing  England  to  be  governed  by  his  half  brother 
and  then  he  resolved  upon  a  change  of  policy.  Odo,  bishop  of  Bayeux,  who  aspired  to  the  pa- 
A  league  was  formed  against  him  by  the  Saxon  pacy ;  but  when  Odo  sought  to  depart  for  Rome, 
nobles,  who  received  promises  of  foreign  aid.  the  king  returned  to  England,  seized  him,  and 
Hastening  to  the  north,  William  triumphed  imprisoned  him  at  Rouen,  at  the  same  time 
over  all  his  enemies,  Saxons,  Scots,  and  Danes,  confiscating  the  vast  treasures  which  he  had 
He  laid  waste  the  whole  country  between  the  extorted  from  the  English.    The  pope*s  inter- 
Tees  and  the  Humber,  and  caused  the  death  of  ference  to  procure  Odo's  liberation  was  ineffeo- 
100,000  people.     It  is  from  this  time,  1070,  tual.    William  allowed  the  Peter  pence  to  be 
that  the  deep  animosity  between  the  Saxons  collected  in  England,  but  when  required  to 
and  Normans  must  be  dated.    The  former  were  take  the  oath  of  homage  to  the  pope  and  his 
to  be  treated  as  a  conquered  people.    The  re-  successors,  he  positively  refused  compliance ; 
ligious  houses  were  plundered  of  all  their  con-  and  on  other  occasions  he  evinced  a  spirit  of 
t^ts,  and  the  principal  Anglo-Saxon  clergy  independence  of  Rome,  though  a  strict  believer 
were  deposed  or  banished,  and  their  places  in  the  doctrines  of  the  church,  and  obeorant 
filled  by  foreigners.    Stigand,  archbishop  of  of  the  customary  rights  of  the  papal  court.    He 
Canterbury,  was  deposed  by  the  councU  of  made  extensive  preparations  to  meet  a  powei^ 
Winchester,  and  was  succeeded  by  Lanfranc.  ful  Danish  force  that  was  formed  for  the  inva- 
The  opposition  made  by  Earls  Morcar  and  Ed-  sion  of  England  in  1085,  but  which  never  sail- 
win,  and  by  Hereward,  was  quelled;  and  an  in-  ed.    The  ** Domesday  Book"  was  completed  in 
vasion  of  Scotland  in  1072  led  to  the  submis-  1086.    (See  Domssdat  Book.)    In  the  latter 
sion  of  that  country.    Success  also  crowned  part  of  his  reign  William  was  involved  in 
William's  exertions  in  Maine,  which  was  settled  trouble  with  some  of  the  nobility  of  Maine, 
upon  bis  son  Robert  by  the  count  of  Anjou.  with  whom  he  made  peace  on  their  own  terms. 
A  conspiracy  formed  against  him  by  some  of  His  last  dispute  was  with  the  king  of  France, 
the  principal  Normans  in  England  was  discov-  Some  of  the  vassals  of  the  latter  entered  Nor- 
ered,  and  the  parties  to  it  punished,  after  the  man  territory,  and  plundered  it,  whereupon 
king^s  forces  had  been  successful  in  the  field.  William  demanded  the  restoration  of  the  Vexin, 
The  Danes  come  to  the  assistance  of  the  rebels,  which  had  been  reunited  to  the  crown  of  France 
but  were  bribed  not  to  land.    Invading  Brit-  after  the  death  of  Count  Drogo  of  Mantes.    In- 
tany,  William  was  compelled   by  an   allied  vading  the  Vexin,  he  took  Mantes,  and  oom* 
French  and  Breton  force  to  raise  the  siege  of  mitted  it  to  the  fiames.    While  riding  over  the 
Dol ;  whereupon  he  made  peace,  and  gave  his  ruins,  his  horse  trod  on  some  of  the  burning 
daughter  Constance  in  marriage  to  the  count  materials,  and  plunging  cast  its  rider  on  the 
of  Brittany.    The  dissensions  between  the  king  pommel,  causing  a  dangerous  rupture.     The 
and  his  son  Robert,  whom  he  had  declared  to  king  was  conveyed  to  Rouen,  and  in  one  of  the 
be  his  heir  in  Normandy,  began  in  1074,  the  monasteries  of  the  suburbs  of  that  town  he 
prince  having  demanded  both  Normandy  and  lingered  for  several  weeks.    During  this  time 
Maine  of  his  father,  without  avail.    War  fol-  he  sought  to  do  justice  to  many  whom  he  had 
lowed,  and  Robert  was  supported  by  many  of  wronged,  ordering  that  several  distinguished 
the  young  nobility,  and  by  the  king  of  France,  personages  should  be  set  at  liberty,  giving  large 
who  saw  the  error  that  had  been  perpetrated  sums  ofmoney  for  the  rebuUding  of  the  churches 
in  allowing  William  to  become  possessed  of  of  Mantes,  and  in  his  testament  directing  the 
England.    William  was  victorious,  but  was  in-  distribution  of  treasures  to  cloisters,  choices, 
duced  to  give  up  Normandy  to  his  son,  who  ecclesiastics,  and  the  poor.    His  remains  were 
was  employed  in  an  expedition  to  Scotland,  buried  at  Caen,  in  the  church  of  St.  Stephen. 
The  war  between  the  father  and  the  son  was  The  origin  of  the  surname  of  the  Conqueror, 
soon  after  renewed.    "  A  more  instructive  ex-  which  is  indelibly  coupled  with  the  name  of 
ample  can  hardly  be  given  for  the  purpose  of  the  first  Norman  sovereign  of  England,  so  that 
showing  the  condition  of  European  states,^'  he  is  rarely  mentioned  as  William  I.,  is  thos 
says  Lappenberg,  *^  than  the  reign  of  William  explained  by  Blackstone :  *^  What  we  call  por- 
the  Conqueror.    A  foreign  nation  by  which  he  chase,  perquiHtio^  the  feudists  called  conqoeet, 
was  held  in  abhorrence ;  his  nobles  in  rebellion  eonquUitio;  both  denoting  any  means  of  acQuir- 
against  him ;  his  eldest  son  for  years  at  the  ing  an  estate  oat  of  the  common  course  of  in- 


4S4  WILLIAM  IIL  (EsQjJLsa>) 

poralitiesofAnselm,  8  bishoprics  and  12  yaoant  many  years  the  Orange  party  was  nrocb  de- 
abbeys),  and  they  ftimished  the  only  writers  pressed,  and  the  republic  was  gOTerned  \>j 
of  that  age.  In  the  papal  conflict  the  king  had  John  De  Witt,  grand  pensionary  of  Holland. 
not  sided  with  the  anti-pope,  but  neither  had  The  prince  received  occasional  evidences  of 
he  supported  the  pope,  and  hence  had  laid  public  favor,  but  himself  and  his  partj  were 
neither  of  the  church  parties  under  obligations  powerless  in  the  state.  In  1667  a  perpetr.^ 
to  him.  During  his  reign  the  Anglo-Norman  edict  was  made  against  the  office  of  stadtholder 
power  was  somewhat  extended  at  tiie  expense  and  captain-general  being  vested  in  the  same 
of  the  Welsh;  and  the  last  collision  with  the  person.  William  was  elected  *^ first  noble'' bj 
Northmen  then  occurred,  in  1098,  when  Mag-  the  states  of  Zealand,  which  gave  him  the  rigbt 
nus  m.,  king  of  Norway,  appeared  off  the  to  enter  the  states-general  as  one  of  the  depa- 
island  <^  Anglesea,  and  slew  Hugh,  earl  of  ties  of  that  province,  and  as  the  represenUdTe 
Montgomery,  a  ferocious  Norman  chief,  who  of  its  nobility.  He  visited  England  at  the  close 
had  recovered  that  place  from  the  Welsh,  of  1670,  remaining  there  8  months.  The  a^ 
William  U.  left  no  legitimate  issue,  being  the  tack  made  on  Holland  by  France  and  Engl&Dd 
only  ^^  bachelor  king^^  of  England  who  reached  in  1672,  brought  about  a  complete  change  of 
manhobd,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  younger  parties  and  of  political  policy  in  thatcoimtrT. 
brother  as  Henry  I.  The  prince  of  Orange  was  immediately  isA 
WILLIAM  III.,  king  of  England  and  stadt-  unanimously  appointed  captain  and  adiniral- 
holder  of  Holland  (William  ^nry  of  Nassau,  general  of  the  United  Provinces,  Feb.  24.  A 
prince  of  Orange),  born  at  the  Hague,  Nov.  4,  long  and  severe  contest  ensued.  At  first  tbe 
1650,  died  at  Kensington,  March  8, 1702.  He  allies  were  everywhere  suoceseful,  but  the  abil- 
was  the  son  of  William  II.,  prince  of  Orange,  ity  of  William  so  far  restored  the  oonditioo  of 
by  the  princess  Mary  of  England,  eldest  daugh-  the  Dutch  that  the  kings  of  France  and  Englaod 
ter  of  Charles  I.  He  was  born  8  days  after  the  offered  to  make  him  the  despotic  ruler  of  bis 
death  of  his  father,  and  at  a  time  when  the  country.  He  however  remained  faithfiil  to  that 
fortunes  of  his  family  were  at  a  very  low  state,  country,  and  by  his  skill  in  the  field,  and  bis 
His  mother^s  family  had  been  deprived  of  the  yet  greater  skill  as  a  diplomatist,  was  enabled 
British  throne,  and  her  father  had  been  exe-  to  baffle  the  allies,  and  to  obtain  assistance  from 
cuted;  and  but  two  months  before  William^s  other  countries.  England  abandoned  the  Frencb 
birth,  his  uncle,  Oharles  II.,  had  been  defeated  alliance,  and  finally  became  the  ally  of  Holland. 
by  Cromwell  at  the  battle  of  Dunbar,  which  In  the  course  of  this  war  the  prince  of  OrsnfTd 
defeat  was  followed,  on  the  anniversary  of  that  fought  a  drawn  battle  with  the  prince  of  Coode, 
of  Dunbar,  by  the  yet  more  fatal  battle  of  Wor-  at  Senef,  Aug.  11, 1674.  He  was  defeated  at  the 
cester.  The  death  of  William  H.  at  the  age  of  battle  of  Cassel  in  1677 ;  and  on  Aug.  U,  167S, 
24  had  put  a  stop  to  his  projects  for  the  estab-  he  attacked  the  French  at  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis 
lishment  of  a  despotism  over  Holland,  and  near  Mens,  fighting  a  bloody  but  indecisive  ac- 
thrown  power  into  the  hands  of  the  aristocrat!-  tion.  The  war  had  been  closed  4  days  earlier  br 
cal  or  Louvestein  party.  The  house  of  Orange  the  peace  of  Nimeguen,  and  William  is  accnsed 
had  long  sought  to  obtain  supreme  power  in  of  having  attacked  the  French  after  he  had  be- 
that  country  which  its  greatest  member  had  come  possessed  of  knowledge  of  that  fact  h 
freed  from  the  Spanish  yoke,  and  never  were  Oct.  1677,  WiUiam  visited  England,  and  on  Nov. 
its  designs  nearer  to  success  than  in  1650,  when  4  married  Mary,  eldest  daughter  of  James,  doke 
the  death  of  the  stadtholder  changed  every  of  York,  heir  presumptive  to  the  British  crown. 
thing.  There  was  no  male  member  of  that  This  alliance  was  very  popular  both  in  HolM 
house  left  of  sufficient  popularity  and  influence  and  in  the  British  dominions,  but  it  was  soise 
to  take  up  the  projects  of  William  H.,  or  to  be  years  before  it  was  productive  of  much  happio^ 
elevated  to  the  post  of  stadtholder  to  the  pre-  to  the  parties  to  it.  The  prince  of  Orange  w^ 
judice  of  the  new-bom  prince.  The  states-  regarded  as  the  natural  head  of  the  Protestanj 
general  called  a  general  assembly  at  the  Hague,  party,  and  it  was  supposed  that  his  wife  rom 
and  it  was  determined  that  the  choice  of  ma-  succeed  regularly  to  the  English  throne.  Hi.^ 
gistrates  and  officers  should  thereafter  lie  with  chief  object  was  to  lessen  the  power  of  France, 
the  cities,  and  that  all  soldiers,  including  the  which  under  Louis  XIY.  had  become  dangeroas 
guards  of  the  late  stadtholder,  should  swear  to  Europe,  and  which  was  directed  agaif^ 
fidelity  to  the  states  of  Holland.  This  was  done  Protestantism,  even  at  the  time  when  the  hH 
in  face  of  all  the  opposition  that  could  be  made  was  quarrelling  with  the  pope.  Louis  seiiw 
to  the  change  by  the  infant  prince's  relatives,  the  pnncipality  of  Orange,  which  is  in  France, 
When  peace  was  made  between  the  Dutch  and  and  William  resented  the  seizure  as  a  personal 
the  English,  April  5,  1654,  "the  states  of  insult.  When  Monmouth  invaded  England, 
Holland  and  West  Friesland  were  compelled  to  after  the  accession  of  James  11.  to  the  ^^^ 
make  a  decree,  whereby  they  declared  that  the  prince  sent  6  British  regiments  in  the  Dntcn 
they  would  never  elect  &e  prince  of  Orange,  service  to  James's  aid,  and  offered  to  take 
or  any  of  his  family,  to  be  stadtholder,  admiral,  command  of  his  \lik>le  army.  But  a  change 
or  captain-general  of  the  forces  of  the  United  soon  came  over  their  feelings,  and  ^iU^°^?^ 
F^vinces."  The  other  provinces  did  not  ap-  looked  upon  as  the  champion  of  the  ^^^ 
prove  of  thia^  but  were  obliged  to  submit.  For  constitution  in  church  and  state  against  the  oe- 


436  WILUAM  lY.  (EiraLAro) 

life,  but  all  of  which  failed,  many  persons  be-  his  sponsors.  He  received  the  usual  course  of 
ing  executed  for  taking  part  in  them.  The  education  that  was  adopted  for  the  king^s  Eons; 
bimk  of  England  had  been  created,  the  modem  but  having  early  expressed  a  predilection  for 
system  of  finance  introduced,  and  ministerial  the  naval  profession,  he  was  appointed  a  mid- 
responsibility  recognized.  William  had  strug-  shipman,  and  began  service,  June  15, 1779,  on 
gled  long  in  opposition  to  party  rule,  and  he  board  the  Prince  George,  98,  of  Admiral  Hi^ • 
had  caused  the  act  of  grace  to  be  passed,  by  dy^s  fleet.  This  fleet  was  in  presence  of  the 
which  an  end  was  put  to  those  bloody  political  combined  French  and  Spanish  fleets  in  tlie 
proscriptions  that  had  for  ages  been  the  curse  channel,  but  no  battle  took  place.  The  Prini^ 
and  the  disgrace  of  England.  The  liberty  of  the  George  was  subsequently  attach^  to  the  flt<.t 
press  was  established,  the  coinage  purified,  a  of  Admiral  Bodney,  and  took  part  in  two  vie- 
standing  army  constitutionally  formed,  and  tories  won  by  him  over  the  Spaniards.  He 
the  independence  of  the  judiciary  secured,  prince  was  sent  to  England  as  bearer  of  fl&g^ 
The  English  constitution  was  placed  on  a  firm  taken  from  the  enemy.  He  served  again  in  \k 
basis,  and  has  remained  unshaken  for  5  gen-  channel  fleet,  and  in  the  fleet  that  was  sent  u> 
orations.  The  statesmen  of  that  time  were  the  relief  of  Gibraltar ;  and  in  1782  he  arrive<i 
among  the  most  corrupt  of  mankindj  and  many  at  New  York  in  the  Prince  George.  Kykh 
of  them  corresponded  with  James  while  they  formed  for  his  capture  by  Col.  O^en,  of  uh« 
were  in  the  service  of  William.  The»remainder  1st  New  Jersey  regiment,  and  approTed  h 
of  William^s  reign  was  passed  in  disputes  with  Washington,  was  not  successful,  the  prices 
parliament,  or^  in  negotiations  with  France,  was  afterward  transferred  to  the  Warwick.  5  \ 
The  first  partition  treaty,  formed  in  1698,  pro-  and  saw  much  and  severe  service  in  her  on  th-. 
Tiding  for  the  settlement  of  the  succession  to  American  coast.  Subsequently  he  served  k 
the  throne  of  the  Spanish  empire  on  the  extinc-  the  West  Indies,  and  made  a  tour  of  the  ^t:A 
tion  of  the  elder  branch  of  the  house  of  Austria,  India  islands.  He  returned  to  England  Joii^ 
came  to  nothing,  in  consequence  of  the  death  of  25, 1783,  passed  the  next  two  years  on  the  con- 
the  electoral  prince  of  Bavaria ;  and  the  terms  tinent,  and  in  June,  1785,  was  made  a  lieateD- 
of  the  second  were  violated  by  Louis  XIY .  ac-  ant.  Having  served  in  the  Hebe  frigate  in  a 
cepting  the  Spanish  throne  for  his  grandson,  cruise  around  the  British  islands,  be  was  i^ 
the  duke  of  Ai\jou.  This,  however,  would  not  moved  to  the  Pegasus,  and  on  April  10, 17S^. 
have  led  to  a  renewal  of « the  war  between  was  made  post-captain,  having  that  ship  for 
France  and  England,  had  not  the  French  king,  his  command.  In  her  he  sailed  for  EaliiiiX. 
on  the  death  of  James  II.,  acknowledged  his  but  soon  went  to  the  West  Indies,  where  h 
son  king  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  This  served  under  Nelson.  Going  north  withoo: 
enraged  the  English,  and  William  was  making  orders,  and  returning  to  England,  he  was  ron- 
extensive  preparations  for  war  when  he  was  demned  to  remain  within  the  limits  of  P'j- 
thrown  from  nis  horse  while  hunting,  Feb.  21,  mouth  garrison  for  as  many  months  as  he  laJ 
1702,  and  received  injuries  from  the  effects  of  been  absent  from  his  station,  and  then  to  h 
which  he  died.  The  act  of  settlement,  calling  sent  abroad  again  to  the  Halifax  station  srd 
the  house  of  Hanover  to  the  throne  of  England,  the  West  Indies.  This  sentence  was  enforced, 
an  object  which  William  had  much  at  heart,  was  and  the  prince  sailed  in  the  Andromeda  fri^ai* 
passed  in  1701,  and  completed  the  English  revo-  for  Halifax,  cruised  on  the  Halifax  station  acd 
lution.  He  was  succeeded  by  Queen  Anne. —  in  the  West  Indies,  and  returned  to  England  in 
William,  says  Hume,  was  ^^  silent  and  thought-  April,  1789.  In  May  he  was  made  duke  '^f 
ful,  given  to  hear  and  to  inquire ;  of  a  sound  and  Clarence  and  of  St.  Andrew^s  in  ^e  kiogdoii 
steady  understanding ;  firm  in  what  he  once  of  Great  Britain,  and  earl  of  Munster  in  t!.^ 
resolved  or  once  denied ;  strongly  intent  on  kingdom  of  Ireland,  and  took  his  seat  in  t^>^ 
business,  little  on  pleasure."  He  was  blunt  house  of  lords,  June  8.  The  means  for  mii'^ 
and  even  rude  in  his  manners ;  little  interested  taiuing  his  position  as  a  peer  were  amply  fJ^'- 
in  letters  or  science ;  decided  in  his  theological  vided  by  his  father  and  by  parliament  ^ii^^ 
opinions,  but  not  irreproachable  in  his  domestic  the  Nootka  sound  dispute  threatened  war  v'^^i^ 
life ;  wary,  courageous,  hiding  a  naturally  pas-  Spain,  the  duke  was  appointed  to  the  comip»'>  <^ 
aionate  temper  under  a  phlegmatic  exterior ;  a  of  the  Valiant,  74 ;  but  peace  was  maintain'^ 
stern  but  affectionate  husband.  He  had  a  slen-  and  he  was  made  rear  admiral  of  the  hlne.  I'- 
der  and  feeble  frame,  a  lofty  and  ample  fore-  the  house  of  peers  he  opposed  the  aholitinn »' 
head,  a  nose  curved  like  the  beak  of  an  eagle,  the  slave  trade.  He  seldom  spoke,  saje  ^i^ 
a  keen,  bright  eye,  a  thoughtful  and  somewhat  subjects  connected  with  the  navy,  in  which  l^ 
sullen  brow,  and  a  firm  and  somewhat  peevish  always  took  a  strong  interest ;  but  in  1^00  U 
mouth.  spoke  with  much  vehemence  and  ahilitj  in  ^^p* 
WILLIAM  rV.,  king  of  Great  Britain  and  position  to  a  bill  to  prevent  any  person  divorc-i 
Ireland,  5th  sovereign  of  the  Hanoverian  line,  for  adultery  from  intermarrying  with  the  oih^r 
born  at  St.  Jameses  palace,  Aug.  21,  1765,  died  guilty  party.  During  the  war  with  repnbliii»a 
at  Windsor  castle,  June  20,  1887.  He  was  the  France  he  was  not  professionally  eisplo.^f<- 
8d  son  of  George  IH.  and  Queen  Oharlotte,  and  He  supported  the  peace  of  Amiens,  aiid  r--]' 
received  tlie  name  of  William  Henry  from  his  the  renewal  of  the  war  with  France  in  ISO;- 
unde  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  who  was  one  of  In  1811  he  protested  against  the  regency  bia. 


488       l^ILLIAM  11.  (Nsthkblands)  WILLIAM  L  (Wubtbiibibo) 

Oct.  7, 1840,  he  abdicated  in  behalf  of  his  oldest  solutist  tendencies,  it  became  advisable  for  bin 

son  William  11.,  and  went  to  Berlin,  where  he  to  withdraw  to  England  on  occasion  of  tliedem- 

married  the  countess  and  spent  the  rest  of  his  ocratic  outbreak  in  Berlin  in  March,  184^,  kt 

life  as  count  of  Nassau.    He  left  a  private  for->  he  returned  in  June  following,  and  accepted  tL<^ 

tune  estimated  at  over  $40,000,000.  office  of  a  deputy  in  the  Prussian  national  assem- 

WILLIAM  II.  (WiLHELM  Geobo  Lodewijk),  blj,  but  took  no  part  in  the  proceedings  of  tkt 

king  of  the  Netherlands,  son  of  the  preceding,  hodj.    In  1849  he  commanded  the  forces  m : 

bom  Dec.  6, 1T92,  died  at  the  Hague,  March  17,  to  put  down  the  insurrection  in  Baden,  and 

1849.    He  was  educated  at  the  Berlin  military  succeeded  in  his  task  after  a  campaign  of  a  few 

academy  and  the  university  of  Oxford,  became  weeks.    During  the  Crimean  war  he  was  get- 

an  aide-de-camp  to  Wellington  in  1811,  dis-  erally  believed  to  be  opposed  to  the  passive  i>o.i- 

tinguished  himself  at  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  Badigoz,  cy  of  the  Prussian  government,  and  in  favor  of 

and  Salamanca,  and  when  his  father  became  actively  taking  sides  with  the  allies  against  Rc^ 

^g  was  made  commander  of  the  army  of  the  sia.  On  Oct.  23, 185T,  the  ill  health  of  Fredtnc 

Netherlands.    He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  William  lY.  rendered  it  necessary  to  comiu!: 

conflict  at  Quatre  Bras  (June  16, 1815)  and  in  the  the  direction  of  the  government  to  the  print 

battle  of  Waterloo,  where  he  was  wounded  in  for  the  period  of  three  months,  a  commkvi>  n 

the  shoulder.    He  was  a  candidate  for  the  hand  which  was  thrice  renewed,  till  on  Oct  9, 1^>. 

of  the  English  princess  Charlotte,  but  after  the  he  was  formally  declared  regent.    He  kx^ 

failure  of  that  project  married  in  St.  Peters-  king  Jan.  2, 1861,  and  was  crowned  at  KuuLv 

burg,  Feb.  21,  1816,  the  grand  duchess  Anna  berg  Oct.  18  following.    On  July  14, 1861  * 

Pavlovna,  sister  of  Alexander  I.    On  the  out-  Leipsic  student,  named  Becker,  fired  a  pistol ;.: 

break  of  the  Belgian  revolution  in  1880  he  him  at  Baden-Baden,  the  bullet  tearing  his  ruot 

went  to  Antwerp  as  a  plenipotentiary,  to  en-  and  slightly  grazing  his  shoulder ;  Becker  va5 

deavor  to  arrange  a  peaceful  settlement,  and  arrested  and  punished. — ^William  I.  marridi 

was  finally  induced  (Oct.  16)  to  exceed  his  June  11,  1829,  the  duchess  Marie  Lmse  A:i- 

authority  and  recognize  the  independence  of  guste  Katharine  of  Saxe-Weimar,  by  wbom  b-. 

Belgium.    This  act  the  king  repudiated  and  has  two  children ;  the  elder,  the  crown  priDce 

recdled  the  prince,  who  now  made  a  visit  to  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Nicholas  Karl,  bom  Oa. 

England.    In  1881  he  returned  to  take  com-  18, 1881,  was  married  Jan.  25, 1858,  to  Victum. 

mand  of  the  army  against  Belgium,  but  was  princess  royal  of  Great  Britain ;  and  the  yoong 

oompelled  to  witiidraw  before  the  superior  er,  the  princess  Luise  Marie  Elisabeth,  hori 

forces  of  the  French.    He  succeeded  his  father  Dec.  8, 1888,  married,  Sept.  20, 1856,  the  gr&r.J 

Oct.  7,  1840,  and  after  a  prolonged  contest  duke  Frederic  of  Baden, 
with  his  people  was  constrained  to  admit  the        WILLIAM  I.  (Wilhelm  Friedrich  Eaei). 

radical  reforms  in  the  constitution  and  the  new  king  of  WUrtemberg,  bom  Sept.  27,  17S1,  at 

system  of  taxation  which  they  desired ;  but  he  Luben  in  Silesia,  where  his  father,  Duke  Frtidv- 

died  before  these  measures  were  consummated,  ric,  then  commanded  the  Prussian  garrison.  At- 

WILLIAM  III.  (Wilhelm  Alexandeb  Paul  ter  having  shared  the  wanderings  of  bis  iunlj 

Fredbbik  Lodewijk),  king  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Switzerland,  Prussia,  and  other  parts  of  Gtr- 

eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  born  at  the  Hague,  many,  losing  in  1787  his  mother,  a  princef^  o- 

Feb.  19,  1817,  was  educated  in  England,  and  Brunswick,  he  was  brought  to  WQrtemberg  i£ 

mounted  the  throne  March  17, 1849.    His  reign  1790.    His  education  was  directed  by  lu^  t^* 

has  been  characterized  by  important  reforms  ther,  who  ruled  his  household  with  despot. '^ 

and  a  faithful  observance  of  the  principles  of  severity,  whence  a  lasting  misunderstapdic^ 

constitutional  government.    The  expenses  of  arose  between  the  two.    In  1797  the  iatkr 

the  administration  have  been  reduced,  so  that  became  reigning  duke,  and  in  1800  the  ^^ 

in  1861  the  revenue  exceeded  the  charges  upon  served  as  a  volunteer  under  the  Aastrian  arcb- 

the  treasury ;  the  king  himself  set  the  example  duke  John,  and  distinguished  himself  io  t:jf 

of  economy,  having  reduced  his  civil  list  from  battle  of  Hohenlinden.     In  1803,  when  l> 

1,200,000  to  800,0P0  florins.— He  married  in  father  assumed  the  title  of  elector,  the  pruic^ 

1889  the  princess  Sophia  of  Wtlrtemberg,  by  set  out  on  a  journey  in  France  and  Italy,  ciiecj 

whom  he  has  two  sons,  William,  prince  of  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  away  f^^  ^^'j 

Orange,  born  Sept.  4,  1840,  and  Prince  Alex-  court,  but  returned  in  1806  after  his  father  U^- 

ander,  born  Aug.  26,  1851.  become  king,  and  lived  for  several  y^^  "^ 

WILLIAM  L  (Wilhelm  Feiedbioh  Litdwio),  great  seclusion  at  Stuttgart.  In  1808  he  mar- 
king of  Prussia,  born  March  22,  1797,  is  the  ried  the  princess  Caroline  Augusta  of  ^^'^^ 
second  son  of  Frederic  William  IH.  He  early  from  whom  he  was  divorced  in  1814,  after  wliKfl 
entered  the  military  service,  and  took  part  in  she  became  the  4th  wife  of  Francis  1.  of  Ad^ 
the  campaigns  of  1818  and  1814.  In  1840  he  tria.  His  father's  government  being  Tery  qh- 
became  grand  master  of  the  masonic  order  in  popular,  the  prince  was  naturally  the  ceo^j^ 
Prussia,  and  on  the  accession  to  the  throne  of  of  aU  the  liberal  hopes  in  the  nation.  Ip  ^^^j; 
hisbrotherFredericWilliamlV.  (June7)hewas  he  accompanied  Napoleon  in  his  invasion  f* 
appointed  governor  of  Pomerania,  and  in  1847  Eussia,  as  commander  of  the  Wflrtembergf^ 
was  a  member  of  the  first  general  diet  of  the  tingent,  but  falling  sick  at  Wilna  had  no  P^ 
kingdom.  Being  popularly  believed  to  favor  ab>  in  the  subsequent  events  of  the  campsigD-  ^' 


440  WILLIAM  OF  NASSAU 

ICargAret  of  Parma  in  the  government  of  the  Protestant  princes  of  Germany.  His  first  op- 
Netherlands.  He  had  received  from  the  mon-  orations  were  signally  unsnccessfnL  A  force  of 
arch  particnlar  instructions,  as  stadtholder  of  Hngnenots  and  refugees  who  entered  Artoi^ 
Holland,  Friesland,  and  Utrecht,  to  enforce  and  another  armj  under  Yillars  near  Boer- 
vigorously  the  edicts  against  Protestants,  and  monde,  were  cut  to  pieces ;  and  Willim's 
there  were  certain  eminent  persons  whom  he  hrother,  Louis  of  Nassau,  aiter  upholding  the 
had  heen  directed  to  put  to  death.  These  in-  standard  of  revolt  in  Friealand  for  a  few  weeks, 
Btructions  he  took  the  liberty  of  disregarding,  was  routed  at  Jenneigen  and  driven  back  to 
As  yet,  however,  he  had  no  religious  sympathy  Germany.  The  prince  himself  took  the  field 
with  the  reformers.  He  seemed  disposed  to  an  in  September,  entering  Brabant  with  30,C>OU 
easy,  luxurious  life,  and  notwithstanding  his  men ;  but,  unable  to  bring  the  wary  Alva  to  a 
vast  inherited  wealth,  to  which  he  had  added  battle,  he  was  forced  to  retire  to  French  Fkn* 
largely  by  his  marriage  at  the  age  of  18  with  ders  and  disband  his  army.  With  his  two  broUi- 
Ajine  of  £gmont,  who  died  in  1668,  he  was  al-  ers  Louis  and  Henry,  and  1,200  of  his  soldiers, 
ready  deeply  in  debt.  In  1661  he  married  Anna,  he  now  set  forth,  early  in  the  apriug  of  15^9, 
daughter  of  Maurice  of  Saxony,  a  Lutheran  to  join  the  Huguenots  under  the  banner  of 
by  religion,  deformed  in  person,  and  gifted  Coligni.  He  hi^  been  approaching  the  re- 
with  no  attraction  except  high  rank  which  formed  worship  step  by  step,  bnt  it  was  cot 
could  have  influenced  his  choice.  In  1663,  until  4  years  after  ^is  (Oct.  1673)  that  he  fint 
conjointly  with  Horn  and  Egmont,  he  ad-  publicly  attended  conununion  at  a  Calvinkfi 
dressed  a  letter  to  the  king  remonstrating  meeting.  In  the  autumn  he  returned  to  Ger- 
against  the  arbitrary  proceedings  of  Cardined  many  and  issued  commissiona  to  privateers  to 
Granvelle,  who  had  usurped  almost  the  entire  prey  upon  the  Spanish  commerce.  A  mord 
administration  of  the  Netherlands,  and  request-  important  service  however  was  rendered  by 
ing  to  be  relieved  from  office  unless  the  minis-  these  ^^  beggars  of  the  sea,"  as  they  were  called. 
ter  was  removed.  The  request  was  not  grant-  In  April,  1672,  they  captured  the  city  of  find 
ed,  but  the  three  nobles  appeared  no  more  at  and  this  event  was  followed  by  an  almost  in- 
the  council  until  the  regent  was  forced  by  the  stantaneous  revolt  throughout  the  proriDcea. 
growing  opposition  of  the  Netherlanders  to  pro-  Flushing,  Oudenarde,  Dort,  Haarlem,  Levdvo, 
cure  Granvelle's  retirement.    Philip^s  favorite  in  fact  nearly  all  the  important  towns  in  Hoi- 

.  scheme,  however,  of  introducing  the  inquisition  land,  Zealand,  and  Friesland,  as  well  as  maoj 

into  the  Netherlands,  was  accomplished.  When  cities  in  Gelderland,  Overyssel,  and  the  se« 

the  regent  wrote  to  William  ur^ng  him  to  en-  of  Utrecht,  recognized  the  authority  of  the 

force  tiie  edicts  against  heretics  in  his  stadt-  prince.    Louis  of  Nassau  in  the  mean  time^  k- 

holderate,  he  replied  in  a  firm  but  temperate  turning  suddenly  from  France,  auFprised  and 

letter,  giving  his  reasons  for  not  doing  so.    He  captured  Mons ;  and  in  July  William  crossed  the 

disapproved  of  the  rash  and  violent  measures  Bhine  with  24,000  troops,  captured  Roermood, 

of  the  guetix  or  ^*  beggars;^'  but  when  it  be-  and  placed  garrisons  in  several  other  towns. 

came  evident  that  pacific  resistance  to  the  ty-  The  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  cut  him  of 

ranny  of  Philip  was  unavailing,  he  proposed  to  from  all  hope  of  assistance  from  France,  upon 

Horn  and  Egmont  to  unite  with  him  in  more  which  he  had  confidently  relied  for  the  means 

forcible  measures  to  prevent  the  tlireatened  in-  of  carrying  on  the  campaign.    Once  more  com- 

vaaion  of  their  country  by  Spanish  troops,  pelled  to  disband  his  army,  he  betook  himself 

Nothing  however  came  of  this  invitation.    In  to  Holland,  the  only  province  that  remained 

1667  he  was  at  Antwerp,  where  he  suppressed  faithful  to  him.    Mons  surrendered,  all  the 

a  formidable  insurrection  of  the  Oalvinists,  to  to^i^ps  x>f  Brabant  and  Flanders  returned  to  the 

whom  as  well  as  to  the  Anabaptists  he  was  at  Spanisn  allegiance,  and  Alva  took  a  bloodj 

this  period  strenuously  opposed,  though  he  was  vengeance  upon  them  for  the  unsuccessful  at- 

already  inclining  to  Lutheranism.    Soon  after-  tempt  at  revolution.    The  estates  of  Holland 

ward,  admonished  of  Philip^s  designs  upon  his  had  recognized  William  as  stadtholder  with  al* 

person,  he  resigned  all  his  offices,  and  in  April  most  unlimited  powers,  but  it  is  remarkable 

withdrew  to  his  possessions  in  Germany.  Four  that  in  all  his  documents  he  paid  apparent  rer- 

months  later  the  duke  of  Alva  entered  Brussels  erence  to  the  authority  of  the  king.    ^'Bja 

with  his  army.    Horn  and  Egmont  were  seized  fiction,"  says  Motley,  *'  which  was  not  nophi- 

aa  traitors ;  the  in£Eunous  ^'  blood  council "  was  losophical,  he  assumed  that  the  monarch  was 

established;  and  in  Jan.   1668,  William  was  incapable  of  the  crimes  which  he  charged  upon 

summoned  to  appear  before  it.    Befusing  to  the  viceroy.    Thus  he  did  not  assume  the  char- 

,  acknowledge  its  jurisdiction,  he  was  proscribed,  acter  of  a  rebel  in  arms  against  his  P"°.^ 

his  property  in  the  Netherlands  was  confiscated,  but  in  his  own  capacity  of  sovereign  he  levied 

and  his  son,  Count  Buren,  a  lad  of  18,  was  sent  troops  and  waged  war  against  a  satrap  whom 

to  Spain  as  a  hostage.    The  prince  replied  to  he  chose  to  consider  false  to  his  master's  o^ 

his   condemnation    in   a  short  and  eloquent  ders."    In  July,  1678,  the  Spaniards  entered 

*^  Justification  against  the  false  Blame  of  his  and  sacked  Haarlem,  after  a  siege  of  7  monm 

Oalnmniators,"  published  in  the  summer  of  in  which  they  had  lost  12,000  men.    On  tlid 

1568,  and  immediately  began  to  raise  money  other  hand,  an  attempt  which  they  made  opoa 

and  troopa,  and  concert  measures  with  the  Alkmaar  was  unsuccessfal ;  the  patriots  g^^ 


442         WILLIAM  OF  WTKEHAM  WILLIAM  and  MART  COLLEGE 

adng  the   document  with  a  history  of  the    then  a  layman.    Abont  4  yean  afterward  h« 
princess  offenoee ;  to  which  William  replied  be-    was  ord^oned  stib-deaoon,  and  in  1362  pri&»L 
fore  the  end  of  the  year  in  his  celebrated    In  1364  he  was  made  keeper  of  the  priTj  ge&l 
*'  Apology.''  Several  attempts  were  made  upon    and  in  1866  bishop  of  Winchester,  but  be  vas 
his  life  under  the  influence  of  the  promised  re-    not  consecrated  until  the  next  year,  througb 
ward,  and  once  he  was  dangerously  wounded,    a  conflict  of  authority  between  the  king  and 
The  task  was  at  last  undertaken  by  a  Burgun-    the  pope.  Meanwhile,  in  Sept.  1367,  he  vsa  ap- 
dian  fanatic  named  Balthazar  Gerard,  who  shot    pointed  lord  high  chancellor  of  England,  vhicli 
him  through  the  body  as  he  was  leaving  the    office  he  resigned  March  14, 1871.    At  the  in- 
dining  room.    William  expired  a  few  minutes    stigation  of  the  duke  of  Lancaster,  charges  were 
afterward  in  the  arms  of  his  wife  and  sister,    made  against  him  in  1876  of  misappropriatiocs 
The  assassin,  after  undergoing  frijghtful  tor-    of  money  while  chancellor,  which  upon  inve$- 
tures  which  he  bore  without  a  groan,  was  ex-    tigatiOn  were  narrowed  down  to  the  fact  thai 
ecuted  July  14.  His  right  hand  was  first  burned    he  had  forgiven  to  one  John  Grey  half  of  a  fine 
off  with  a  red-hot  iron,  and  his  flesh  torn  from    of  £80.    Upon  this  the  whole  of  his  propertj 
his  bones  with  pincers  in  6  different  places ;    was  seized,  and  he  was  banished  from  his  m. 
he  was  then   quartered   and  disembowelled    This  persecution  roused  the  spirit  of  the  clergy, 
alive ;  his  heart  was  torn  out  and  flung  in  his    and  great  efforts  were  made  by  them  for  TTyke- 
face  (^*  Then,"  says  a  looker  on,  ^^he  gave  up    ham^s  restoration,  which  was  achieved  upon 
the  ghost") ;   and   finally  he  was  beheaded,    the  accession  of  Richard  II.    In  1389  he  V83 
Philip  ennobled  his  parents,  and  granted  them    again  created  lord  chancellor,  but  resigned  'A 
three  estates  belonghig  to  William  in  Franche    years  later,  virtually  retired  from  public  life, 
Oomt^. — In  person,  says  Motley,  Orange  was    and  gave  his  whole  time  and  care  to  the  foon- 
about  the  middle  height,  and  perfectly  well    dation  of  a  college  at  Winchester,  and  of  one 
made,  but  spare  rather  than  stout.    His  eyes,    at  Oxford,  still  called  New  college.   He  reboiit 
hair,  beard,  and  complexion  were  brown.    His    the  cathedral  at  Winchester, 
head  was  small  and  symmetrically  shaped,  and       WILLIAM  and  MARY  COLLEGE,  the  old 
his  brow  capacious.     Next  to  piety,  his  chief    est  seat  of  learning,  except  Harvard  college,  k 
characteristic  was  firmness.  His  military  genius    the  United  States,  founded  at  Williamsborg. 
won  the  admiration  of  the  emperor  Oharles  y.,    Ya.,  in  1692.    An  effort  had  been  loflde  a.^ 
and  in  political  sagacity  he  was  unquestionably    early  as  1619  to  establish  a  college  at  Henrico, 
before  any  other  statesman  in  Europe.    He  left    near  the  present  city  of  Richmond.    An  en- 
12  children.    By  his  first  wife,  Anne  of  Egmont,    dowment  of  £1,500  and  10,000  acres  of  land 
he  had  one  son.  Count  Buren,  and  one  daugh-    was  procured,  but  Mr.  Thorpe,  who  came  from 
tei';  by  the  second,  Anna  of  Saxony,  one  son,    England  to  take  the  preliminary  steps,  and  tie 
the  celebrated  Maurice  of  Nassau,  and  two    settlers  who  accompanied  him,  were  massacred 
daughters;  by  Charlotte  of  Bourbon,  who  died    in  1622,  and  the  project  of  the  college  was  re- 
in 1562,  6  daughters ;  and  by  his  fourth  wife,    linquished.    The  subject  of  establishing  a  col- 
Louise,  widow  of  the  seigneur  de  Teli^y  and    lege  was  often  subsequently  agitated  in  the 
daughter  of  the  iUustrious  Coligni,  whom  he    colonial  legislature,  but  the  royal  goveniors 
married  in  1588,  one  son,  Frederic  Henry,  bom    discouraged  it.    In  1692  a  charter  for  a  college 
in  Delft  in  1584,  died  in  March,  1647,  who    was  obtained  from  England,  through  the  effort^ 
succeeded  Maurice  as  stadtholder  of  the  repub-    of  the  Rev.  James  Blair  and  of  Nicholson,  y^}- 
lie,  and' was  hardly  less  distinguished  as  a  mil-    tenant-governor  of  the  colony,  and  took  its 
itary  commander  than  his  brother  and  father,    name  f^om  the  reigning  king  and  queen,  who 
while  there  is  no  blot  on  his  reputation  as  a    appropriated  lands,  f\mds,  and  a  revenae  in  to- 
statesman.— See  Motley, "  The  Rise  of  the  Dutch    bacco  for  its  support    BuOdings  were  erected 
Republic"  (New  York,  1855).  in  1698,  and  Blair  was  appointed  the  first  prefl- 

WILLIAM  OF  Wtkeham,  an  English  ar-  dent.  The  first  college  edifice  was  destroyed 
ohitect,  ecclesiastic,  and  statesman,  bom  at  by  fire  in  1705,  and  rebuilt  the  next  jear, 
Wiokham,  Hampshire,  in  1824,  died  at  Long  Queen  A^e  contributing  liberally  for  its  res- 
Waltham,  Sept.  27,  1404.  He  was  educated  at  toration.  In  1718  £1,000  were  granted  to  the 
Winchester  school,  and  on  leaving  it  was  ap-  college  "  for  the  support  of  as  many  ingenious 
pointed  secretary  to  Sir  Nicholas  Uvedale,  gov-  scholars  as  they  should  see  fit"  This  money 
emor  of  Winchester  castle.  In  May,  1856,  he  was  partly  expended  for  the  Nottoway  prop- 
was  appointed  clerk  of  all  the  king's  works  erty,  the  income  of  which  supported  several 
in  his  manors  of  Henle  and  Yeshampsted,  students,  who  were  hence  said  to  he  on  m 
and  in  October  of  the  same  year  "  chief  keeper  Nottoway  foundation,  and  the  remainder  v«s 
and  surveyor  of  the  castles  of  the  king  at  invested  and  its  income  designated  the  assem- 
Windsor,  Leeds,  Dover,  and  Hadlee,''  and  of  bly  scholarship.  The  Nottoway  estate  w4S 
several  manors  enumerated.  By  his  advice  sold  in  1777.  In  1691  Robert  Boyle,  the  Eng- 
the  greater  part  of  the  old  castle  of  Windsor  lish  philosopher,  left  his  whole  estate  to  tras- 
was  pulled  down  and  rebuilt,  and  he  also  built  tees  with  the  recommendation  that  it  should 
a  strong  castle  at  Queenborough  in  the  isle  of  be  expended  for  the  advancement  of  the  Chn^ 
Sheppey.  In  1357  the  king  gave  him  the  rec-  tian  religion.  The  trustees  expended  £6,^  ^ 
tory  of  Pulham  in  Norfolk,  though  he  was    the  purchase  of  the  Brafferton  estate,  and  ^^^ 


4A4,  WmJAMB 

WLLUAMB,  Ephbaim,  a  colonel  in  the  colo-  oonrtesy,  and  at  length  was  redeemed,  and  ar- 
nial  army  of  Massachusetts,  born  at  Newton,  rived  in  Boston,  Nov.  21,  1706,  with  67  other 
Mass.,  in  1716,  killed  near  Lake  George,  Sept.  captives,  among  whom  were  two  of  his  cfafl- 
8, 1765.  In  early  life  he  was  a  sailor.  In  the  dren.  His  daughter  Eunice,  10  years  of  age, 
war  with  France  from  1740  to  1748,  he  served  was  left  behinc^  and  married  an  Indian.  Mr. 
as  captain  of  a  New  England  company  in  Oan-  Williams,  soon  after  his  return,  resomed  his 
ada,  and  when  hostilities  broke  out  afresh  was  pastoral  charge  at  Deerfield,  and  published  a 
put  in  command  of  a  regiment  and  ordered  to  narrative  of  his  captivity,  entitled  **Tbe  Re- 
join the  New  York  forces  under  Gen.  (after-  deemed  Captive."  By  a  second  wife  he  had  5 
ward  Sir  William)  Johnson,  who  were  march-  children.  Three  of  his  sons  were  clergrmeD. 
ing  northward  to  attack  the  French.  He  was  WILLIAMS,  John,  an  English  misaonarr, 
proceeding  with  a  large  body  of  soldiers  to  at-  bom  at  Tottenham,  near  London,  June  29, 1796, 
tack  Dieskau's  advance  force,  when  the  whole  murdered  by  the  natives  at  Dillon^s  bay  in  the 
party  was  entrapped  in  an  ambuscade  of  French  island  of  Erromango,  one  of  the  New  Hehrida> 
and  Indians,  and  at  the  first  fire  Col.  Williams  group,  Nov.  20, 1889.  He  was  apprenticed  at 
fell  mortally  wounded  by  a  shot  in  the  head,  the  age  of  14  to  an  ironmonger,  but  at  20  offer- 
Most  of  his  property  was  left  by  his  will  for  ed  himself  to  the  London  missionary  society  aa 
the  establishment  of  a  free  school  in  Massachu-  a  missionary,  and  was  sent  out  with  his  wife  to 
setts,  of  which  Williams  college  was  the  result.  Eimeo,  one  of  the  Society  islands.  Thence,  after 
(See  WiLUAMs  College.)  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  the  language,  thej 

WILLIAMS,  Helen  Mabla,  an  English  au-  removed,  first  to  Huaheine,  and  finally  to  Baia- 

thoress,  born  in  the  north  of  England  in  1762,  tea,  the  largest  of  the  Society  group.    He  was 

died  in  Paris  in  Dec.  1827.    She  went  to  Lon-  very  successful  here  for  about  5  years,  after 

don  at  the  age  of  18,  and  was  introduced  to  which,  with  a  vessel  which  he  had  purchased 

public  notice  by  Dr.  Andrew  Kippis,  who  rec-  at  Sydney,  he  visited  the  Hervey  islands  and 

ommended  very  highly  her  first  work,  a  legen-  founded  a  mission  at  Raratonga  (1823).    Lear- 

dary  tale  in  verse  entitled  "Edwin^ndElfiida,"  ing  his  converts  under  the  care  of  a  native 

which  was  published  in  1782.    Between  this  teacher,  he  resided  at  Raiatea  until  be  had 

period  and  1788  she  published  an  *^  Ode  on  learned  the  language  of  the  Hervey  islands 

Peace"  (1783) ;  "  Peru,  a  Poem"  (1784) ;  a  col-  He  then  returned  to  Raratonga  (1827),  where 

lection  of  miscellaneous  poems  (2  vols.  8vo.,  he  prepared  some  books,  and  translated  a  por- 

1786);  and  "The  Slave  Trade,  a  Poem"  (1788).  tion  of  the  Bible.    Wishing  to  go  back  to  Raia- 

In  1790  she  settled  in  Paris,  and  in  the  same  tea,  and  finding  no  vessel,  he  resolved  to  build 

year  published   a   series   of  "  Letters  from  one.    He  made  all  the  necessary  tools,  and  in 

France,"  and  in  1792  a  second  series.    These  the  course  of  16  weeks  launched  a  boat  60fett 

'*  Letters"  advocated  the  doctrines  of  the  Giron-  long  and  18  wide,  the  sails  being  made  of  na- 

dists,  and  on  their  downfall  she  was  in  great  tive  matting,  the  cordage  of  the  bark  of  the 

danger,  and  was  for  some  time  imprisoned.  Her  hibiscus^  the  oakum  of  cocoanut  husks  and 

remaining  works  are:  '^Travels  in  Switzerland;"  banana  stumps,  and  the  sheaves  of  iroawood. 

"  Narrative  of  Events  in  France"  (1815) ;  "  Cor-  In  this  vessel,  within  the  next  4  years,  he  ex- 

respondence  of  Louis  XVL,  with  Observations;"  plored  almost  the  whole  of  the  Sooth  «a 

"  Letters  on  the  Events  which  passed  in  France  islands,  and  visited  Tahiti,  Raiatea,  and  Rara- 

since  the  Restoration  in  1815 ;"  an  English  tonga,  more  than  once.    During  this  time  tb« 

translation  of  Humboldt  and  Bonpland's  ^^  Per-  Samoan  mission  was  established,  the  translatioQ 

sonal  Narrative"  (6  vols.  8vo.,  1814-'21);  "  Ju-  of  the  New  Testament  into  the  Raratongan 

lia,"anovel;  and  a  collection  of  poems  (1828).  language  completed,  and  the  people  of  the 

WILLIAMS,  John,  an  American  clergyman,  island  civilized  and  (Christianized.    In  1834  be 

known  as  "  the  redeemed  captive,"  born  in  visited  England,  where  his  adventures  made 

Roxbury,  Mass.,  Dec.  10,  1644,  died  in  Deer-  him  an  object  of  great  attention.   He  remained 

field,  Mass.,  June  12, 1729.    He  was  graduated  there  nearly  4  years,  procured  the  publication 

at  Harvard  college  in  1688,  and  was  ordained  of  his  Raratongan  Testament  by  the  British 

pastor  of  the  church  in  Deerfield,  Oct.  17, 1688.  and  foreign  Bible  society,  raised  je4,000  for  the 

On  the  night  of  Feb.  28,  1704,  a  party  of  300  purchase  and  outfit  of  a  missionary  ship,  the 

French  and  Indians  surprised  the  town,  and  Camden,  wrote  and  published  a  *^  Narrative  oi 

some  of  them,  breaking  open  Mr.  Williams's  Missionary  Enterprises  in  the  South  Sea  Isl- 

house,  killed  two  of  his  children  and  his  negro  ands,with  Remarks  upon  the  Natural  Historjof 

servant,  and  forced  him  with  his  wife  and  6  of  the  Islands,  Origin,  Languages,  Traditions,  and 

his  surviving  children  (his  son  Eleazar  was  ah-  Usages  of  the  Inhabitants,"  and  prepared  and 

sent)  to  set  out  with  other  prisoners  for  Can-  advocated  plans  for  a  theological  school  for  the 

ada.    On  the  second  day's  march  Mrs.  Williams  education  of  native  missionaries  at  Raratooga 

fell  from  exhaustion,  and  was  despatched  with  and  a  high  school  at  Tahiti.    In  April,  1838.  he 

a  tomahawk.    About  20  other  prisoners  were  embarked  on  his  return  to  his  field  of  lahor 

murdered  under  similar  circumstances.    On  his  with  16  other  missionaries.  Having  vl«ited  the 

arrival  in  Canada,  after  a  journey  attended  by  Samoan  group,  Raratonga,  and  Tahiti,  Mr.  y  il- 

almost  unexampled  hardships,  he  was  treated  liams,  with  one  companion,  sailed  for  the  ^<^^ 

by  the  French  with  great  humanity  and  even  Hebrides,  hoping  to  plant  a  mission  there,  ba( 


446  WnJiTAMfl 

with  Williams ;  the  last  assailed  the  theocracy  trial  and  answers  at  the  general  couit,  one  of 
which  they  themselves  were  rearing  on  the  the  most  eminent  magistrates,  whose  name  and 
shores  of  New  England.  His  ministry  at  Salem  speech  may  be  by  others  remembered,  stood 
was  brief.    Persecution  instantly  commenced,  np  and  spake:  'Kr.  Williams,'  said  he,  ^h^ds 
and  before  the  close  of  summer  he  was  obliged  forth  these  four  particulars :   First,  that  we 
to  retire  to  Plymouth.    Here  he  was  kindly  have  not  our  land  by  patent  from  the  king,  but 
received,  and  during  two  years  he  was  the  as-  that  the  natives  are  the  true  owners  of  it,  and 
sistant  of  the  pastor,  Mr.  Balph  Smith.    Here  that  we  ought  to  repent  of  such  a  receiving  it 
too  he  formed  acquaintance  with  leading  chiefs  by  patent.    Secondly,  that  it  is  not  lawful  to 
of  the  Indians,  and  gained  a  knowledge  of  their  call  a  wicked  person  to  swear,  [or]  to  pray,  as 
language.    Anxious  to  return  to  Salem,  the  being  actions  of  God^s  worship.    Thiruy,  ihti 
reluctance  of  the  people  of  Plymouth  to  submit  it  is  not  lawful  to  hear  any  of  the  ministers  of 
to  his  departure  was  overcome  by  the  politic  the  parish  assemblies  in  England.    Fourthly, 
Brewster,  who  expressed  the  fear  that  Williams  that  the  civil  magistrate's  power  extends  ooij 
would  *^  run  the  same  course  of  rigid  separa-  to  the  bodies,  goods,  and  outward  state  of  men, 
tion  and  Anabaptistry  which  Mr.  John  Smyth"  &c.'  I  acknowledge  the  particulars  were  right- 
had  run  at  Amsterdam.    Resuming  his  minis-  ly  summed  up,  and  I  also  hope  that,  as  I  then 
terial  labors  at  Salem,  he  became  &e  snccessbr  maintained  the  rocky  strength  of  them  to  my 
of  Skelton,  and,  according  to  the  testimony  of  own,  and  other  consciences'  satisfaction,  so. 
his  enemies,  "  in  one  year's  time  he  filled  that  through  the  Lord's  assistance,  I  ^all  be  ready 
place  with  principles  of  rigid  separation,  tend-  for  the  same  grounds  not  only  to  be  bound  and 
mg  to  Anabaptism."    The  sentence  of  banish-  banished,  but  to  die  also  Jn  New  England,  as 
lAent,  declared  by  the  general  court  late  in  the  for  most  holy  truths  of  God  in  Christ  Jesus." 
autumn  of  1685,  was  in  these  words:  ^^  Where-  — ^It  is  not  improbable  that  a  settlement  in  the 
as  Mr.  Soger  Williams,  one  of  the  elders  of  the  territory  around  Narraganset  bay,  not  embraced 
church  at  Salem,  hath  broached  and  divulged  within  t^e  limits  of  any  existing  colony,  had 
divers  new  and  dangerous  opinions  against  the  been  already  contemplated  by  Williams.    It  is 
authority  of  magistrates;  as  also  writ  letters  certain  that  a  purpose  of  this  kind  ripened  rap- 
of  defamation,  both  of  the  magistrates  and  idly  after  the  sentence  of  banishment  had  been 
churches  here,  and  that  before  any  conviction,  pronounced.    Great  indignation  at  that  event 
and  yet  maintaineth  the  same  without  any  re-  was  felt  by  his  friends,  and  these  to  the  nnm- 
tractation ;   it  is  therefore  ordered,  that  the  ber  of  20  or  more  were  ready  to  ahare  his  for- 
said  Mr.  Williams  shall, depart  out  of  this  juris-  tunes  in  an  undertaking  of  that  kind.    The 
diction  within  six  weeks  now  next  ensuing,  period  allowed  him  to  prepare  for  his  depart* 
which,  if  he  neglect  to  perform,  it  shall  be  ure  had  been  extended  to  the  coming  spring, 
lawful  for  the  governor  and  two  of  the  magis-  But  the  infection  of  his  doctrines  was  spread- 
trates  to  send  him  to  some  place  out  of  this  ing,  and  his  purpose  of  founding  a  colony,  close 
jurisdiction,  not  to  return  any  more  without  at  hand,  and  embodying  his  principles,  had  be- 
license  from  the  court."  He  had  called  in  ques-  come  known.    It  was  determined,  ^erefore. 
tion  the  authority  of  magistrates  in  respect  to  to  send  him  to  England  at  once,  and  a  small 
two  things,  one  relating  to  the  right  of  the  king  vessel  was  despatched  to  Salem  to  bring  him 
to  appropriate  and  grant  the  lands  of  the  In-  away.    Williams,  however,  obtained  notice  of 
dians  without  purchase,  and  the  other  to  the  what  was  doing,  and  was  already  beyond  reach 
right  of  the  civil  power  to  impose  faith  and  when  the  vessel  arrived.    In  midwinter,  aW- 
worship.   On  the  first  of  these  points  Williams  doning  his  friends  and  his  family,  "  sorely  tossed 
at  one  time  made  explanations  that  were  deem-  for  14  weeks,  not  knowing  what  bread  or  bed 
ed  satisfactory ;  on  the  other  the  divergence  did  mean,"  he  had  betaken  himself  to  the  wil- 
was  hopeless,  the  ministers  who  gave  their  ad-  demess,  and  ^'  steered  his  course"  for  the  shores 
vice  at  the  request  of  the  court  declaring  that  of  the  Narraganset.    Purchasing  of  Onsame- 
opinions  which  would  not  allow  the  magistrate  quin  lands  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Seekonk 
to  intermeddle,  even  to  restrain  a  church  from  river,  he  had  planted  his  com  for  the  season, 
heresy  or  apostasy,  were  not  to  be  endured,  when,  ascertaming  that  he  was  within  the 
and  he,  on  the  other  hand,  maintaining  with  bounds  of  Plymouth  colony,  he  set  out,  with  5 
inflexible  rigor  the  absolute  and  eternal  distinc-  companions,  on  new  explorations.    Embarking 
tion  between  the  spheres  of  the  civil  govern-  in  a  canoe,  they  proceeded  down  the  stream, 
ment  and  the  Christian  church.    The  "  letters  turned  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula,  wd  as- 
of  defamation"  were  but  a  subordinate  and. un-  cended   the  river  which   forms   its  western 
important  count  in  the  indictment.    One  of  boundary,  to  a  spot  which  tradition  has  con- 
thesewas  an  appeal  to  the  churches  against  a  secrated  as  their  landing.    ^^  I  having  made 
decision  of  the  magistrates,  and  the  other  was  covenant  of  peaceable  neighborhood  with  all 
a  letter  to  his  own  church  in  favor  of  those  the  sachems  and  nations  rounll  about  us,"  says 
principles  of  rigid  separation  which  he  had  ad-  Williams,  "  and  having,  of  a  sense  of  God*s 
vocated  from  the   beginning.     The   charges  merciful  providence  unto  me  in  my  distress, 
urged  against  him  are  thus  stated  by  Williams,  called  the  place  Providence,  I  desired  it  might 
in  his  pamphlet  entitled  "  Mr.  Cotton's  Letter  be  for  a  shelter  for  persons  distressed  ibr  con- 
Examined  and  Answered:''  ''After  my  publio  science.''    The  fundamental  article  of  govon- 


448  WILLIAMS 

line  of  Vermont  in  1805.    He  was  the  author  in  Hartford.    He  represented  Hartford  in  the 

of  a  *' Natural  and  Civil  History  of  Vermont"  state  assembly  7  times  between  1818  and  1829, 

(1794;  enlarged  ed.,  2  vols.,  1809).  and  in  congress  from  1817  to  1819.    In  1S29 

WILLIAMS,  Samuel  WsLLS,LL.D.,  an  Amer-  he  was  appointed  an  associate  judge  of  the 
loan  sinologue,  born  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  Sept.  snpremecourtof  errors,  and  in  1884  was  chosen 
1812.  He  was  educated  at  the  Rensselaer  chief  justice,  which  office  he  held  till  lSi7« 
school  in  Troy,  and  went  to  China  in  1833  as  when  his  term  expired  by  the  constitutioQa] 
a  prmter  in  the  newly  established  mission  of  limitation  of  age.  From  1881  to  1835  he  iras 
the  American  board  of  commissioners  for  for-  mayor  of  the  city  of  Hartford,  and  for  20  year? 
eign  missions  at  Canton.  Here  he  be^an  the  was  president  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
study  of  the  Chinese  language,  and  assisted  in  American  asylum  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  tx 
editing  the  "Chinese  Repository,"  a  monthly  Hartford.  He  was  at  the  time  of  his  death  and 
publication  started  the  year  before  by  Dr.  for  several  years  previously  president  of  the 
Bridgman.  In  1836  he  removed  to  Macao  to  American  tract  society,  was  a  large  contril>u- 
oomplete  the  printing  of  Medhurst^s  HokkeSn  tor  to  objects  of  benevolence,  and  bequeathed 
dictionary ;  and  in  July,  1837,  he  went  to  nearly  $80,000  to  charitable  institutions. 
Japan  in  a  vessel  sent  by  0.  W.  King  of  WILLIAMS,  William,  a  signer  of  tlie  de- 
Canton  to  return  to  their  homes  7  shipwreck-  claration  of  independence,  born  in  Lebanc>n, 
ed  Japanese;  she  was  driven  away  from  two  Windham  co.,  Conn.,  April  8, 1781,  died  tliere, 
ports  by  cannon  balls,  and  the  men  were  Aug.  2, 1811.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
Drought  back  to  Macao.  Mr.  Williams  obtain-  college  in  1751.  In  1755  he  accepted  a  corn- 
ed from  some  of  them  an  acquaintance  with  mission  on  the  staff  of  Col.  Ephraim  Williamsi, 
their  language,  translated  a  treatise  on  smelting  and  made  one  campaign.  After  the  revola- 
copper  from  the  original,  and  made  a  version  tionary  troubles  began  he  was  an  active  mem- 
of  the  book  of  Genesis  and  the  Gospel  of  St.  ber  of  the  council  of  safety,  and  in  Oct.  1775 
Matthew  into  the  Japanese.  After  the  publi-  was  chosen  a  representative  in  the  continents! 
cation  of  Dr.  Bridgraan's  "  Chinese  Chrestoma-  congress.  His  property  was  neai-ly  all  expend- 
thy,"  to  which  Mr.  Williams  contributed  about  ed  in  the  war,  and  he  was  very  active  in  ob- 
one  third,  he  printed  in  China  his  *^Easy  Les-  taining  private  donations  to  supply  the  amj, 
sons  in  Chinese^'  (1841),  *^  English  and  Chinese  going  from  house  to  house  to  collect  any  urti- 
Vocabulary"  (1843),  and  "  Chinese  Commercial  cles  that  could  relieve  a  destitute  soldier.  II» 
Guide"  (1844).  In  Nov.  1844,  he  set  out  for  held  nearly  every  office  in  the  gift  of  Lis  con- 
America,  passing  through  Egypt,  Syria,  and  stituents,  served  nearly  50  years  in  the  t^U 
Europe,  and  reaching  New  York  in  Oct.  1845.  legislature,  and  was  a  member  of  tlie  conven- 
The  project  of  casting  a  font  of  movable  Chi-  tion  of  his  state  which  adopted  the  feder:J 
nese  type  in  Berlin  had  been  started,  and  to  ob-  constitution. 

tain  funds  for  the  enterprise  he  delivered  lee-  WILLIAMS,  Sir  William  Fenwick,  an  Eng- 

tures  on  the  condition  of  China,  which  were  lish  general,  born  in  Halifax,  Nova  Scoti;i. 

afterward  enlarged  and  published  under  the  Bee.  10,  1800.    He  was  taken  to  England  in 

title  of  "  The  Middle  Kingdom"  (2  vols.  12mo.,  his  childhood,  entered  the  military  sohotd  at 

New  York,  1848).   Soon  after  the  publication  of  Woolwich,  was  commissioned  second  lieuten- 

this  work,  the  faculty  of  Union  collie  confer-  ant  of  artillery  in  1825,  and  became  first  liea- 

red  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.    In  1848  he  tenant  in.  1827  and  captain  in  1840.    During 

returned  to  Canton,  and  took  charge  of  the  his  lieutenancy  he  served  9  years  in  Ceylon. 

"  Chinese  Repository,"  which  was  closed  in  and  on  receiving  his  captain^s  commission  was 

1861  with  its  20th  volume.    In  1858-'4  he  ac-  sent  to  Turkey,  where  his  military  service*  wtm 

companied  Com.  Perry^s  expedition  to  Japan  as  him  the  brevet  rank  of  major ;  and  the  abilitj 

interpreter.    In  1855  he  was  appointed  secre-  he  displayed  in  the  conference  with  the  Tnrk- 

tary  and  interpreter  to  the  U.  8.  legation,  and  ish  and  Persian  commissioners  obtained  Lim 

took  charge  of  it  until  the  arrival  of  the  minis-  the  brevet  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  in  1!>4T. 

ter,  Mr.  Parker.    He  published  in  1856  a  "  To-  In  1852  he  was  made  companion  of  the  bath. 

nic  Dictionary  of  the  Chinese  Language,"  and  In  Aug.  1854,  he  was  appointed  British  com- 

in  1858  went  with  Mr.  Reed  to  Tien-tsin  to  assist  missioner  with  the  Turkish  army  in  the  Za5t, 

in  the  negotiations  connected  with  the  treaty,  and  promoted  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  a  ft  w 

and  the  next  year  with  Mr.  Ward  to  Peking  to  months  later  to  that  of  brigadier-general.    Hi? 

exchange  the  ratifications.  In  1860  he  revisited  head-quarters  were  at  Kara  near  Erzroum,  and 

the  United  States,  and  delivered  lectures  before  upon  the  heights  above  that  city,  which  had 

the  Smithsonian  institution  and  elsewhere.  then  been  invested  for  4  months,  his  force  rc- 

WILLIAMS,  Thomas  Scott,  LL.D.,  an  Amer-  pulsed  with  terrible  slaughter  the  attack  of  the 

ican  jurist,  born  in  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  June  Kussian  general  Muravieff,  Sept.  29, 1855.  But 

26,  1777,  died  in  Hartford,  Dec.  15,  1861.    He  his  men  becoming  worn  out  by  famine,  on  Nov. 

was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1794,  and  14  he  accepted  terms  of  capitulation  from  Gen. 

studied  law  at  the  Litchfield  law  school  and  in  Muraviefi;    He  was  sent  as  a  prisoner  to  St. 

the  ofSce  of  Judge  (afterward  Chief  Justice)  Petersbun?,  where  he  was  treated  with  grcftt 

Swift  in  Windham,  Conn.,  where  he  was  ad-  honor.     On  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty  of 

mitted  to  the  bar  in  1799,  and  in  1803  settled  peace  in  March,  1856,  he  returned  to  England. 


450                WILLIAMSBURG  WILLIBROD 

WILLIAMSBURG,  a  S.  £.  district  of  Sonth  There  were  21  churches,  and  360  pnpOs  attend- 

Carolina,  bounded  N.  E.  hj  Lynches  creek  and  ing  public  schools.    Bitominoas  coal  is  ^on- 

the  Great  Pedee  river,  and  S.  W.  by  the  San-  dant.    Capital,  Marion, 

tee,  which  is  here  navigable  by  steamboats,  WILLIAMSON,   Huoh,    M.D.,    LL.D.,   sn 

and  drained  by  Black  river;  area,  1,200  sq.  m. ;  American  physician,  bom  in  West  Notdngbsm, 

pop.  in  1860,  15,489,  of  whom  10,259  were  Penn.,  Deo.  5, 1736,  died  in  New  York,  May  22, 

slaves.    The  surface  is  level  and  diversified  by  1819.    He  was  graduated  at  the  university  of 

?ine  forests,  and  the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Pennsylvania  in  1757,  and  was  licensed'  U* 
he  productions  in  1850  were  239,718  bushels  preach  in  1759,  but  was  compelled  by  ill  he^th 
of  Indian  corn,  143,052  of  sweet  potatoes,  to  abandon  that  vocation.  In  1760  ho  was  ap- 
354,543  lbs.  of  rice,  and  4,298  bales  of  cotton,  pointed  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  cm- 
There  were  17  churches,  and  378  pupils  at-  versity  of  Pennsylvania,  but  in  1764  resigned, 
tending  public  schools.  Capital,  Kingstree.  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  and  Utrecht 
WILLIAMSBURG,  N.  Y.  See  Bbooklyk.  and  on  his  return  settled  in  practice  at  PLili- 
WILLIAMSBURG,  a  city  and  the  capital  of  delphia.  In  1773  he  sailed  agiun  for  £un>{>e 
James  City  co.,  Va.,  60  m.  S.  E.  from  Rich-  in  company  with  Dr.  Ewing  to  solicit  aid  f  r 
mond,  and  68  m.  N.  W.  from  Norfolk,  by  the  an  academy  at  Newark,  Del.  As  he  was  prt-;- 
course  of  the  river  and  bay ;  pop.  about  1,500.  .  ent  in  Boston  at  the  destruction  of  the  tea,  l.e 
It  is  situated  on  a  level  plain,  equidistant  from  was  summoned  before  the  privy  council  to  pw 
the  York  and  James  rivers,  and  contains  3  an  account  of  tliat  transaction,  and  warned  the 
churches.  Episcopal,  Baptist,  and  Methodist,  council  of  the  effect  of  a  persistence  in  the 
It  is  the  seat  of  William  and  Mary  college  measures  they  were  enforcing.  He  spent  sc>me 
(see  William  and  Maby  College),  and  also  of  time  on  the  continent,  and  after  the  dedaratioc 
the  eastern  lunatic  asylum,  which  in  1859  had  of  independence  returned  home,  bringing  im- 
800  patients  (174  msJes  and  126  females),  and  portant  papers  and  narrowly  escaping  capture. 
expends  about  $55,500  annually.  Williams-  In  1777  he  went  to  Charleston,  8.  0.,  and  en- 
burg  is  the  oldest  incorporated  town  in  the  gaged  in  some  mercantile  speculations  with  a 
state,  having  been  founded  in  1632.  It  was  younger  brother.  He  afterward  practised  medi- 
the  seat  of  government  for  the  colony  till  the  cine  at  Edenton,  N.  C,  was  a  surgeon  in  the  revc- 
revolution,  and  afterward  capital  of  the  state  lutionary  army  (1778-'81),  represented  Edecr*^ 
till  1779.  A  battle  was  fought  here  between  in  congress  (1784-7),  was  one  of  the  members 
a  portion  of  the  federsd  forces  under  Gen.  Mc-  of  the  convention  that  framed  the  federal  coo- 
Clellan  and  the  confederates^  May  5,  1862,  stitution  (1787),  and  from  1790  to  1792  apiin  a 
during  the  retreat  of  the  latter  from  Yorktown  member  of  congress.  At  tlie  close  of  his  ]&.^t 
to  Richmond.  term  he  removed  to  New  York  city,  where  he 
WILLIAMSON.  I.  A  central  co.  of  Texas,  devoted  himsdf  to  literary  pursuits.  He  wa*-  a 
drained  by  San  Gabriel  river  and  its  tributaries ;  frequent  contributor  to  the  transactions  of  tb< 
area,  1,007  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1850,  1,568 ;  in  learned  societies  of  Europe  and  America,  and 
1860,  4,529,  of  whom  897  were  slaves.  The  in  1814  was  associated  with  De  Witt  Clinton  m 
surfiELce  is  level  and  diversified  by  prairie  and  the  organization  of  the  literary  and  philosuphi- 
woodland,  and  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  The  cal  society  of  New  York.  He  published  '*  A 
productions  in  1850  were  57,015  bushels  of  In-  Discourse  on  the  Benefits  of  Civil  Historr" 
dian  corn,  2,458  of  sweet  potatoes,  58,950  lbs.  (New  York,  1810) ;  "  Observations  on  the  Cli- 
of  butter,  and  3,499  of  wool.  Capital,  George-  mate  of  America^'  (1811) ;  and  *^  History  of 
town.  IL  A  central  co.  of  Tenn.,  drained  by  North  Carolina"  (2  vols.  8vo.,  1812). 
the  head  streams  of  the  Harpeth  river ;  area,  WILLIAMSPORT,  the  shire  town  of  Lycom- 
476  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  23,827,  of  whom  ing  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  left  bank  of  tbe'We^t 
12,367  were  slaves.  The  surface  is  generally  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  river,  between  Lj* 
hiUy  and  the  soil  highly  fertile.  The  pro-  coming  and  Pine  creeks;  pop.  in  1860,  7,561. 
ductionsin  1850  wQre  48,854  bushels  of  wheat.  The  lumber  business  gives  employment  to  a 
1,697,570  of  Indian  corn,  223,193  of  oats,  75,-  large  proportion  of  the  inhabitants,  and  is  their 
793  of  sweet  potatoes,  153,297  lbs.  of  butter,  chief  source  of  wealth.  There  are  25  (av 
1,302,209  of  tobacco,  5,314  bales  of  cotton,  and  mills  (18  running  by  steam  and  7  by  water).  <^ 
2,127  tons  of  hay.  There  were  20  grist  mills,  railroad  machine  shops,  4  planing  milK  ^ 
14  saw  mills,  12  tanneries,  49  churches,  a  iron  furnace,  a  woollen  factory,  a  flouring  milK 
newspaper  office,  and  784  pupils  attending  ^  a  soap  and  candle  factory,  3  tanneries,  an  scad- 
schools.  Iron  ore  and  some  other  minerals  are  "emy,  2  female  seminaries,  3  newspaper  offices. 
found.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Ten-  and  10  churches,  viz. :  2  Presbyterian,  and  1 
nessee  and  Alabama  railroad.  Capital,  Frank-  each  African,  Albright,  Baptist,  Episcopal,  (rcr 
lin.  III.  A  S.  CO.  of  111.,  drained  by  Big  Mud-  man  Reformed,  Lutheran,  Methodist,  and  Ko- 
dy  river  and  other  streams ;  area,  432  sq.  m. ;  man  Catholic.  The  West  branch  canid  pas^ 
pop.  in  1860, 12,205.  The  surface  is  diversified  through  the  town,  and  the  Philadelpbia  and 
by  prairie  and  woodland,  and  the  soil  is  fertile.  Erie,  Williamsport  and  Elmira,  and  (}atairi^ 
The  productions  in  1850  were  6,376  bushels  of  and  WiUiamsport  railroads  intersect  at  tliii 
wheat,  235,729  of  Indian  corn,  33,164  of  oats,  point. 
59,131  lbs.  of  batter,  and  536,268  of  tobacco.  WILLIBROD.    See  Wilbbobd. 


452                        WILLIS  WILLOW 

Bag  Bag"  (1855);  '^Panl  Fane,  or  Parts  of  a  large  fortune  in  the  mannfiiietare  of  buttons. 

Life  else  Untold''  (1866) ;  and  the  ^^Oonvales-  In  1840  he  established  in  his  native  tovL  the 

cent"  (1860).    They  hare  in  general  the  dis-  '^Williston  seminary,"  on  which  he  has  ex- 

onrsive  and  fra^entary  character  of  his  ear-  pended  for  lands,  buildings,  and  endowmciit 

Her  works,  being  for  the  most  part  a  record  of  $85,000.    In  1846  he  endowed  two  professor- 

^e  author's  impressions  of  travel  or  sketches  ships  and  one  half  of  a  third  in  Amherst  col- 

of  the  lights  and  shadows  which  flit  over  the  lege,  giving  for  this  purpose  $50,000,  to  vLicli 

surface  of  society.     The  style  is  singularly  he  added  in  1858  and  1859  further  sums  mak- 

sprightly  and  graceful,  often  curiously  quaint,  ing  the  whole  amount  about  $75,000.    Et  bv 

and  no  American  author  has  exhibited  more  8  times  erected  a  church  at  Easthampton,  n- 

constructive  skill  or  a  nicer  choice  of  words,  peatedly  burned,  and  has  also  been  a  liberal 

Mr.  Willis  has  for  a  number  of  years  resided  at  benefactor  to  the  Mt.  Holyoke  female  seminaiy. 

Idlewild,  an  elegant  country  seat  on  the  Hudson  WILL0U6HBT,  Sib  Hugh,  an  English  ei- 

river  near  Newourg,  N.  Y.  plorer,  bom  at  Bisby,  Derbyshire,  peri^bed 

WILLIS,  BoBEBT,  an  English  clergyman  and  either  at  sea  or  on  some  portion  of  the  arctic 
professor,  bom  in  London  in  1800.  He  was  coast  in  the  north  of  Finmark  about  Jan.  1V)4. 
graduated  at  Oaius  college,  Cambridge,  in  In  1558  he  was  selected  to  command  an  expe- 
1826,  gained  a  fellowship,  became  a  fellow  of  dition  fitted  out  by  the  merchants  of  Londor. 
the  Cambridge  philosophical  society  while  yet  and  invested  with  the  authority  of  admiral  ot 
an  undergraduate,  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  fleet.  The  expedition  consisted  of  3  Te«- 
the  royal  society  in  1830.  In  1887  he  was  ap-  sels:  the  Bona  6peranza„of  120  tons,  Sir  Hugb's 
pointed  Jacksonian  professor  of  natural  and  ship;  the  Edwu^  Bonaventura,  of  160  ton;; 
experimental  philosophy  in  the  university  of  and  the  Bona  Confidentia,  of  90  tons;  tb« 
Cambridge.  His  studies  have  extended  to  the  whole  carrying  186  persons,  of  whom  18  were 
entire  range  of  applied  mathematics,  and  its  merchants  concerned  in  the  venture.  It  ^i> 
allied  subjects,  including  acoustics  and  the  destined  "  for  the  discovery  of  regions,  domin- 
physics  of  oral  language,  the  philosophy  of  me-  ions,  islands,  and  places  unknown,''  bat  formiog 
chanics  and  machinery,  and  ancient  architeo-  a  part  of  the  country  claimed  under  Sebastus 
ture,  especially  ecclesiasticaL  He  is  an  honor-  Cabot's  discoveries.  It  siuled  from  Deptfo.*u 
ary  member  of  the  institution  of  civil  engineers,  May  10, 1558,  but  on  July  SO  the  vessels  were 
and  of  the  royal  institute  of  British  architects;  scattered  by  a  storm.  They  were  deUuned  on 
and  on  the  organization  of  the  archaeological  the  coast  f6r  two  months,  and  the  Bona  Sf<- 
institute  in  1848,  he  became  one  of  its  most  ranza  and  Bona  Confldentia  put  into  the  bar- 
ardent  supporters.  He  has  published  numerous  bor  of  Arzina  in  Lapland,  where  the  crews  and 
important  works  on  architectural  and  medieval  passengers  all  perished  from  cold  and  starve 
subjects.  tion.    A  few  of  the  seamen  of  the  BonariD- 

WILLIS,  Thomas,  an  English  physician,  bom  tura,  which  was  wrecked,  subsequently  re&ciit<l 

at  Great  Bedwin,  Wiltshire,  Jan.  2T,  1621,  died  ArchangeL    Bepeated  expeditions  were  sent  ic 

in  London,  Nov.  11,  1675.    He  was  graduated  search  of  these  ships,  bat  they  brought  mea^n^e 

at  Christchurch  college,  Oxford,  in  1689,  soon  information  of  them,  though  a  will  of  Gabrirl 

after  took  up  arms  in  defence  of  Charles  I.,  Willoughby,  a  kinsman  of  Sir  Hugh,  stte^tL^ 

subsequently  turned  his  attention  to  medicine,  by  the  latter  as  witness,  was  obtained  from  tht 

and  at  the  restoration  was  appointed  Sedleian  Bussians  some  years  later,  dated  in  Jan.  l^M. 

professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  the  universi-  WILLOW,  the  ordinary  name  of  shrubs  and 

ty  of  Oxford.    In  his  ^^  Anatomy  of  the  Brain"  trees  of  the  genus  $alix^  varying  in  height  from 

(4to.,  1664)  he  first  showed  that  the  brain  was  2  or  8  inches  to  60  or  even  90  feet    Thej  i*- 

a  congeries  of  organs,  and  the  seat  of  moral  long  to  the  natural  order  lalieaeea,  along  with 

and  intellectual  action.    In  1666  he  went  to  the  poplars,  from  which  they  differ  genericillj 

London,  and  was  immediately  appointed  physi-  in  their  floral  stracture.    The  flower  codsl<$ 

cian  in  ordinary  to  the  king.    Here  he  became  of  an  entire  bract  enclosing,  in  the  barren 

one  of  the  founders  of  the  royal  society,  in  its  aments,  from  1  to  5  stamens  (a  few  f^^^^ 

origin  little  more  than  a  revival  of  a  similar  dub  having  more),  and  one  or  more  glands  aitudted 

with  which  he  had  been  connected  in  Oxford,  near  them ;  but  in  the  fertile  aments  it  enc](^ 

and  published  in  1667  a  treatLse  on  the  '*  Pa-  a  stalked  or  nearly  sessile  pistil  and  ita  act'oo- 

thology  of  the  Brain  and  Nervous  System,"  in  panying  glands.    The  willows  are  noted  forra* 

which  he  gave  a  new  and,  as  is  now  admitted,  pidity  of  growth,  flexile  and  spreiuling  braDcL- 

the  true  explanation  of  the  phenomena  present-  es,  and  simple,  undivided,  petioled,  aeciduoiL« 

ed  in  the  spasmodic  diseases  hysteria,  chorea,  leaves,  having   variously  sized  and  dJiSereui 

&c.    His  ot^er  works  are  valuable.    He  was  formed  stipules  which  fiJl  off.    The  leaves  are 

regarded  as  the  most  elegant  Latin  writer  of  spirally  arranged  in  series  of  8,  4,  6,  &Cm  a  tVv 

his  time.  species  only  having  them  placed  opposite  to 

WILLISTON",  Samtjkl,  an  American  philan-  each  other.    The  bark  of  the  young  shoot> 

thropist,  bom  in  Easthampton,  Mass.,  in  1798.  abounds  in  a  bitter  principle  known  as  mI^ 

He  commenced  the  study  of  theology,  which  cine,  employed  medicmally  as  a  sahstitnte  fo^ 

he  was  obliged  to  relinquish  from  weakness  of  quinine  with  marked  success.    Baskets,  wkL- 

the  eyes,  and,  engaging  in  business,  acquired  a  erwork,  props  for  vines,  bridles,  ropes,  cJotl 


464                   WmLUGHBY  WILMOT 

cal.  It  occurs  in  bogs  from  New  York  and  Catholic  college  (St.  Hary^s).  There  are  4 
New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  westward.  The  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  |700,00ij. 
American  sallow  willow  (S,  eapreoides,  An-  a  savings  institution,  and  6  newspapers.  Tie 
dersson)  is  from  Galifomia  and  Oregon,  and  streets  are  lighted  with  gas,  and  supplied  witL 
represents  the  great  round-leaved  sallow  of  water  of  excellent  quality  from  the  Brandv- 
Europe,  scarcely  any  essential  difference  exist-  wine.  '  It  is  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  usd 
ing  in  the  parts  of  fructification.  The  smooth  has  extensive  manufactures,  especiaUy  of  ste^ 
mountain  willow  (S.  phylicifolia^  linn.)  is  a  engines,  railway  oars  and  wheels,  iron  stf^ 
low-spreading  ^rub,  with  leaves  of  a  coriaceous  boats,  locomotive  and  car  springs,  mill  nui- 
texture  when  old,  and  occurring  in  moist  ra-  chinery,  galvanized  roofing,  and  other  iroQ. 
vines  on  the  alpine  summits  of  the  White  moun-  cotton,  and  woollen  goods,  gunpowder,  flour. 
tains  in  New  Hampshire ;  and  Cutler^s  willow  carriages,  and  farming  implements.  The  ih)v- 
(S,  Outleri,  Tuckerman)  is  a  very  small  pros-  der  mills  of  Du  Pont  and  co.  are  2  m.  frum  tbt 
trate  shrub,  with  elliptical  and  pointed,  or  ob-  city.  There  are  9  flouring  mills  on  the  Brandy- 
ovate  and  obtuse  leaves,  slightly  toothed  and  wine,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Wilmingt'c. 
strongly  veined,  and  found  in  similar  situa-  The  shipping  of  the  district,  June  80,  1^61. 
tions;  while  a  very  small  herb-like  species,  oc-  amountea  to  4,968  tons  registered  and  5,2^' 
curring  in  high  latitudes  and  on  alpine  heights,  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  During  the  year. 
is  the  8,  herbacea  of  LinnsBus,  the  stems  seldom  7  schooners,  1  sloop,  and  6  steamers,  measuri:  ;- 
rising  above  an  inch  or  two  from  the  ground,  in  all  2,982  tons,  were  built  in  the  district- 
— ^For  ornamental  planting  a  few  of  the  wil-  The  town  was  founded  by  Thomas  TViIjl: 
lows  are  well  adapted,  such  particularly  as  are  about  1732,  and  received  from  him  the  nmt 
of  great  size,  and  the  weeping  willow  is  well  of  Willing  Town,  afterward  changed  to  WD 
known  for  its  extreme  beauty.  In  gardens  the  mington.  It  obtained  a  city  charter  in  1831 
variety  known  as  the  ring  willow  is  much  ad-  WILMINGTON,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and 
mired,  while  the  catkins  of  the  purple  willow  the  capital  of  New  Hanover  co.,  N.  C,  site 
are  very  ornamental,  as  weU  as  the  elegant  ated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  N.  £.  branch  of 
slendemess  of  its  twigs.    The  shining  willow  Cape  Fear  river,  at  its  junction  with  tbe  estaaij 

fS,  Ittcida),  and  its  co-species  the  laurel-leaved  of  that  river,  84  m.  from  the  sea  and  135  m.  S. 

S.  pentandra),  produce  a  fine  effect  in  shrub-  E.  from  Raleigh ;  pop.  in  1860,  9,553.    It  if  tLir 

beries  or  when  planted  out  singly  in  appropri-  largest  and  principal  commercial  town  of  t!i<f 

ate  spots.  The  salices  are  better  known  abroad  state,  and  is  the  terminus  of  the  Wilmington 

by  certain  artificial  distinctions,  and  specified  and  Weldon  and  Wilmingfba  and  tfanche>:cr 

when  low  shrubs  aud  small  trees  as  sallows,  railroads,  connecting  with  other  lines  N.  and  S. 

when  with  long  pliant  branches  and  lanceolate  The  city  contains  4  banks  with  an  aggregLtc 

leaves  as  osiers  (see  Basket),  and  as  true  wil-  capital  of  $1,150,000,  and  has  2  newspapers.  5 

lows  when  they  are  large  trees.  steam  saw  mills,  and  5  planing  mills,  with  t 

WILLUGUBY,  Fbanois,  an  English  natu-  capital  of  $150,000,  producing  annually  akct 

ralist,  bom  at  WoUaton,  Nottin^iamshire,  in  25  million  feet  of  lumber ;    2  rice  miS^  <"' 

1685,  died  there,  July  8,  1672.    He  was  grad-  turpentine  distilleries,  working  25  stilla  i^it^^i 

nated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  in  1656,  a  capital  of  $100,000,  several  machine  sb<.)p\ 

and  while  there  was  the  pupil  of  John  Ray,  &c.    The  tonnage  of  the  district  for  the  ye:!''^ 

wiUi  whom  he  afterward  travelled  through  ending  June  80,  1861,  was  14,511  tons  rt:it- 

France,  Spain,  Italy,  Germany,  and  the  Low  tered,  and  10,894  enrolled  and  licensed.   Tb' 

Countries,  Ray  examining  the  plants  and  Wil-  entries  from  foreign  ports  during  that  yt^' 

lughby  the  animals  of  each  country.    After  were  41  American  and  21  foreign  vessels,  ton- 

Willughby^s  death  his  works  were  published  nage  12,491,  and  the  clearances  80  Ameriis: 

by  Ray,  his  **  Ornithology"  appearing  in  1676  and  28  foreign  vessels,  tonnage  23,128.   T|a 

(1  vol.  folio),  and  his  "Ichthyology"  in  1686  (1  principal  exports  are  timber,  turpentine,  rctir- 

vol.  folio).    They  are  of  great  value  even  yet  tar,  pitch,  shingles,  and  cotton ;  the  value  ot 

for  their  accurate  descriptions  of  species.  foreign  exports  in  1860  was  $650,092,  and  u 

WILMINGTON,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  1861  $832,292. 

New  Castle  co.,  Del.,  situated  on  Christiana  WILMOT,  David,  an  American  jarist  ao^ 

creek,  just  above  its  junction  with  the  Brandy-  statesman,  born  at  Bethany,  Wayne  co.,  P^cD" 

wine,  2  m.  from  the  Delaware  river,  and  28  m.  Jan.  20,  1814.    He  received  his  early  educatio;^ 

8.  W.  from  Philadelphia,  on  the  Philadelphia,  at  Bethany  and  at  Aurora,  N.  Y^  stodi«d  Uw. 

Wilmington,  and  Baltimore,  and  the  Delaware,  and  in  1834  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Wil^ef- 

New  Castle,  and  Wilndngton  railroads ;  pop.  in  barre,  and  commenced  the  practice  at  Towandi. 

1860,  21,258.    The  city  lies  between  the  Chris-  Bradford  oo.,Penn.,  at  which  place  he  has  resided 

tiana  and  the  Brandy  wine,  and  its  upper  por-  ever  since.    During  the  presidential  canvass  of 

tion  occupies  the  slope  of  a  hill  which  rises  1886  he  supported  Van  Buren  with  so  moch 

about  110  feet  above  the  tide  level,  command-  ability  as  to  attract  the  attention  of  his  party.  }'■ 

ing  a  fine  view  of  the  Delaware  river  and  the  1844  he  was  elected  to  congress  by  tbe  distnct 

adjacent  country.    It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  composed  of  Bradford,  Tioga,  and  SusqnehuQu^ 

has  26  churches,  a  town  hall,  a  large  hospital  counties.    He  alone  of  the  Pennsjlvania  deK^ 

in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  city,  and  a  Roman  gation  in  congress  voted  for  the  tariff  act  of 


456  WILSON 

WILSON,  Aleza>^'\eii,  an  American  ornithol-  aPoem/^    Li  1805  be  began  to  learn  the  art 

ogist,  bom  in  Paisley,  Scotland,  July  6, 1766,  of  etching  under  the  instruction  of  Mr.  LawKm, 

died  in  Philadelphia,  Aug.  2d,  1818.    He  was  who  had  previously  taught  him  drawing.    H« 

the  son  of  a  distiller,  and  in  his  ISth  year  was  applied  to  President  Jefferson  for  permission 

bound  apprentice  to  his  brother-in-law,  Wil-  to  accompany  a  goyemment  exploring  party 

liam  Duncan,  to  learn  the  trade  of  a  weaver,  to  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  but  got  no 

He  remained  at  this  trade  7  years,  and  during  answer.     Bradford,  a  Philadelphia  publisher, 

this  period  composed  verses  for  the  *^  Glasgow  now  employed  him  to  assist  in  preparing  an 

Advertiser,"  and  ventured  upon  the  publica-  American  edition  of  "  Bees^s  Cyclopiedia.^'    In 

tion  of  a  volume  of  his  poems,  which  brought  this  situation  he  became  acquainted  with  scien- 

him  neither  profit  nor  honor.    He  was  not  dis-  tifio  men,  and  prevaUed  upon  Bradford  to  for- 

couraged,  but,  with  a  peddler^s  pack  in  one  nish  the  funds  for  the  publication  of  an  Amer- 

band  and  a  volume  of  verses  in  the  other,  lean  ornithology  on  an  adequate  scale.     In 

travelled  about  the  country,  and  went  to  Edin-  Sept.  1808,  the  first  volume  of  his  great  work 

burgh  to  take  part  in  a  discussion  in  a  debat-  on  American  birds  appeared,  but  it  was  tuo 

ing  society  whether  Fergusson  or  Allan  Ramsay  expensive  to  be  very  successful    In  the  latter 

haA  done  most  honor  to  Scottish  poetry,  and  part  of  September  he  set  out  on  a  tour  thronch 

recited  before  the  meeting  a  poem  called  the  the  eastern  states  to  procure  subscribers,  ai:d 

**•  Laurel  Disputed,"  in  which  he  appeared  as  returned,  after  a  long,  fatiguing,  and  expens.i\i? 

champion  for  the  claims  of  the  former.    He  journey,  with  41  names.    Remaining  at  home  a 

also  wrote  at  times  for  the  **  Bee,"  a  periodical  few  days,  ho  started  on  a  similar  tour  throufrh 

conducted  by  Dr.  Anderson,  and  gained  an  ac-  the  South,  where  his  success  was  no  greater, 

quaintance  with  Burns.    About  this  time,  hav-  In  Jan.  1810,  his  second   volume  appeared, 

ing  written  some  lampoons  upon  a  resident  of  Sailing  down  the  Ohio  in  a  small  boat  as  far  as 

Paisley,  he  was  prosecuted  for  libel,  sentenced  Louis^le,  he  set  out  from  Nashville  for  New 

to  a  short  imprisonment,  and  compelled  to  Orleans  in  May,  1811,  to  travel  on  horseback 

bum  his  production  at  the  public  cross  of  through  an  unsettled   and  almost   unknown 

Paisley  with  his  own  hand.    Resolving  to  emi-  country,  and  on  June  6  reached  his  destinatioD, 

grate  to  America,  he  sailed  from  Belfast,  and  whence  he  sailed  for  New  York,  and  arriWog 

arrived  at  New  Castle,  Del.,  July  14,  1794,  at  Philadelphia  in  August,  began  the  prepara- 

with  only  a  few  borrowed  shillings,  without  tion  of  the  8d  volume  of  his  work.    In  N^i*!. 

an  acquaintance,  and  with  no  decided  purpose.  1812,  he  started  out  again  on  another  tour  to 

He  first  went  to  Phili^delphia,  and  was  employ-  the  eastern  states.    At  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  hU 

ed  by  a  copperplate  printer,  then  resumed  his  exploring  habits  were  noticed,  and  he  wss 

old  trade  of  weaving  at  Pennypack  creek,  a  arrested  on  the  charge  of  being  a  British  f\tj 

few  miles  from  the  city,  but  soon  removed  to  examining  the  country  to  determine  the  be^ 

Shepherdstown,  Va.,  and  afterward  went  on  course  for  a  body  of  troops  to  make  their  wav 

a  peddling  tour  through  New  Jersey.    It  ap-  from  Canada  into  New  England.    On  his  re* 

pears  to  have  been  during  this  journey  that  he  turn  he  employed  himself  unceasingly  in  the 

first  paid  minute  attention  to  the  habits  and  preparation  of  his  work,  and  by  laboring  night 

appearance  of  birds.    Finishing  his  tour,  he  be-  and  day  he  impaired  his  already  weakened 

came  the  teacher  of  a  village  school  near  Frank-  constitution  and  hastened  his  death.    He  com- 

ford,  Penn.,  but  shortly  afterward  removed  to  pleted  the  publication  of  7  volumes,  and  the 

Milestown,  where  he  remained  several  years.  8th  and  0th  were  edited  after  his  death,  with  a 

While  here  ho  paid  a  visit  to  his  nephew,  William  biography,  by  George  Ord,  who  had  been  his 

Dnncan,  at  his  residence  in  Ovid,  N.  Y.,  occu-  companion  in  some  of  his  journeys.    The  work 

pying  with  his  expedition  there  and  back  28  was  afterward  continued  by  Charles  Luciea 

days,  during  which  he  walked  800  miles.    Af-  Bonaparte  (4  vols.  4to.,  Philadelnhia,  1825-'33). 

terward  he  removed  from  Milestown  to  Bloom-  WILSON,  Danisl,  an  Englisn  prelate,  bom 

field,  N.  J.,  and  from  the  last  named  place  to  in  London,  July  2, 1778,  died  in  Calcutta,  Jan. 

Eingsessing  on  the  Schuylkill,  where  he  taught  2, 1868.    At  the  age  of  14  he  was  apprenticed 

a  union  school.  Here  he  began  his  career  as  an  to  his  uncle,  a  silk  manufacturer,  but  in  179!^ 

omitliologist.    His  home  was  near  the  botan-  having  resolved  to  take  orders,  entered  St.  £d- 

ical  garden  of  William  Bartram,  who  was  well  mund^s  hall,  Oxford.    He  was  ordained  deacon 

acquainted  with  birds.    From  him  Wilson  de-  in  1801,  and  in  1802  became  a  curate  of  Mr. 

rived  much  information  on  the  subject,  and  he  Cecil.    In  1808  his  essay  on  ^'  Common  Sen^*' 

resolved   to   form  a  collection  of  the  finest  received  the  Oxford  English  essay  prize.    He 

American  birds — apparently  a  visionary  and  became  assistant  tutor  of  St.  Edmund's  hall  in 

stupendous  undertaking  for  a  man  knowing  1804,  and  from  1807  to  1812  was  sole  tutor 

only  the  names  of  a  few  species,  with  but  few  and  vice-principal,  and  also  curate  of  Worton. 

books,  and  with  bad  health.    In  Oct.  1804,  he  In  1812  he  left  Oxford  for  St  John's  chapv). 

set  out  on  his  first  excursion,  in  which  he  went  Bedford  row,  London,  and  in  1824  received  the 

as  far  as  Niagara  falls,  through  the  then  unopen-  vicarage  of  Islington.    In  1882  he  was  appoint- 

•  ed  wilderness  of  western  New  York.    He  pub-  ed  bishopof  Calcutta  and  metropolitan  of  India, 

lished  a  metrical  account  of  tliis  journey  in  the  Bishop  Wilson's  principal  works  are :    "  The 

''PortFolio,"  under  the  title  of' The  Forestersi  Christian's  Struggle  against  Sin  and  Death.*' 


468  WILSON 

on  the  ground  that  duelling  is  a  barbarous  sorit  Grammar'*  (2d  ed.,  London,  1847);  beade 
practice  which  the  law  of  the  country  has  translations  of  the  Megha  Duta,  the  Sahthta- 
branded  as  a  crime,  but  stated  at  the  same  time  lOj  the  Vuhnu  Purana^  a  great  part  of  the 
that  he  belioTed  in  the  right  of  self-defence  in  Rig  Veda,  and  other  important  works.  H« 
its  broadest  sense.  During  the  four  following  contributed  extensively  to  the  ^'  Asiatic  Be- 
years  Mr.  Wilson  took  part  in  aU  important  searches'*  and  the  ^'  Journal  of  the  Asiatic  So- 
debates  in  the  senate,  and  made  elaborate  ciety,"  and  made  a  Bengalee  translation  of 
speeches,  remarkable  for  fulness  and  accuracy  Todd's  edition  of  Johnson's  Eiiglish  diction^ 
of  statement,  on  Kansas,,  the  treasury  note  bill,  (2  vols.,  Calcutta,  1848). 
the  expenses  of  the  government,  the  tariff,  the  WILSON,  James,  a  signer  of  the  declaratiiD 
Pacific  railroad,  and  many  other  topics.  His  of  independence,  born  near  St.  Andrew's.  Scot- 
speech  in  defence  of  free  labor,  in  reply  to  land,  in  1742,  died  in  Edenton,  N.  C,  Aug.  2*? 
Senator  Hammond  of  South  Carolina,  March,  1798.  He  studied  at  St.  Andrew's,  Edinlur^'h. 
1859,  attained  an  immense  circulation  through  and  Glasgow,  and  in  1766  emigrated  to  Phila- 
the  free  states.  In  January  of  the  same  year  delphia,  and  obtained  the  place  of  usher  Id  tbe 
the  Massachusetts  legislature  reelected  him  to  college  there.  He  subsequently  studied  kw  L^ 
the  senate  by  nearly  a  unanimous  vote.  On  the  the  office  of  John  Dickinson,  was  admitted  tu 
assembling  of  the  senate  in  March,  1861,  he  the  bar,  and  soon  acquired  celebrity  in  his  pr<j- 
was  made  chairman  of  the  committee  on  mili-  fession.  He  sat  in  the  provincial  ^nventioi 
tary  affairs,  a  post  which  the  civil  war  rendered  of  Pennsylvania  in  1774,  and  in  May,  1775,  wi* 
one  of  unprecedented  labor  and  responsibility,  chosen  a  member  of  the  continental  congiviA 
In  this  capacity  he  introduced  and  carried  to  which  he  was  repeatedly  rechosen,  tbuugli 
through  congress,  during  the  extra  session  of  superseded  from  1777  to  1782  through  parti.sic 
1861,  the  acts  to  authorize  the  employment  of  opposition.  Upon  the  commencement  of  bos- 
600,000  volunteers,  to  increase  the  regular  tUities  he  obtained  a  colonel's  commissioiL  In 
army,  to  reorganize  the  military  system,  and  1779  he  was  appointed  advocate-general  v: 
various  others  of  nearly  equal  importance.  It  France  in  the  United  States,  charged  among 
was  said  by  Gen.  Scott  that  he  did  more  work  other  duties  with  drawing  up  plans  for  re^- 
in  that  short  session  than  all  the  chairmen  of  lating  the  commercial  intercourse  between  Ua 
the  military  committees  had  done  for  20  years ;  two  nations,  and  held  that  office  till  1782.  Bt 
and  in  a  published  letter,  dated  Jan.  27,  1862,  was  a  member  of  the  convention  that  franK.^ 
Mr.  Cameron,  the  secretary  of  war,  says  of  the  federal  constitution,  and  of  the  Pennsyhh- 
him :  ^^  No  man,  in  my  opinion,  in  the  whole  nia  convention  that  adopted  it.  Under  tht 
country,  has  done  more  to  aid  the  war  depart-  federal  constitution,  he  was  appointed  bj  Pred 
ment  in  preparing  the  mighty  ^rmy  now  under  dent  Washington  one  of  the  first  judges  of  tht 
arms."  In  the  regular  session  of  1861-'2  Mr.  supreme  court  of  the  United  States.  In  ITS^' 
Wilson  introduced  the  bill  abolishing  slavery  he  was  appointed  the  first  professor  of  law  is 
in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  also  Qie  meas-  the  college  of  Philadelphia,  and  filled  the  sauK 
ure  for  abolishing  the  ^^  black  code.^'  chair  when  that  college  and  the  univer&it}'  of 

WILSON,  Horace  Hayman,  an  English  ori-  Pennsylvania  were  united  in  1791. 
entalist,  born  in  London  in  1786,  died  there,        WILSON,  James,  a  Scottish  naturalist  and 

May  8, 1860.    He  received  a  medical  education,  author,  brother  of  Professor  John  Wilson,  iK-r: 

and  went  to  Calcutta  in  1808  as  assistant  sur-  in  Paieley  in  1795,  died  in  May,  1856.    He  v>« 

geon  in  the  East  India  company's  Bengal  estab-  an  accomplished  writer  upon  his  favorite  fci- 

lishment,  but  immediately  on  his  arrival  was  ence,  and  a  frequent  contributor  to  ''  Black 

attached  to  the  mint  at  Calcutta,  of  which  he  wood's    Magazine."    He    wrote  the  articK^ 

afterward  became  assay  master  and  secretary,  on  natural  history  for  the  7th  edition  of  tin 

In  1812  he  was  elected  secretary  of  the  Asiatic  "  Encyclopcedia    Britannica,"    which    would 

society  of  Bengal,  and  in  1819  was  appointed  form  6  ordinary  8vo.  volumes,  and  are  distin 

on  the  commission  to  remodel  the  Sanscrit  col-  guished  by  a  peculiar  grace  of  style.    He  al^' 

lege  at  Bfenares.    He  was  also  for  many  years  wrote  "  A  Voyage  round  the  Coasts  of  ScotUcti 

secretary  of  the  committee  of  public  education,  and  the  Isles,"  and  "Illustrations  of  Scriptnrt' 

and  in  this  ofiice  successfuUy  opposed  the  eflfort  by  an  Animal  Painter."   He  declined  the  chiir 

to  banish  the  native  language  and  literature  of  natural  history  in  the  university  of  Edis- 

from  the  sphere  of  public  education.    In  18te  burgh,  offered  him  in  1854.    A  memoir  of  him 

he  was  elected  Bodexi  professor  of  Sanscrit  at  by  Dr.  Hamilton  of  London  appeared  in  In!^- 
Oxford,  and  after  his  arrival  in  England  was        WILSON,  James,  a  British  statesman,  lK>rD 

appointed  librarian  at  the  East  India  house,  at  Hawick,  June  3,   1805,  died  in  Caicntta. 

and  director  of  the  royal  Asiatic  society.    He  Aug.    11,    1860.    He   was   educated  at  tLi 

published  a  "Sanscrit  and  English  Diction-  Friends' seminary  in  Hawick,  went  into  bo6iD«^ 

ary"  (Calcutta,  1819;  2d  ed.,  enlarged,  London,  as  a  hatter,  removed  to  London,*lo8t  hisfor- 

1832);  "  History  of  British  India  from  1805  to  tune  by  a  speculation  in  indigo,  and  was  re- 

1835  "  (8  vols.,  London,  1846) ;  "  Specimens  of  leased   by  his   creditors,  but  afterward  ]m 

the  Theatre  of  the  Hindus  with  Plays"  (2  vols.,  them  in  full.    In  1839  he  published  a  wwrk 

Calcutta,  1826-'7;  2d  ed.,  London,  1836),  with  against  the  corn  laws,  and  in  1840  anotieraJ- 

translations  and  valuable  disquisitions;  "San-  oribing  to  tliose  laws  the  fluctuations  in  tiie 


460  WILSON 

Scottish  rnral  and  pastoral  life,  which  was  fol-  in  those  of  the  hello  gaudenU^  praHw  ridmtn 
lowed  hy  "The  Trials  of  Margaret  Lyndsay"  Teutojies  of  AttilsL.    I  have  never  seen  a pbr*i- 
(1828)  and  "  The  Foresters^*  (1824).    They  are  ognomy  which  could  pass  with  so  much  rapiditT 
eminently  stories  of  a  domestic  character,  and  from  the  serions  to  the  most  ludicrous  of  effects. 
abound  in  descriptive  passages  of  great  beauty  It  is  more  eloquent,  both  in  its  gravity  and  in 
and  pathos,  but  lade  inventiveness,  and  the  its  levity,  than  almost  any  countenance  1  m 
characters  are  pitched  far  above  the  average  acquaintea  with  is  in  any  6ne  cast  of  expre^ 
of  Scottish  rural  and  urban  nature.    But  as  sion.'^     For  35  years  his  commanding  figure 
the  chief  author  of  the  "  Noctes  AmbrosiansB,^*  and  finely  formed  head,  around  which  hh  hiir 
contributed  to  "  Blackwood"  between  1822  flowed  in  waving  locks,  formed  a  marked  fes- 
and  1835,  he  acquired  his  greatest  reputation;  ture  in  the  circles  of  the  Scottish  metropoli^. 
and  his  pseudonyme  of  "  Christopher  North,"  His  works  have  been  edited  in  12  vols,  by  hia 
adopted    in  connection  with   these  amusing  son-in-law.  Professor  Ferrier;  and  a  memoir 
papers,  became  almost  as  widely  known  as  his  from  family  papers,  with  a  selection  from  bis 
own  proper  name.    The  earlier  "  Noctes"  were  correspondence,  is  in  preparation  by  his  daugh- 
remarkable  chiefly  for  piquant  but  savage  and  ter,  Mrs.  Gordon  (1862). 
vin^ctive  personalities ;  but  as  Wilson  became        WILSON,  Riohabd,  an  English  painter,  born 
more  and  more  identified  with  the  authorship  in  Pinegas,  Montgomeryshire,  in  1718,  died  in 
of  them,  they  lost  much  of  their  acerbity  with-  Uanverris  (now  called  Loggerheads  from  i 
out  flagging  in  interest  or  spirit.    They  exhibit  painting  by  him  on  a  tavern  signboard  there\ 
his  varied  powers  to  the  best  advantage,  and  Denbighshire,  in  1782.    He  was  instructed  i>j 
form  a  uui((ue  collection  of  discursive  essays,  an  obscure  London  painter  named  Wrigbt  and 
in  which  the  familiar  topics  of  the  day  are  for  many  years  practised  portrait  paintiDjr  in 
discussed  with  abundant  numor,  shrewdness,  London  with  success.  Inl749he  wenttoltalv 
and  ability.    A  complete  edition,  containing  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  old  masters, 
"Christopher  in  the  Tent,"  contributed  by  and  discovered,  it  is  said,  by  accident,  a  re- 
Wilson  to  "  Blackwood  "  in  1819,  and  which  markable  talent  for  landscax>e  puntbg,  wbich 
forms  a  prelude  to  the  "  Noctes,"  was  published  he  was  urged  by  Zuccarelli  and  others  to  cnlti- 
in  New  York  by  R.  Shelton  Mackenzie,  with  vate  exclusively.    His  studies  were  made  di- 
biographical  notices  and  numerous  notes  (5  rectly  from  nature,  and  by  avoiding  the  balit 
vols.,  1857).    In  1887  Professor  Wilson  sus-  of  copying  the  works  of  others,  he  acquired  a 
tained  a  severe  loss  in  the  death  of  his  wife,  in  bold  and  natural  style,  free  from  maDI)eri^lD<. 
consequence  of  which  books  and  lectures  were  At  Rome  he  had  many  pupils,  and  was  btM 
for  a  while  laid  aside.    Literature,  however,  in  such  estimation  that  painters  like  Menp 
had  become  indispensable  to  him,  and  he  re-  and  Joseph  Yemet  sought  to  acquire  his  pi^ 
'sumed  work  on  the  magazine,  of  which  he  tures.  Returning  to  London  in  1755,  he  bronph: 
was  still  the  main  support,  though  never,  as  himself  into  notice  as  one  of  the  first  landscspd 
was  commonly  believed,  the  editor.    In  1841  painters  of  the  age  by  his  fine  picture  of  "Ki- 
he  published  an  elaborate  "  Essay  on  the  Genius  obe,"  now  in  the  national  gallery ;  and  tbence- 
ana  Character  of  Bums ;"  in  1842  "  The  Recre-  fortii  for  nearly  25  years  he  practised  his  art  ia 
ations  of  Christopher  North,"  comprising  se-  London  with  a  success  wholly  incommensurate 
lections  from  his  contributions  to  "Blackwood;"  with  his  merits.    A  few  of  his  pictures  vew 
and  between  June,  1849,  and  Sept.  1852,  he  purchased  by  intelligent  connoisseurs,  but  the 
wrote  the  series  entitled  "Dies  JSoreales,  or  greater  part  he  was  obliged  to  dispose  of  to  the 
Christopher  under  Canvas."    In  1851  he  was  dealers  at  prices  ridiculously  small.   Not  a  few 
smitten  with  paralysis  of  both  legs,  and  was  were  subsequently  sold  for  100  times  as  mna 
obliged  in  consequence  to  resign  his  professor-  as  they  brought  him.    This  neglect  was  doe  in 
ship  in  the  university.    The  crown  soon  af-  some  measure  to  his  roughness  of  manners  «w 
ter  granted  him  a  literary  pension  of  £300. — '  unaccommodating  disposition,  which  rendered 
The  striking  personal  appearance  of  Professor  him  unpopular  with  his  brother  artists,  and 
Wilson  added  much  to  the  efiect  which  his  caused  men  of  far  inferior  abilities  to  be  pre- 
writings  produced,  and  it  has  been  said  that  ferredtohim.    His  works  are  tolerably  dbib'^^* 
no  literary  man  ever  possessed  a  more  mag-  ous,  and  many  of  them  have  been  adminhlf 
nificent  physique,    Lockhart,  in  his  "Peter's  engraved   by  WooUett,  Sharpe,  and  others. 
Letters  to  his  Kinsfolk,"  describes  him  as  "a  When  he  had  painted  a  successftd  picture,  he 
very  robust,  athletic  man,  broad  across  the  frequently  repeated  it  several  times  with  di?h^ 
back,  firm  set  upon  his  limbs,  and  having  alto-  modifications,  as  in  the  case  of  his  **yiliAOf 
gether  very  much  of  that  sort  of  air  which  is  in-  Maecenas  at  Tivoli,"  of  which  5  repetitioDs  are 
separable  from  the  consciousness  of  great  bodily  in  existence,  one  being  in  the  national  P^^ 
energies.    In  complexion  he  is  the  best  speci-  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  royal  acw- 
men  I  have  ever  seen  of  the  genuine  or  ideal  emy,  and  for  a  number  of  years  its  libranan. 
Goth.    His  hair  is  of  the  true  Sicambrian  yel-        WILSON,  Sib  Robebt  Thomas,  an  En^»*^ 
low ;  his  eyes  are  of  the  lightest  and  at  the  general,  born  in  London  in  1777,  died  there, 
same  time  of  the  clearest  blue;  and  the  blood  May  9, 1849.    He  was  educated  at  Westmutfter 
flows  in  his  cheek  with  as  firm  a  fervor  as  it  and  Winchester,  in  1798  went  to  Flanders  asj 
did,  according  to  the  description  of  Jomandes,  volunteer,  and  in  the  following  year  obtamw 


462  WINOHESTEB 

1818,  and  in  March,  1814,  became  pastor  of  snspended  above  the  judge's  seat;  thebairai^ 
the  first  Baptist  church  in  Boston.  He  won  a  for  2,000  men,  which  occupy  a  splendid  bnild- 
high  reputation  in  Boston  for  his  remarkable  ing  erected  for  a  palace  by  Oharles  II. ;  a  coon- 
eloquence  and  the  suavitj  and  grace  of  his  tj  hospital,  said  to  be  the  best  of  the  kind  in 
manners.  During  his  residence  there  he  edited  Great  Britain;  St.  John^s  house,  which  onoe 
in  connection  with  Drs.  Sharp  and  Baldwin  the  belonged  to  the  templars,  and  is  now  used  as  i 
^'AmericanBaptistMagazine,"  published  a  ^' His-  public  assembly  room;  and  the  ruins  of  ^€n- 
torical  Sketch  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  in  Bos-  vesey  castle,  are  all  particularly  ioterestiD?. 
ton^^  (1819),  and  compiled  a  collection  of  psalms  Winchester  has  also  a  guild  or  town  hall,  whidi 
and  hymns,  known  as  *' WincbelPs  Watts,"  and  contains  among  other  .curious  articles  of  an- 
nsed  by  Baptist  churches  for  many  years.  tiquity  King  Edgar^s  ^^  Winchester  bushel -^  aiid 

WINCHESTER,  a  village  and  the  capital  of  other  ancient  standards  of  measure,  a  sm^ 

Frederic  co.,  Ya.,  150  m.  N.  N.  W.  from  Rich-  theatre,  and  a  public  library  and  reading  rooms 

mond,  and  71  m.  W.  by  N.  from  Washington ;  About  a  mile  S.  of  the  city  stands  the  hospital 

pop.  in  1660, 4,892.   A  railroacL  82  m.  in  length  of  St.  Cross,  founded  in  1136  by  Henry  of  BIok. 

connects  it  with  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  rail-  for  the  permanent  retreat  of  13  poor  old  men. 

road  at  Harper^s  Ferry.     It  is  the  principal  and  for  the  provision  of  a  dinner  daily  for  lOO 

town  of  the  rich  and  fertile  valley  of  the  She-  others.    There  are  no  manufactures  of  impor- 

nandoah,  and  is  laid  out  regularly,  with  wide  tance. — Winchester  is  one  of  the  most  ancient 

and  pleasant  streets ;  the  dwellings  are  mostly  towns  of  England,  and  was  a  place  of  impor- 

of  brick  and  stone,  and  are  supplied  with  ex-  tance  in  the  days  of  the  ancient  Britons,  is  ho 

cellent  water  brought  in  iron  pipes  from  a  called  it  Caer  Gwent  or  the  White  City.     TLr 

spring  half  a  mile  distant.    The  town  contains  Romans  are  supposed  to  have  built  the  walls. 

12  churches,  an  academy,  2  banks  with  an  In  519  Cerdic,  the  Saxon  chief^  captured  it  and 

aggregate  capital  of  $680,000,  and  in  1860  had  afterward  made  it  the  seat  of  his  government 

2  newspapers.     On  March  12,  1862,  Winches-  Under  the  Danes  it  became  the  capital  of  £ng- 

ter  was  occupied  by  the  federal  troops  under  land,  and  so  remained  until  after  the  r«ign  uf 

Gen.  Banks,  after  an  engagement  with  the  con-  Henry  II.    It  was  an  occasional  residence  of  the 

federates  on  the  11th.     On  the  28d  a  confeder-  English  sovereigns  till  ^e  time  of  George  I. 
ate  force,  under  Gens.  T.  J.  Jackson,  Smith,         WINCHESTER,    Elhanan,    an   American 

and  Longstrcet,  advanced  upon  the  place,  but  clerg3mian,  born  in  Brookline,  Mass.,  Sept.  ^K 

were  defeated  by  Gen.  Sliields.    On  May  25,  1751,  died  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  April  18,  17i«r, 

during  the  retreat  ofGen.  Banks  from  Strasburg,  In  1769  he  united  with  a  Separate  church  in 

there  was  an  action  of  considerable  severity  at  Brookline,  soon  afterward  commenced  preach- 

this  place  between  his  force  and  the  confeder-  ing,  joined  the  open  communion  Baptists  in 

ate  troops  under  Gen.  Jackson.  Canterbury,  Conn.,  in  1770,  and  in  1771  was 

WINCHESTER  (Anglo-Sax.   Witanceaster ;  ordained  pastor  of  a  church  in  Rehoboth,  Mai^s. 

anc.  Venta  Iklgarum\  a  city  and  the  capital  of  About  a  year  later  he  adopted  &e  views  of  tLe 

Hampshire,  England,  upon  the  S.  W.  railway,  restricted  communionists,  for  which  he  was  es- 

12  m.  N.  N.  E.  from  Southampton,  and  62  m.  communicated  by  his  diurdi.    He  resided  in 

S.  W.  from  London ;  pop.  in  1851,  18,704.    It  South  Carolina  from  1774  to  1780,  when  he  ht- 

is  built  on  rising  ground  upon  the  right  bank  came  pastor  of  the  first  Baptist  diurch  in  Pltil- 

of  the  river  Itchin,  which  is  navigable  to  the  adelphia.    The  next  year,  having  avowed  his 

sea  as  a  canal.    It  was  formerly  encircled  by  a  belief  in  the  final  restoration  of  the  wicked  tc> 

wall  and  ditch,  and  entered  by  4  gates.    The  a  state  of  holiness,  he  founded  with  the  migor> 

W.  gateway,  surmounted  by  a  massive  Nor-  ity  of  his  congregation  a  new  church.    He 

man  tower,  is  still  entire,  though  somewhat  went  to  Englandjn  1787,  preached  die  doctrine 

defaced.    The  cathedral  is  built  in  the  form  of  restoration  with  great  success,  and  pabli^ed 

of  a  cross,  with  a  square  tower  at  the  inter-  '^  Four  Dicdogues  on  Universal  Restoration" 

section  of  the  nave  and  transepts.    The  whole  (1788),  "  Lectures  on  UnMfilled  Prophecies" 

length  is  545  feet,  the  width  of  the  transepts  (1790),  "Five  Letters  to  Rev.  Dan  Tavlor' 

186  feet,  and  the  height  of  the  tower,  which  (1790),  "The  Process  and  Empire  of  Christ,'' 

rises  only  26  feet  above  the  roof,  138ifeet.    It  a  poem  in  12  books  (1798),  and  "The  Three 

was  first  built  in  648,  and  parts  of  the  pres-  Woe  Trumpets"  (1798).    He  returned  to  Amer- 

ent  edifice  date  from  980.    The  church  of  St.  ica  in  1794.    Beside  the  works  above  enmner- 

Lawrence  is  also  a  very  ancient  edifice ;  beside  ated,  he  published  87  other  volumes,  of  which 

which  there  are  several  other  churches,  and  the  most  important  are :  "Lifeof  Dr.  George  de 

a  Benedictine  nunnery.    Winchester  college  Benneville;"  "  Five  Letters  on  the  Divinity  of 

was  founded  by  William  of  Wykeham  in  1387;  Christ;"  "The  holy  Conversation  and  high 

it  occupies  an  extensive  range  of  buildings.  Expectations  of  Christians ;"  "  The  Beauties  of 

among  which  the  chapel,  hall,  and  library  are  the  Millennium;"  "The  Face  of  Moses  Un- 

particularly  worthy  of  notice  for  the  beauty  of  veiled ;"  "  Ten  Letters  to  Thomas  Paine,  in  re- 

their  architecture.    The  town  hall;  the  chapel  ply  to  his  Age  of  Reason"  (1794);  "Political 

of  the  old  castle,  which  has  been  converted  Catechism"  (1765);  "Hymns  on  IlieBestora- 

into  a  county  hall,  and  contains  the  curious  tion"  (1795) ;  "  Observations  on  the  Times^  and 

round  table,  aaid  to  have  been  King  Arthnr^s,  on  the  seventh  Tmmpet  in  tiie  Revelations;*' 


464                        WIND  WINDHAH 

dacton  as  means  of  safety  against  lightning,  neries,  67  churches.  8  newspaper  ofKoes,  and 

Franklin   benefited  by  his   suggestions.     He  7,742  pnpils  attending  pnbho  schools.    The 

wrote  on  electricity  and  on^oK's  philosophy,  county  is  intersected  by  the  Norwich  and  Wor- 

WlND.    See  Winds.                                    '  cester,  the  Hartford,  Providence,  and  Fuhkili, 

WINDER,  William  H.,  an  American  gener-  and  the  New  London,  Willimantic,  and  Palmer 

ai,  bom  in  Somerset  co.,  Md.,  in  1775,  died  in  railroads.    Capital,  Brooklyn. 

Baltimore,  May  24, 1824.    He  was  a  lawyer  in  WINDHAM,  Oharles  Abhb,  an  English  geo- 

Baltimore  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  of .  eral,  bom  in  the  county  of  Norfolk  in  1610. 

1812,  when  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colo-  His  name  was  originally  Lukin,  but  he  took 

nel  of  infantry,  March  16,  1812,  and  colonel  in  that  of  Windham  on  succeeding  to  the  propertr 

July  of  the  same  year.    He  distinguished  him-  of  his  uncle,  the  Right  Hon.  William  Windham, 

self  by  leading  a  successful  expedition  from  M.  P.    He  entered  the  army  as  an  officer  in 

BlackRocktotheCanadashore,Noy.  28, 1812;  the  Coldstream  guards  in  1826,  and  becsme 

was  promoted  to  be  brigadier-general  in  March,  captain  in  1838,  msjor  in  1846,  and  coloDtJ  in 

1813;  taken  prisoner  at  Stony  Greek  in  June,  1854.    He  distinguished  himself  in  the  CrimeiD 

1813 ;  appointed  adjutant  and  inspector  gener-  war,  especially  in  the  battles  of  Balaklara  tuc 

al  in  May,  1814;  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Inkerman,  and  at  the  advance  on  the  Bed&zu 

Bladensburg,  and  the  unsuccessful  defence  of  and  for  his  conduct  in  the  last  named  activn 

Washington  city,  in  Aug.  1814;  and  on  the  re-  was  promoted  at  once  to  the  rank  of  major- 

duction  of  the  army,  in  June,  1815,  was  dis-  general.    He  was  made  governor  of  that  ]<*r- 

charged,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  the  law.  tion  of  Sebastopol  occupied  by  the  Engli^. 

WINDERMERE,  an  English  lake,  lying  in  commander  of  the  4th  division  of  the  armj. 

Lancashire  and  Westmoreland.    It  is  about  11  and  chief  of  the  staff.    On  his  return  to  Epg- 

m.  in  length,  and  from  ^  of  a  mile  to  a  mile  in  land  in  1855  he  was  nominated  a  companii'^ 

width,  its  area  bemg  a  little  over  5  sq.  m.,  and  of  the  bath,  and  elected  to  parliament  in  the 

its  depth  varies  from  80  to  240  feet.    Its  outlet  liberal  interest  for  the  eastern  division  of  Xcf- 

is  the  river  Leven,  which  discharges  its  waters  folk.    In  1858  he  served  in  suppressing  the 

into  Morecambe  bay.    The  lake  is  surrounded  Sepoy  mutiny  in  India,  and  was  afterw&rd 

by  gentle,  well  wooded  eminences.    It  is  abun-  military  governor  of  Lahore, 

dantly  stocked  with  fish,  including  perch,  pike,  WINDHAM,  William,  an  English  statesm&n, 

trout,  and  char.    The  last  are  t^en  in  large  bom  in  London,  May  3, 1750,  died  June  S,  1S1<*. 

quantities  at  the  proper  season,  and  potted  for  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  the  university  of 

market.    Wordsworth  lived  at  Ryoal  Mount  Glasgow,  and  University  college,  Oxford,  which 

about  2  m.  from  the  head  of  the  lake.  he  left  in  1771.    He  subsequently  passed  ^Ttr^ 

WINDHAM.    I.  AS.  E.  co.  of  Vt.,  bordering  years  in  foreign  travel.    He  made  his  first  a^- 

on  Mass.,  and  separated  from  N.  H.  by  the  Con-  pearance  as  a  public  speaker  at  a  meeting  htM 

necticut  river ;  area,  780  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  in  Norwich  in  1778,  for  the  purpose  of  procnr- 

26,988.    The  surface  is  generally  hilly,  and  in  ing  voluntary  subscriptions  to  aid  the  govenh 

the  W.  part  mountainous,  and  the  soil  is  fertile,  meat  in  carrying  on  the  war  against  the  Amtri- 

The  productions  in  1850  were  8,749  bushels  of  can  colonies,  and  denounced  me  whole  project 

wheat,  210,141  of  Indian  com,  160,893  of  oats,  with  eloquent  emphasis.    His  speech  made  £<> 

388,295  of  potatoes,  1,144,653  lbs.  of  butter,  strong  an  impression  upon  the  electors  of  Xor- 

469,728  of  cheese,  179,122  of  wool,  and  84,749  wich,  that  at  the  general  elecdon  of  17S0  be 

tons  of  hay.    There  were  49  grist  miDs,  130  saw  was  put  in  nomination  and  received  a  ]^^ 

mills,  11  woollen  factories,  3  iron  founderies,  number  ofvotes,  though  not  enough  to  elect  him. 

20  potteries,  21  tanneries,  65  churches,  4  news-  From  this  time  forward  he  mixed  much  in  lit- 

paper  offices,  and  8,773  pupils  attending  public  erary  and  political  circles,  and  became  a  mem- 

schools.     Granite  of  an  excellent  quality  is  berofDr.  Johnson's  literary  club  and  a  friend  <> 

very  abundant.    The  county  is  traversed  by  Burke  and  Fox.    He  was  returned  for  Norwict 

the  Vermont  valley,  the  Vermont  and  Massa-  in  the  general  election  of  1784,  and  made  bL« 

chusetts,  and  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  raH-  maiden  speech  in  parliament  in  Feb.  17^.  v^ 

roads.    Capital,  FayetteviUe.    II.  A  N.  E.  co.  the  debate  on  the  Westminster  election  ct5e. 

of  Oonn.,  bordering  on  R.  I.  and  Mass.,  and  when  he  replied  with  so  much  effect  to  Fin 

drained  by  the  Quinebaug,  Willimantic,  She-  that  Fox  congratulated  the  house  on  the*'a^ 

tucket,  and  Natchaug  rivers;  area,  620  sq.  cession  of  the  abilities  they  had  witnesfe*!-'' 

m.;  pop.  in  1860,  36,445.    The  surface  is  very  He  was  at  once  recognized  as  a  prominect 

much  broken,  and  the  soil  along  the  streams  is  leader  of  the  whigs,  and  in  1787  was  appoint<:^ 

highly  fertile,  but  poor  in  other  parts.    The  one  of  the  managers  of  the  impeachment  of 

productions  in  1850  were  240,276  bushels  of  Warren  Hastings.     He  subsequently  supporti<l 

Indian  com,  35,130  of  rye,  154,264  of  oats,  the  prince  of 'Wales  in  the  regency  qne^^^Q 

297,098  of  potatoes,  599,004  lbs.  of  butter,  arising  out  of  the  king's  illness ;  and  when  thi> 

817S073  of  cheese,  55,593  of  wool,  and  56,138  whigs  became  divided  by  the  events  of  tie 

tons  of  hay.    There  were  14  grist  mills,  109  French  revolution,  he  joined  that  portion  of 

saw  mills,  48  cotton  factories,  15  woollen  fac-  the  party  which,  under  the  lead  of  burke,  tk 

tories,  4  cordage   manufactories,  5  machine  duke  of  Portland,  and  others,  advocated  wv 

shops,  185  boot  and  shoe  maunfiictories,  9  tan-  with  France.    In  1794  he  entered  Pitt's  cabi- 


466                     WnmLASS  THNDMILL 

that  place,  he  delivered  lectures  upon  philoso-  made  of  Manton^s  andEmerson^s  double  wind* 

phy  and  history,  and  in  1803  became  professor  lasses  (1855-^60),  and  Patten's  capstan  windhsfli 

of  those  branches,  and  in  1811  librarian.    In  In  both  the  two  former,  space  on  deck  is  saved 

1818  he  was  appointed  professor  of  philosophy  by  placing  the  horizontal  windlass  beW  th« 

in   the  nc^ly  founded  university   of  Bonn,  forecastle  deck,  and  working  it  by  means  of 

His  philosophical  writings  are  strongly  marked  bevelled  toothed  wheels  by  an  upright  portico 

by  mystical  tendencies.     He  also  wrote  on  or  double  capstan  rising  above  the  deck.   This 

medicine,  and  paid  much  attention  to  animal  double  capstan  has  two  barrels  and  hends,  tbe 

magnetism  and  to  cases  of  wonderful  and  seem-  lower  and  outer  of  which  can  be  turned  inde- 

ingly  miraculous   cures. — One    of  his   sons,  pendently  of  the  inner,  and  so  employed  fnr 

Friedbioh,  is  a  distinguished  Roman  Catholic  purposes  of  an  ordinaiy  topstan,  where  \m 

theologian  and  an  accurate  orientalist.  power  and  greater  speed  are  required.    Or,  in* 

WINDLASS   (formerly,  it  would   appear,  serting  the  handspikes  in  the  mortises  of  tb« 

written  windlaee,  from  wirid  and  Uiee,  a  cord),  upper  and  inner  capstan  head,  itnB  is  made  to 

a  general  name  for  any  machine  consisting  of  actuate  the  windlass  below,  and  a  slower  IDo^^ 

a  horizontal  roller  or  barrel  turned  by  use  of  ment  with  corresponding  gain  of  power  resului. 

handspikes  upon  pivots  or  gudgeons  entering  The  horizontal  windlass,  moreover,  is  in  two 

fixed  supports  at   its  extremities,  and   thus  lateral  portions,  so  geared  as  to  act  with  dif- 

caused,  by  means  of  a  rope  or  chain  passing  ferent  speeds  and  degrees  of  power,  as  required 

round  it,  to  draw  toward  it  or  to  raise  heavy  for  anchors  of  different  weight,  and  which  can 

burdens.    The  barrel  of  the  windlass  has  more  be  driven  separately,  or  so  as  to  raie«  both 

or  less  nearly  the  form  of  a  cylinder  or  8-8ided  anchors  at  the  same  time.    Emersou's  docbk 

prism.    The  uses  and  operation  of  this  machine  windlass  is  also  constructed  in  forms  snitabk 

are  essentially  the  same  with  those  of  the  cap-  to  be  placed  on  the  deck.    Mr.  S.  P.  Patten's 

Stan  (see  Oapstan),  both  these,  together  with  capstan  windlass  (1860)  consists  in  a  conse^ 

the  common  winch  and  axle,  being  but  so  tion  of  the  capstan  with  the  barrel  of  the 

many  convenient  modifications,  for  particular  windlass,  by  means  of  a  worm  wheel  fixed  on 

purposes,  of  the  wheel  and  axle.    (See  Mb-  the  barrel,  and.  into  which  work  the  threads  of 

CHANioB.)    In  fact,  by  substituting  for  hand-  an  endless  screw  on  a  shaft  descending  from 

spikes  a  common  crank  at  one  or  each  of  the  the  capstan.    This  is  also  constructed  in  such 

extremities  of  the  barrel,  the  windlass  is  con-  manner  as  to  be  employed  simply  as  a  capstao, 

verted  into  a  common  or  hand  winch ;  though  or  ta  actuate  the  windlass,  in  the  latter  esse 

the  latter  is  usually  of  less  size,  and  employed  (it  is  claimed)  with  a  great  gain  in  the  effidency 

for  lighter  work.    More  rarely,  large  windlass-  of  the  power.    Mr.  0.  Perley,  of  New  York. 

es  are  turned  by  cranks  with  long  handles,  patented  in  1860  an  improved  vertical  ships 

upon  which  8  or  4  men  act  at  the  same  time,  windlass,  so  constructed  as  to  admit  of  turmi 

m  the  use  of  either  on  land  or  upon  boats  for  in  either  direction ;  and  which,  by  means  of 

drawing  or  raising  heavy  weights,  the  rope  or  brakes  and  of  heavers  that  connect  or  discoD- 

chain  may  be  wound  directly  upon  the  barrel ;  nect,  may  raise  or  give  out  either  or  both  cables 

or  being  passed  2  or  3  times  round  the  barrel,  at  the  same  time ;  or,  independently  of  tbe 

it  may  then  be  seized  by  one  or  more  men  on  heavers,  may  be  xmd.  as  a  capstan, 

the  other  side,  who  pull  upon  it,  holding  what  WINDMIIiL,  a  name  originally  given  to  a 

is  gained,  and  taking  in  the  rope  as  delivered  building   containing  machinery  for  grindlQ? 

by  the  barrel.    For  such  uses,  moreover,  its  grain,  and  which  is  to  be  driven  by  the  actioa 

I>ower  is  usually  aided  by  the  additional  em-  of  wind  upon  a  set  of  wings  or  sails;  but  after- 

ployment  of  pulleys.    In  a  more  special  sense,  ward  applied  to  similar  structures  for  accom- 

the  name  windlass  is  appropriated  to  the  appa-  plishing  through  the  m6tive  power  of  wind  a 

ratus  of  this  sort,  with  horizontal  barrel,  em-  variety  of  other  purposes.    Where  water  pover 

ployed  for  raising  a  ship^s  anchors,  or  for  mov-  is  deficient  or  not  readily  accessible,  and  e«p<^ 

ing  the  vessel  near  to  a  wharf,  by  means*  of  a  daily  in  many  parts  of  continental  Europe 

cable  attached  by  one  end  to  a  fixed  object  windmills  are  much  in  use,  not  only  for  grindlri!. 

upon  the  latter.    When  intended  for  such  use,  but  also  for  sawing,  expressing  oils,  the  vorkici; 

the  windlass  is  placed  as  far  forward  as  conve-  of  pumps  in  draining,  &c.    Thev  have  been  is- 

nient ;  and  it  is  supported  at  the  ends  by  stout  troduced  to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  United 

upright  pieces  of  timber,  called  bitts,  which  States.    Windmills  are  of  two  goieral  sor<«: 

rise  sufficiently  above  the  decks,  and  also  pass'  the  vertical,  in  which  wings  or  sails,  ordinanlT 

down  through  them  so  as  to  be  firmly  sectored  4  in  number,  are  so  plac^  as  to  tarn  hf  the 

below.    The  ordinary  windlass  is  less  employed  impulse  of  the  wind  in  a  nearly  vertical  plas^^ 

than  formerly,  being  largely  superseded  by  the  and  hence  about  an  axis  nearly  horizontal;  aod 

capstan  and  by  steam  machinery,  and  is  mainly  the  horizontal,  in  which  the  winga  tnm  in  tbe 

confined  to  sailing  vessels  of  the  smaller  sort,  direction  giving  the  name,  i,  e,,  about  an  arJ 

For  work  not -of  the  heaviest  kind,  the  winch  exactly  vertical. — ^The  building  of  the  vertical 

with  interposed  gearing,  as  Bryant's,  by  which  windmill  is  an  ordinary  wall  of  wood  or  brict 

the  effective  ponder  is  l£u*gely  increased,  is  found  but  commonly  in  the  form  of  &  firustom  of  a 

serviceable. — Among  the  few  important  im-  cone,  and  tall  relatively  to  its  breadth.   Tbe 

provements  in  windlasses,  mention  should  be  principal  parts  of  the  machinery  are:  1,  ^ 


BUteofwlnd. 

Telocity 
lurMtpcr 

MOOOd. 

Milt. 

A  low  wind 

8 

< 

9 

IS 

1ft 
18 
21 
84 
8T 
80 
88 
86 

004-9 

u           u 

0.1(ili4 

A  moderate  wind 

b^*i> 

U                              M 

04i''M 

U                           U 

0  6141 

A  freeh  wind 

Of<9S 

Best  wind  for  wind  sails 

liT* 

U              U           H                  U 

i.e^ 

A  good  breese  for  sailing  TeBsels.'. . . 

ii                U               M              U                     t* 

•  •   •    • 

A  stiff  breeze 

a           4i 

;    is»i« 

468  WINDMILL 

Oabitt,  consistiiig  of  a  set  of  small  vanes,  placed  Telocity  of  the  sails  still  varies  nearlj  with  tlut 
in  an  upright  position  upon  a  long  arm  pro-  of  the  wind.    'Die  following  table  will  be  q$c- 
jecting  in  the  same  line  with  the  horizontal  ful,  as  presenting  approximately  the  effective 
axis,  but  on  the  opposite  side,  these  vanes  near-  total  pressure  of  the  wind  per  square  foot  n{Kin 
Ij  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  and  arm,  a.  «.,  at  the  s^ls,  at  different  velocities ;  the  proper  de- 
right  angles  to  the  plane  of  the  sails,  and  by  ductions  requiring  of  course  to  be  msde  T  r 
their  revolution  turning  a  shaft  and  pinion,  and  the  angle  at  which  the  wind  meets  the  s^i!, 
finally  acting  upon  teeth  surrounding  the  ex-  and  for  friction : 
terior  of  the  dome  and  moving  it ;  8,  the  much 
more  simple,  and  usually  quite  as  effective 
means  of  a  very  large  and  strong  vane,  like  an 
immense  weathercock,  projecting  opposite  the 
axis  and  wings,  the  plane  of  this  vane  being 
vertical,  so  that  the  wind,  however  shifting, 
acts  directly  upon  this  to  bring  the  axis  ana 
sails  still  into  the  required  relation  to  its  course 
at  the  time. — In  situations  in  which  the  great 
height  of  the  vertical  sails  would  be  objection- 
able, the  horizontal  windmill   is  sometimes 
brought  into  use.    In  this,  6  or  more  wings, 
usually  of  plain  boards,  are  set  upright  the  The  variations  in  the  pressure  of  the  wind  l<e- 
whole  height  of  the  tower,  being  attached  to  ing  considerable,  often  so  within  a  brief  tin  . 
upper  and  lower  disks  or  platforms,  and  the  and  sometimes  sudden  and  extreme,  it  becon^i- 
whole  is  turned  by  the  force  of  the  wind  about  desirable  to  have  means  provided  for  regnlst 
a  vertical  axis  at  its  middle  part.    If  the  wings  ing  the  sails  accordingly ;  and  a  large  share  • : 
are  fixed  in  position,  they  are  set  obliquely  to  the  more  recent  inventions  in  connection  w;:h 
the  direttion  in  which  the  wind  will  strike  windmills  have  this  for  their  object    The  f-. ! 
them.    Outside  of  the  whole  is  then  placed  a  or  usual  plan  is  attended  with  much  trouMt 
screen  or  cylindrical  arrangement  of  boards  and  delay ;  in  it,  the  canvas  can  by  mean?  vi  s 
not  intended  to  revolve,  these  boards  being  rope  to  each  wing  be  taken  in  or  let  out.  i  r 
also  set  obliquely  and  in  planes  lying  in  oppo-  that  of  each  wing  is  made  in  8  portioiLs  (y>n- 
site  course  to  Uiose  of  the  wings.    The  result  trolled  by  separate  ropes;  in  either  case,  tht 
is,  that  from  whatever  direction  tiie  wind  may  mill  must  be  stopped  by  applying  the  brakr. 
blow  against  the  tower,  it  is  always  admitted  and  a  man  must  usually  ascend  the  wings  s:it:- 
by  the  outer  boards  to  act  on  the  wings  most  cessively  for  the  purpose.    Mr.  Bywater.  of 
freely  on  that  half  of  the  side  it  strOces,  on  England,  applied  along  each  whip  or  arm  of 
which  the  wings  are  turning  away ;  and  it  is  the  wings  a  small  roller,  running  its  whole 
mainly,  though  not  entirely,  broken  from  the  length,  and  upon  which  the  canvas  could  U' 
wings  which,  in  the  other  quadrant  of  that  rolled  or  unrolled  as  necessary ;  this  was  tr- 
side,  are  approaching  the  middle  line.    In  this  complished  by  a  tbothed  wheel  on  the  cent.-il 
arrangement,  stilly  only  one  or  two  wings  can  end  of  the  roller,  into  which  two  other  whec!' 
be  effectually  acted  upon  at  the  same  moment,  \^orked,  one  for  rolling  up  and  the  other  f> : 
and  some  resistance  to  those  wings  that  are  unrolling,  and  either  of  which  could  be  aliowi^^ 
approaching  the  middle  line  is  unavoidable,  at  the  control  of  the  operator  within  the  mi^! 
Hence,  with  a  like  area  of  the  wings,  tlie  power  to  take  effect.  M.  Berton,  a  French  millwrig Lt 
of  the  horizontal  is  always  much  less  than  that  contrived  a  form  of  wings  consisting  each  of  •> 
of  the  vertical  windmill.    Mr.  Smeaton  estimat-  series  of  slats  mounted  like  those  of  a  Venetian 
ed  the  former  at  A  only  of  the  latter ;  but  Sir  blind.    These,  by  transverse  rods,  and  a  pini  <*: 
David  Brewster,  snowing  that  in  this  he  had  on  the  horizontal  axis  receiving  its  motion  fr'f. 
overlooked  the  loss  in  vertical  mills  of  one  within  the  mill,  could  be  set  at  any  obliqui:; 
component  of  the  wind^s  pressure,  concludes  to  the  wind,  shifted  as  required,  or  folded  c;> 
that  the  ratio  is  no  less  than  that  of  1  to  8  or  completely.    The  mechanical   difficulties  at- 
4.    The  effective  power  of  the  vertical  mill  is  tending  the  use  of  very  cSmplex  mechantsm, 
however  so  much  greater,  that  the  horizontal  is  among  which  is  the  liability  to  get  out  of  ordt?r. 
seldom  constructed. — ^Mr.  Smeaton  found  that  have  prevented  thus  far  a  very  general  ad<'> 
the  efficiency  of  the  sails  is  greater  as  they  are  tion  of  any  improvements  of  this  sort    Amor ; 
broader  at  the  extremity  than  near  the  centre,  American  inventions  designed  to  secure  regula 
up  to  but  not  beyond  a  greatest  breadth  equal  tion  of  the  force  received  by  the  sails,  one  of 
to  i  the  length  of  the  wing ;  that  if  the  total  the  most  noticeable  is  that  of  Mr.  Henry  Glorer. 
area  of  sails  exceed  f  of  the  area  of  the  circle  of  Oxford,  Mass.,  its  most  improved  form  beir.j; 
described  by  the  wings  in  their  revolution,  the  patented  in  1862.    In  this,  each  of  the  sails^  •> 
velocity  is  diminishea ;  that  the  maximum  of  in  number,  set  at  a  proper  angle  to  the  wind 
work  is  obtained  when  the  velocity  of  the  and  enlarging  outward,  is  constructed  of  >  i^"* 
wings  as  loaded  with  the  work  performed  is  to  ries  of  broad  shutters,  or  partial  wings,  th:.*^ 
that  they  would  have  without  load  as  2  to  8 ;  turn  on  axes  at  right  angles  to  the  length  ot 
and  that  when  the  work  is  a  maximum,  the  the  wing,  and  are  sustain^  in  the  timbersoarods 


470  WINDOW  WINDS 

known,  or  at  least  that,  for  the  religions  and  made  fewer  in  number  for  the  same  aze  of 

other  public  edifices  of  the  period,  they  were  bnilding  than  of  those  in  higher  latitades;  tbt 

scaroelj  considered  necessary.    It  is  certain  purpose  thus  insured  being  the  admission  at 

that  where  introduced  thej  were  comparatively  less  of  the  intense  light  and  heat  of  the  vanner 

few,  small,  and  narrow ;  and  that  much  time  dimate.    In  all  the  variations  of  Gothic  srclii- 

and  observation,  as  well  as  the  needs  of  colder  tecture,  windows  have  been  from  the  first  an 

climates  and  the  growth  of  new  styles  of  archi*  important  feature,  the  ornamentation  of  the 

tecture,  were  required  to  give  to  windows  the  building  being  in  a  considerable  de^^e  in  its 

important  place  they  now  hold,  and  to  demand  windows  and  their  accessories ;  while  by  tlte 

for  them  the  exactiiess  of  adaptation  and  of  windows  mainly  is  determined  the  division  of 

symmetry  with  each  other  and  the  entire  edi-  the  Gothio  style  into  periods,  as  the  ^^fir^" 

fice  illustrated  in  modern  construction.    The  ^^ second,"  and  "third  pointed,"  or  the  ^u\j 

windows  of  the  bath  of  Scipio  were,  according  English,  decorated,  and  perpendicular.-— TLe 

to  Seneca,  little  more  than  crevices  through  almost  endlessly  varying  forms  of  window  now 

the  wall.    When  the  Romans  began  to  m8S:e  in  use  may  be  mainly  grouped  under  the  two 

their  habitations  more  commodious,  they  also  general  styles  known  as  the  Gothic  and  the 

enlarged   their  wuidows,    thus   securing   in-  Italian.    In  either  of  these  styles,  the  dispo^i- 

treased  light  and  a  better  command  of  the  sur-  tion  of  windows  can  be  made  to  contribute  vei7 

rounding  prospect.     In  the  country  seats  of  materially  to  tJie  general  decoration  or  archit^ 

Pliny,  at  Laurentinum  and  Fusci,  the  windows  tural  effect  of  a  onilding ;  while  their  varioa& 

were  of  great  dimensions ;  and  in  their  amphi-  purposes,  and  the  varying  oircumstances  of 

theatres  and  basilicas,  the  Romans  even  intro-  situation,  call  for  great  diversity  in  tiiie  size  and 

duced  successive  tiers  of  symmetrical  windows,  number  of  them  mat  may  be  allowed,  and  reo- 

and  with  fine  effect,  as   is  most   familiarly  der  the  proportioning  and  character  thej  are 

shown  in  the  ruins  of  the  Colosseum.    Grecian  to  receive  among  the  nicest  of  the  problems  oi 

architecture,  depending  for  its  effect  chiefly  on  the  architect. 

columns,  scarcely  admitted  of  windows ;  and       WINDPIPE,  or  Tbaohxa.    See  Lukgs. 
these,  which  appear  in  rare  instances  only,        WINDS,  currents  of  air  established  at  oertaiD 
were  few  in  number,  placed  high  and  forming  times  and  places  within  the  body  of  the  atmoi- 
but  one  tier,  so  that  their  use  within  as  well  as  phere  at  large,  and  flowing  during  periods  longei 
their  appearance  differed  wholly  from  those  of  or  shorter  in  certain  general  directions;  such 
modem  windows.    So,  the  houses  in  Pompeii  currents  being  occasioned  chiefly  by  differences 
have  their  windows  mainly  on  the  side  look-  of  temperature  at  different  times  or  localities, 
ing  into  the  garden,  and  usually  none  in  those  and  by  variations  in  the  production  and  con- 
rooms  facing  on  the  street  or  court,  which  densation  of  watery  vapor.     The  portion  of 
must  have  been  lighted  by  the  door ;  or  when  the  surface  of  the  globe  over  which  any  partic- 
windows  are  found  on  this  side  of  the  buildings,  ular  wind,  permanent  or  occasional,  may  ex- 
they  are  so  high  and  small  that  they  could  have  tend,  is  comparatively  small,  aa  is  consequently 
served  only  for  admitting  light.    The  earlier  the  tract  of  the  entire  aSrial  ocean  resting  on 
windows  now  referred  to  were  in  many  in-  that  surface  that  is  involved.    At  all  timts, 
stances  left  open.    In  private  dwellings  they  also,  there  are  parts  of  the  atmoq>here  that  are 
were  doubtless  often  covered  or  closed  with  sensibly  at  rest  or  calm;  and  euoh  apparentlr 
some  light  stuff  or  fabric,  more  or  less  trans-  motionless  tracts  of  air  are  sometimes  of  Terr 
lucent.    Mica  and  horn  are  known  also  to  have  gf eat  extent.    For  a  statement  of  the  physical 
been  in  use,  the  former  being  the  material  properties  of  the  air,  see  Atmospbbbb  ;  and  in 
usually  intended  by  the  term  Utpia  tpeeutaria,  reference  to  the  mechanical  principles  of  eqni- 
or  transparent  stone.    In  the  time  of  Nero  a  librium,  mobility,  and  disturbance  of  a  fluid 
yellowish,  firm,  and  translucent  marble,  termed  'mass  circumstanced  as  is  the  air,  see  FkxT' 
phengiteSy  wfa  discovered  in  Gappadocia ;  Ne-  matios.    The  atmosphere  is  held  to  the  eartii 
ro^s  golden  house,  and  the  temple  of  Fortune,  only  by  gravity,  and  the  action  of  this  foroe 
built  of  this,  were  tolerably  light  within,  though  does  not  interfere  with  its  fluidity  or  elasticitr, 
having  no  windows;   and  the  same  material  nor  with  the  effect  of  any  pjessures  acting  at 
was  used  also  in  windows,  and  for  enclosing  points  within  it ;  so  that  its  parts  have  entire 
porticos,  giving,  it  is  said,  a  sufScient  view  of  freedom   of  motion   about   or   among  each 
objects  without.    At  what  time  glass  began  to  other,  and  it  is  in  every  part  senatiTe  to  ii^^ 
be  employed  for  enclosing  windows,  it  may  be  slightest  disturbing  forces.    Since,  h<)weT^ 
dif&cult  to  determine.    Pliny  speaks  of  glass  as  the   globe  witii  its  atrial  envelope  ^  ^^  ^ 
used  both  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans ;  but  Lac-  regarded  as  moving  in  unresisting  space,  and 
tantius,  who  wrote  in  the  4th  century  A.  D.,  since  the  firiction  of  the  earth's  surface  npoa 
is  the  fitfit  writer  to  mention  windows  of  glass,  the  lowest  stratum  of  air,  and  of  the  ^raSs 
The  rare  occurrence  of  glass  in  windows  in  successively  one  upon  ano^er,  has  sufficed  to 
Pompeii  and  Herculaneum  would  appear  to  communicate  to  the  entire  body  the  earths 
show  that  this  material  was  at  the  time  of  the  own  velocity,  it  follows  that  the  atmo^hera, 
destruction  of  those  cities  employed  in  a  few  if  it  were  left  at  rest  within  itself  must  pa^ 
edifices,  but  not  in  all.     (8ee  Glass.)     The  take  of  the  earth's  movements  as  perfectlr  as 
windows  of  Italian  dwellings  continue  to  be  if  it  were  a  solid  part  of  that  body.  Qoamfip^^ 


472  .  WINDS 

one  or  more  direotiond  below  the  heated  space,  equator,  leads  to  an  almost  continaoDs  prafose 
and  flowing  out  above.    But  the  momentum  evaporation ;  the  bodies  of  vapor  formed  and 
acquired  in  some  given  direction  .by  the  air  rising  help  to  elevate  the  £ur  with  them;  and 
rushing  into  the  affected  space  maj  predomi-  both  together  flowing  over  above,  and  being 
nate,  and,  the  conditions  of  neighboring  por-  removed  in  the  higher  currents  moving  aw&j 
tions  of  air  favoring,  a  wind  may  thus  be  estab-  from  the  equator  which  had  become  previously 
lished  that  shall  blow  far  beyond  the  point  of  established,  they  contribute  to  produce  that 
first  disturbance,  as  well  as  successively  affect  relative  lightness  of  the  atmosphere  and  de- 
portions  of  atmosphere  further  back  of  it,  and  pression  of  the  barometer  that  are  constant  in 
also  extend  widely,  continuing  for  a  long  time  those  regions.    Thus  evaporation,  not  less  than 
before  equilibrium  and  calm  are  restored.    As  the  direct  tropical  heat,  furnishes  a  cause  uf 
a  well  known  fact,  however,  high  or  widely  ex-  that  continued  outflow  of  air  in  the  higher 
tending  winds  are  more  likely  to  arise  just  be-  strata  from  the  equator,  and  influx  of  the  eu;- 
fore  or  during  storms  in  which  a  considerabte  face  air  from  higher  latitudes  toward  that  line, 
body  of  watery  vapor  is  condensed  and  precip-  presently  to  be  referred  to.    Herschel  found 
itated  from  the  air,  and  yet  more  likely  to  be  the  depression  of  the  barometer  in  paf^ing 
felt  chiefly  after  such  storms.    Winds  are  also  from  the  tropic  to  the  equator  on  either  sid«, 
known  to  be  produced  in  consequence  of  rapid  in  1833-^4,  to  be  0.24  inch  of  the  mercnir. 
and  great  evaporation,  and  even  during  the  Doubtless,  the  winds  generated  during^  and  so 
rapid  formation  of  belts  or  masses  of  cloud  well  known  as  continuing  in  this  country  from 
without  rain.    Thus,  though  usually,  existing  one  to  three  days  after  severe  storaos  of  rain 
currents  of  air,  especially  in  the  higher  strata,  or  snow,  may  be  owing  in  a  degree  to  excess 
determine  the  forming  of  clouds  and  in  a  de-  of  air  mechanically  brought  down  by  the  Ml- 
gree  the  fall  of  rain  (see  Oloud,  and  Meteor-  ing  drops  or  flakes,  and  thus  disturbing  the 
oloot),  yet  secondarily  evaporation,  the  form-  equOibrium  below ;  but  much  more  commonlT 
ing  of  clouds,  and  the  fall  of  rain  are  far  more  this  cause  is  not  suflicient  for  the  wind  ihix 
influential  in  producing  winds  at  the  surface  of  actually  occurs,  and  the  true  cause  of  the  la:- 
the  earth  than  is  heat  alone.    In  fact,  the  ter  is  the  very  great  lightening  of  large  bodies 
heating  of  the  air  and  increased  evaporation  of  air  by  the  abstraction  of  so  much  wattr 
over  bodies  of  water  usually  take  place  to-  which  was  previously  held  nearly  or  quite  at 
gether;  and  the  forming  vapor,  like  heat,  ex-  equilibrium  within  them,  with  probably  the 
erts  a  lifting  or  ascensional  power  upon  the  air,  ascent  of  some  heated  air  at  the  place ;  and  the 
and  in  two  ways — ^by  increasing  the  volume  severe  and  long  continued  wind  following  n 
and  tension  of  the  air  receiving  it,  and,  as  due  to  the  impulse  acquired  by  bodies  of  air 
it  is  the  lightest  of  known  vapors,  and  lighter  back  to  great  distances,  to  flow  into  the  spacer 
than  air  at  the  same  temperature,  by  actu-  affording  less  pressure,  until  by  such  means  the 
ally  buoying  and  carrying  up  the  air  to  a  de-  equilibrium  is  finally  restored.    The  principal 
gree  in  its  ascent.    Hence,  these  causes  usually  causes,  direct  and  indirect,  which  give  rise  to 
conspire  in  effect ;  and  it  is  not  in  all  cases  winds,  and  when  originated  perpetuate  thenu 
possible  to  decide  what  share  each  has  taken  are  those  which  have  now  been  considered; 
in  the  first  disturbance  of  an  atmosphere  pre-  and  the  manner  of  their  action  is  readily  nn- 
viously  calm.    On  the  other  hand,  local  ex-  derstood.    It  remains,  however,  very  diflicolt, 
cessive  cold,  or  the  generation  of  vapor  in  and  usually  quite  impossible,  to  predict,  in 
quantities  not  carried  off  by  diffusion,  must  parts  of  the  earth  in  which  they  are  not  aim- 
increase  the  weight  and  tension  of  the  affected  pl^  periodical,  the  occurrence  or  character  of 
column  of  air,  and  in  either  case  are  likely  to  winds ;  quite  as  much  so,  in  fact,  as  to  foresee 
originate  a  wind  outward  or  away  from  the  with  certainty  the  accession  of  storms  or  the 
place,  and  due  to  the  excess  of  pressure.    When  vicissitudes  of  heat  and  cold. — ^A  very  sniall 
any  cause  determines  the  condensation  of  vapor  difference  of  atmospheric  pressures,  not  corn- 
in  the  air  so  as  to  form  considerable  bodies  of  pensated  in  any  way,  suffices  to  generate  a 
cloud,  the  latent  heat  of  the  vapor  is  imparted  considerable  wind.    By  calculations  fh>m  Ber- 
to  the  air  of  the  region,  and  if  the  cold  be  such  nouilli^s  formula  for  the  velocity  with  which  a 
as  to  cause  the  forming  of  hail  or  snow,  a  still  gas  under  compression  can  issue  through  an 
greater  relative  excess  of  heat  over  that  of  orifice  into  a  space  containing  air  of  less  dens- 
surrounding  regions  is  the  result;  the  effect  in  ty,  it  is  found  that  differences  of  pressure  at 
either  case  must  be  to  lighten  and  cause  ascent  points  not  remote  equal  to  0.006,  0.01,  0.016, 
in  the  column  so  affected,  and  thus  probably  0.06,  0.14,  0.25,  and  0.41  of  an  inch  of  the 
to  originate  a  wind  at  the  earth^s  surface.    Or,  barometer,  are  sufficient  when  their  effect  is 
if  dter  the  clouds  form  they  are  quickly  carried  not  resisted  to  generate  winds  having  velocities 
off  by  higher  winds  to  other  regions,  then  the  respectively  of  7,  14,  21,  41,  61,  §2,  and  9^ 
air  which  has  lost  so  much  weight  of  water  is  miles  per  hour,  or  those  of  a  gentle  air,  a  light 
left  lighter,  and  a  like  result  may  ensue.    This  breeze,  a  good  sailing  breeze,  a  gale,  a  serere 
is  what  occurs  most  constantly  and  on  the  gale,  a  tempest,  and  a  hurricane  capable  of 
largest  scale  over  oceans  in  the  tropical  re-  sweeping  away  buildings,  uprooting  trees,  and 
gions.    The  high  temperature  of  the  surface  producing  universal  desolation.     When  winds 
water,  fix>m  78''  at  the  tropics  to  88°  at  the  of  such  velocities  are  actually  produced,  the 


474  WmDS 

BphereB.  Bnt  the  greater  density  at  the  polee  effect  of  the  earth^s  rotation  is  manifested  in  an- 
produces  independently  a  tendency  from  these  other  way,  lately  summed  up  in  Professor  DoTe's 
toward  the  equator.  Between  the  parallels  of  ^*  law  of  rotation  of  the  wind.''  It  was  remarked 
greatest  pressure  and  the  equator  these  tenden-  even  by  Lord  Bacon  (De  Ventii,  1600),  and  has 
cies  combine,  and,  taken  in  connection  with  the  been  since  confirmed  by  Mariotte,  Storm,  and 
westward  movement  of  the  advancing  air,  thus  other  writers  in  both  Europe  and  America,  thai 
account  for  the  strong  surface  current  that  ao-  the  wind  has  a  very  common  tendency  to  veer 
tually  exists  in  these  parts^  from  N.  £.  and  round  the  compass  with  the  sun's  motioB,  t.  <. 
8.  E.  in  the  respective  hemispheres.  But  be-  to  pass  from  K.  through  N.  E.,  K,  S.  £.,  8.,  and 
tween  the  parallels  of  greatest  pressure  and  the  so  through  W.  to  N.  again,  occupying  from  one 
polar  circles — ^beyond  which  latter  the  cold  to  several  days  in  making  the  circuity  bat  rartdy 
polar  surface  current  actually  predominates —  veering,  and  probably  never  making  a  compkk 
the  two  tendencies  oppose  each  other,  that  r^  circuit,  in  the  opposite  direction.  The  expla- 
sulting  from  the  accXimulation  at  the  tropics  nation  as  given  by  Dove  is,  that  for  any  pU(« 
being,  up  to  the  polar  circles,  the  greater  (and,  situated  beyond  the  tropicd  regions,  when  tie 
with  other  authorities  we  may  add,  a  portion  sun  is  on  its  meridian,  the  currents  of  heated 
of  the  tipper  current  of  air  probably  descend-  air  which  proceed  from  the  more  heated  tn>ii- 
ing  in  this  part  of  its  course),  so  that  the  atmos-  oal  part  of  that  meridian  must  arrive  at  th^ 
phere  within  the  temperate  zones  has  a  gen-  plaoe  from  the  8.  earlier  than  like  currents  e^ 
eral  course  toward  the  N.  and  E. ;  or  in  other  arrive  at  any  other  place  eastward  or  westward 
.words,  the  prevailing  winds  in  the  north  tern-  of  it  on  the  same  parallel  of  latitude.  But  S5 
perate  zone  are,  as  is  kno^n,  except  where  the  sun  snccessively  becomes  vertical  to  mend> 
local  causes  interfere,  those  from  the  8.  W.  and  ians  W.  of  this,  the  currents  of  air  in  tendins 
W. ;  in  the  south  temperate  zone,  mainly  from  to  describe  ^eat  circles  of  the  sphere  arrivt 
the  N.  W. ;  these  in  the  two  hemispheres  being  later,  and  with  a  tendency  to  come  more  frois 
sometimes  termed  the  passage  winds.  Between  the  W.  of  8^;  until,  when  the  sun  in  the  evtii- 
the  trade  and  passage  winds,  or  at  about  80°,  ing  is  nearly  or  quite  W.  of  the  place,  the  cz> 
and  again  between  the  passage  and  polar  winds,  rents  will  arrive  nearly  from  the  W.  When,  si 
perhaps  at  about  65°,  there  are  also  belts  of  midnight,  Hie  sun  is  on  the  opposite  meridian, 
comparative  calm.  And  thus,  parted  by  6  belts  the  current  pasnng  over  the  north  pole  is  fi:li 
of  calm,  there  are  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  6  as  a  north  wind ;  and  later  than  this,  the  sqc- 
zones  of  winds,  8  in  either  hemisphere ;  in  the  cessive  lagging  of  this  movement,  as  the  szn 
northern,  nearest  the  equator,  the  trade  winds  moves  over  other  meridians  to  its  place  in  the 
moving  mainly  to  8.  W. ;  next,  the  zone  of  ir-  east,  gives  to  the  current  a  motion  relatiTe'.y 
regular  or  variable  winds  (the  temperate  zone),  more  from  the  £]'.  E.  and  the  E. ;  and  the  cir- 
but  in  which  the  winds  move  mainly  to  N.  E.  cuit  of  the  winds  will  be  nearly  complete) 
and  E. ;  and  thirdly,  the  region  of  polar  winds,  when  the  sun  has  again  reached  the  men<li;i!! 
having  a  general  course  to  8.  "W. ;  in  the  south-  of  the  place.  This  is  the  order  of  changes 
em  hemisphere  these  courses  are  respectively  when,  as  sometimes  happens,  the  circuit  is  ecm- 
to  N.  W.,  8.  E.,  and  N.  W.  It  follows,  also,  pleted  in  a  day ;  but  incidental^  circumstances, 
tliat  beside  the  general  higher  current  all  the  as  the  influence  of  particular  winds,  may  debr 
way  from  the  equator  to  either  pole,  and  the  these  changes,  so  that  the  rotation  shall  not  be 
partial  current  in  the  temperate  zones,  also  completed  in  less  than  8  or  more  days,  or  so 
bearing  from  the  equator  toward  the  poles,  that  for  the  time  it  may  be  wholly  'arrested, 
there  is  a  general  current  from  either  pole  to  Where  the  trade  wind  prevails,  such  circuit  of 
the  equator,  which  is  at  the  surface  in  the  polar  change  cannot  occur ;  in  the  regions  in  vbicb 
and  tropical  regions,  but  which  passes  between  monsoons  exist,  there  is  in  effect  one  such  ro* 
the  two  former,  or  at  an  intermediate  alti-  tation  annually. — ^The  alternating  daily  wicd* 
tude,  in  the  temperate  latitudes.  Mr.  Ferrel  occurring  on  coasts  and  in  islands,  more  e^^ 
accounts  for  the  greater  quantity  of  air  and  ciaJly  of  the  tropical  regions,  are  known  as  lac<2 
barometric  pressure  long  known  to  have  place  and  sea  breezes.  ^  The  land  during  the  day  be- 
in  the  northern  hemisphere,  on  the  princi-  coming  more  rapidly  warmed  than  the  adjacent 
pie  that,  there  being  more  land  in  this  hemi-  water,  rare&ction  and  ascent  of  air  over  the 
sphere,  the  resistances  to  the  current  of  air  former  occurs,  and  a  breeze  from  the  sea  blow- 
are  proportionally  greater,  so  tliat  the  eastern  ing  inland  sets  in  about  9  A.  M.,  usually  attain- 
motion  of  the  air  and  l^e  deflecting  force  de«  ing  its  maximum  about  2  or  3  o^clook  P.  IL  In 
pending  on  it  are  less,  the  more  rapid  motions  the  evening,  the  land  begins  to  cool  more  rap- 
and  greater  deflection  in  the  southern  hemi-  idly  than  the  water ;  the  air  over  it  becomw 
sphere  thus  serving  to  throw  a  larger  portion  the  more  dense  and  flows  out,  giving  rise  to  & 
of  the  air  to  N.  of  the  equator-  Upon  like  breeze  from  the  land  to  the  sea,  attdninf  it? 
principles  are  explained  the  mean  position,  ex-  maximum  a  little  before  sunrise,  and  ^en  de- 
oept  over  the  Pacific  ocean,  of  the  equatorial  dining  rapidly  and  ceasing,  as  the  heat  of  the 
calm  belt  to  N,  of  the  equator ;  and  the  fact  that  land  increases,  until  the  sea  breeze  again  9et> 
in  the  winter  of  either  hemisphere  a  portion  of  in.  The  periodical  winds  which  blow  for  s  ftr v 
its  atmosphere  is  thrown  over  into  the  other,  weeks  in  summer  over  the  countries  bordering 
Within  the  middle  or  temperate  latitudes,  the  the  Mediterranean,  are  tliose  originaUy  named 


476                      WINDSOR  'WINE 

WINDSOR,  a  town  and  village  of  Hartford  ward  IV.  and  Wb  qneen,  Henry  VI.,  Henry  VTII. 

CO.,  Conn.,  lying  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Oon-  and  Jane  Seymonr,  Oharles  L,  Greorge  III.  aih] 

necticnt  river,  between  the  towns  of  Hartford  his  queen,  George  iV.,  the  princeae  Cbarlott-, 

and  Windsor  Locks;  pop.  in  1860, 2,278.    The  the  dnke  of  Kent,  the  dake  of  York,  Willujj 

town  is  celebrated  as  being  the  first  settled  in  IV.  and  his  qneen,  and  other  members  ai  tL'^ 

Connecticut.    William  Hobnes.  one  of  the  set-  royd  family  are  interred.    The  keep  or  roTn^l 

tiers  of  Plymouth  colony,  with  a  number  of  towe^  of  the  castle  was  sometimes  used  a«  i 

associates,  in  Oct.  1638,  erected  a  building  on  place  of  confinement  for  royal  prisoners,  ati 

the  banks  of  the  Oonnecticut,  just  below  the  James  I.  of  Scotland  was  confined  in  it   T: . 

mouth  of  the  Farmington  or  Tunzis  river,  and  state  rooms  and  corridor  of  the  castle  contJ:} 

fortified  it  strongly  with  palisades.    It  was  in-  a  large  number  of  choice  paintings,  groops  o! 

tended  only  for  a  trading  fort,  but  the  company  statuary,  &o.    Frogmore,  ue  favorite  residence 

subsequently  brought  their  families  there,  and  of  the  late  Queen  Charlotte  and  afterward  >  f 

established  a  permanent  settlement  on  the  rich  the  duchess  of  Kent,  is  i  mile  from  Winds. :. 

lands  of  the  Tunxis  valley.    The  town  was  The  borough  sends  2  members  to  parliament, 

originally  of  great  extent,  but  4  or  5  towns  have  WINDWARD  ISLANDS.  See  West  Ln)ii-. 

been  taken  from  it.    Its  population  is  almost  WINE  (Heb.  yain;  Gr.  oivor;  Lat  ftn>.n. 

wholly  agricultural. — ^The  toge  manufacturing  Fr.  tdn;  Ger.  Wein),  originally  and  properly,  it  • 

village  of  Windsor  Looks,  situated  on  the  Con-  name  of  the  liquor  obtained  by  fermentatioD  cf 

necticut  river,  12  m.  above  Hartford,  and  on  the  juice  of  grapes ;  bpt,  in  later  and  lei$s  ^/' 

the  Hartford,  New  Haven,  and  Springfield  rail-  usage,  denotuig  also  certain  beverages  preparri 

road,  was  formerly  in  this  township,  but  is  now  in  a  similar  mauner  from  the  juices  of  macy 

incorporated  as  a  separate  town.    It  has  several  other  fruits.    The  mention  made  of  vine  r. 

paper  mills,  iron  founderies,  silk  factories,  &c.  Genesis  and  other  of  the  earliest  written  bci* 

WINDSOR,  or  New  Windsob,  a  parliamen-  of  the  Old  Testament,  is  such  as  to  imply  that ; 

tary  borough  and  parish,  of  Berkshire,  Eng-  the  periods  to  which  they  refer  it  was  alrei'-H 

land,  situated  on  the  brow  of  a  hill  above  the  familiarly  known.    Indeed,  from  the  abandar' : 

right  bank  of  the  Thames,  23  m.  S.  W.  from  of  the  grape  in  those  regions  which  appear  t- 

London,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail-  have  been  the  earliest  abode  of  man.  in  c<  :• 

way ;  pop.  of  the  borough  in  1861, 9,827.    The  nection  with  the  facts  that  its  plentifiil  in  t 

Thames  is  crossed  here  by  an  iron  bridge,  would  naturally  offer  itself  as  a  refreshing  drii>i 

which  connects  Windsor  witL  Eton.    The  town  and  that  fermentation  spontaneously  Ukic: 

has  a  public  ground  on  which  is  an  obeli^  a  place  in  any  portion  of  this  that  might  be  1 :.: 

handsome  town  hall,  2  churches,  8  dissenting  preserved  would  directly  develop  wine,  the  di^ 

chapels,  2  libraries,  2  hospitals,  a  dispensary  and  covery  of  the  making  of  wine  and  of  its  eifc.^f 

several  other  charitable  endowments,  a  number  must  have  occurred  at  an  extremely  earlr  ['- 

of  charity  and  other  schools,  infailtry  barracks,  riod  in  the  history  of  the  race.    Accordin;: '  • 

and  a  theatre.    The  only  manufactories  are  certain  traditions,  the  vine  (eitis  vinifira)  kA 

breweries. — ^Windsor  castle,  the  principal  resi-  its  origin  in  India,  and  was  thence  dissemicBtt  i 

deuce  of  the  English  monarchs,  is  situated  E.  to  Asia  Minor,  to  northern  Africa,  and^ :' 

of  the  town.    The  buildings  cover  12  acres  of  Greece  and  other  countries  of  Europe.   Tt ' 

ground,  and  are  surrounded  by  a  terrace  on  8  earliest  wines  were  doubtless  in  all  cases  sini;  i 

sides  2,600  feet  in  extent,  and  faced  with  a  and  pure,  being  obtained  by  mere'  expre^^  >' 

rampart  of  hewn  stone  with  slopes  at  conve-  and  fermentation  of  the  gri^e  juice;  bntm<>i- 

nient  intervals  down  to  the  ^^  Little  park,"  ficadons  in  the  way  of  increasing  the  saccb&r'rr 

which  surrounds  the  palace  and  is  about  4  m.  element  by  partial  drying  of  tiie  grapes,  i' 

in  circumference.    Connected  with  this  by  a  of  aiding  the  development  of  alcohol  bj  Iwf  * 

long  avenue  of  trees  oif  the  S.  side  of  the  castle  began  very  early  to  be  introduced.    Amo'.' 

is  the  "Great  park,"  18  m.  in  circuit,  abound-  the  Greeks  and  Romans  certain  leaves  or  xn- 

ing  with  forest  scenery  and  well  stocked  with  matic  substances  were  infused  in  the  expr^^^^"^ 

deer.    West  of  this  park  lies  Windsor  forest,  grape  juice,  or  "must,"  for  the  pnrpo^  of  in- 

56  m.  in  circumference.    In  the  Little  park  is  parting  their  fiavors  to  the  wine;  and  ad(i:t:«Li 

"Herne^s  oak,"  mentioned  by  Shakespeare,  were  sometimes  made  of  salt,  and  of  tnrpentii.e 

The  Great  park  has  at  the  termination  of  the  or  other  resins,  the  estunation  in  which  tlit^ 

"  Long  Walk"  a  colossal  equestrian  statue  of  last  were  held  being  shown  by  the  placin; « • 

George  III.  in  bronze  by  Westmaoott.  Windsor  the  pine  cone  along  with  clusters  of  grape>  - 

was  a  residence  of  the  Saxon  kings  before  the  the  thyrsus  of  Bacchus.    In  other  instances,  ii 

Norman  conquest,  but  the  present  castle  was  order  to  give  body  and  flavor  to  certain  ince? 

founded  by  William  the  Conqueror,  and  al-  that  would  otherwise  be  thin  and  poor,  s  po'- 

most  rebuilt  by  Edward  III.,  under  the  direc-  tion  of  must  concentrated  by  boiling  was,  a^^  ^'^ 

tion  of  William  of  Wykeham,  and  again  in  the  present  day,  added  to  the  fermenting  jn><^' 

1824-'6,  under  that  of  Sir  Jeffrey  Wyatville.  St.  The  effect  of  age  in  maturing  wines  and  beiiilt- 

George's  chapel,  in  which  the  knights  of  the  ening  their  quality  was  also  early  understo^x. 

garter  are  installed,  i^  an  excellent  specimen  Homer  speaks  of  wine  in  its  11th  year;  Atl^e 

of  the  florid  style  of  Gothic  architecture.    In  nteus  and  Horace  commend  wines  of  greater  9£i; 

the  royal  vault  connected  with  the  chapel,  Ed-  and  Pliny  relates  tiiat  he  had  dnmk  of  thJ 


478  WDUE 

Beside  water,  which  necessarily  forms  the  liqnid  of  which  the  texnx>er8t!ire  isordiiurilT 
larger  percentage  of  the  juice,  Mulder  finds  as  not  yery  low,  these  substancos  by  tmion  wi:i 
its  constituents  sugar,  gelatine  or  pectine,  gum,  the  oxygen  of  the  air  are  first  to  undergo 
fatty  matter,  wax,  albumen,  gluten,  and  tartaric  change,  beginning  in  fact  to  experience  pmr^ 
acid,  both  free  and  combined  with  potash,  soda,  factive  change ;  it  is  these  substances  in  tt3 
and  lime ;  while  generally,  or  in  certain  cases,  condition  (see  FEBMEZTTAnoiir)  that  eo-Te  t» 
small  quantities  also  are  present  of  raoemic,  break  up  the  union  of  the  elements  of  sng^r, 
malic,  and  perhaps  citric  acid,  alumina,  oxides  and  thus  determine  the  generation  of  &loob<.L 
of  manganese  and  iron,  sulphates  of  potash  But  if  the  supply  of  oxygen  be  at  any  point  b 
and  soda,  phosphate  of  lime  and  magnesia,  and  the  process  completely  cut  off,  the  deoompt>«:- 
probably  silica.  Among  peculiar  constituenta  tion  of  gluten  and  albumen  must  cease,  and  tbe 
present  in  the  skins,  are  tannic  acid  and  col-  ferment  will  also  cease  to  be  formed;  while,  en 
oring  matters ;  in  the  seeds,  a  fatty  oil  which  the  other  hand,  such  is  the  nature  of  fennecta- 
can  be  separately  extracted.  The  entire  solid  tion,  that  a  given  consumption  of  the  ferment  ii 
matters  of  the  juice,  the  larger  portion  being  required  to  break  up  a  given  quantity  of  sngsr; 
sugar,  may  mount  up  in  very  npe  grapes  to  so  that,  if  the  former  ceases  at  any  time  to  V 
40  per  cent. ;  but  most  commolily  the  proper-  generated,  the  formation  of  alcohol  will  be  dic- 
tion is  much  less  than  this.  The  sugar  is  continued,  and  the  sugar  yet  unacted  on  tC: 
found  to  range  from  18  to  80  per  cent,  of  the  remain  as  such  in  the  liquor.  These  facts  go  tc> 
weight  of  the  juice.  It  is  possible  that  the  disprove  the  assertions  sometimes  made,  tk.t 
above  analysis  does  not  include  the  peculiar  the  access  of  air  is  only  necessaiy  to  origirate 
matters  which  give  to  the  grape  its  odor  and  in  the  fermentation,  and  if  therenpon  the  air  V 
part  its  flavor,  and  which,  beside  being  volatile,  wholly  excluded  the  change  will  continue  cr- 
are  present  in  very  small  quantity. — ^The  vinous  checked.  The  extent  to  which  the  must  vil 
or  alcoholic  fermentation,  that  which  is  always  go  on  fermenting  if  immediately  bottled  or  p^t 
first  to  occur  in  the  grape  juice,  requu*es  the  in  casks,  endangering  the  bursting  of  these,  da- 
presence  of  grape  sugar  dissolved  in  the  water  pends  on  oxygen  already  in  the  liquid.  But  ±? 
of  the  juice,  as  it  naturally  is;  of  a  ferment,  or  practical  deduction  from  the  principles  ststt^ 
substance  capable  of  originating  molecular  is,  that  wine  which  has  nearly  pa^ed  throngb 
change  in  the  sugar ;  and  in  the  outset,  or  per-  fermentation  will  not,  if  then  bottled,  go  on.  is 
haps  throughout  the  process,  also  of  oxygen  it  is  often  believed  to  do,  to  devdop  a  lar^tr 
(existing  in  the  air).  The  essential  change  go-  percentage  of  alcohol  through  a  number  of 
ing  on  in  the  juice,  in  its  fermenting,  is  the  cfon-  years ;  and  this  view  is  that  insisted  on  by 
version  of  a  portion  of  the  sugar,  less  or  more,  Mulder,  who  accounts  for  the  comparatirrlr 
into  the  two  products,  alcohol,  which  chiefly  strongcharacterof  bottled  wines  by  the  simple 
remains  in  the  liquid,  and  carbonic  acid,  which  circumstance  that,  as  a  rule,  it  is  the  stronger 
usually  escapes.  If  grape  sugar,  on  the  point  sorts  only  that  are  selected  for  preservation  in 
of  fermenting,  have  the  composition  below  thia  way.  Now  it  has  been  found  tibat,  in  the 
given,  then  the  whole  process  may  be  repre-  juice  of  all  grapes,  the  amount  of  ferment  mi- 
sented  chemically  as  a  splitting  of  each  atom  terial  is  nearly  or  quite  tilfe  same;  while  cl 
of  the  sugar  into  2  atoms  of  alcohol  and  4  of  the  other  hand  it  is  well  known  that  the  qu&n- 
carbonic  acid ;  tiius :  tities  of  sugar  and  of  acids  vary  greatly.  In 
o„H„o„  =  2C4H«Oa  +     4C0,.  ^08®  Varieties  of  the  grape  in  which— and  this 

* ^ *  ^— * ^  ^ ' »  is  the  case  particularly  with  those  grpwn  in  the 

1  grape  ragar.  8  aioohoL  4  earbonio  add.  warmer  climates-4he  sugar  is  present  in  verr 

The  beginning  of  fermentation  in  the  grape  large  proportions,  tiie  supply  of  ferment  i$  ex- 
juice,  within  a  short  period  after  it  has  been  hatlsted  before  the  sugar  is  all  changed ;  ^d 
expressed,  is  shown  by  the  rise  through  it  of  the  portion  of  sugar  thus  left  in  the  wine  res- 
small  bubbles  of  the  gas  just  named;  and  while  ders  it  sweet,  as  in  the  wines  commonly  knoim 
the  liquid  becomes  more  turbid,  as  the  bubbles  as  sweet  or  **  fruity,''  or  as  vim  de  liqueur  <cot 
ascend  in  greater  quantity  they  fonn  a  froth  artificial).  Of  such  wines,  Tokay,  ^x>ntigDflo, 
npon  its  surface.  Meanwhile,  the  sugar  of  the  Oonstantia,  and  Malmsey  are  examples.  The 
juice  diminishes,  and  alcohol  takes  its  place ;  excess  of  sugar  in  a  wine  also  acts  comnoair 
and  the  liquid  gradually  becomes  more  clear,  to  preserve  it  agsdnst  the  acetous  fennentatioo; 
by  rejecting  both  in  the  froth  and  in  the  way  so  that  muscadme  wine  has  been  kept  for  200 
of  subsidence  certain  matters  which,  owing  to  years,  and  Tokay  at  the  age  of  a  centuiy  is  ni 
its  less  viscid  character  and  the  presence  of  its  perfection.  But  in  grapes  in  which,  as  i^ 
alcohol,  it  can  no  longer  hold  suspended  nor  in  common  in  the  cooler  vme>growing  Iatiti:ded, 
solution.  Often  this  process  continues  for  some  the  proportion  of  sugar  is  small,  this  msv  be 
months,  the  liquid  being  at  intervals  drawn  off  wholly  decomposed  and  replaced  by  alcohol  bj 
to  free  it  of  so  much  sediment  as  has  fallen ;  the  time  tiie  ferment  is  exhausted,  or  even  be- 
when  fermentation  is  completed,  or  in  some  in-  fore.  The  wines  tiien  produced  are  cbararte^ 
stances  a  little  before,  it  is  transferred  to  casks  ized  by  the  alcohol,  acids,  and  flavor  inthoat 
to  be  stored,  or  at  once  exported.  The  gluten,  sweetness,  and  are  called  ^'dry."  Sherry  is  o^ 
and  perhaps  the  albumen,  of  the  grape  juice,  of  the  best  examples  of  this  sort  In  cases  in 
being  nitrogenous  bodies,  and  dissolved  in  a  which  the  sugar  ia  exhausted  before  the  fe^ 


480  WINE 

acids  are  sncli  as  named  in  stating  the  compo-  avoid  this  result  that  the  ancients  resorted  to 

sition  of  the  juice,  taHaric  being  generally  the  various  means  of  thickening  their  wines ;  tLe 

most  abundant;   in  soured  wines,  including  modern  ^practice  of  increasing  the  strength  bj 

tiiose  that  have  become  musty  or  hurt  with  adding  starch  sugar,  and  if  need  be  yeast  also, 

age,  acetic  acid  is  also  present.    Wines  bottled  is  preferable  in  every  way,  unless  the  increased 

wnile  the  process  of  fermentation  is  going  on  percentage  of  alcohol  be  considered  the  more 

will  also  contain  carbonic  acid  gas,  and  will  in  objectionable  result. — The  quantity  of  alcobol 

consequence,  if  drunk  immediately  on  uncork-  in  difibrent  wines,  and  In  different  vintages  of 

ing,  have  the  quality  of  ^^  briskness  f'  where  those  of  the  same  kind,  and  .also  the  mode  tj 

the  quantity  of  the  gas  is  considerable,  such  which  it  is  to  be  ascertained,  have  received  ct«&- 

wines  sparkle  when  agitated  in  the  light,  and  siderable  attention  from  analytioed  chemi^ta: 

they  are  then  distinguished  as  "sparkling^'  or  but  since  the  specific  gravity  of  wines  depends 

^'  effervescing  ;"    wines   containing   carbonic  not  merely,  as  in  brandy  or  dilute  alcohol  oa 

acid,  but  which  do  not  sparkle,  are  distin-  the  proportions  of  alcohol  and  water,  but  al^ 

guished  as  '^  still.''    Wines  always  contain  less  on  the  other  solid  matters  contained  in  them. 

of  tartaric  acid  than  the  grape  juice  they  are  no  means  have  been  devised  of  a  less  tedi'>a^ 

'  obtained  from,  owing  to  the  circumstance  that  character  than  the  actual  distillation  of  lUr 

during  the  generation  of  alcohol  the  tartrates  spirit  from  a  portion  of  the  wine,  and  the  de- 

in  the  juice,  and  mainly  the  tartrate  of  potash,  termining  afterward  of  the  proportion  it  must 

become  insoluble  and  are  thrown  down ;  the  have  formed  in  the  whole.    Simplified  appan- 

considerable  masses  of  nearly  pure  tartrate  of  tus  for  this  purpose  has  been  produced,  l :: 

potash  thus  found  in  the  bottom  of  the  vat  or  even  with  this  accurate  results  are  difficult  ff 

cask  are  an  important  source  of  that  salt^  in  attainment ;  and  for  the  reasons  above  given, 

commerce,  and  pass  under  the  name  of  wine  the  application  of  the  hydrometer  (see  Ht* 

stone,  crude  tartar,  or  argol ;  the  slight  further  dsometxb)  as  a  means  of  determining  the  pncK 

deposition  that  may  take  place  after  bottling  is  portion  of  spirit  is  little  to  be  relied  on.    TL*^ 

known  as  '*  crust"  or  "  bees-wing."   The  pres-  analyses  of  the  same  'vvines  by  different  cbein- 

ence  of  a  free  acid  in  the  juice  appears  to  be  ists,  naturally  enough,  afford  considerable  di> 

necessary  to  the  development  of  the  fungus  versityof  results;  and  remembering  that  do 

with  which  the  progress  of  fermentation  is  at-  analysis  can  determine  what  the  percentage  cf 

tended,  to  the  evolution  of  the  perfhme,  to  alcohol  is  to  be  in  a  wine  to  which  .  brand?  ur 

the  agreeableness  of  the  wine,  and,  if  of  the  spirit  is  added  in  variable  quantities,  or  in  hl} 

right  character  and  not  excessive,  also  to  its  quantity  by  the  importer  and  vender,  the  tablr 

wnolesomeness.    Of  the  best  Rhine  wines,  the  ftirnished  by  Brande,  in  1811-13,  mar  ^t:ll 

acid  forms  about  .005  part,  or  i  per  cent,  vnth  little  alteration  be  received  asaffoidiDira 

Formic  and  glucic  acids  are  said  sometimes  to  fair  indication  of  the  average  alcoholic  streDgth 

be  present,  particularly  in  wines  made  in  wet  of  wines  most  commonly  known;   a  few  of 

seasons.    In  wine  from  unripe  grapes,  citric  thesearegivenin  the  following  table: 

acid  may  sometimes  be  found.     Oxalio  acid,  pi«cmhtao.  of  Alcohol  w  Wdc 

the  most  hurtful  of  all,  is  probably  never  a  j^^^^                       ^5^41 

constituent  of  ordinary  wines ;  but  it  occurs  in  Port,'maximam .' !.'.'! .' .'  88.92 

large  amount  ia  a  spurious  wine  made  from      "   minimum- i».g 

rhubarb.    Of  aU  acid  constituents,  the  tartaric  coMte?tir*.?f  l*.::::'  isiS 

is  that  which  is  most  agreeable  and  wholesome.    Laclymii  ChrisU 18.24 

That  quality  in  wines  which  in  liquids  gener-    ^^*'^''S^^:::::  \jm  

ally  would  be  known  as  flavor,  must  depend    Lisbon ."*.'..*.  nliSiTokay v**- 

mainly  in  the  former  on  the  acids,  sugar;  and    gjSSJ**^ ''"** iBwIshSi* !  u^ 

alcohol;  but  the  fragrance  and  an  important  KonSiionV.V.*. !"*.!'.!!  15!96 iFrontigMcV.* *.!!!!!!!!  U'* 

part  of  the  actual  flavor  of  wines  are  due  to^  Bordeaux (dwetX max.  15.11 : Malmsey ]:;' 

the  presence  of  some  peculiar  volatile  matter,         "  "     "^^-  1i«^Ib^«^ - 

the  effect  of  which  is  technically  distinguished  The  analyses  of  Ohristison  assign  lower  prop*r- 

from  the  simple  flavor,  and  which  is  known  as  tions  than  the  above  for  alngiost  all  wines,  ^iri 

the  perfume  or  bouquet  of  the  wine.    The  na-  especially  the  stronger,  reckoning  port,  for  ex- 

ture  of  this  odoriferous  principle  is  still  not  ample,  at  an  average  of  about  16.2.    Mulder,  in 

satisfactorily  known.    According  to  Faur6,  it  summing  upon  the  subject,  says:  "Port  is  the 

'    is  a  viscid  substance  diffused  in  &e  liquor,  and  richest  in  alcohol,  Madeira  ranks  next  Liqncor 

which  he  terms  oenanthine.    According  to  Lie-  wines,  as  a  rule,  are  stronger  than  red  wine^ 

big  and  to  Winckler,  it  appears  rather  to  be  or  Juran^n,    Lacryma   Ghristi,   Benicarlo,  m. 

to  contain  a  peculiar  ether,  or  a  volatile  fra-  Sauterne  contain  from  12  to  15  of  alcohol  or 

grant  acid ;  to  the  former  the  name  of  OBuanthio  more.    Red  French  winea  contain  less,  from  9 

ether  has  been  given.    Water  is  more  abundant  to  14  per  cent. ;  good  Bordeaux,  9  to  11 ;  chsm- 

in  wines  made  in  wet  seasons,  and  in  the  wine  pagne,  10  to  11 ;  and  Rhine  wine,  6  to  13— 

from  new  vineyards  or  young  vines ;  of  course  generally,  9  to  10  per  cent." — ^The  geogwphic* 

aJso  in  wine  from  any  grape  in  which  the  pro-  range  of  the  grape  is  very  extensive.    In  the 

portion  of  sugar  is  very  small.    Weak  wines  eastern  hemisphere,  excepting  perhaps  the  co.d- 

are  more  prone  to  become  sour;  and  it  was  to  er  eastern  coast* and  central  regions  of  Asis,  it 


Tlnto(Tcd  Freneb)....  «» 
Burgundy,  maxlmom..  I-'? 

**  mlnlmiun..  U  "' 
Onves  (Bordeaax)....  t'  ^ 
Champagne,  white.. ...  - 1 "' 

«  red :'»'< 

Rhine  wine,  mjudmom  l^^  ^■ 

•*  **        twlntmnm    •  • 


482  WINE 

qnantitj  and  quality  of  the  grapes. — ^For  infor-  tion,  and  to  learn  when,  the  efferveaocnoe  bar- 
mation  upon  the  most  commonly  known  Bpecies  ing  subsided,  it  may  be  racked  off  and  pot  into 
of  European  wines,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  casks,  which  are  prepared  by  scalding  and  rlcs- 
titles  Bordeaux  Wines,  BuBOUNny  Wikss,.  ing  with  a  little  alcohol.  The  in^cadon  of 
CsAMPAQNE,  HooHHEiM,  JoHAKKisBEBo,  Madei-  fitncss  for  such  transfer  is  that  the  bquid  his 
BA,  Malaga,  Malmsbt,  Pobt  Wins,  Sack  (an-  become  cool  and  tolerably  clear.  Meanwlule. 
tiquated),  Shsrby,  and  Toeat.  In  the  lirticles  the  grapes  remaining  at  the  first,  and  the  galh- 
Ohampaqkb  and  Poet  Wine,  accounts  are  given  erings  subsequently  made,  are  in  suitable  qn&n- 
ofthe  peculiar  methods  adopted  for  their  produo-  titles  trodden  in  the  press  and  pat  with  th«ir 
tion.  In  reference  to  certain  native  wines  of  stalks  into  other  vats,  in  which  the  fennentv 
the  United  States,  with  the  usual  mode  of  prep-  tion  is  allowed  to  proceed  spontaneoujij.  It 
aration,  see  Oatawba  Wine.  A  general  ao-  each  of  these  12  to  15  inches  depth  at  top  L- 
count  of  the  modes  adopted  in  Europe  for  red  left  for  the  rising  of  the  frothy  liquid  dunc^ 
and  white  wines  will  here  be  added.  For  a  fermentation ;  even  then  the  vintage  may  soot^ 
brisk  wine,  as  champagne,  the  grapes  are  gath-  times  overflow.  These  vats  as  filled  are  hghth 
ered  when  not  fVilly  ripe,  and  may  be  gathered  covered,  and  are  inspected  twice  daily.  Ofui 
in  foggy  weather  or  when  wet  with* dew;  for  .in  from  8  to  12  days,  the  fennentation  his  r 
all  other  kinds,  dry  dear  weather  is  preferred,  far  subsided  tiiat  tiie  wine  may  be  ncked  off: 
The  German  wines  being  naturally  very  dry,  from  the  danger  of  its  acquiring  a  taste  of  de 
it  has  of  late  years  been  found  best  to  gather  stems,  it  should  not  be  left  too  l<»>g;  bnt  if 
the  grapes  ablate  as  practicable,  much  of  the  racked  off  too  soon,  the  wine  may  work  ta^ 
acid  being  thus  got  ria  of,  and  all  the  sug^  de-  much  in  the  barrel,  and  may  fail  to  keep.  Tie 
veloped.  For  the  f>in8  de  liqueur  of  Spain  and  barrels  are  about  f  or  f  filled  with  the  iri:^ 
at  Tokay,  the  grapes  are  left  very  long  on  the  from  these  secondary  vats,  and  finally  it  tb? 
vines,  and  by  twisting  the  stalks  the  access  of  proper  time  are  completely  filled  by  adding  t 
fresh  sap  is  checked,  and  evaporation  from  the  each  sufilcient  from  the  mother  cask  for  thv 
grapes  allowed,  until  they  shrivel  and  appear  purpose;  while,  as  some  loss  occurs  in  tbebr 
like  raisins.  The  very  sweet  wines,  such  as  rels  by  fermentation  and  evaporation,  tber  trc 
those  of  Cyprus  and  the  original  Malmsey,  are  replenished  as  occasion  requires  frt>m  the  f^s^ 
produced  by  previously  boihng  the  must  to  a  source.  The  oasks  remfldning  at  length  qoit-: 
considerable  degree  of  thickness.  In  respect  fhll,  they  are  left  some  days  with  but  a  stco^ 
to  ripeness  of  the  grapes,  the  two  extremes  of  or  block  over  the  bung-hole,  still  being  tilitc 
too  early  and  too  late  gathering  are  to  be  as  required,  and  after  they  are  bunged  therm 
avoided ;  as  in  the  latter  case  the  decay  of  the  replenished  every  8th  day,  until  t^e  wineis ii 
fruit  wUl  render  it  worthless  or  uyure  the  prod-  a  state  to  allow  the  cask  to  be  kept  with  thi 
net,  and  in  the  former  the  wine  is  likely  to  be  bung-hole  at  the  side,  usually  a  period  of  scaie 
*'raw,"  and  to  have  a  hard,  acid  character  18  months.  In  the  making  of  white  wise,  sfr 
when  old.  The  wine  from  over-ripened  grapes  the  grapes  are  trodden,  the  stalks  are  separate. 
is  also  that  with  most  difficulty  kept  from  sour-  and  if  the  skins  are  colored  these  must  also  bi 
ing.  The  case  of  claret  may  be  selected  as  an  removed,  and  the  portion  in  either  case  re- 
illustration  of  the  mode  of  making  the  red  maining  is  put  into  casks,  and  allowed  ^cta- 
wines  generally.  The  wine  teasels  being  made  neously  to  ferment.  When  the  fermentatkH: 
ready,  and  the  grapes  having  reached  on  the  has  ceased,  the  wine  is  racked  off  into  barrek 
average  the  maturity  desired,  the  latter  are  and  these  are  to  be  frequently  replenished.  i> 
gathered  and  picked,  setting  aside  unripe,  with-  in  the  former  case.  For  either  sort  of  wises 
ered,  or  rotten  bunches,  in  fact  all  that  might  the  fermentation  in  the  vats  sometinies  coa- 
ii\]ure  the  quality  of  the  wine.  Selecting  then  tinues  much  longer  than  the  periods  above  i^ 
the  best  fruit,  this  stripped  from  the  stalks  is  dicated.    If  the  vintage  has  sacoeeded,  tht 

Sut  into  what  is  called  the  mother  cask,  to  a  wine,  according  to  the  criteria  laid  down  (5 

epth  of  15  or  20  inches ;  the  former  practice  was  Oavoleau  and  Jullien,  diould  be  dear,  trs^^ 

then,  without  treading  the  grapes,  to  pour  over  rent,  and  of  a  fine  soft  color ;  having  a  livdy 

them  about  2  gallons  of  cognac  brandy ;  then  odor  and  a  balsamic  taste,  slightly  piquant  b^ 

a  similar  layer  of  grapes  and  addition  of  brandy,  agreeable,  inclining  to  that  of  the  raspbern. 

and  so  on,  until  the  vat  was  properly  ftdl ;  add-  violet,  or  mignonnette ;  filling  the  mouth,  t^-^ 

ing  finally  spirit  in  tiie  proportion  of  4  gallons  passing  without  irritating  the  throat;  givinr 

to  a  vat  of  80  to  86  tuns,  and,  if  the  grapes  a  gentle  heat  to  the  stomach,  and  not  ^tm^ 

were  deemed  inferior,  in  larger  proportion,  too  quickly  into  the  head.    The  wines  obtaicti 

Another  and  more  recent  practice,  as  already  by  the  processes  now  described,  it  must  l*  re 

stated,  is  to  add  starch  sugar  to  compensate  for  marked,  would  be  hiehly  simple  aoid  pure;  >  c*» 

any  lack  of  saccharine  matter  in  the  fruit.  The  in  fact,  wines  are  seldom  thus  simply  and  cod- 

mother  cask  being  filled,  it  is  well  covered  with  scientiously  made.    An  almost  endless  n1lID^•er 

blankets  to  exclude  the  air,  and  thus  left  for  8  of  devices  is  resorted  to  for  the  purpose  of 

or  4  weeks.    About  this  time,  by  means  of  a  heightening  natural  qualities,  or  of  ixopazticc 

small  brass  cock  at  about  \  the  depth  of  the  those  which  the  best  wine  should  posses  t- 

cask  from  the  bottom,  the  juice  is  occasionalfy  products  otherwise  very  inferior,  or  finallv.  35 

tried,  to  observe  the  progress  of  the  fermenta-  declared  in  evidence  before  the  committee  ot 


484 


WINE 


WINEBBENNER 


of  the  natiTe  wines  produced  in  the  several 
states,  in  the  years  1850  and  1860  reiroectiyely, 
see  Unitbd  States,  yoL  xy.  p.  792.)  Thongh  it 
maj  possibly  be  tme  that  the  wines  of  Oalifor- 
nia  are  less  simple  and  wholesome  than  those 
of  the  easterly  states,  it  is  also  certain  that  in 
character  and  flavor  they  more  nearly  approach 
the  better  classes  of  European  wines  than  do 
the  latter.  The  fact,  also,  that  the  best  Cali- 
fornia wines  thus  far  are  produced  from  vines 
originally  brought  by  the  Spanbh  settlers  near- 
ly 100  years  since  from  Spain,  and  acclimated 
in  and  near  what  is  now  the  county  of  Los 
Angeles,  seems  likely  to  afford  at  least  one  in- 
stance in  contradiction  of  the  generally  accept- 
ed rule,  that  the  grape  transported  ^from  one 
country  to  another  never  yields  in  tHe  latter  a 
wine  equal  to  that  which  it  afforded  in  its  ori- 
ginal locality.  Los  Angeles,  800  miles  S.  E.  of 
San  Francisco,  near  the  southern  extreme  of 
California,  and  having  a  climate  much  resem- 
bling that  of  Spain,  is  thus  far  the  chief  seat 
of  the  wine  produce,  the  quantity  of  which  in 
1868  was  about  76,000  gallons,  and  the  varie- 
ties of  which  chiefly  imported  to  the  eastern 
cities  are  known  as  the  white  or  hock,  Angeli- 
ca, muscatel,  and  port.  The  culture  of  the 
grape  for  wine  is  now  rapidly  extending,  how- 
ever, through  the  state ;  and  it  is  anticipated 
that  the  slopes  on  either  side  the  Sacramento 
river  and  the  region  of  Sonoma  county  will  yet 
become  famous  for  their  vintages  of  the  dry 
and  acid  wines.  Indeed,  the  clear,  dry,  and 
comparatively  calm  atmosphere  of  California, 
and  the  pro^acted  summer  enjoyed  by  most 
parts  of  the  state,  render  it  peculiarly  adapted 
to  the  perfection  of  the  grape,  and  promise  to 
make  this  region  for  its  wines  at  no  oistant  day 
the  France  of  America.  In  certain  districts  of 
the  state  of  New  York  the  production  of  na- 
tive wines  is  rapidly  on  the  increase ;  and  it  is 
already  true  that  one  reason  for  believing  the 
80  called  champagnes,  and  perhaps  clarets,  of 
commerce  in  this  country  to  be  not  altogether 
imitations  from  alcohol  or  distilled  liouors,  is 
to  be  found  in  the  fact  that  a  considerable  share 
of  wines  passing  under  those  names  b  even  now 
the  produce  of  American  vineyards,  put  up  and 
sold  under  labels  appropriate  to  the  French 
varieties. — ^As  already  mtimated,  beverages 
known  as  wines  are  produced  from  certain 
otiier  juices  Reside  that  of  the  grape ;  the  con- 
stituents essential  to  such  result  being  sugar 
in  sufficient  quantity,  and  certun  flavoring  and 
perhaps  odorous  principles  giving  some  ap- 
proach to  the  flavor  and  bouquet  of  wine  prop- 
er. Thus,  wines,  some  of  which  are  compara- 
tively palatable  and  wholesome,  are  obtained 
from  such  fruits  as  the  currant,  gooseberry, 
raspberry,  blackberry,  and  elderberry;  and 
also  fh>m  other  parts  of  certain  plants,  as  from 
the  root  of  the  parsnip  and  beet,  the  stem  of 
the  birch  and  cocoa  palm,  the  leaves  of  the 
grape  vine,  and  the  spathe  or  sheath  of  the 
iogus  vinifera  and  other  palms.  The  popular 
prg'udice  in  favor  of  some  of  these  fruit  and 


vegetable  wines,  that  they  contain  no  alcohol 
is  of  course  wholly  erroneous;  and  in  those  to 
which  sugar  is  added  before  or  during  f^we^ 
tation  the  percentage  of  alcohol  is  usually  eoa- 
siderable. — Among  the  many  treaMsea  i^ktlsg 
to  the  subjects  of  grape  culture  and  winea^  th« 
reader  is  especially  referred  to  HendenofiV 
^^  History  of  Ancient  and  Modem  Wines ;''  Mul- 
der's *^  Chemistry  of  Wine,''  translated  hy  H 
Bence  Jones  (London,  1869);  and  in  respect  w 
the  management  of  the  grape  and  wine  in  thb 
country,  to  Phin's  "  Open- Air  6r^>e  Cnlture; 
including  the  manufacture  of  domestic  wihk 
(New  York,  1862).  The  dietetic  and  medical 
properties  of  the  several  European  wines  ik 
very  fully  treated  of  in  Pereira's  "Food  vA 
Diet"  (reprinted.  New  York,  I860).— The  im- 
portations of  wine  into  the  United  States  dor- 
mff  the  year  ending  June  80,  1861,  were  u 
foDows : 

In  Casks. 


KlBda. 

Otll«aa. 

Ti*g« 

Austria,  snd  other  of  Oermanj 

BiiripiDdy 

8T8vS» 

sea^oio 

83 

8Q,8M 

a«83S4 

428,570 

lC8,8flT 

a,sM 

1417,760 

1,087,081 

184,446 

Claret 

tSlM 

Fayal,  sod  other  Azores 

s 

Haidein 

ttyS 

Port 

l&lS 

Bheny  and  San  Lucar 

U*^ 

Sicily,  and  other  Mediterranean 

Teneiiffe,  and  other  C^arj 

Id 

Red  winesv  not  enumerated 

9&.0 

White  wines,  not  enumerated 

Under  tariff  of  March  8. 1861 

ToUl 

4,416cASS 

$l»i 

In 


Kinda. 


Bur^ndy 

Chain  pagne 

ClUret 

Madeira 

Port 

Bherrr 

Another 

Under  tariff  of  March  2^  1861 . 


Total 8601,910  I  lUMTiS 


The  reexports  of  wine  in  casks  amounted  ta 
188,798  gallons,  Tslue  $94,657;  in  bottles. 
10,849  dozen,  value  $46,954.  (For  the  raloe 
of  the  imports  in  the  years  1857,  1859,  ac^ 
1860,  see  UinTEn  States,  vol.  xv.  p.  804.)  Tbt 
total  amount  of  wine  entered  for  consmnptkQ 
in  Great  Britain  in  1851  was  6,280,658  gtlioas, 
and  in  1859,  7,268,046;  of  the  latter  smooDt, 
2,020,561  gallons  were  port,  2,876,554  sherrr. 
695,918  French  of  all  kinds,  227,657  Harsak 
29,566  Madeira,  125,408  Rhenish,  ^^,  785,926 
Cape  (South  African),  and  501,461  unemnnerat- 
ed,  mixed,  &c  The  total  exports  of  wine  from 
France  in  1850  were  47,067,218  gaUons.  vahed 
at  $7,926,440 ;  in  1859,  64,788,671,  rsiwd  at 
$41 ,422,066.  Of  vim  d€  liqueur  the  eiport«  n 
1850  were  825,955  gallons,  valued  at  $500,0^4; 
in  1859,  1,788,958,  valued  at  $8,253,004. 

WINEBRENNER,  Johk,  an  American  cle^ 
gyman  and  founder  of  a  religious  denomina* 
tion,  called  by  him  the  "Church  of  God,"  b« 

•  106,000  gaUouk 


486                  WINNEBAGO  WINNIPISBOOEE 

m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  6,876,  of  whom  1,854  were  Oharleyoix  that  this  name,  whidh  his  Cdrntrr. 

filayes.    The  snrfaoe  is  generallj  level  and  the  men  translated  as  Puants^  the  appellation  of 

soil  fertile.    There  are  numerous  small  lakes  the  tribe  in  French,  was  ffiven  them  on  isr 

and  ponds.    Oapital,  Winfield.  count  of  the  foul  odor  of  the  relics  of  the  ^ 

WINNEBAGO.    I.  A  N.  co.  of  Illinois,  bor-  on  which  they  lived,  remaining  about  tkir 

dering  on  Wisconsin,  and  drained  by  Bock  habitations.    Schoolcraft  tells  us  that  thetoul 

river  and  its  branches,  the  Pekatonica  and  themselves  Sbehungara,  the  trout  nation,  iLd 

Kishwaukee;  area,  504  sq.  m.;  pop.  in  1860,  fforoji^  the  fish  eaters.    According  to  the  Ai- 

24,492.    The  surface  is  undulating  and  diver-  gonquin  tradition,  they  came  originally  &•& 

sified  by  rolling  prairie  and  woodland,  And  the  the  Pacific,  and  uieir  approach  to  the  hka 

soil  is  exceedingly  fertile.    The  productions  in  was  resisted  especially  by  the  Illinois^  and  h 

1850  were  816,586  bushels  of  wheat,  281,452'  the  course  of  the  wars  then  waged  the  WIluc- 

of  Indian  com,  188,888  of  oats,  and  14,444  tons  bagoes  were  nearly  destroyed.    Schoolcraft.  c€ 

of  hay.     There  were  0  churches,  1  newspa-  the  other  hand,  says  that  the  earliest  tradit>>ii 

per  office,  and  2,610  pupils  attending  public  of  the  tribe  places  them  at  the  Bed  Banks  i'i 

schools.    It  is  intersected  by  the  Ohicago  and  Green  bay,  where  they  built  a  fort    Thtrj 

Galena  railroad  and  its  Beloit  brandi,  and  were  engaged  in  the  war  of  Pontiac  sgaics: 

the  Kenosha,  Bockford,  and  Bock  Island  raU-  the  English  in  1768,  and  in  the  early  eetth- 

road.     Capital,  Bockford.    11.  An  E.  co.  of  ment  of  Wisconsin  by  the  whites  they  wert  :^' 

Wisconsin,  bormded  E.  by  Lake  Winnebago,  ways  troublesome  and  often  hostile.    In  1794 

and  intersected  by  the  Neenah  and  Wolf  riv-  Gren.  Wayne  defeated  them ;  in  1818  they  took 

ers;  area,  468  sq.  m.;  pop.  in  1860,  28,769.  the  side  of  the  English  against  the  Vmi^l 

The  surface  is  level  and  diversified  by  forests  States;  and  in  1827  Gen.  Atkinson  was  oblige^} 

and  prairies,  and  the  soil  is  highly  fertile.    The  to  enter  their  country  at  the  head  of  a  brigade, 

productions  in  1850  were  57,072  bushels  of  In  1881  a  part  of  the  tribe  participated  ia 

wheat,  34,722  of  Indian  com,  and  77,795  lbs.  Black  Hawk's  war.    In  1820  tiiey  were  e^- 

of  butter.     There  were  2  newspaper  offices,  mated  at  500  men,  850  women,  and  750  dil- 

and  1,798   pupils   attending   public   schools,  dren.    In  1829  they  were  officially  esdmattJ 

Limestone  abounds.    It  is  intersected  by  the  tonumber  5,800  souls;  they  were  then  m&iclT 

Ohicago  and  north-western,  and  the  Milwau-  living  upon  the  Bock  river  of  the  Missi^ii 

kee  and  Horicon  railroads.    Capital,  Oshkosh.  and  the  Wisconsin  riv^r ;  one  band  was  on  ibe 

in.  A  new  N.  co.  of  Iowa,  bordering  on  Min-  Mississippi,  about  80  m.  above  Prairie  du  Ghien. 

nesota,  and  drained  by  head  streams  of  the  In  1648  tibey  were  removed  from  WisconsiD  ton 

Des  Moines,  Iowa,  and  Shell  Bock  rivers;  area,  territory  containing  about  850,000  acres  on  the 

about  875  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 168.    The  sur-  S.  E.  of  Otter  Tail  lake  in  Minnesota.    On  ociv 

face  is  undulating,  diversified  by  prairie  and  sion  of  this  removal,  a  census  was  taken  shov- 

woodland,  and  the  soil  is  fertile.  ing  their  number  to  be  2,581  souls  in  431  fkm- 

WINNEBAGK),  a  lake  of  Wisconsin,  the  ilies.    A  treaty  was  made  with  them  on  Apr3 

largest  within  the  limits  of  the  state,  occupying  15, 1859,  providing  for  the  distribution  of  tbtir 

parts  of  Oalumet,  Fond  du  Lac,  and  Winn«-  lands,  giving  to  each  head  of  a  family  80  acres 

bago  counties.    Its  length  is  28  m.  N.  and  8.,  and  to  each  male  above  18  years  old  40  acres. 

greatest  width  about  10  m. ;  area,  about  212  the  rest  to  Se  sold  for  their  benefit ;  but  owirr 

sq.  m.    Its  depth  is  variable,  and  it  is  naviga-  to  dissatisfaction  among  them  this  distributkiii 

ble  in  most  parts.    Several  steamers  ply  be-  has  not  been  consummated.   In  1861,  70  iniile< 

tween  Fond  du  Lac,  Oshkosh,  and  other  towns  and  59  females  attended  the  missiim  schiX'L 

on  its  shores,  and  there  is  water  communication  Though  restiess  and  discontented  for  the  pL< 

to  Green  bay  and  Lake  Michigan  by  the  Fox  2  or  8  years,  they  appear  to  have  taken  no  p&r^ 

river,  which  is  improved  by  dams  and  locks,  in  the  Sioux  outbreiDK  of  July  and  Aug.  lS6i 

A  remarkable  wall  of  rocks  extends  along  the  WINNESHIEK,  a  N.  E.  co.  of  Iowa,  bo^ 

E.  border  for  15  m.,  reaching  in  some  places  dering  on  Minnesota,  and  intersected  by  Upper 

hundreds  of  feet  below  the  siuface.  Iowa  and  Turkey  rivers ;  area,  about  600  »c. 

WINNEBAGOES,  a  tribe  of  North  Amer-  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 18,942.    The  surface  is  n>U- 

ican  Indians,  who,  as  long  ago  as  1639,  when  ing,  oiversified  by  prairies  and  woodlimd.  asd 

they  were  visited  by  Nicolet,  were  living  about  the  soil  is  fertile.    The  productions  in  1S59 

Green  bay  on  Lake  Michigan,  and  who  after-  were  155,089  bushels  of  wheat,  246,020  of  l^- 

ward  occupied  the  country  about  Winnebago  dian  com,  186,429  of  oats,  202,205  lbs.  of  bot- 

lake  and  along  the  shores  of  the  Wisconsin  river  ter,  and  14,818  tons  of  hay.    Capital,  Deconb. 

in  the  present  state  of  Wisconsin,  and  on  the  WINNIPEG,  Lakx.     See   Hudson's  Bat 

Bed,  Cedar,  Iowa,  and  Turkey  rivers  in  Iowa.  Tsbsitort,  voL  ix.  p.  824. 

The  name,  as  Shea  says,  wasgiven  to  them  by  the  WINNIPISEOGEE,  WnnnTEsoossE,  or  Vo* 

Algonquins,  in  whose  language  it  signifies  fetid,  nipbsaitxxb,  a  lake  of  New  Hampshire,  l.^r 

meaning  that  they  had  come  from  the  salt  wa-  between  Carroll  and  Belknap  counties,   n^ 

ter ;  and  Nicolet  speala  of  them  as  gens  de  mer  extreme  length  \s  25  m.,  its  greatest  breadth 

or  gens  des  eaux  de  mer.   Captain  Grignon  how-  about  10  m.,  and  its  altitude  above  the  sea  -ii- 

ever  maintains  that  Winnebago,  in  the  Meno-  feet.     Its  form  is  very  irregular,  and  it  » 

monee  language,  means  sunply  filthy  ;    and  studded  with  islands.    At  its  W.  end  it  i^  ui' 


488  WIKSLOW  WINTEiBGBEEN 

(ISU)  ^  "  Ohristianity  appHed  to  onr  Civil  and    Oct  11, 1797,  his  squadron  of  27  venek,  U  of 

Biiips  of  the  line,  emrased  that  of  tLe 


and  the  battJ^ 
^    ^  ^  X       ,,  .  «    -  /was  one  of  the 

^*  Woman  as  She  Should  Be"  (1887) ;  '*  Bela-  severest  on  record.  The  Batch  lost  9  abiw  of 
tion  of  the  Natnral  Sciences  to  Revelation"  the  line,  2  frigates,  and  600  men  killed  and  80o 
(1889) ;  "Design  and  Mode  of  Baptism"  (1842) ;  wounded,  and  the  English  loss  was  nearly  as 
'^  Ohristian  Doctrines"  (1844) ;  **  Moral  Philoso-  heavy.  The  flag  ship  of  Admiral  de  Winter  only 
phy"  (New  York,  1866) ;  and  "  History  of  the  struck  aft^r  losing  all  its  masts  and  more  than 
First  Presbyterian  Qhurch  and  of  the  Village  half  its  crew.  The  bravery  of  the  admiral  woo 
of  Geneva,  N.  Y."  (Boston,  1869V  the  respect  of  his  enemies,  and  completely  eion- 

WINSLOW,  MmoN,  D.D.,  an  American  mis-  erated  him  from  reproach  at  home.  Fh>m  \7% 
sionary,  brother  of  the  preceding,  bom  in  tiU  1802  De  Winter  was  minister  plenipoten- 
WiUiston,  Yt.,  Sept.  12,  1789.  He  was  gradu-  tiary  to  France,  and  in  the  lifter  year  he  ifn 
ated  at  Yale  college  about  1816,  and  sailed  from  recalled  to  take  command  of  the  fleet ;  dorii:^ 
Boston  in  June,  1819,  as  missionary  to  India,  his  period  of  command  he  settled  the  diflScultir^ 
After  laborinff  17  years  in  Oeylon,  he  founded  a  between  Holland  and  Tripoli.  When  Louis 
mission  at  l&dras,  and  was  president  of  the  Bonaparte  was  king  of  Holland  he  created  De 
native  college  connected  with  it.  He  was  for  Winter  count  of  Huesca,  marshal  of  the  Inog- 
about  20  years  engaged  in  the  preparation  of  a  dom,  and  commander-in-chief  both  of  the  land 
complete  "  Dictionary  of  the  Tamil  and  English  and  sea  forces.  Napoleon  subsequently  nuuie 
Language,"  which  wad  published  in  1 862.  This  him  grand  officer  of  the  legion  of  honor,  and  in- 
work  is  regarded  by  oriental  scholars  as  one  spector-general  of  the  shores  of  the  North  sea. 
of  the  most  valuable  contributions  yet  made  to  In  1811  he  was  appointed  to  command  the  ns- 
oriental  philology.  He  has  also  published  a  val  fo|^ces  assembled  at  the  Texel,  but  was  com- 
^*  Memoir  of  Mrs.  Harriet  L.  Winslow,"  and  pelled  by  sickness  to  leave  the  fleet^  and  wect 
''Hints  6n  Missions  to  India."  to  Paris. 

WINSTON,  an  E.  oo.  of  Mississippi,  drained  WINTER,  Petbb  von,  a  German  composer, 
by  the  head  streams  of  Pearl  river ;  area,  720  bom  in  Mannheim  in  1764,  died  in  Munich  in 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 9,811,  of  Whom  4,223  were  1826.  At  10  years  of  age  he  became  a  vioViQ- 
slaves.  The  surface  is  generally  undulating  and  ist  in  the  orchestra  of  the  elector,  and  in  1776 
the  soil  fertile.  The  productions  in  1860  w^ere  was  appointed  director  of  the  orchestra  of  the 
826,409  bushels  of  Indian  com,  84,221  of  oats.  German  opera  at  Mannheim.  His  filrst  attempts 
87,173  of  sweet  potatoes,  and  8,091  bales  of  at  composition  met  with  little  success,  and  it 
cotton.  There  were  14  churches,  1  newspaper  was  not  until  his  40th  year  that  he  produced 
office,  and  810  pupils  attending  public  schools,  any  really  effective  works.  He  was  a  prolific 
Capital,  Louisville.  composer,  producing  more  than  60  operas  and 

WINTEB,  the  coldest  season  of  the  year,  a  great  number  of  masses,  symphonies,  and 
which  begins  astronomically  on  the  shortest  miscellaneous  vocal  and  instrumental  pieces, 
day,  Dec.  22,  and  ends  with  the  vernal  equinox.  His  maturer  works,  including  the  operas  of 
March  21.  The  winter  months  however  are  in  Calypao,  H  ratio  di  Fraterpina,  Zaira^  and 
the  United  States  popularly  reckoned  Decern-  Tamerlane^  are  esteemed  his  best.  His  last 
ber,  January,  and  Febmary,  and  in  England  composition  for  the  stage,  a  comic  piece  called 
November,  December,  and  January.  Thecoun-  Der  SAnger  und  der  Schneider  (^*The  Singer 
tries  lying  in  and  bordering  upon  the  torrid  and  the  Tailor"),  obtained  great  popularity, 
zone  have  no  winter  in  the  popular  sense  of  the  WINTERBEKRT.  See  Hollt. 
word,  but  in  place  of  it  a  rainy  season.  WINTEBGBEEN  {Oaultheria  proevmbenk 

WINTEB,  Jak  Willbm  ds,  a  Dutch  ad*  linn.),  a  North  American  plant  of  the  natural 
miral,  bom  at  the  Tezel  in  1760,  died  in  Paris,  order  erieae€4B^  with  slender  and  creeping  un- 
June  2, 1812.  He  entered  the  naval  service  derground  stems,  and  leafy  flowering  branciies. 
of  Holland  at  the  age  of  12  years,  and  when  which  are  erect  and  about  an  inch  high,  bear- 
yet  a  youth  distinguished  himself  by  his  cour-  ing  on  their  tops  obovate  and  oval  leaves,  t^r- 
age  and  daring.  At  the  commencement  of  the  minating  with  a  few  nodding  and  beantiful 
revolution  in  Holland  in  1787,  he  waa  only  a  white  or  pinkish  white  blossoms  urceolatein 
lieutenant,  and  joined  the  popular  party ;  but  form,  succeeded  by  small,  5-oelled,  capsular 
the  partisans  of  the  stadtholder  gaining  the  fi'uit,  which  is  so  invested  by  the  succoleot 
ascendency,  he  was  compelled  to  escape  into  calyx  as  to  look  like  a  veritable  berry,  and 
France.  There  he  entered  the  French  army,  which  posqesses  a  fine  spicy  flavor.  This  plant 
served  in  the  campaigns  of  1792  and  1793  un-  which  also  bears  the  names  of  partridge  berr;, 
der  Dumouriez  ana  Pichegru,  and  rose  rapidly  bozberry,  and  checkerberry,  is  extremely  corn- 
to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  In  1795  he  mon  in  dry  oak  woods  and  copses  throoglioQt 
retumed  to  Holland  with  the  republican  army  the  eastem  and  middle  states.  Its  fruits  are 
under  Pichegra,  was  invited  by  the  states-gen-  persistent  through  the  winter,  and  are  eagcrlr 
eral  to  rei&nter  their  navy  with  the  rank  of  rear  sought  for  by  children  in  the  spring  when  the 
admiral,  and  in  1796  became  vice-admiral,  and  young  leaves  appear,  and  sometimes  oonstitQte 
was  put  in  command  of  the  Texel  fleet.    On    an  artide  for  sale  in  the  market    Both  the 


400  '  WINTHBOP 

n.  John,  goremor  of  Conneotiout,  eon  of  the  ohosen  q^eaker  of  the  TJ.  8.  bome  of  repn- 
preceding,  born  in  Groton,  England,  Feb,  12,  sentativeg.  At  the  meeting  of  the  31st  con^rta 
1606,  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Apnl  5, 1676.  He  in  1849  l^e  was  the  candidate  of  the  whig  pvtj 
was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Dnblin,  made  for  reelection  to  the  office  of  speaker ;  but  afta 
the  toar  of  Europe,  followed  his  father  to  Amer-  63  ballots,  extending  through  3  weeks,  his  op- 
ioa  in  1681,  and  was  chosen  a  magistrate  of  ponent,  Mr.  Howell  Cobb,  was  chosen  Ijt 
Massachusetts,  but  soon  returned  to  England,  plurality  of  two  votes.  In  1850  he  was  sp- 
in 1686  he  came  back  with  a  commission  from  pointed  by  the  governor  of  Massachnsetta  to 
the  company  formed  ui^der  the  Warwick  succeed  Mr.  Webster  in  the  senate,  when  tlie 
grant  or  old  patent  of  Connecticut,  and  built  a  latter  took  the  office  of  secretary  of  state  onder 
fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut  river,  of  President  Pillmore.  In  the  early  part  of  1851 
which  plantation  he  was  constituted  governor  he  was  the  candidate  of  tiie  whig  party  befpre 
for  the  space  of  one  year  after  his  arrival.  In  the  legislature  for  the. senate  of  the  Tnited 
1644-^5  he  removed  his  family  from  Boston  States,  but  was  after  a  long  contest  defeated  bj 
to  Pequot  harbor,  where  in  the  spring  of  the  Mr.  Sumner,  the  result  of  a  combination  W- 
nezt  year  he  founded  what  is  now  the  city  of  tween  the  democratic  and  free  soil  parties.  In 
New  London.  He  was  elected  a  magistrate  of  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  Mr.  Wmthrop  vis 
Connecticut  in  1651,  governor  of  the  colony  in  the  candidate  of  the  whig  party  for  tibe  office 
1657,  deputy  governor  in  1658,  imd  governor  of  governor,  and  received  65,000  votes,  Mr. 
again  in  1669.  In  1 661  he  was  sent  to  England  Boutwell,  the  democratic  candidate,  a  little  orer 
to  procure  from  Charles  II.  a  charter  for  the  40,000,  and  Mr,  Palfrey,  the  free  sofl  candidate. 
colony  of  Connecticut.  He  was  successful  in  a  little  less  than  30,000;  but  as  an  absolute 
his  mission,  and  was  the  first  governor  under  majority  was  then  reqmred  for  an  election  bf 
the  charter,  which  united  Connecticut  and  the  people,  there  was  no  constitutional  choice, 
New  Haven  into  one  colony.  In  1676  he  vis-  and  Mr.  Boutwell  was  elected  governor  hj  tbe 
ited  Boston  as  the  representative  of  Connecti-  legislature.  During  his  period  of  public  eer- 
cut  in  a  congress  of  the  united  colonies,  and  vice  in  congress  Mi,  Winthrop  was  a  leading 
was  there  seized  with  his  last  illness.  He  was  member  of  die  whig  party.  He  was  a  frequent 
a  man  of  eminent  virtues,  an  accompUshed  speaker,  and  his  speeches  always  commanded 
scholar,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  royal  socio-  attention  from  their  substantial  weight  of  argih. 
ty  of  London,  and  the  author  of  a  number  of  ment  and  scholarly  finish  of  style.  A  volume 
Pfmers  in  the  ^^Philosophical  Transactions."  of  his  *^  Addresses  and  Speeches"  was  pnb- 
IIL  John,  LL.D.,  an  American  scholar,  a  de*  lished  in  1852.  Since  his  retirement  from 
scendant  of  Governor  Winthrop  of  Massachu-  public  service  he  has  lived  in  Boston.  He  is 
setts,  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1715,  died  in  president  of  the  Massachusetts  historical  soci- 
Cambridge,  May  8, 1779.  He  was  graduated  ety  and  of  the  Boston  provident  association, 
at  Harvard  college  in  1732,  and  in  1738  ap-  In  Dec.  1853,  a  lecture  on  Algernon  Sidnej 
IK>inted  Hollis  professor  of  mathematics  and  was  delivered  by  him  before  the  Boston  ID€^ 
natural  philosophy  in  that  institution,  holding  cantile  library  association.  In  April,  1857,  he 
that  office  till  the  dose  of  his  life.  In  1740  he  delivered  an  address  on  "  Christianity  fts  * 
observed  the  transit  of  Mercury,  of  which  he  Bemedy  for  Social  and  Political  Evils"  befoi« 
fhrnished  very  accurate  notes,  and  in  1761  the  young  men^s  Christian  association  of  Bo^ 
went  to  Newfoundland  to  observe  the  transit  ton,  and  in  May  of  the  same  year  an  address  in 
of  Venus  across  the  sim^s  disk.  He  published  aid  of  the  fund  for  Ball^s' equestrian  statneof 
a  lecture  on  earthquakes  (1755),  two  letters  on  Washington.  These  discourses  with  many  oth- 
comets  (1759),  and  other  tracts  on  astronomical  ers  have  been  printed.  In  1859  and  1860  be 
subjects.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  made  an  extended  tour  in  Europe, 
upon  him  by  the  university  of  Edinburgh.  IV.  WINTHEOP,  Thbodoee,  an  American  lol* 
BobkbtChaklbs,LL.D.,  an  American  statesman  dier  and  author,  born  in  New  Haven,  Gonm 
and  orator,  a  descendant  in  the  6th  generation  Sept.  22,  1828,  kiUed  at  the  battle  of  Grest 
of  the  first  Governor  Winthrop,  bom  in  Boston,  Bethel,  Va.,  June  10, 1861.  He  was  gradoAted 
May  12, 1809.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  at  Yale  college  in  1848,  and  for  the  sake  of  bis 
college  in  1828,  studied  law  in  the  office  of  health  visited  England,  Scotland,  France.  Ger- 
Daniel  Webster,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  many,  Italy,  and  Greece.  Hetuming  to  '^(^^ 
1831,  but  soon  withdrew  from  the  practice  of  York,  he  became  tutor  to  the  son  of  Mr.  ^.H. 
his  profession.  In  1834  he  was  elected  to  the  Aspinwall,  and  ^%erward  accompanied  his  pupQ 
house  of  representatives  of  Massachusetts,  and  to  Switzerland,  spending  6  months  in  Europe, 
reelected  in  5  successive  years,  during  the  last  8  and  then  entering  Mr.  Aspin wallas  cooatiDg 
of  which  he  served  as  speaker.  In  tide  autumn  house  in  New  York.  He  resided  about  tvo 
of  1840  he  was  diosen  to  the  house  of  repre-  years  in  Panama  in  the  employ  of  the  Ptfi|^<^ 
sentatives  in  congress,  and  continued  a  member  mail  steamship  company,  visited  Califorcif 
of  that  body  during  the  next  10  years,  with  Oregon,  and  Vancouver's  island,  resumed  hi^ 
the  exception  of  a  brief  interval  during  which  situation  in  the  counting  house  for  a  sbort 
he  resided  his  trust  in  consequence  of  domes-  time,  and  then  joined  the  unfortunate  expe^' 
tie  afiTairs.  In  the  summer  of  1847  he  visited  tion  of  lieut.  Strain  to  endore  the  isthmi»^ 
Europe ;  and  in  December  of  that  year  he  was  Darien.   In  1854  he  came  home  with  shattereo 


492  WIRE 

thousand  persons,  and  prodncing  a  superior  ing  may  be  performed,  this  latter  operation  is 
article ;  and  the  importation  of  roreign  wire,  in  all  cases  essentially  the  same  in  principle, 
wool  cards,  and  hooks  and  eyes,  of  the  last  Very  commonly  the  draw-plate  is  a  piece  of 
named  of  which  (made  from  wire)  a  very  large  hardened  or  iiiear  steel,  about  6  inches  m 
amount  was  already  consumed,  was  again  for-  length  and  1}  inches  thick,  flattened  on  one 
maUy  prohibited.  In  the  itth  century  tiie  side  and  slightly  tapered  toward  the  ei^ 
business  of  wire  drawing  became  largely  estab-  From  the  flat  side  of  this  plate,  at  whidi  th^ 
lished  about  Bamsley,  in  Yorkshire ;  while  the  have  their  larger  extremity,  to  the  opposite 
manufacture  of  copper  and  brass  wire  also  was  side,  several  conical  holes  are  pierced,  their 
commenced  (1649)  by  foreigners  at  Esher. —  smaller  orifices  being  carefc^y  miidicd  to  the 
For  the  making  of  iron  wire,  the  best  and  sizes*  they  are  respectively  intended  to  give  to 
toughest  wrought  iron  is  selected.  Formerly,  the  wire  drawn  through  them.  As  the  holes 
this  iron  was  prepared  for  drawing  by  ham-  necessarily  become  enlarged  by  long  use,  when 
mering  it  out  mto  convenient  rods  of  nearly  this  occurs  the  smaller  orifices  are  reduced  bj 
a  half  inch  thickness.  These  rods  were  then  hammering,  and  then  opened  to  the  proper 
extended  and  farther  reduced  by  a  sort  of  size  again  by  means  of  a  long  taper  needle, 
ooarse  drawing,  called  ripping  or  rumpling,  called  a  pritchell.  Of  the  mode  of  prepariair 
performed  by  means  of  a  machine,  believed  to  the  French  draw-plates,  which  are  believed  to 
be  also  the  invention  of  Ludolf.  in  which  a  be  superior  to  those  of  other  countries,  a  com- 
pair  of  pincers  were  made  to  advance  to  the  plete  account  has  been  given  by  M.  Du  Msmel 
draw-plate,  seize  the  protruding  end  of  the  and  is  repeated  by  Holland  and  some  other 
rod,  and  then,  being  moved  back  and  drawing  English  writers.  These  plates,  it  appears,  are 
the  metal  thus  far,  to  relax  their  hold,  advance  formed  by  repeatedly  fhsing  and  hiunmerio^, 
again  to  the  plate,  and  repeat  the  process,  to  insure  their  complete  union,  the  two  latenl 
Owing  to  the  ^interrupted  action,  the  use  of  parts  of  a  compound  bar,  one  part  bdug  of 
this  machine  involved  loss  of  time,  while  a  wrought  iron,  the  other  part  of  a  sort  of  steel 
degree  of  nnevenness  in  the  product,  and  the  called  ^of  in,  previously  obtained  by  melting  to 
marks  left  by  the  pincers,  rendered  it  unsuit-  a  paste  fragments  of  cast  iron  pots  with  vhite- 
able  for  the  manufacture  of  small  wire  or  that  wood  charcoal,  throwing  this  into  cold  water, 
of  Hie  best  quality.  Until  very  recently,  how-  and  repeating  the  melting  and  sudden  cooling 
ever,  and  especially  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  10  or  12  times.  When  the  union  of  the  two 
iron  wire  was  drawn  altogether  by  such  a  ma-  parts  is  complete,  the  plate  is  reheated  and 
chine.  At  the  present  time,  iron,  and  usually  extended ;  and  it  is  then  several  times  hested 
eteel,  are  prepared  for  the  final  drawing  by  and  punched  with  successively  smaller  panch- 
passing  between  grooved  rollers  very  accurate-  es,  to  secure  tapering  holes;  though  these, 
ly  made  and  acQusted,  of  7  or  8  inches  diame-  which  are  of  course  smallest  at  the  sted  or 
ter,  and  sometimes  making  850  revolutions  to  hardest  side,  where  the  wire  is  to  be  re- 
the  minute.  To  allow  the  rod  in  being  rolled  duced  in  the  drawing,  are  left  to  be  finished 
to  advance  continuously  fo'rward,  8  rollers  are  in  the  cold  plate  by  the  wire  drawer  himself 
employed,  one  above  the  other,  so  that  the  The  orifices  should  be  made  successively  small- 
rod,  entering  in  one  direction  between  the  er  by  almost  imperceptible  gradations,  so  that 
upper  two,  may  return  between  the  lower «  the  reduction  of  the  wire  and  th^  effort  reqnir- 
two,  then  bapk  between  the  upper,  and  so  on,  ed  shall  be  at  the  successive  drawings  as  nearly 
without  loss  of  its  heat  or  of  time ;  and  in  this  uniform  as  possible.  Draw-plates  which  have 
way  a  bar  of  the  metal  80  inches  long  and  a  become  too  hard,  by  repeated  hammerings  to 
square  inch  in  section  is  passed  rapidly  through  reduce  the  holes,  are  tempered  anew  by  anneal- 
grooves  diminishing  in  size,  until  it  is  greaUy  ing ;  but  as  they  will  naturally  vary  somewhat 
extended,  being  as  a  rule  reduced  in  the  pro-  in  hardness,  the  hardest  are  reserved  for  steel 
cess  to  about  I  inch  diameter.  The  wire  thus  wire,  while  the  very  soft  are  still  suitable  for 
formed  being  dark  in  color,  while  that  drawn  drawing  brass. — In  drawing  wire  by  hand,  the 
is  whitish,  the  two  kinds  are  distinguished  by  draw-plate  is  supported  against  two  upright 
the  respective  names  of  "black  wire*'  and  bars  firmly  fixed  below  into  a  bench  or  table; 
*^  bright  wire."  The  former  being  much  the  one  end  of  the  rod  to  be  drawn  is  hammered 
cheaper,  it  is  employed  for  coarser  uses  gen-  down  so  that  it  passes  through  the  largest  of 
erally,  especially  those  in  which  it  is  to  be  the  holes  required  for  it,  and  being  seized  by 
concealed  in  the  work  or  coated  with  paint ;  pincers  of  a  small  machine  like  that  for  rip- 
thus  it  is  used  for  strengthening  the  rims  of  ping  above  described,  a  length  is  thus  drawn 
tin  and  copper  ware,  the  plate  of  tinned  iron  sufficient  to  allow  of  securing  the  end  upon  a 
or  copper  being  turned  over  the  wire  so  as  to  small  cylindrical  drum  which  stands  facing  the 
cover  it,  and  also  for  wire  fences  and  other  draw-plate,  and  can  be  turned  about  a  vertical 
like  purposes.  The  cast  steel  wire  intended  axis.  The  workman  then  oonunences  taming 
for  making  the  best  needles  and  some  similar  the  drum  by  means  of  a  crank  attached  to  the 
articles  is  prepared  for  drawing  with  the  ham-  upper  end  of  its  axis,  and  holding  in  his  \^ 
mer,  in  preference  tO  submitting  it  to  the  roll-  hand  at  the  same  time  the  rod  or  coil  of  thic^ 
ing  process.  But  however  the  metal  may  be  wire  to  be  reduced,  he  continually  turns  this 
prepared,  and  in  whatever  manner  the  ^aw-  slightly,  so  as  to  impart  to  the  fbrming  wire  a 


4M  inBB 

nuBij  of  them  are  not  regtilar  thronghort  in  q«ired  sue  and  ahaipe,  ihea  cattinf  lotokngthi 
the  gradations  which  thej  establish  or  measure,  ioA  forndBg  these  to  the  rima  of  the  gla£M& 
the  numbers  are  not  a  sore  oriterion  of  size,  The  steel  wire  for  making  needles,  and  the  ceo- 
and  much  confusion  praetioallj'  exists  through  mon  wire  for  cards  and  some  other  purposes,  re- 
tiie  want  of  a  universal  and  uniform  standard*  quiring  to  be  straight,  the  ourvatore  acquired  in 
Te  attain  such  a  standard,  Mr.  Holtzapffel,  in  rolling  upon  the  winding  drums  is  removed  bj 
the  appendix  to  the  second  volume  of  his  drawing  the  wire  between  pins  set  uprigjit  from 
'^Mechanical  Manipulations,"  proposes  to  em-  a  wooden  bed,  and  so  arrniged  as  to  bend  the 
ploj  onl]!;  the  decimal  divisiona  of  the  inch,  wire  into  a  wavy  line,  tfie  flexures  of  whid 
giving  to  these  their  proper  appellations.  Thus,  are  graduallj  diininiahed  until  they  disappear; 
wires  would  be  distinguished  as  <^  wire,  xhy  the  wire  is  thus  finally  brought  to  be  perfectly 
jH^  wire,  &«.,  the  gradations  requiring  to  be  strught. — ^Wire  is  applied  to  a  great  variety  of 
named  being  also  most  numerous  in  the  small  uses,  to  some  of  wmch  allufflon  has  already 
sizes.  Mr.  Whitworth,  of  England,  has  given,  been  made.  Among  these  is  that  of  the  mm- 
in  the  /^  Proceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Me-  facture  of  wire  gauze  or  dotii.  BeclniuLDs 
ohanical  Engineers"  for  1869,  an  account  of  an  refers  to  aome  very  old  specimens  of  wire  net- 
admirable  contrivance  for  gauging  or  measur-  work,  the  plaiting  or  weaving  of  which  was  to 
ing  minute  quantities,  by  which  y ^Vv  ^^  ^^^  °^<^  intricate  and  curious  as  to  have  given  rise  to 
in  the  measure  of  wire  or  sheet  metal  is  dis-  the  tradition  that  it  was  accomplished  by  some- 
tmctly  appreciable.  His  gauges  are  prepared  thing  more  than  human  agency.  The  plainer 
with  decimal  numbers  on  one  side,  from  No.  sorts  of  wire  gauze  or  net- work  are  wovoi  on 
18  to  No.  800,  and  measuring  from  0.018  to  looms  differing  but  little  from  those  for  doth. 
0.800  of  an  inch.  In  order  if  possible  to  secure  Those  of  large  wire  and  open  meahea  are  hq- 
nniformity  of  measurement  and  numbers  for  ployed  for  fences,  large  cages  or  buOdings  of 
wire  in  the  United  States,  several  companies  •  wire  for  birds  or  smaU  animals,  and  for  coane 
in  New  York  and  the  New  England  states  have  riddles  or  sieves,  d^c. ;  the  finer  sorta  are  pat  to 
adopted  a  new  gauge  devised  by  Messrs.  Brown  use  in  the  construction  of  sieves,  lanteius,  flour- 
and  Sharpe,  of  Providence,  B.  I.,  in  which  the  dressing  machines,  paper-makhig  machinery, 
thickness  is  readily  determined  by  slipping  the  screens  for  windows,  safety  lamps,  &o.  On  a 
wire  or  plate  within  an  angular  opening  be*  principle  similar  to  that  of  the  safety  lamp, 
tween  two  steel  bara  with  edges  truly  made,  Aldim  has  contrived  a  wire  aimor  for  firemen, 
and  along  which  respectively  are  marked  the  which,  though  light,  is  veij  nearly  flaine-proot 
points  at  which  the  opening  corresponds,  for  By  pressing  sheets  of  wire  gauze  in  moTilds. 
the  new  gauge  and  the  conamon  numbering,  to  the  shape  of  which  they  retain,  and  finishing 
sizes  known  as  0000  (0.460  inch  in  the  new  off  their  edges  with  hoops  or  rings,  these  are 
gauge),  000,  00,  0, 1,  2,  and  so  on  to  86  (0.005  formed  into  dish  covers,  baskets,  and  other 
inch).  Gauges  of  the  same  general  form  have  useful  and  ornamental  articles.  The  wire  in  bird 
been  previously  in  use ;  while  those  of  the  cages,  fenders,  and  other  like  articles  is  eStst 
more  common. sort  consist  of  a  plate  of  steel  specially  plaited  or  woven  in  forming  them,  w 
having  along  each  edge  a  series  of  slits  or  that,  as  in  the  case  of  t^e  making  of  baskets, 
notches  of  varying  widths,  and  numbered  to  they  admit  of  a  great  variety  of  construct 
correspond  to  the  recognized  sizes  of  wire. —  and  ornamentation.  Knitting  and  sewing  nee- 
The  simple  mode  in  which  the  drawing  of  wire  dies  and  pins  are  at  first  cut  frxnn  wire  ezprefiB- 
is  accomplished  allows  of  giving  to  wires  other  ly  prepared  for  such  manufacture,  that  for  the 
forms  than  the  ordinary  or  cylindrical.  Thna,  first  two  being  of  steel ;  and  some  of  the  finest 
by  making  the  opening  in  Uie  draw-plate  of  sorts  of  steel  wire  are  consumed  in  matiai^ 
anitable  form,  pinion  wire,  or  that  consisting  of  the  hair  springs  of  timepieces.  A  veiy  im- 
an  axis  with  ridges  or  leaves  projecting  frcHn  it  portant  use  of  steel  wire  is  its  application  in 
radially,  so  as  to  serve  directly  for  making  the  the  way  of  the  so  called  *^  strings'^  of  piasos. 
pinions  of  timepieces,  and  of  any  size  and  num-  Spangles,  or  paillettea,  which  are  small  flat 
ber  of  teeth,  is  at  once  produced ;  though  in  diaks  of  metal  with  an  opening  in  the  centre, 
this  instance,  as  in  all  others  in  which  rolling  and  used  for  ornamenting  garments,  areibnDed 
on  the  cylinder  would  destroy  or  ii^ure  the  of  wire,  by  twisting  this  in  a  spiral  maniier 
form  of  the  wire,  the  drawing  of  each  piece  is  round  a  rod  of  suitable  size,  cutting  so  as  to 
accomplished  by  pulling  it  out  in  a  straight  line  obtain  as  many  single  coils  or  rings,  and  then 
to  fbll  length  over  a  long  bench,  the  carriage  flattening  these  with  a  hamnoer  upon  a  smooth 
to  which  the  first  end  of  the  wire  is  attached  anvil.  Gold  and  silver  wires  are  mudi  used  in 
being,  by  action  of  a  hand  winch  and  use  of  a  the  production  of  filigree  work.  In  fonning 
horizontal  rack,  caused  to  move  away  from  the  this,  the  wires  of  the  two  sorta  are  wotcd, 
plate.  Pinion  wire  is  then  cut  to  the  proper  plaited,  or  otherwise  in- worked,  so  as  to  pro- 
lengths  for  pinion  and  axis,  and  to  form  the  duce  festoons,  fiowers,  or  other  omamentB; 
latter  at  the  ends  the  teeth  are  at  these  parts  while  the  two  wires  are  at  certain  pointB  eo 
filed  away ;  they  are  thua  produced  much  more  fhsed  into  little  balls  in  which  they  both  a^ 
cheaply  than  by  wheel-cutting.  The  grooved  "pear  as  to  produce  a  very  pleasing  effect  This 
rims  of  spectades  are  also  conveniently  made  work,  which  waa  long  since  mucua  in  vogtie  for 
by  drawing  first  as  grooved  wire  of  the  re--  small  ornamental  artides  and  deooratioDfl^  htf 


498  WISOONSm 

state;  the  Wolf  and  Fox  rivers  are  navigable  oontorted,  and  variously  cnryed,  indicating  grad- 
for  smiJl  steamboats,  the  latter  having  been  ar-  nal  deposition  from  currents  of  water.    Kext 
tificiallj  improved;  and  many  of  the  streams  above  the  Potsdam  sandstone  is  a  heavy  deposit 
afford  ample  water  power  for  manufacturing  of  limestone,  locally  known  as  the  lower  mi^- 
purposes.    Beside  the  two  great  lakes,  Superior  nesian  limestone ;  it  contains  copper  ores  in  a 
and  Michigan,  already  mentioned,  there  are.  few  places,  and  is  supposed  to  contain  also  leai 
numerous  others,  especially  in  the  central  and  This  is  succeeded  by  the  upper  sandstone,  b&T* 
northern  portions  of  the  state ;  they  are  from  ing  many  of  the  characteristics  of  the  Potsdam, 
1  to  20  or  80  m.  in  extent,  usually  with  high,  upon  which  are  the  blue  and  Gdena  lime£tont^ 
picture^ue  banks,  and  deep  water,  abounding  (or  dolomites),  corresponding  with  the  Trentun 
in  fish.    The  greatest  numbers  are  found  near  of  New  York,  chiefly  in  the  latter  of  which  sre 
the  sources  of  the  Chippewa  and  St.  Croix  riv-  found,  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  state  and  ad- 
ers,  the  whole  suriace  being  studded  with  theni,  jpining  portions  of  Iowa  and  Illinois^  the  ^ 
so  that  in  some  districts  it  would  be  diflScuIt  to  siires  containing  deposits  of  lead,  zinc,  and  co{>- 
travel  6  m.  without  finding  a  lake.    A  kind  of  per  ores.    In  this  district,  though  yielding  largt 
wild  rice  (zizania  aquatica)  grows  in  the  shal-  quantities  of  lead,  the  soil  is  rich  and  prodor- 
low  waters,  affording  sustenance  to  innumera-  tive.    These  mines  were  first  discovered  by  U 
ble  water  birds.    The  largest  lake  in  the  stite  Sueur  in  1700,  but  attracted  little  attentive 
is  L^e  Winnebago,  28  m.  long  and  10  m.  wide,  until  1826,  from  which  time  the  quantity  of 
covering  an  area  of  212  sq.  m. ;  it  is  daily  nav-  lead  produced  increased  rapidly  until  li^o; 
igated  by  small  steamboats  from  Fond  du  Lac  and  they  continue  to  yield  a  supply  equal  to 
to  Menasha,  situated  respectively  at  its  S.  and  about  one  eighth  of  the  quantity  produced  in 
N.  extremities.    The  other  principal  lakes  are  the  whole  world.    Most  of  the  le»l  is  sent  to 
St.  Croix,  Pepin,  Pewaugan,Pewaukee,  Geneva,  Galena,  111.,  whence  as  much  as  24,000  toib 
Green,  Koshkonong,  the  Four  Lakes,  i&c. —  has  been  shipped  in  one  year.    In  the  easteni 
The  geology  of  the  state  is  simple,  the  series  portion  of  the  state,  limestones  of  the  Niag&rft 
of  rocks  extending  from  the  primary  and  oldest  group  are  found  underlying  the  surface,  frum 
sHurian  only  to  the  devonian.    In  the  central  tiie  entrance  of  Green  bay  along  the  shore  U 
and  northern  portions,  granite,  gneiss,  talcose  Lake  Michigan  to  Dlinois,  affording  roatemi^ 
slates,  syenitic  and  other  prlnlary  and  azoic  }br  building  and  for  the  manufacture  of  quid- 
rocks,  with  metamorphic  sandstones,  conglom-  lime.      Near  Milwaukee,   covering  a  limited 
erates,  trap  dikes,  &c.,  prevail,  extending  from  space,  rocks  of  the  devonian  age  occur,  con- 
the  vicinity  of  Lake  Superior  to  the  lower  rap-  taining  remains  of  the  fish  of  a  very  ancient 
ids  of  the  Chippewa,  Black,  Wisconsin,  Wolf,  ocean.    The  limestone  district  of  Wisconsin  in- 
and  Menomonee  rivers.    This  district,  has  a  eludes  nearly  all  those  portions  lying  S.  and  L 
length  from  E.  to  W.  of  240  m. ;  its  greatest  of  the  Fox  and  lower  Wisconsin  rivers,  with 
breadth,  near  the  middle  of  the  state,  is  160  considerable  tracts  along  the  Mississippi  and  W. 
m.    These  rocks  have  been  but  little  examined  of  Green  bay.    All  these  rocks  are  older  than 
scientifically;   they  occur  in  ranges  running  thoseof  the  coal  formation,  and  lie  below  them: 
in  a  W.  S.  W.  and  £.  N.  £.  direction,  and  in  hence  no  coal  is  found  in  this  state.    With  the 
dome-shaped  masses.    One  of  these  ranges  in  exception  of  the  lead  region,  and  the  counties 
Douglas  CO.  presents   the  characteristics  of  lying  along  the  Mississippi  river,  the  state  is 
the  copper  ranges  in  the  upper  peninsula  of  covered  with  a  heavy  deposit  of  clay,  sand. 
^chig^ ;  another  in  Ashland  co.,  known  as  gravel,  and  bowlders  or  **  drift ;  '^  and  it  is  ges- 
the  Penokee  Iron  range,  abounds  in  magnetic  erally  this  deposit  rather  than  the  underlying: 
iron  ore  not  yet  worked.    It  is  chiefly  in  this  rocks  that  gives  character  to  the  soiL    Amoo^: 
primary  district  that  pine  timber  is  obtained  the  pebbles  masses  of  native  copper  are  ofUi. 
m  such  immense  quantities ;  it  is  the  most  ele-  found,  associated  with  silver,  clearly  showier 
vated  part  of  the  state,  contains  the  greatest  that  this  drift  had  its  origin  at  the  north.    Tie 
number  of  small  lakes,  and  is' the  least  settled  drift,  in/a  modified  form,  furnishes  the  cIst 
and  improved.    Besting  upon  the  edges  of  the  from  which  cream-colored  bricks  are  made,  oi 
strata  of  primary  rocks,  the  Potsdam  sandstone  great  beauty  and  durability.    A  geological  snr- 
is  found,  forming  a  belt  on  almost  every  side,  vey  of  the  state  has  been  in  progress  for  eereral 
from  10  to  60  m.  in  breadth.  *The  general  years,  and  the  first  volume  of  results  was  pub- 
form  of  the  sandstone  district  is  that  of  a  cres-  lished  in  1862. — ^Lead  ore  is  the  most  imporUn: 
cent,  its  horns  on  the  Menomonee  and  St.  Croix  mineral  product  of  the  state,  found  chieflj  in 
rivers,  and  its  greatest  breadth  in  the  region  of  the  counties  of  Grant,  Lafayette,  and  Iowa;  is 
the  Wisconsin  river,  near  the  middle  of  the  is  mostly  the  sulphuret  (galena),  though  the 
state.    The  sand  is  generally  pure,  frequently  carbonate  (called  white  mineral)  often  occurs, 
suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  glass.    It  often  Iron  ores  are  found  in  great  quantities  and  of 
contains  calcareous  beds  with  fossil  remains  easy  access  at  Iron  Bidge  in  Dodge  co..  a- 
of  much  interest,  representing  the  animals  of  Ironton  in  Sauk  co.,  at  the  Black  river  falU  in 
the  oldest  or  primordial  fauna ;  the  decay  of  Jackson  co.,  and  in  the  Penokee  Iron  range,  ib 
these  beds  mingling  with  the  sand  renders  the  Ashland  co.  near  Lake  Superior.    Magnetic 
soU  fertile.    This  rock  often  forms  bold  difl^  ores  also  occur  in  the  primary  region  in  tb« 
and  prominent  peaks ;  the  strata  are  irregular,  vicinity  of  the  Menomonee  river,  in  the  K.  £- 


500 


wjBOONsnr 


dant  crope  ander  proper  culture.  Bj  a  law  of 
the  state  the  assessors  are  required  to  collect 
annually  the  statistics  of  the  crops  of  the  pre- 
ceding year.  The  chief  items  for  the  year  1860, 
and  their  value,  are  as  follows :  wheat,  27,816,- 
806  bushels,  $17,100,995;  oats,  18,884,987 
bushels,  $2,171,292;  Indian  corn,  12,045,178 
bushels,  $2,958,678;  hay,  692,872  tons,  $2,- 
695,802 ;  potatoes,  8,718,902  bushels,  $1,168,- 
018;  butter,  10,928,826  pounds,  $1,198,904; 
cattle  on  hand,  554,908  head,  $6,227,158;  cat- 
tle slaughtered,  67,781  head,  $1,154,804;  swine 
on  hand,  406,672,  $1,095,688;  swine  slaugh- 
tered, 248,418,  $2,504,218 ;  horses  and  mules, 
127,887,  $6,226,079 ;  making,  with  minor  arti- 
cles, the  aggregate  value  of  agricultural  prod- 
ucts $47,149,729.  The  U.  S.  census  of  1860 
shows  an  aggregate  of  8,746,086  acres  of  im- 
proved and  4,158,184  acres  of  unimproved 
lands,  and  indicates  that  only  about  one  fifth 


of  the  whole  area  of  the  state  has  been  appro- 
priated to  farming  purposes ;  the  remainder  i^ 
chiefly  in  the  central  and  northern  portion.^ 
The  principal  articles  manufactured  in  1860. 
and  their  value,  were  reported  as  follows: 
lumber,  855,055,155  feet,  $2,862,558;  shinglei 
2,272,061  M.,  $1,184,884 ;  boots  and  shoes, 
299,854  pairs,  $715,169;  cabinet  ware,  $40-2,- 
826 ;  wagons,  7,454,  $449,410 ;  wood  and  vil- 
low  ware,  $829,755 ;  leather,  $146,177;  paper. 
97,860  reams,  $143,665 ;  value  of  lead  ralMd 
from  the  mines,  $264,757,  smelted  $188>n». 
manufactured  $84,459 ;  amount  of  capital  in- 
vested  in  manufactures,  $8,645,109. — ^Twomaio 
lines  of  railroads  run  across  the  state,  from 
Milwaukee  on  Lake  Michigan  to  theMiasb- 
sippi  river,  which  with  a  number  of  shorter 
ones  have  an  aggregate  length  of  926  ul,  and 
cost  about  $84,000  per  mile,  as  exhibited  in  th( 
following  table : 


Mamo. 


Ifilwaokee  and  PnUrie  da  Ghton 

•»  »*  "  (branch). 

La  Crosse  and  Milwaakee 

Chicago  and  North-Westem , 

Baolne  and  Mississippi , 

Milwaakee  and  Western , 

"  "        **       (branch) 

MUwankeeand  Horioon 

Milwaukee  and  Chicago 

Mineral  Point ! 

Kenoeha,  Eockford,  and  Bock  Island , 

Beloit  and  Madison 

Sheboygan  and  Fnnd  da  Lac 

Wisconsin  Central . . . .' 

Fox  Lake 


Termini. 


Milwaakee  to  Prairie  da  Chien 

M  nton  to  Monroe 

Milwaakee  to  La  Crosse 

Appleton  to  state  line,  soakh 

Bacine  to  Beloit 

Milwaakee  Junction  to  Sun  Praiile 

Watertown  to  Columbus 

Horicon  to  Berlin 

Milwaukee  to  state  line 

Mineral  Point  to  Warren,  on  atate  line. . . . 

Kf  noeha  to  Genoa 

Boloit  to  Eranston 

Sheboygan  to  Olenbulah 

Genoa  to  Elkhom 

Fox  Lake  to  La  Crosse  raUroad 


Length. 


195 

40 

.900 

148 
69 
67 
SO 
42 
40 
83 
29 
27 
SO 
10 
8 


C«t. 


|7.50af>V' 


V  <  •  - 


The  gross  earnings  of  these  railroads  for  the 
year  1860  were  $2,512,891 ;  for  1861,  $3,476,184, 
showing  an  increase  in  one  year  of  $963,298. 
The  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  railroad  connects 
the  Wisconsin  system  of  railroads  directly 
with  the  great  lines  running  east  through 
Canada,  New  York,  &c.  Steamships  ply  reg- 
ularly across  Lake  Michigan  in  connection 
with  this  route  during  the  summer,  and  pro- 
pellers in  the  winter.  The  shipments  by  this 
route  in  1861  were  224,632  bbls.  flour,  80,285 
bbls.  beef,  850,626  lbs.  wobl,  582,429  lbs.  hides, 
&c.,  the  whole  amount  being  83,728  tons.  But 
the  surplus  products  of  the  state  are  chiefly 
exported  by  water  on  the  great  lakes,  from 
Milwaukee  to  Buffalo,  Oswego,  and  other  ports 
below,  or  directly  to  Europe.  The  shipments 
of  wheat,  including  flour  reduced  to  its  equiva- 
lent in  wheat,  during  the  year  1861,  were  as 
follows :  from  Milwaukee,  16,672,866  bushels ; 
from  Racine,  910,767 ;  from  Green  Bay,  448,- 
723 ;  from  Kenosha,  884,000 ;  from  Sheboygan, 
219,262;  from  Ozaukee,  69,610;  from  other 
ports,  61,810 ;  total,  18,756,586  bushels.  Some 
of  the  products  of  the  interior  are  taken  to 
Ohioago  over  the  roads  leading  to  that  city ; 
and  the  lead  smelted  in  the  western  counties  is 
mostly  shipped  from  Galena  in  Illinois.  Such 
are  the  facilities  for  transporting  these  products, 
by  means  of  propellers  and  sail  vessels  on  the 
likesy  that  prices  are  but  little  below  those  of 
eastern  markets.  American  shipping  having 
the  privilege  of  free  navigation  of  the  St  Law- 


rence to  the  ocean,  efforts  have  been  made  to 
open  a  direct  trade  from  Milwaukee  to  Europe. 
The  first  voyage  was  made  in  1866;  asecc'i!*! 
in  1869,  with  a  cargo  of  hard  lumber ;  the  tlird 
in  1860,  with  a  cargo  of  16,648  bushels  of  wheat : 
and  in  1861  four  vessels  took,  out  66,695  bnshe Is 
of  wheat.  All  these  vessels  returned  safely  to 
the  lakes. — The  government  of  the  state  i^^  in 
accordance  with  the  constitution  adopted  Feb 
18,  and  ratified  by  a  vote  of  the  people  Man  L 
14,  1848.  By  it  certain  personal  rights  are 
secured  to  every  citizen,  slavery  prohibitt^. 
adequate  remedies  for  wrongs  secnred,  tl  i 
crime  of  treason  clearly  defined,  leases  of  lai « 
for  agricultural  purposes  longer  than  16  yeui> 
prohibited,  and  aliens  allowed  to  hold  aid 
convey  property ;  all  white  male  citizens  tuia 
persons  who  have  declared  their  intention  to 
become  citizens,  who  are  21  years  of  age  and 
who  have  resided  in  the  state  one  year,  have 
the  right  to  vote.  The  legislative  power  l* 
vested  in  a  senate  of  88  members,  one  ha^f 
elected  annually  for  two  years,  and  an  assemvij 
of  100  members  elected  annually.  The  legf 
lature  sits  at  Madison  on  the  2d  Wedneflday  m 
January ;  the  members  receive  $2.60  P*^^^-^ 
and  mileage,  and  can  hold  no  office  created,  or 
the  emoluments  of  which  are  increased,  durin? 
their  term ;  they  cannot  grant  divorces  nor  au- 
thorize lotteries.  The  governor  (salary  fl^' 
holds  his  office  for  two  years:  he  most  w  « 
citizen  of  the  United  States  and  a  voter  m  Vi^ 
state;  he  may  grant  pardons  and  repnetes. 


502 


WISCONSIN 


WISDOM 


the  library  of  the  state  historical  society  at 
Madison,  8,500  volumes ;  and  that  of  the  yoong 
men's  association  at  Milwaukee,  4,600  volumes. 
An  institution  for  the  education  of  the  blind 
was  opened  near  Janesville  in  1850 ;  the  num- 
ber of  pupils  in  1861  was  45 ;  annual  expense, 
including  improvements  and  repairs,  $9,849. 
To  pupik  from  the  state  no  charge  is  made 
tor  board  or  tuition.  The  institution  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb  was  established  at  Delavan, 
Walworth  co.,  in  1852;  it  has  86  pupils;  an- 
nual expense,  $18,178.  All  the  deaf  and  dumb 
of  tiie  state  between  the  ages  of  10  and  30  are 
entitled  to  an  education  without  diarge  for 
tuition  or  board ;  and  to  prepare  them  to  sup- 
port themselves,  they  are  required  to  work  a 
portion  of  each  day  at  some  useful  occupation 
or  trade.  A  hospital  for  the  insane  is  in  prog- 
ress of  construction  on  the  N.  shore  of  "Fourth 
Lake,''  near  Madison;  although  the  building 
was  unfinished,  patients  were  admitted  in 
1860;  whole  number  admitted  145,  of  whom 
108  remain ;  annual  eirpense,  $21,602.  The  re- 
form school  for  juvenile  delinquents  was  open- 
ed at  Waukesha  in  1860;  whole  number  of 
pupils  admitted  up  to  Sept.  80,  1861,  67;  an- 
nual expense,  $7,022.  Boys  under  16  and  girls 
under  14  years  of  age  are  committed  to  this 
school  for  any  crime,  are  instructed  in  reading, 
writing,  arithmetic,  and  geography,  and  are 
required  to  work  during  certain  hours.  The 
farm  contains  70  acres.  The  state  prison  was 
established  at  Waupun  in  1851,  since  which 
time  704  convicts  have  been  admitted;  826 
have  worked  their  full  term,  225  were  pardon- 
ed, and  16  removed  by  death,  &c.,  leaving  187 
imprisoned  Sept.  80,  1861;  expenses  for  the 
year,  $37,948,  of  which  there  was  paid  by  the 
state  $24,000.  A  general  banking  law,  having 
been  previously  authorized  by  a  vote  of  the 
people,  was  passed  in  1852,  under  which  there 
were  on  Sept.  80,  1861,  107  banks  with  an 
aggregate  capital  of  $6,507,000,  and  a  circula- 
tion of  $2,780,267.  The  circulation  is  secured 
by  the  deposit  of  public  stocks  ($3,104,510)  and 
specie  ($76,491.18)  in  the  state  treasury. — The 
following  table  gives  the  statistics  of  the  prin- 
cipal religious  sects  in  Wisconsin : 


Denonlnatloii. 

NoBibor 

or 

ohnrehea. 

Valne  of 

church 

propertj. 

Momber 

or 
Attendanta. 

Number 

of 
memben. 

Methodist  Episcopal. 
Boman  OathoUc .... 
Protestant  Episcopal 

Ck)nKregatioiial 

PreaDTterian 

166 
241 
86 
14T 
128 

$281,958 

224,000 

28,000 

29*,600 

65,000 

200,000 

T,000 

8,000 

7,600 

21,873 

•  •  •  • 

2,148 
2,650 
8,455 

Total 

718 

1512,958 

287,500 

29,620 

The  number  of  newspapers  published  in  the 
state  is  104,  of  which  9  are  daily ;  2  dailies  and 
several  weeklies  are  in  the  German  language, 
and  the  immigrants  from  Norway,  Holland,  and 
Wales  have  journals  in  their  own  languages. — 
The  earliest  explorers  of  the  country  now  con- 
stituting the  state  of  Wisconsin  found  the  Ohip- 
pewas  on  the  borders  of  Lake  Superior,  at  war 
with  the  Sioux  (Dacotahs),  on  the  head  waters 


of  the  Mississippi.    The  Menomonees,  Winne- 
bagoes,  Mascoutens,  Miamis,  and  Kickapoos 
occupied  other  portions  of  the  same  district. 
At  a  later  period  the  Potawatomies  and  the 
Sauk  and  Fox  tribes  were  in  possession.   Sev- 
eral tribes  have  been  removed  from  the  state 
of  New  York  to  Wisconsin ;  of  these  the  Broth- 
ertowns  have  thrown  off  the  tribal  govern- 
ment, and  have  been  admitted  to  all  the  rights 
and  privileges  of  citizens  of  the  United  Sute« 
The  Menomonees  still  occupy  lands  aseaped 
them  on  Wolf  river,  the  Oneidas  have  a  con- 
siderable reservation  near  Green  Bay,  and  s 
few  bauds  of  Ohippewas  are  permitted  to  re- 
main on  the  shore  of  Lake  Duperior  near  La 
Pointe ;  but  the  main  body  of  red  men  hare 
disappeared.    Nearly  all  the  lands  in  the  sute 
have  been  purchased  by  the  general  govern- 
ment.   The  region  W.  of  Lake  Michigan  was 
first  explored  and  occupied  by  French  mission- 
aries and  traders  in  1639,  and  the  countrr  re- 
mained under  the  dominion  of  France  nntil 
surrendered  to  Great  Britain  in  1768.    Dnrinir 
this  time  Green  Bay,  La  Pointe,  St.  Nicholas 
(now  Prairie  du  Ohien),  and  other  places  were 
occupied;  the  Mississippi  river  was  explored 
by  Marquette  in  1678,  and  a  war  was  va^ 
against  the  Outagamie  and  Fox  Indians,  to 
secure  the  right  of  way  through  Lake  Winne- 
bago.   The  navigation  of  the  upper  lakes  wa.' 
begun  in  1679,  when  the  Griffin  made  a  trip 
from  the  Niagara  river  to  Green  Bay,  and  was 
lost  on  her  return  voyage.    The  laws  of  Cana- 
da governed  the  territory,  and  the  British  main- 
tained their  possession  with  a  military  force  at 
Green  Bay  until  1796,  when  the  AmericanB  ob- 
tained the  possession,  and  extended  the  prori- 
sions  of  the  ordinance  for  the  government  of 
the  North- West  territory  over  this  whole  re- 
gion.   In  1809  Wisconsin  was  included  in  thr 
territory  of  Illinois,  and  so  continued  nntil 
1818,  when  Illinois  became  a  state,  and  Wi^ 
cousin,  still  little  better  than  a  wilderness,  wa> 
attached  to  Michigan  for  all  purposes  of  goT- 
emment.    Public  attention  was  strongly  direct- 
ed toward  this  region  in  1827  by  discoveries 
of  lead  on  the  upper  Mississippi,  and  in  1832 
by  the  Indian  troubles  known  as  the  Black 
Hawk  war.    8o*many  emigrants  had  settled 
here,  that  in  1886  a  separate  territorial  gojem- 
ment  was  organized,  which  continued  until  the 
admission  of  Wisconsin  into  the  Union  m  1^- 
WISDOM,  Book  of,  the  name  of  one  of  the 
so  called  apocryphal  books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment.   In  the  Septuagint  the  book  bears  the 
title  Wisdom  of  Solomon,  and  many  of  the 
early  church  fathers  regarded  Solomon  as  it« 
author.    This  opinion  still  prevails  in  the  Bo- 
man Oatholic  church,  by  which  the  book  w 
held  as  canonical.    It  is  re^Eirded  by  almost  all 
Protestant  theologians  as  the  work  of  an  no- 
known  Alexandrian  Jew,  compiled  nnder  the 
reign  of  one  of  the  Ptolemies.    The  book  con- 
sists of  8  parts :  in  the  1st  (ch.  i.  to  v.)  the  au- 
thor enjoins  wisdom  to  the  rulers  of  the  earth, 
and  praises  it  as  a  guide  to  immortal]^;  ^  ^^' 


504  WISE  WISEMAN 

contest  oommenoed  under  the  most  nn&vor-  of  the  month  of  the  river,  hnt  was  rapidlj 

able   cironmstances  for   Mr.  Wise,  but  was  driven  out  by  Gen.  J.  D.  Oox,  in  a  series  of 

conducted  by  him  personally  with  exceeding  skirmishes,  losing  at  Gauley  bridge  a  large 

energy  and  crowned  with  brilliant  success,  quantity  of  arms  and  stores.    He  now  formed 

From  January  to  May  he  traversed  the  state  in  a  junction  with  the  army  of  his  superior  officer 

all  directions,  travelling  more  thay  8,000  miles,  Gen.  Floyd,  under  whom  he  continu^  to  serve 

and   m^ing   50  speeches,  though   suffering  in  western  Virginia  until  he  was  ordered  in 

greatly  all  the  time  from  habitual  illness.    He  September  to  report  at  Richmond.    Thence  he 

was  dected  by  upward  of  10,000  m^ority.   He  was  sent  to  Roanoke  island,  N.  0.,  with  in- 

was  governor  of  Virginia  at  the  time  of  the  structions  to  defend  it.    At  the  time  of  the  at- 

Lecompton  controversy  in  1857-8 ;  and  though  tack  upon  the  island  by  Gen.  Bumside  and  Oom- 

personaUy  attached  to  President  Buchanan,  modore  Goldsborough,  Feb.  7,  he  was  sick  st 

whose  election  he  had  advocated  in  1856,  he  Nag^s  Head,  on  the  mainland,  opposite  the  N.E. 

warmly  joined  with  Senator  Douglas  in  oppos-  part  of  the  island ;  but  the  greater  part  of  hu 

ing  that  ^^  schedule  of  Jegerdemain,"  as  he  brigade,  known  as  the  Wise  legion,  took  part  is 

termed  the  Lecompton  constitution.    In  1859  the  action,  and  his  son,  Capt.  O.  Jennings  Wise, 

he  published  an  elaborate  historical  and  con-  was  among  the  killed.    Making  his  escape  after 

stitutional  treatise  on  territorial  government  the  surrender  ofthe  island,  G«n.  Wise  was  order- 

and  the  admission  of  new  states  into  the  Union,  ed  to  report  at  Manassas,  and  since  that  time 

in  which  he  upheld  the  doctrine  of  congres-  has  taken  no  prominent  part  in  tibe  war. 
sional  protection  of  slavery  in  all  the  ternto-        WISE,  Henby  Auqustus,  an  American  ns- 

ries.    Toward  the  end  of  Mr.  Wise^s  term  as  val  officer  and  author,  bom  in  Brooklyn,  N.  T.. 

governor  occurred  the  seizure  of  Harper's  Fer-  May  12,  1819.    In  1888  he  was  appointed  i 

ry  by  John  Brown  and  his  followers  (see  Has-  midshipman,  served  on  the  coast  of  Floridi 

psB^s  Febby),  and  the  execution  of  John  Brown  during  the  Seminole  war,  became  a  lieutenant 

at  Charlestown,  Dec.  2, 1859,  was  one  of  the  in  1845,  served  in  the  Pacific,  in  Califomia,  and 

last  acts  of  his  administration.  He  was  a  mem-  in  Mexico  daring  the  Mexican  war,  was  ii$g 

her  of  the  state  convention  which  met  at  Rich-  lieutenant  of  the  Mediterranean  squadron  from 

mond^  Feb.  18, 1861,  to  consider  the  relations  1852  to  1855,  afterward  accompanied  the  Jspan- 

of  Virginia  to  the  federal  government,  and  one  ese  ambassadors  on  their  return  home  in  the 

of  the  oonunittee  on  federal  relations  to  whom  frigate  Niagara,  and  in  1862  was  promoted  to 

«  the  principal  business  of  the  convention  was  be  a  commander  and  made  assistant  chief  of 

referred.     Three  reports  were  mad6  by  this  the  bureau  of  ordnance  and  hydrography.  He 

committee  on  March  10.    The  minority  report  has  written  *^  Los  Gringos^'  (New  York,  1849),  a 

affirmed  the  doctrine  of  state  rights,  demanded  volume  of  brilliant  travelling  sketches  rdating 

a  fair  partition  of  the  territories  and  equal  to  Mexico,  California,  Peru,  Chili,  and  Polyne- 

rights  therein,  expressed  the  hope  of  a  restora-  sia;  ^^  Tales  for  the  Marines^*  (New  York,  1855 ) ; 

tion  of  the  Union,  recommended  amendments  *^8campavias^'  (1857);  "Captain  Brand  of  the 

to  the  constitution,  recognized  the  right  of  Schooner  Centipede,*'  a  sea  novel  published  in 

secession,  and  advised  a  conference  of  the  bor-  "  Harper's  Weekly'*  illustrated  newspaper  in 

der  states.    Mr.  Wise  presented  another  report,  1860,  and  other  works, 
giving  a  list  of  demands,  requiring  both  the        WISELIUS,  Sahusl  Ipebuszoon,  a  Dutch 

general  government  and  the  seceded  states  to  poet,  born  in  Amsterdam,  Feb.  4,  1769,  died 

abstain  from  hostilities  in  the  hope  of  a  peace-  there.  May  15,  1845.    He  was  educated  at  Am- 

able  a^ustment  of  difficulties,  and  insisting  sterdam,  Leyden,  and  GOttingen,  became  after 

^at  the  president  should  only  maintain  a  suffi-  the  French  revolution  a  member  of  the.  pro- 

cient  number  of  men  in  the  forts,  arsenals,  &c.,  vincial  government  of  Holland,  and  after  the 

to  preserve  the  public  property  therein.    A  downfall  of  Napoleon  was  chief  of  police  in 

third  report  advised  the  immediate  secession  Amsterdam.    His  tragedies  and  a  collection  of 

of  the  state.    On  April  10,  the  miyority  report  his  other  poems  were  published  under  the  title 

being  under  consideration,  Mr.  Wise  offered  an  of  Mengelen  To(meelpoegij  (5  vols.,  Amrterdsm, 

amendment  (which  was  lost)  to  the  effect  that  181&-'22),  and  a  6th  volume  appeared  as  JViwtw 

all  the  forts,  &c.,  in  the  limits  of  seceded  states  Gedichten  f  1888). 

ought  to  be  evacuated,  for  purposes  of  pacifica-  WISEMAN,  iTioHouks,  an  English  Ronun 
tion.  After  the  passing  of  the  Virginia  ordi-  Catholic  clergyman,  cardinal  archbishop  of 
nance  of  secession,  however,  he  entered  heart-  Westminster,  born  in  Seville,  where  his  father 
ily  into  thB  war,  making  a  speech  at  Richmond,  was  engaged  in  business,  Aug.  2,  1802.  His 
June  1,  in  which  he  advised  the  people  to  father's  family  was  of  English  origin,  and  bis 
*^  take  a  lesson  from  John  Brown,"  manufac-  mother's  Irish.  He  was  sent  to  England  at  the 
ture  weapons  from  old  iron,  ^\ot  if  possible  get  age  of  5,  and  placed  at  school  in  Waterford. 
a  double-barrelled  gun  and  a  dozen  'rounds  of  Two  years  later  he  was  transferred  to  St  Cuth- 
buckshot,  and  go  ui>on  the  battle  field  with  bert's  college,  Ushaw,  near  Durham,  where  he 
these."  Shortly  afterward  he  was  appointed  a  remained  8  years,  and  in  1818  he  went  to 
brigadier-general  in  the  confederate  army,  and  Rome,  where  he  became  one  of  the  first  mem- 
ordered  to  western  Virginia.  He  occupied  the  bers  of  the  then  newly  restored  Englidi  college. 
Kanawha  valley,  to  a  point  within  a  few  miles  He  was  graduated  J>JD.  at  the  age  ctf  22.  ordained 


506                   WISZNIEWSKI  WTTOH  HAZEL 

22,  1818.    He  was  educated  at  the  grammar  dren,  complained  of  being  bewitched,  and  ae- 

Bohool  established  by  William  Penn  in  his  na-  cased  those  against  whom  thej  had  any  pique, 

tive  city,  subsequently  attended  the  Philadel-  Cotton  Mather,  Judge  Stoughton,  the  Rev.  Mr. 

Ehia  medical  school,  in  1788  went  to  pursue  Noyes  of  Salem,  and  Increase  Mather,  tbe  pre>i 
is  studies  in  Europe,  and  was  graduated  at  dent  of  Harvard  college,  as  well  as  many  others. 
Edinburgh  in  1786.  He  travelled  on  foot  over  encouraged  arrests,  and  proclaimed  tiiat  thb 
the  greater  part  of  England  and  Scotland,  and  was  an  effort  of  the  devil  to  gain  the  victorr 
returned  to  Philadelphia  in  Feb.  1787.  When  over  the  saints.  The  result  was  that  in  wt 
the  college  of  that  city  was  revived,  he  was  ap-  year  20  had  been  executed,  19  by  hangmg  aini 
pointed  professor  of  chemistry  and  physiology,  one  by  being  pressed  to  death,  and  amonj: 
He  was  for  a  time  a^unct  professor  with  Dr.  these  were  a  clergyman  and  several  of  themo^ 
Williajn  Shippen  of  anatomy  and  surgefy,  and  reputable  citizens  of  Massachusetts;  8  were 
upon  Dr.  Shippen^s  death  was  appointed  to  condenmed,  160  in  prison  awaiting  trial,  and 
tiiat  chair.  From  1815  till  his  death  he  was  200  more  accused,  while  a  considerable  number 
president  of  the  American  philosophical  socie-  of  the  suspected  had  fled  the  country.  A  re«^ 
ty.  He  published  "  A  System  of  Anatomy"  tion  took  place,  which  led,  in  connection  with 
(2  vols.  8vo.,  Philadelphia,  1812).  King  William's  veto  of  the  witchcraft  act  t» 
WISZNIEWSKI, ^MioHAL,  a  Polish  author,  the  pardoning  of  those  that  were  condemned 
born  at  Firlejow,  Galicia,  in  1794,  was  educated  and  the  discharge  of  those  arrested.  Some  oi 
at  Lemberg,  Krzemenieo,  and  the  university  of  the  judges  and  ministers  afterward  ackoowl- 
Edinburgh.  From  1818  to  1822  he  was  travel-  edged  that  they  had  been  deluded,  and  made 
ling  in  France  and  Italy.  He  then  became  what  reparation  they  could.  Others,  like  Hather 
professor  of  philology  at  Krzemeniec,  but  was  and  Stoughton,  clung  to  their  belief  and  jnsti6ed 
obliged  for  the  sake  of  his  health  to  spend  sev-  ther  executions.  There  were  a  few  who  in  the 
eral  years  in  Italy  an4  southern  France.  In  height  of  the  excitement,  at  imminent  peril  of 
1830  he  became  professor  of  history  and  of  their  lives,  resisted  the  demand  for  the  execn* 
the  history  of  literature  at  the  university  of  tion  of  the  alleged  witches ;  among  these  were 
Cracow,  which  ofllce  he  still  holds.  During  the  Rev.  Samuel  Willard,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Moodj. 
the  Polish  insurrection  of  1846  he  made  him-  ex-Goveraor  Bradstreet,  Thomas  Danforth,  acd 
self  conspicuous  as  a  violent  opponent  of  the  especially  Robert  Oalef,  a  merchant  of  B(i>toii. 
dictator  John  Tyssowski.  His  principal  work  — See  Upham's  "  Lectures  on  tJie  Salem  Witch- 
is  Historya  Uteratury  polsMej  (Cracow,  vols.  i.  craft"  (Boston,  1881). 
— ix.,  1840-'60),  bringing  his  subject  down  to  WITCH  HAZEL  (hamamelis  Yirginhi, 
1650,  and  he  is  still  engaged  upon  the  sequel.  Linn.),  a  shrub  6  to  20  feet  high,  the  stem  seldom 
His  JBakona  metoda  tlumaczenia  natury  (*^  Ba-  erect,  covered  with  a  brownish  ash-colored, 
con^s  Method  of  Interpreting  Nature")  is  an  rather  smooth  bark,  that  of  the  brcnchleta  of  & 
interesting  philosophical  treatise.  His  Charak-  lighter  brown  with  orange  dots,  the  braocbe^ 
tery  iH>zum6w  ludzhieh  (2d  ed.,  Cracow,  1840)  long  and  pliant,  curving  upward;  the  leaver 
was  originally  written  in  English  under  the  lateral  and  alternate  or  collected  in  tufts  at  the 
title  of  ^^  Sketches  and  Characters,  or  the  Natural  ends  of  the  branches,  short-petioled,  irregalarij 
History  of  the  Human  Intellect."  obovate  or  rhoifiboidal,  inequilateral,  mai^T- 
WITCH,  a  person  supposed  to  have  formed  toothed,  veined,  pubescent  when  young.  M 
a  compact  with  evil  spirits,  and  by  their  means  the  foliage  ripens  and  changes  in  the  aatmnn 
to  possess  supernatural  power.  The  subject  to  a  brownish  yellow,  the  twigs  become  cover- 
of  witchcraft  has  been  treated  generally  in  the  ed  with  multitudes  of  golden  flowers,  each  witli 
articles  Demon  and  Magio,  and  in  this  article  a  calyx  divided  into  4  segments,  which  an? 
a  more  particular  account  of  the  Salem  witch-  rusty  and  downy  without  and  yellow  within, 
craft  will  be  given.  The  first  settlers  brought  ovate,  rounded,  and  ciliate ;  4  petals,*  h^Q^ 
a  belief  in  witches  with  them  from  Europe,  and  linear,  crumpled,  with  4  short,  incurved,  jeDow 
6  or  8  witches  had  been  executed  between  scales  at  their  base ;  the  stamens  4,  altemadog 
1648  and  1656.  In  1688  the  children  of  John  with  the  scales  and  curving  inward;  theorarr 
Goodwin,  a  citizen, of  Boston,  were  believed  to  downy,  ovate,  terminating  in  2  short  slender 
be  bewitched ;  and  after  some  investigation  of  styles ;  the  fruit  a  double  nut  enclosed  ia  tb^ 
the  cases  by  the  Rev.  Cotton  Mather,  they  ac-  swollen  4-parted  calyx,  ripening  in  the  second 
Gused  an  old  half-witted  Irish  woman  of  be-  year.  In  mild  seasons  the  flowers  maj  be  ^n 
witching  them,  and  she  was  hanged.  In  1692  as  late  as  October  and  November,  and  their 
8  children  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Parris,  a  minister  of  profusion  contributes  to  the  pleasantness  of  the 
Danvers  (then  a  part  of  Salem),  complained  of  season.  A  shrub  of  such  striking  appearance 
being  tortured  by  a  witch,  and  accused  an  In-  is  worthy  of  cultivation,  the  more  so  as  it  can 
dian  woman  named  Tituba,  who  had  tried  to  be  propagated  from  its  seeds,  which  shoald  be 
relieve  them  by  some  of  her  Indian  incanta-  sown  as  soon  as  they  ripen ;  and  the  tran^ 
tions,  of  being  the  witch.  Tituba  was  impris-  planted  shrubs  would  readily  g^w  in  moi^ 
oned,  and  soon  they  accused  two  other  friend-  soil.  The  species  is  widely  diffused  throogh- 
less  old  women,  one  crazy  and  the  other  bed-  out  the  United  States.  A  variety  with  sznali- 
ridden,  of  being  also  witches.  The  excitement  er  leaves  and  stinted  habit  of  growth,  and 
spread,  and  soon  o^ers,  adults  as  well  as  chil-  another  with  large  foliage,  reput^  to  he  dis* 


608                      WITNESS  WOAD 

• 

entei^  talLy  into  the  great  political  qnestionB  erected  to  his  memory  in  1S77  bj  the  emperor 

of  the  day.    In  the  same  year  he  was  a  mem-  Obarles  lY .    The  Westphidian  society  on  Oct. 

ber  of  the  proyincial  congress  of  New  Jersey,  18, 1819,  erected  a  freestone  column  to  bim&t 

and  of  the  continental  congress  at  Philadelphia.  Minden,  which  is  said  to  have  been  the  pUce 

He  represented  New  Jersey  in  congress  for  6  .  of  his  residence. 

years,  and  drew  up  many  of  the  important  state  WITTENBERG,  a  fortified  town  of  Prussiao 

papers  of  that  period.    In  far-reaching  insight  Saxony,  capital  of  a  circle  of  its  own  name.  Id 

into  tHe  fatare  it  may  safely  be  said  that  he  had  the  administrative  district  of  Merseberg,  sitn- 

not  his  superior  in  that  body.   After  the  war,  ated  on  the  right  bank  of  Uie  Elbe,  which  is 

the  college  having  sufifered  greatly.  Dr.  Wither-  here  crossed  by  a  long  bridge,  on  the  railwaj 

spoon  was  sent  to  England  by  the  trustees  to  from  Berlin  to  Leipsic;  pop.  in  1866, 11,073. 

solicit  donations.    He  not  only  utterly  failed  It  is  composed  of  the  old  city  and  two  suburbs, 

of  his  object,  but  found  himself  placed  in  cir-  and  has  a  Protestant  seminary,  a  college  a 

cumstances  of  painful  embarrassment.    During  medical  school,  an  orphan  house,  and  a  hospiuL 

the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  suffered  not  a  little  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  strength,  haTiog 

in  consequence  of  having  ventured  upon  some  massive  walls  with  8  gates,  a  fort,  and  a  strong 

imprudent  speculations  in  Vermont  lands.    He  castle.    The  principal  interest  connected  with 

spent  his  last  years  on  his  farm  about  two  miles  it  is  due  to  its  being  the  cradle  of  the  reforroa- 

from  Princeton.    For  some  time  previous  to  tion.  In  its  Augustinian  monastery,  now  sniiD, 

his  death  he  was  totally  blind.    Editions  of  his  Luther  had  his  apartments ;  in  its  university  be 

entire  works  have  been  published  in  Philadel-  was  a  professor ;  and  on  the  door  of  one  of  its 

phia  and  Edinburgh,  the  former  in  8  vols.  8vo.,  parish  churches  he  nailed  his  celebrated  theses, 

the  latter  in  9  vols.  12mo.  which  was  the  first  public  step  toward  the  ref- 

WITNESS.    See  Evidence.  ormation.    In  its  Stadthirche  Luther  and  Me- 

WITT,  Jan  db.    See  Db  Witt.  lanchthon  piyached,  and  Oranach,  their  friend, 

WITTE^ETBB  DB.    See  Oandido.  executed  that  remarkable  dtarpiece  in  irbicli 

WITTEkiND,  Witikind,  or  WrrncHiHD,  a  the  real  porta-aits  of  the  reformers  are  intro- 

ohief  of  the  Saxons  of  Westphalia  and  Lower  duced;  in  ih^SchlouMrchehoih  Luther  and  Me* 

Saxony,  their  principal  leader  in  the  war  with  lanchthon  were  buried,  as  well  as  their  frieods 

Charlemagne,  772-803.    Oharlemagne  had  sue-  the  electors  Frederic  and  John.    In  one  of  the 

cessfully  invaded  the  Saxon  territory  4  times,  narrow  streets  still  stand  the  houses  of  Melaocb- 

and  Wittekind  had  been  forced  to  seek  refuge  then  and  Oranach ;  in  the  market  place  is  the 

at  the  court  of  Denmark,  when,  taking  advan-  iron  statue  of  Luther  by  Schadow,  and  in  the 

tage  of  the  Prankish  king's  absence  in  a  war  town  hall  are  portrdts  of  him  and  MelandithoQ. 

with  the  Moors  of,  Spain  (778),  he  fell  upon  the  Outside  the  Elster  gate,  a  little  place,  railed  is. 

country  of  the  Franks  and  devastated  it  as  far  as  is  pointed  out  as  the  spot  where  in  1520  Lotber 

Deutz,  opposite  Cologne.    On  his  return  Char-  burned  the  pope^s  bull  of  excommunication.- 

lemagne  drove  the  Saxons  back  and  ravaged  Wittenbergwas  founded  by  Bernard,  son  of  Al- 

their  country  as  far  as  the  Elbe,  where  he  built  bert  the  Bear,  duke  of  Brandenburg,  and  pre- 

fortresses  to  hold  them  in  check.    Being  once  vious  to  1422  was  the  residence  of  the  dukes 

more  called  away  to  Rome,  Wittekind  seized  and  electors  of  Saxony.    In  1647,  after  the 

the  opportunity  to  fall  ufion  the  Frankish  troops  battle  of  Mtlhlberg,  it  was  taken  by  Charles  V. 

on  Mount  Suntel,  near  the  Weser,  and  cut  them  In  1760  it  was  bombarded  by  theAustri^Q^ 

to  pieces.  Collecting  a  large  force,  Charlemagne  and  one  third  of  its  houses  destroyed.    It  vtf 

now  desolated  the  country  far  and  wide,  be-  restored  by  the  Prussians,  and  in  1806  it  w«s 

headed  4,500  Saxon  prisoners,  and  drove  the  taken  by  Napoleon,  who  rebuilt  its  fortifiea- 

whole  nation  into  the  fury  of  despair.    The  tions  in  1813.     In  1814  it  was  besieged  and 

chiefs,  Wittekind  and  Alboin,  led  the  entire  taken  by  the  Prussians.    Its  university,  fonnd- 

fighting  strength  of  the  nation  against  the  ed  in  1502,  was  transferred  to  Halle  in  1815. 

Franks,  and  two  terrible  battles  ensued,  the  WLADIMIR.    See  Vladimir. 

one  at  Detmold  being  indecisive,  and  the  other  WOAD  {uath  t%nctoria\  a  plant  which,  luitll 

on  the  river  Hase  in  the  territory  of  Osna-  the  introduction  of  indigo,  was  the  prindptl 

brClck  a  victory  for  Charlemagne,  who  the  next  source  from  which  a  blue  dye  was  obtained.  It 

year  had  so  completely  subdued  the  country  is  an  herbaceous  biennial  plant,  of  the  order  (rv- 

that  Wittekind   and   Alboin   submitted  and  c\fer<B^  wit^  yellow  flowers,  large  flattened  seed 

? remised  to  go  to  France  and  be  baptized.    In  vessels,  and  large  smooth  leaves.    The  leases, 

85  Wittekind  fulfilled  his  promise  at  Attigny,  which  are  the  only  part  employed  in  djeinir. 

whereupon  he  was  reestablished  in  his  posses-  do  not  appear  to  contain  the  bine  coloring  mat- 

sions  and  created  duke  of  Saxony,  and  8  bish-  ter  ready  formed,  but  require  to  be  subjected 

oprics  were  established  in  Westphalia   and  to  a  process  of  fermentation  in  order  to  prt>- 

Lower  Saxony.    Some  attempts  were  made  at  duce  it.    The  seed  is  sown  in  winter  or  eariv 

revolt  subsequently,  but  they  were  promptly  spring,  and  when  the  leaves  are  4  or  5  inches 

checked.     Wittekind  was  killed  in  a  oombi^  long  they  are  cut,  successive  crops  being  ob* 

with  Oewald,  duke  of  Swabia,  and  was  buried  tained  at  intervals  of  6  or  6  weeks  throogbo^ 

in  tlie  church  of  Enger  in  -the  county  of  Ba-  the  season.    Only  those  plants  required  for  seed 

vensberg,  where  a  monument  still  existing  was  are  kept  until  a  second  year,  as  the  leareB  tf« 


610  .  WOIWODE  WOLF 

organueken  Chemie  (5th  ed.,  Berlin,  1854),  two  of  the  same  town  which  is  now  East  Windsor, 

small  manuals  of  great  repute.  May  17, 1767.    At  the  age  of  12  years  hev&j 

WOIWODE.    See  Watwode.  apprenticed  to  a  mechanic,  and  in  1700  pur- 

WOLOOTT,  John,  an  English  physician  chased  a  tract  of  land  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
and  satu'ist,  better  known  as  Peter  Pindar,  Connecticut,  in  his  native  town,  where  he  re- 
born at  Dodbroke,  Devonshire,  in  1788,  died  sided  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  1711  be 
Feb.  14r,  1819.  He  was  educated  for  the  med-  was  appointed  commissary  of  the  Connecticut 
ical  profession  by  his  uncle,  a  physician  at  colonial  forces  in  the  attack  on  Canada,  and  ia 
Fowey  in  Cornwall,  and  in  1767  went  out  the  subsequent  French  wars  was  succesdvifly 
to  Jamaica  as  medical  attendant  to  Sir  Wil-  promoted  till  he  attained  the  rank  of  nujor- 
liam  Trelawney,  the  governor.  Though  an  general  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg  in  1745.  Id 
avowed  unbeliever,  he  obtained  from  his  pat-  1751  he  was  elected  governor  of  the  coIodt, 
ron  the  promise  of  a  living,  and  returned  to  and  reelected  for  the  next  three  years.  He  had 
England  to  be  ordained.  The  living  did  not  previously  been  repeatedly  member  of  the  as- 
fall  vacant  as  he  expected,  and  he  was  forced  sembly  and  of  the  council,  judge  of  the  cooDtr 
to  content  himself  with  a  small  curacy  in  Ja-  court  and  of  the  superior  court,  and  depntr 
maica,  the  duties  of  which  he  performed  in  a  governor.  He  published  in  1725  a  volniDe  of 
not  very  edifying  manner  until  the  governor's  **  Poetical  Meditations,  being  the  Improvement 
death  in  1768.  He  then  tried  his  fortune  again  of  some  Yacan^  Hours ;''  and  he  wrote  a  poem 
as  a  physician  in  England,  and  settled  at  Truro,  of  1,500  lines  entitled  "  A  Brief  Account  of  the 
but  was  not  long  in  finding  a  pleasanter  road  Agency  of  the  Honorable  John  Winthrop,  £$*].. 
to  success  by  the  exercise  of  his  pen.  He  re-  in  the  Court  of  King  Charles  II.,  A.  D.  1662/' 
moved  to  London,  ridiculed  the  royal  academy  in  which  he  gives  a  description  of  the  Pequot 
in  his  "  L}Tio  Odes,"  and  became  a  professed  war.  The  latter  was  not  published  during  the 
satirist.  His  verses  brought  him  reputation  and  author's  life,  but  has  been  printed  in  the  col* 
a  good  income,  until  the  government  bought  his  lections  of  the  Massachusetts  historical  society, 
silence  hf  a  pension,  but  are  now  little  read,  and  the  original  is  among  the  manuscripts  of 
"  An  Epistle  to  the  Reviewers,"  "  Peeps  at  St.  tbe  Connecticut  historical  society. 
James's,"  "Royal  Visits,"  and  "  The  Lousiad,"  WOLF  (cants  lupus,  Linn.),  the  typical  form 
which  owes  its  origin  to  the  discovery  of  a  cer-  of  the  canina  or  dogs,  whose  family  characters 
tain  insect  among  some  peas  on  the  king's  plate,  have  been  described  under  Doo.  The  Europesn 
are  among  the  best  known  of  his  writings.  A  wolf  is  about  4  feet  long,  with  a  tail  of  16 
collection  of  about  60  of  his  poetical  pieces  ap-  inches,  and  is  commonly  yellowish  gray  above 
peared  in  4  vols,  in  1796.  and  dirty  yellowish  white  below ;  it  is  aboct 

WOLCOTT,  Oliveb,  an  American  statesman  the  size  of  a  large  dog,  but  leaner  and  more 

and  general,  and  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of  gaunt  in  appearance,  and  with  a  wicked  expres- 

independence,  bom  in  Connecticut,  Nov.  26,  sion  of  countenance  from  the  obliquity  of  the 

1726,  died  Dec.  1,  1797.    He  was  graduated  eyes ;  the  pupils  are  round,  the  ears  erect  and 

at  Yale  college  at  the  age  of  21,  and  in  the  the  tail  carried  nearly  straight  and  hanging 

same    year  received  a  captain's   commission  down.    It  is  a  cowardly  but  powerfal  aniinal 

from  the  governor  of  New  York,  and  raised  a  hunting  deer  and  animals  of  that  size  in  packs, 

company  for  the  defence  of  the  northern  fron-  often  committing  great  ravages  among  sheep, 

tier,  where  he  remained  until  the  peace  of  Aix  calves,  and  the  smaller  domestic  animals,  bot 

la  Chapelle.  Upon  his  return  he  began  to  study  rarely  attacking  man  unless  rendered  fearles.^ 

medicine,  but  m  1751  was  appointed  shefriff  of  by  hunger ;  it  is  very  cautious  and  difficult  \o 

Litchfield  co..  Conn.,  and  in  1774  a  member  of  entrap,  except  when  food  is  very  scarce.   It 

the  state  council,    lie  was  also  chief  judge  of  was  formerly  common  over  most  of  Enrope, 

the  court  of  common  pleas,  a  judge  of  the  pro-  but  is  now  so  only  in  the  most  unfrequented  and 

bate  court,  and  a  major-general  of  militia.    In  mountainous  regions  of  N.  Europe  and  Aiw- 

1776  he  was  appointed  by  the  continental  con-  The  Anglo-Saxon  name  for  January,  wolf  month, 

gress  one  of  the  commissioners  of  Indian  affairs  shows  that  this  animal  was  once  probably  aboQ' 

for  the  northern  department,  whose  duty  it  dant  in  Great  Britain,  and  especially  bold  and 

was  to  secure  the  neutrality  of  the  Indians.  In  destructive  in  that  month.    Its  osteological  and 

1776  he  commanded  the  14  Connecticut  regi-  anatomical  characters  are  almost  identical  with 

ments  raised  to  act  with  the  army  in  New  those  of  the  dog,  and  the  period  of  gestation 

York,  and  in  the  same  year  he  took  his  seat  in  the  same ;  so  that  it  is  extremely  probable,  fof 

congress.    After  the  declaration  was  signed  he  these  and  other  reasons  stated  under  Doo,  that 

returned  to  the  army,  and  was  present  at  the  some  of  the  partly  domesticated  races  of  this 

battle  of  Saratoga,  but  continued  to  serve  in  animal  have  been  derived  fh)m,  and  are  spej"!- 

congress  at  intervals  till  1788.   He  was  lieuten-  fically  identical  with,  the  wolf;  it  is  not  so  in- 

ant-govemor  of  Connecticut  from  1786  to  1796,  tractable  as  is  generally  supposed,  and  it  ^^^ 

when  he  was  elected  governor,  which  office  he  hibits  much  of  the  sagacity  of  the  dog;  vh*?n 

held  at  the  time  of  his  death.  taken  young  it  has  even  been  so  tamed  as 

WOLCOTT,  RoQEK,  a  colonial  governor  of  to  show  unmistakable  signs  of  affection  for 

Connecticut,  father  of  the  preceding,  born  at  man  and  for  its  companions  in  captivity.   ^ 

Windflor,  Conn.,  Jan.  4, 1679,  died  in  that  part  species  of  wolf  is  represented  with  the  dog  on 


/ 


612                         WOLF  WOLF  FIBH 

most  oelebrated  work  is  his  Prolegomena  ad  logia  JSationalis  (17Z4) ;   Theohgia  Nalvralii 
Eomerum  (1795),  in  which  is  advanced  the  (1787);  and  Philoeophia  Fraetiea  Unwenalu 
idea  that  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  in  their  pres-  (1788-^9).   He  systematized  and  oompleted  the 
ent  form  are  not  the  work  of  Homer,  but  were  philosophy  of  Leibnitz,  bringing  the  whole  do- 
pnt  together  from  the  fragments  of  yarions  main  of  knowledge  witbin  its  scope.    Defining 
rhapsodists.    He  was  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  philosophy  as  a  science  of  the  possible,  he  di- 
great   scholars  of  Germany.     He  published  vides  it  into  two  parts,  metaphysical  and  practi- 
editions  of  several  classic  authors,  inclnding  cal,  corresponding  to  the  two  faculties  of  know- 
Hesiod,  Demosthenes,  Cicero,  and  Plato,  and  ing  and  willing.    The  former  embraces  ontol- 
from  1817  to  1820  edited  at*Berlin  a  philologi-  ogy,  cosmology,  psychology,  and  natural  tbeol- 
cal  periodical,  the  Idterarische  AnaUkten,  ogy ;  the  latter,  ethics,  economics,  and  politics. 
WOLF,  JoHANN  Christian  yon,  a  German  The  principles  of  contradiction  and  of  the  suf- 
philosopher  and  mathematician,  born  in  Bres-  ficient  reason,  the  doctrines  of  monads,  calltd 
lau,  Jan.  24,  1679,  died  April  9, 1754.    Intend-  by  him  simple  beings,  of  optimism,  of  the  pre- 
ed  for  the  church,  and  remarking  early  the  established  harmony,  of  perception  and  app^r- 
sterility  of  polemical  discussions,  he  devoted  ception,  the  cosmological  proof  of  the  existence 
himself  to  mathematics  methodi  gratia,  for  the  of  God,  and  the  maintenance  of  self-perfectioo  &< 
purpose  of  giving  to  theology  an  indisputable  the  supreme  moral  law,  are  the  mostpromiuert 
certitude.     He  studied  mathematics,  physics,  features  of  his  system.    Philosophic^  langniure 
and  the  Cartesian  philosophy  at  Jena  and  Leip-  is  indebted  to  him  for  the  introduction  of  maLy 
sic,  annotated  the  Medicina  Mentis  of  Tschim-  terms  and  precise  definitions.    Developed  with 
hausen,  maintained  a  thesis  at  Leipsio  in  1708  admirable  completeness  and  order,  his  philoeo- 
De  Philceophia  Praetica  Universalis  Methodo  phy  prevailed  in  Germany  until  the  time  of 
MatKematica    Conecripta^    delivered    lectures  Kant.    His  principal  mathematical  works  are 
there  which  were  fully  attended,  and  published  included  in  his  Elementa  Matheteot  Unkrr^ 
mathematical  tracts  which  gave  him  reputation  (5  vols.  4to.,  Geneva,  1782-^41).    The  most  re- 
among  learned  men.    He  became  acquainted  cent  authority  on  the  events  of  his  life  is  TAnV 
with  Leibnitz,  by  whose  encouragement  he  tianWolfeEtgeneLehenhesehreibung^yfAy^^ti 
abandoned  theology  for  philosophy,  and  was  by  Wuttke  (Leipsic,  1841). 
chosen  in  1707  professor  of  pure  andanplied  WOLF,  Johann  Ohristoph,  a  German  scholar 
mathematics  at  Halle.    He  was  admitted  into  and  divine,  bom  atWemigerode,Feb.21, 1683. 
the  philosophical  society  of  Leipsic,  and  in  died  July  25,  1789.    He  was  educated  at  the 
1710  into  the  royal  society  of  London,  and  pub-  university  of  Wittenberg,  and  in  1706  b^an  to 
lished  in  the  German  language  treatises  on  the  lecture  tiiere  on  philosophical  subjects.    He 
powers  ofthe  human  mind  (1712),  the  Deity  and  travelled  through  HoUand  and   England   ic 
the  universe,  the  operations  of  nature,  and  the  1708,  and  upon  his  return  became  extraordina- 
search  after  happiness  (1719).    Becoming  ob-  ry  professor  in  the  philosophical  faculty  at  Wit- 
noxious  to  the  theologians  of  Halle,  who  re-  tenberg.    A  few  years  afterward  he  was  made 
garded  his  opinions  on  the  doctrine  of  necessity  professor  of  oriental  languages  at  the  gymna- 
and  his  approbation  of  the  moral  precepts  of  sium  of  Hamburg,  subsequently  rector  of  tht 
Confucius  as  inimical  to  the  Christian  religion,  same  institution,  and  in  1716  pastor  in  the 
he  was  deprived  of  his  chair  by  a  cabinet  order  church  of  St.  Catharine.    His  principal  wor^ 
on  Nov.  15,  1723,  and  commanded  to  leave  are  a  Hietoria  Lexieorum  HSraie&rttm  (Wit- 
Prussia  within  two  days.     He  was  received  tenberg,  1705),  and  a  Bibliotheea  E^braica  i4 
with  favor  in  Cassel,  and  became  professor  in  vols.  4to.,  Hamburg,  17l5-'83). 
Marburg,  ^here  he  resided  18  years,  and  pub-  WOLF  FISH  (anarrhiehas  lupuM^  Dnn.\  a 
lished  his  most  important  philosophical  works,  spiny-rayed  fish  allied  to  the  blenny  familv. 
His  dismission  was  the  occasion  of  a  violent  and  inhabiting  the  seas  of  northern  Europe  ad 
controversy  on  liberty  and  necessity  in  most  of  America.    It  atjbains  a  size  of  8  to  5  feet,  as^ 
the  German  universities.    He  was  invited  back  it  is  said  larger ;  the  color  is  purplish  brovo 
to  Halle  in  1788,  but  did  not  return  till  1741,  af-  above,  with  10  to  12  transverse  black  or  brovn 
ter  the  accession  of  Frederic  the  Great.  He  was  stripes  extending  more  or  less  over  the  whitiiib 
triumphantly  welcomed,  became  privy  council-  lower'  parts ;  the  dorsal  fin  extends  from  h^ 
lor  and  professor  of  law,  was  made  chancellor  hind  the  head  almost  to  the  caudal,  and  the 
of  the  university  in  1748,  and  baron  of  the  em-  anal  is  half  as  long,  bringing  the  vent  very  fv 
pire  in  1745,  but  was  less  successful  than  for-  /orward ;  the  pectorals  are  very  large,  the  ct'o- 
merly  as  a  lecturer. — ^The  mass  of  his  writings  dal  rounded,  and  theventrals  absent;  the  body 
is  prodigious.    His  philosophical  works  in  Ger-  is  compressed,  with  small  scales  covered  by  a 
man,  under  the  general  title  of  Vemunjlige  slimy  skin ;  head  cat-like  and  rounded  in  front; 
Oedanken,  form  7  volumes  (1712-^88),  and  his  the  stomach  is  short  and  fleshy,  the  diamtter 
longer  works  in  Latin  22  volumes  (1728-^50).  of  the  intestines  uncommonly  large,  the  pli 
The  titles  of  his  systematic  philosophical  trea-  bladder  enormous,  the  brain  very  small,  aixi 
tises  are :  Philoeophia  Rationalis  (1728) ;  Psy-  the  air  bladder  absent.    The  teeth  difier  irm 
chologia  Empiriea  (1728)  ;  Phiheophia  Prima,  those  in  all  other  fishes,  not  being  attached 
Bite  Ontologia  (1780);    Cosmologia  Oeneralis  directly  to  the  jaws,  but  to  bony.  proeos?rf 
(1781) ;    Phihaophia  Moralii  (1732) ;  Psycho-  connected  with  them  by  suture,  and  are  there- 


514  WOLFE 

French  works  at  that  place,  from  which  he  in  a  low  Toioe  several  stanzas  from  GmV 
was  repulsed  with  heavy  loss.    Various  minor  **  Elegy  in  a  Gonntrj  Ohnrdiyard,"  and  at  thv 
disasters  also  sorely  tried  the  temper  of  the  dose  of  the  recitation  exclaimed  to  ti^e  ofken 
joxaif  general,  who,  at  the  expiration  of  two  in  his  hoat:  "Now,  gentlemen,  I  woQldrttber 
mon^s  from  his  arrival  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  be  the  author  of  that  poem  than  take  Quebec!" 
found  himself  greatly  reduced  in  men  and  ma-  The  landing  place  was  reached  in  safety,  Wd^ 
terial,  and  no  nearer  apparently  to  the  attain-  being  among  the  first  to  leap  on  shore,  sod  the 
ment  of  his  object  than  before.    Various  plans  British  vanguard,  led  by  Colonel  (aftenrsrd  Sr 
proposed  by  him  for  storming  the  city,  or  win-  William)  Howe,  commenced  the  ascent  of  the 
tering  in  its  neighborhood,  were  rejected  by  cfiffs.    In  the  dense  obscurity  the  path  wft» 
his  brigadiers;    Amherst,  who  was  to  have  frequently  lost,  but  the  men,  inspir^  bTtb« 
marched  from  the  south  to  his  assistance,  fail-  buoyant  courage  of  their  general,  cLunbeTtd  up 
ed  to  make  his  appearance ;  and  the  most  ef-  as  they  best  could,  staying  themselves  bj  over- 
fective  part  of  the  fleet  was  not  only  unable  to  hanging  bushes,  by  the  roots  or  stumps  t>: 
cooperate  with  his  army,  but  would  speedily  trees,  or  by  projecting  rooks.    A  French  ptckr 
be  obliged  by  the  approach  of  winter  to  take  guard  fled  in  consternation  at  this  sadden  6.\- 
its  departure.  A  less  determined  general  might  parition  of  the  enemy,  who  were  thus  alloTfcd 
have  found  in  these  circumstances  abundant  to  complete  the  ascent  Unmolested    Fr^ 
reasons  to  abandon  the  expedition  and  return  detachments  followed,  including  the  seoo:  ■ 
home ;  but  Wolfe,  with  the  eye  of  Pitt  upon  embarkation  under  Oen.  TowTmend,  and  a 
him,  and  burning  to  shofv  the  minister  that  his  sunrise  Wolfe  **  stood  if ith  his  invincible  b&t- 
oonfldence  in  him  was  not  misplaced,  dared  talions  on  the  plains  of  Abraham,  the  batt!r 
not  go  back  to  England  unsuccessful,  although  field  of  empire."    Montcalm  refused  at  fii^t  (. 
feeble^health  and  a  desire  to  meet  the  lady  to  believe  that  this  force  was  any  tiling  but  ^ 
whom  he  was  betrothed,  Miss  Lowther,  offered  small  foraging  or  marauding  party ;  but  bv- 
powerful  inducements  to  his  return.    His  de-  coming  convinced  of  his  error,  he  harried  t:^ 
spatches  to  Pitt  were  meanwhile  of  a  despond-  troops  up  from  Beauport,   expressing  entire 
ing  character,  and  from  the  particularity  with  confidence  in  his  ability  to  crush  the  eDemy 
which  he  enumerated  the  difiiculties  in  his  way  Soon  after  10  o^clock  in  l^e  morning  thetv 
the  public  mind  in  England  was  agitated  with  armies  confronted  each  oliier  in  about  eqiuil 
many  doubts  as  to  the  success  of  the  expedi-  numbers,  the  French  having  3  small  canooi) 
tion,  and  his  appointment  to  the  command  was  and  the  British  but  a  single  piece,  which  bid 
severely  criticized.     But  keeping  in  mind  a  been  dragged  np  the  -steep  ascent  by  mai'* 
military  order  issued  to    his   regiment  sev-  force.     The    British    however  were  vet^rs'i 
eral  years  previous,  that  ^*  while  a  man  is  able  troops,  trained  jmder  the  eye  of  their  gener^. 
to  do  his  duty,  and  can  stand  and  hold  his  while  Montcalm  had  what  Wolfe  called  In- 
arms, it  is  infamous  to  retire,^'  he  bore  up  "  five  weak  French  battalions^*  of  fewer  tiik:: 
against  physical  debility  and  the  misgivings  of  2,000  men,  '^mingled  with  disorderly  peasiot- 
a  naturally  desponding  nature ;  and  as  a  last  ry.*'    The  battle  commenced  with  a  csnnoofitii' 
means  of  drawing  Montcalm  out  of  his  impreg-  lasting  about  an  hour,  after  which  MoDtralc< 
nable  position  on  the  Montmorency,  he  yielded  without  waiting  for  the  arrivtJ  of  a  bod;  if 
to  the  advice  of  his  brigadiers,  and  caused  his  troops  whom  he  had  left  in  camp,  led  ht^ni^i 
whole  available  force,  numbering,  after  leaving  impetuously  to  the  attack.    The  English  rr 
garrisons  at  Point  Levi  and  the  isle  of  Orleans,  ceived  the  shock  with  calmness,  and,  in  <;^^ 
only  8,600  men,  to  be  conveyed  severs]  miles  dience  to  Wolfe's  orders,  reserved  their  th, 
above  the  city.    Montcalm  refused  to  leave  his  notwithstanding  their  comrades  were  fast  dr ;  - 
works ;  but  Wolfe  immediately  applied  him-  ping  around  them,  and  several  officers,  mcM- 
self  to  reconnoitring  the  north  shore  of  the  ing  Wolfe  himseliT,  were  wound^,  nntil  tc 
river,  which  here  rises  in  a  range  of  nearly  pre-  French  had  advanced  within  40  yards,  v^^-- 
cipitous  cliffs  called  the  heights  of  Abraham,  an   exact  and   oontinuous  discharge  openeu 
crowned  by  a  table  land.    His  quick  eye  soon  along  the  whole  British  line,  under  the  effti»i 
detected  a  cove,  less  than  2  miles  above  Que-  of  which  the  raw  Canadian  levies  recoiled  i** 
bee,  and  since  caUed  after  his  name,  whence  a  confusion.    At  this  decisive  moment  Wi^ht- 
narrow  path  wound  up  the  steep ;  and  the  dar-  pressing  to  the  firont,  ordered  tiie  Loni<^I^ - 
ing  thought  inmiediately  occurred  to  him  to  grenadiers  to  charge  the  enemy,  and  «^';^ 
lead  his  troops  up  this  path  to  the  table  land  cheering  on  the  men  was  struck  in  the  grt^r. 
above,  and  take  the  city,  but  slightly  protected  and  in  the  breast,  the  last  wound  proyiog  m'J''- 
at  this  point,  by  surprise.    The  day  and  night  tal.    He  was  borne  in  a  dying  pondidoii  to  tlit 
of  Sept.  12  were  employed  in  preparations,  and  rear  of  the  front  line,  declining  the  aairtw^^ 
at  1  o^clock  on  the  morning  of  the  18th  about  of  a  surgeon,  on  the  plea  that  it  was  *'i)i  o)^' 
half  the  British  force  were  embarked  in  boats,  with  him,"  and  continued  to  look  with  p»^]^' 
which,  aided  by  the  darkness  and  the  swift  eyes  upon  ^he  field  until  his  sight  failed  l^'i°; 
current  of  the  river,  dropped  unobserved  and  Suddenly,  as  one  of  the  persons  ***°^  5^**' 
noiselessly  down  to  the  landing  place.    Tradi-  him  exclaimed:  "They  run! "  he  roused  hi^- 
tion  relates  that  Wolfe,  impressed  by  the  so-  self  from  his  torpor,  and  asked  witi»  pe*j 
lemnity  of  the  occasion  and  the  scene,  repeated  earnestness:  "Who  run?  '    Upon  beiog  ^'^^ 


516                        WOLFF  WOLOWSKI 

tied  as  curate,  first  at  Lenthwaite,  and  then  at  Sidney  Sassez  college,  Oambridge,  in  1674, 
High  Hoyland  in  Yorkshire.  In  1848,  when  where  he  remained  till  1681,  when  he  became 
the  news  of  the  imprisonment  of  Col.  Stoddart  assistant  master,  and  in  1686  head  master,  of 
and  Oapt.  Oonolly  (a  personal  Mend)  at  Bokha-  Birmingham  school,  at  the  same  time  fining  a 
ra  rea<£ed  England,  he  offered  to  attempt  their  lectureship  on  Sunday  in  a  chapel  two  miles  dis- 
release  or  learn  their  fate.  The  British  goyem-  tant.  In  1688,  inheriting  an  estate,  he  remor- 
ment  were  unwilling  to  send  him  officially,  ed  to  London,  where  he  henceforth  lived.  Hi< 
but  indiyiduals  fnmi&ed  the  means.  Dressed  most  celebrated  work,  *'  The  Religion  of  Nitore 
in  his  doctor's  hood,  clergyman^s  gown,  and  Delineated,^'  was  published  in  1724,  just  before 
shovel  hat,  with  a  Bible  in  his  hand,  and  an-  his  de^ith,  and  witnin  a  few  years,  according  to 
nouncing  himself  as  ^'  Joseph  Wolff,  the  grand  Dr.  Olarke,  more  than  10,000  copies  of  it  ir«r« 
dervish  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  and  sold.  It  contains  a  peculiar  ethicid  tbeon, 
of  the  whole  of  Europe  and  America,"  he  made  according  to  which  moral  distinctions  are  de- 
his  way  without  much  difficulty  through  Persia  tenmned  by  the  truth  of  things.  Those  prop- 
to  Boldiara.  Before  reaching  there  he  learned  ositions  are  true  which  express  things  ss  tbej 
that  Stoddart  and  Conolly  had  been  beheaded,  are ;  a  true  proposition  may  be  deni^  by  deeds 
At  Bokhara  he  was  made  a  prisoner,  and  con-  as  well  as  words ;  and  any  act  of  omission  or 
demned  to  death ;  but  on  the  day  fixed  for  exe-  commission  which  violates  truth,  that  is,  which 
cution  the  Persian  ambassador  interfered,  and  denies  a  true  proposition,  is  morally  evil  Tb« 
he  was  enabled  to  make  his  escape,  and  to  avoid  work  was  censured  for  making  no  mention  of 
the  assassins  sent  after  him.  He  arrived  in  revealed  religion,  which  the  author  intended 
England  in  1846,  and  settled  as  parish  priest  to  treat  in  a  second  part.  He  left  aiso  sereral 
in  the  little  hamlet  of  Isle  Brewers,  Somerset-  manuscripts,  and  many  others  he  destroyed 
shire,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  near  the  close  of  his  life, 
published  "Journal  of  Missionary  Labors"  W0LLA8T0N,  WnxiAM  Hydb,  1I.D.,  n 
(1889),  "Misrion  to  Bokhara"  (1846),  "Mis-  English  physicist,  bom  in  London,  Ang.  6, 
sionary  Labors  and  ResearchesV  (1850),  and  1766,  died  there,  Dec.  22,  1828.  He  wss  edn- 
"Travels  and  Adventures  of  Rev.  Joseph  cated  at  Caius  college,  Cambridge,  and  receiv- 
Wolff,  D.D.,  LL.D."  (2  vols.  8vo.,  1860-'61).  ed  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1793,  but  after  a  time 
WOLFF,  Oboab  Lxtdwto  Bernhabd,  a  Oer-  abandoned  his  profession  and  devoted  himself 
man  author,  born  in  Altona,  July  26, 1799,  died  to  chemistry.  He  contributed  88  papers  to 
in  Jena,  Sept.  16,  1851.  He  began  to  study  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society'*  (of 
medicine  at  Berlin  and  Kiel,  but  abandoned  it  which  he  was  president  in  1820),  each  on  some 
for  belles-lettres,  and  became  a  teacher  at  Ham-  important  discovery  or  application  of  phTsical 
burg.  He  developed  a  remarkable  talent  for  science.  Several  of  Dr.  Wollaaton^s  inveiitioi:! 
poetical  improvisation,  of  which  he  gave  pub-  have  been  of  great  advantage  to  science,  parti^ 
lie  exhibitions.  Goethe  became  much  interest-  ularly  his  sliding  rule  of  chemical  equiTalent^; 
ed  in  him,  and  in  1826  he  was  appointed  pro-  his  minute  galvanic  batteries,  so  small  as  to  be 
feasor  of  modem  languages  at  the  gymnasium  contained  in  a  thimble ;  his  goniometer  for  th« 
{k  Weimar,  and  in  1880  extraordinary  professor  accurate  measurement  of  the  angles  of  crystals : 
at  Jena.  His  novels  and  tales  he  collected  un-  his  camera  lucida ;  and  his  instrument  for  draw* 
derthe  title  of/&Ar»y<«»(14vols.,  Jena,  1841- 8).  ing  platinum  wire  of  extraordinary  fineness. 
He  published  a  great  number  of  popular  com-  His  discoveries  in  regard  to  the  malleability  of 
pilations,  of  which  the  PoetUcher  HavMchatz  platinum,  and  his  subsequent  manufacture  d 
dsB  deuUchen  Volhes  (20th  ed.,  Leipsic,  1861)  is  vessels  of  it  for  the  distillation  of  acids,  are  said 
tiie  best  known.  to  have  brought  him  more  than  £80,000. 

WOLFFL,  JosBPH,  a  German  pianist  and  WOLLSTONECRAFT,  Maky.    SeeGoDvu. 

composer,  born  in  Saltzburg  in  1772,  died  in  Mary  Wollstoneckaft,  vol.  viii.  p.  832. 

London  in  1814.    He  was  a  pupil  of  Leopold  WOLOWSKI,  Louis  Fban^ois  Michel  Bit- 

MozartandMichaelHaydn,  performed  with  sue-  mOkd,  a  French  economist,  bom  in  War»v. 

cess  at  Warsaw  in  1793,  went  to  Vienna,  where  Aug.  81,  1810.    The  son  of  a  former  presideot 

he  was  Beethoven^s  rival  on  the  pianoforte,  in  of  the  Polish  diet,  he  spent  several  jean  p 

1796  produced  his  opera  of  Ber  ffollehberg,  and  France  as  a  student,  returned  to  Warsaw  b 

after  visiting  England  and  giving  concerts  with  1827,  took  an  active  part  in  t^e  Polish  rerob- 

much  success,  became  musicmaster  of  Josephine  tion  of  1830-'81,  was  sent  to  Paris  as  secrettfy 

Bonaparte  in  Paris,  and  in  1801  produced  there  of  the  Polish  embassy,  established  in  1833  the 

an  opera  called  Damour  romanesque.    After  Heeue  de  legislation  et  jurisprud^neey  was  nsi- 

NapoIeon^s  downfall  he  returned  to  England,  uralized  as  a  Frenchman  in  1834,  became  in 

and  died  in  poverty.    More  than  50  of  his  pro-  1839  professor  of  legislation  at  the  kioU  daarU 

ductions  were  printed.  et  metiers,  and  in  1848  was  elected  a  member 

WOLFRAM.    See  Tungsteht.  of  the  constituent  assembly,  and  in  1849  of  the 

WOLGA.    See  Volga.  legislative  assembly.    He  retired  from  politic^] 

WOLLASTON",  William,  an  English  philo-  life  in  1861,  and  founded  the  company  ofcrtJii 

sophical  writer,  born  at  Ooton-Olanford,  Staf-  /oncier,  and  in  1856  became  a  member  of  the 

fordshire,  March  26,  1659,  died  in  London,  Oct.  academy  of  morfd  and  political  sciences.   &<^ 

29,  1724.     He  was  admitted  a  pensioner  of  has  published  much  on  political  economy. 


518                       W0L8EY  WOMBAT 

must  decide  either  agaiost  the  king  or  against  before  and  after  the  cardinars  M.  AaloDgM 
his  conscience ;  Anne  Boleyn,  too,  and  her  fam-  Wolsey  continued  in  favor,  the  royal  pasdom 
i]jr  were  his  enemies.  In  itna  dilemma  he  pro-  were  confined  within  certain  bounds;  the  mo- 
cured  Cardinal  Gampeggio  to  be  associated  with  ment  his  influence  was  eztingnished,  ^ej  bum 
him.  The  trial  dragged  on  for  seyeral  months,  through  every  restraint,  and  by  their  caprice 
and  at  last  Oampeggio  persuaded  the  pontiff  to  and  violence  alarmed  his  subjects,  and  aston- 
revoke  the  commissions  of  the  legates  and  call  ished  the  other  nations  of  Europe.'*  ^^  I  bear 
the  case  to  Home.  The  influence  of  Wolsey  now  no  widows*  sighs,"  says  Thomas  Fuller,  ^'i>or 
sensibly  declined ;  he  was  suffered  to  remain  a  see  orphans*  tears  in  our  chronicles,  caused  by 
whole  month  without  an  invitation  to  court,  him.  Sure  in  such  cases  wherein  his  priT8t« 
At  last  (Sept.  20, 1629)  Anne  extorted  a  prom-  ends  made  him  not  a  party  he  was  an  excelleot 
ise  from  her  royal  lover  never  more  to  speak  Justicer ;  as  being  too  proud  to  be  bribed,  aod 
with  the  cardinal,  and  on  Oct.  9  the  attorney-  too  strong  to  be  overborn.**  The  king  alwajs 
general  filed  two  bills  in  the  king's  bench  spoKe  favorably  of  his  memory  and  regretted 
charging  him  with  having  as  legate  trans-  his  death.  He  was  a  man  of  some  learning  sihI 
gressed  the  statute  of  premunire.  Wolsey  or-  a  munificent  patron  of  letters.  He  heaped  prt- 
dered  his  attorney  to  plead  guilty  to  this  iniqui-  ferment  on  native  scholars ;  invited  Uie  mo^i 
tons  indictment,  resigned  the  great  seal  (.Oct.  eminent  scholars  to  teach  in  the  English  niii- 
17),  transferred  to  the  king  the  whole  of  his  versities;  established  at  Oxford  7  lectureships; 
personal  estate,  valued  at  500,000  crowns,  and  and  founded  Ghristchurch  college  at  the  same 
made  over  to  him  the  yearly  profits  of  his  ec-  university,  beside  a  college  at  Ipswich  intend«d 
desiastical  benefices,  and  by  the  royal  permis-  as  a  nursery  for  it.  His  life  was  wriUen  b; 
sion  then  retired  to  Esher,  a  seat  belonging  to  Oavendish,  his  gentleman  usher  (London,  1641]. 
his  bishopric  of  Winchester.  Henry  was  not  WOLVERENE.  See  GLrxroN. 
yet  prepared  to  abandon  him.  He  sent  him  WOLVERHAMPTON,  a  town  of  Stafford- 
gracious  messages,  and  when  he  had  been  im-  shire,  England,  12  m.  N.  W.  from  Birming- 
peached  in  parliament  of  44  real  or  imaginary  ham ;  pop.  in  1861,  60,858.  It  is  situated  in 
oflfences,  caused  the  bill  to  be  thrown  out.  the  centre  of  the  great  midland  coal  and  irno 
Through  the  agency  of  Thomas  Cromwell,  who  mining  district,  and  has  manufactures  of  al- 
from  the  service  of  the  cardinal  had  entered  most  every  article  produced  from  iron,  steel, 
that  of  the  king,  Wolsey  was  ultimately  al-  and  brass.  The  town  has  communication  with 
lowed  to  retain  the  temporal  and  spiritual  ad-  all  parts  of  Great  Britain  by  numerons  rail- 
ministration  of  the  diocese  of  York,  on  condi-  ways,  and  also  by  canal.  It  is  a  place  of  coih 
tion  that  he  should  make  over  to  the  crown  all  siderable  antiquity,  though  little  is  known  of 
the  profits  and  nominations  to  office  and  ad-  its  history  till  996,  when  Wulfrune,  sister  of 
vowsons  in  his  gift  as  bishop  of  Winchester  Ethelxed  II.,  endowed  a. church  and  college 
and  abbot  of  St.  .Albans ;  and  in  return  he  here.  The  town  was  their  called  Hampton, 
received  a  general  pardon  and  an  annuity  of  and  afterward  Wulfrune^s  Hampton,  which  b&? 
1,000  marks.  After  a  short  residence  at  Rich-  since  been  corrupted  to  the  present  name.  Wol* 
mond,  he  was  commanded  (April,  1580)  to  re-  verhampton  returns  2  members  to  parliameDt 
tire  to  the  limits  of  his  archbishopric.  Here  W0LZ06EN,  Karounb  von  (ton  Le>g^ 
his  thoughts  seemed  devoted  to  the  duties  of  *  feld),  a  German  authoress,  born  in  Rndoktadt. 
his  station.  He  celebrated  mass  regulai-ly  in  Feb.  3,  1763,  died  in  Jena,  Jan.  U,  1S47. 
public,  gave  liberal  alms,  reconciled  families  When  scarcely  16  years -old  she  married  tbf 
at  variance,  entertained  the  gentlemen  of  the  privy  councillor  Von  Beulwitz,  but  was  d(4 
county  at  his  table,  and  conciliated  general  es-  long  afterward  separated  from  him,  and  Id 
teem.  His  enemies  at  court,  however,  were  1796  married  the  chancellor  of  the  cooit  of 
not  idle.  On  Nov.*  4  he  was  arrested  at  Oawood  Weimar,  Wil helm,  baron  von  Woliogen.  Ib 
on  a  charge  of  high  treason,  and  conducted  to-  the  autumn  of  1787  Schiller  became  a  regnl^ 
ward  London.  He  was  suffering  from  dropsy,  guest  in  the  house  of  her  mother,  and  fooD 
and  the  journey  was  necessarily  slow.  As  he  afterward  was  affianced  to  her  younger  si»ter 
entered  the  monastery  of  Leicester  he  said  to  Charlotte.  She  first  appeared  as  a  poetecs  in 
the  abbot :  ^*  Father  abbot,  I  am  come  hither  an  anonymous  work  entitled  Agne$  w^  l*^*^* 
to  leave  my  bones  among  you."    He  was  at  (2  vols.,  Berlin,1798),  which  at  first  was  thoi]gh| 

once  carried  to  bed.    The  second  day,  seeing  to  be  the  production  of  Goethe.    She  publifbtu 

the  lieutenant  of  the  tower  in  his  chamber,  he  tifter  a  long  silence  some  little  tales  entitlea 

said  to  him :  "  Master  Kyngston,  if  I  had  served  Erzdhlungen  (2  vols.,  Stuttgart,  182e-'7),  v^ 

God  as  diligently  as  I  have  done  the  king,  he  subsequently  a  life  of  Schiller  (2  vols.,  ^^^/^ 

would  not  have  given  me  over  in  my  gray  hairs,  and  Tobingen,  1880).    In  1840  she  published 

But  this  is  the  just  reward  that  I  must  receive  Cordelia  (2  vols.,  Leipsic).                           . 

for  my  diligent  pains  and  study  that  I  have  had  WOMBAT  {phaacolomyt  uxmbai^  Per.  ^ 

to  do  him  service ;  not  regarding  my  service  to  Les.),  a  herbivorous  marsupial  mamma],  ^' 

God,  but  only  to  satisfy  his  pleasure."    He  ex-  habiting  New  South  Wales,  S.  Australis.  Ttf- 

gired  the  next  morning.    ^^  The  best  eulogy  on  mania,  and  the  small  islands  in  the  Bass  ^ 

is  character,"  says  Lingard,  ^4s  to  be  found  straits.    The  generic  name  means  pouched  rst; 

in  the  contrast  between  the  conduct  of  Henry  it  is  also  called  badger  by  the  colonists  from  \^ 


520  WOOD 

difforences  this  may  present  beoomeB  impor-  them,  theie  pointing  from  the  pith  outwvd  U 
taat.    The  stems  of  all  plants  mnst  be  regard-  the  bark.    In  the  forming  of  tuuoh  added  M<t 
ed  as  consisting  originally  of  a  cellnlar  mass,  of  wood,  a  like  result  takes  place;  there  en 
or  parenchyma,  only.     Into  or  between  the  wedges  of  fibres  which  form,  and  oeQnlir  tei- ' 
parts  of  this  cellnlar  structure,  the  fibres  are,  as  ,  tnre  compacted  between ;  and  in  the  sacoeedisg 
it  were,  subsequently  pushed  or  thrust  in  the  jrears  there  is  generally  a  continuity  of  theeefist- 
act  <^  their  development,  the  great  body  of  tened  plates  of  medullary  substance,  from  tk 
them  having  in  bHI  oases  a  direction  generally  centre  out  through  all  the  annuid  rings  fonaeo 
vertical,  that  is,  in  respect  to  the  stem  or  part  up  to  the  given  time.    These  plates,  hovenr. 
they  are  in,  longitudinal.    But  in  respect  to  are  not  entirely  so  regular  as  here  supposed,  bm 
the  distribution  of  the  fibres  through  the  stem,  are  liable  to  leave  off  or  disconttnue  ai  fk^r 
and  the  situation  in  which  the  new  fibres  add-  distances  along  the  lon^tudinal  fibres,  r«s^ 
ed  during  the  growth  of  the  plant  appear,  two  pearing  immecSately  above  between  other  neir 
general  plans  or  types  of  structure  are  found,  fibres,  and  so  on ;  and  the  separate  etrips  or 
which  are  readily  distinguished  on  observing  bands  of  medyllary  substance  thus  cosstitou^ 
the  wood  or  substance  of  the  stem,  and  which  are  of  different  widths  in  different  sorts  of 
correspond  to  obvious  distinctions  of  external  wood.  '  These  plates  or  strips  thus  haie  a  di- 
character  and  appearance'  of  the  plants.    In  rection  at  right  angles  to  that  of  the  £bti«> 
that  one  of  these  which  occurs  almost  invari-  proper;  and  radiating  from  the  middle  of  tk 
ably  in  the  trees  of  temperate  and  frigid  di-  tree  to  its  periphery,  tiiey  are  called  the  "mi- 
mates,  the  stem  presents  a  central  pitli  and  an  uUary  rays."     These  are  most  nomerom,  of 
exterior  and  separable  bark,  between  which  course,  in  the  outermost  rings  of  wood,  those 
wood  is  formed  in  a  succession  of  concentric  in  the  earliest  rings  dividing  in  proceeding  est- 
layers,  .one  for  each  year,  and  from  within  out-  ward,  or  new  ones  forming.     The  res^t  k 
ward ;  so  that  a  cross  section  of  such  a  stem  that  the  wood  appears  as  if  made  up  of  iwo 
shows  a  series  of  rings  or  circles  of  wood,  con-  sets  of  fibres,  the  vertical,  previously  described. 
centric  with  the  pith  and  with  each  other,  and  and  the  horizontal  or  radiating ;  and  the  effect 
reaching  to  the  bark,  known  as  the  ^^  annual  of  the  latter,  though  not  fibres  in  tact  is, 
rings."     As  these  are  successively  deposited  through  their  intimate  and  firm  union  with  tie 
without  those  previously  existing,  that  is,  one  fibres  of  the  successive  rings  which  thej  cross. 
each  year  directly  beneath  the  bark,  the  plants  greatly  to  increase  the  lateral  strength  or  n- 
showing  this  mode  of  formation  are  described  sistance  to  cleaving  of  the  wood.    The  tvo 
as  exogenous  (outside-growing),  or  are  called  transverse  systems  Urns  forming  the  wood  hare 
exogens.    In  l^e  second  form,  more  common  been  not  inaptly  compared  to  the  warp  ao^ 
in  tropical  regions,  the  woody  fibres  are  not  woof  of  woven  fabrics.    In  some  woods,  tit 
formed  in  layers,  but  as  separate  threads  or  buu;  medullary  rays  are  so  broken  up  and  seTerailj 
dies  running  without  apparent  order  through  small  or  irregular,  that  on  splitting  or  planiof 
the  parenchyma  or  pith,  which  here 'occupies  the  wood  no  very  evident  traces  of  them  ap- 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  stem,  while  the  tough-  pear ;  but  when  they  are  broader  or  more  co&- 
er  rind  which  serves  as  bark,  though  not  sepr  tinuous,  as  they  are  in  the  oak,  ^camore,  mtr 
arable  from  this  interior  portion,  is  next  in  pie,  some  pines,  &c.,  upon  splitting,  and  stili 
contact  with  it.    A  cross  section  of  a  stalk  of  more  upon  planing,  they  appear  as  sQcoe^sre 
Indian  corn  or  of  sugar  cane  shows  this  mode  glistening  plates  or  strips,  sometimes  hrotigbt 
of  formation — ^the  pith,  with  irregularly  dis-  to  view  in  regukr  and  beautiful  order.   Tbe» 
tributed  fibres  running  through  it,  and  sur-  constitute  the  "  silver  grain"  of  such  woods; 
rounded  by  an  adherent  rind ;  and  the  struc-  for  many  purposes  tiiey  render  the  wood  de 
ture  is  essentially  that  of  all  the  canes,  palms,  cidedly  ornamental.    Directly  about  the  pith,  io 
Ac.  As  the  new  wood  is  in  these  cases  formed  a  perfect  stem  or  twiff,  a  ring  composed  o(^^ 
within,  intermingling  with  the  old,  and  merely  ducts  appears,  called  the  ^^  medullary  sheath" 
enlarging  the  stem  by  distending  it  generally.  Many  stems,  however,  expand  so  rapidlj  io 
plants  of  this  sort  are  described  as  endogenous  their  early  growth  that  the  pith  is  torn  assfi- 
(inside-growing),  or  are  named  endogens.   Into  der,  the  pith  and  the  e^eath  now  named  disi^ 
the  structure  of  both  these  forms  of  stem,  be-  pei^ring ;  and  the  tree  or  shrub  is  faoUow,  ud 
side  the  cells  and  fibres,  enter  a  large  number  may  even  decay  within  while  still  growio^ 
of  ducts  or  vessels  for  the  conveyance  of  the  —one  cause  of  which  last  result  wfll  preseotlj 
sap. — ^The  ordinary  class  of  trees  in  temperate  be  referred  to.    The  circumstances  which  le«d 
latitudes,  and  by  far  the  most  numerous  in  all  to  the  clear  marking  generally  of  the  aoBw 
parts  of  the  world,  are  the  exogenous.    The  rings  to  the  eye  are,  that  in  tJie  outer  portion 
first  year's  growth  of  wood  in  any  of  these  oc-  of  each  year's  growth  the  fibres  are  more  no- 
curs  in  a  series  of  bundles  arranged  in  a  ring  merons  and  the  ducts  fewer  and  smaller,  wlu'e 
within  the  stem,  and  leaving  within  them  a  in  the  inner  portion  the  fibres  are  few.tbe 
central  pith  (medulla).    These  bundles  mainly  ducts  more  numerous  and  larger;  and  often 
displace  the  cells  where  they  form,  and,  becom-  that  the  outer  part  of  the  ring  becomes  of  9(^ 
ing  enlarged,  take  severally  a  sort  of  wedge  what  deeper  color.    Eadi  year's  growtii  thus 
form,  crowding  and  compacting  the  cellular  presents  itself  as  a  ring  of  compact  wood  shid- 
substanoe  into  as  many  fifl^ish  plates  between  mg  off  into  a  more  loose  or  porous  ptftu^ 


622  WOOD 

nation  of  such  deoay.    The  sap  wood  of  trees,  its  nse.    (See  Dbt  Rot;  and  for  the  serenl 
being  less  matured  and  solidified,  and  more  lia-  means  in  nse  for  guarding  against  either  specie«> 
ble  to  decay  also  from  the  greater  difficulty  of  of  destructive  change,  see  Pbeseryatiox  o? 
freeing  it  from  water,  is  generally  rejected  in  Wood.)    Among  the  more  or  less  familiar  mu- 
the  procuring  of  timber  for  uses  requiring  dura-  chiefs  following  the  use  of  wood  not  snitablj 
bility.    But  for  some  purposes  of  manufacture  prepared  by  seasoning,  are,  the  frequent  split- 
both  heart  and  sap  wood  are  used ;  and  through  ting  radially  from  the  centre  of  blocks  cut  from 
their  differences  of  quality,  the  two  from  the  the  whole  log,  or  of  quarters  of  such,  and  some- 
same  tree  may  be  put  to  very  different  uses,  times  in  the  course  of  the  rings ;  the  irregular 
So,  the  roots  of  some  trees  furnish  a  wood  contraction  of  large  pieces  from  the  quarter^ 
quite  different  again  in  its  texture  and  colors,  which  become  oval  in  shrinking;  and  the  shrink- 
and  hence  iu  its  uses,  from  either  of  the  for-  ing  and  warping  of  flat  pieces  and  boards  sSiet 
mer ;  and  even  knots  and  abnormal  growths,  being  put  to  use,  so  that  in  panels  they  recede 
on  a  like  principle,  become  valuable  for  partic-  from  one  side,  or  if  held  unyieldingly  split  in 
ular  sorts  of  ornamental  worlf.    The  woods  of  an  unsightly  manner.    Generally,  timbers  or 
different  trees  differ  to  a  remarkable  extent  in  boards  do  not  in  drying  shorten  materially  in 
the  resistance  they  oppose  to  decay ;  so  that  length ;  and  as  a  rule,  tihe  softest  woods  slirink 
while  some  of  them  cannot  be  preserved  in  the  most  in  width,  the  greatest  extent  "being  hsusIIt 
ordinary  condition  beyond  2  or  8  years,  others  a  half  inch  to  the  foot ;  rock  elm  has  bet-D 
decay  so  slowly  that  when  opened  after  many  *  observed  to  shrink  as  much  as  this,  while  te^ 
centuries  they  are  still  sound  within,  and  even  scarcely  contracts  at  all.    Indeed,  since  wood 
preserve  their  fragrance.    For  timbers  desired  is  hygroscopic,  i. «.,  has  in  degree  an  attraotion 
to  .be  durable,  the  trees  should  be  allowed  to  for  moisture,  the  disposition  to  swdl  slightlj 
a  good  degree  to  complete  their  growth ;  as  in  moist  seasons  or  climates,  and  contract  or 
otherwise,  even  the  outer  heart  wood  is  still  warp  on  exposure  to  those  of  comparative  drr- 
softer  than  it  should  be,  and  more  impregnated  ness,  can  never  be  entirely  obviated,  however 
with  sap. — Upon  felling  a  tree,  its  organic  life  complete  the  seasoning.     Thus,  it  is  a  weS 
ceases ;  and  if  then,  as  is  usual,  it  lies  exposed  known  fact  that  cabinet  ware,  the  cases  of  pi- 
to  air,  a  gradual  evaporation  of  its  sap  begins,  anos,  &c.,  however  well  seasoned  before  mik- 
with  drying  and  shrinking  of  the  tissues  before  ing  in  European  coimtries,  upon  being  snhie- 
distended  by  it.    In  order  to  ootain  the  wood  quently  brought  to  America,  are  much  more 
in  that  state  in  which  it  is  the  freest  possible  liable  to  shrink  or  crack  upon  exposure  to  the 
from  sap,  the  trees  should  be  felled  in  the  cold  drier  atmosphere  here  existing,  than  similar 
months,  when  the  circulation  is  arrested.    A  articles  properly  prepared  and  manufactured 
writer  in  "  Gosmos^^  (1861)  gives  results  as  to  here.     Whether  woods  have  been  sufficientlj 
strength,  durability,   and   imperviousness   of  or  but  partially  seasoned,  theyWe  in  greater  de- 
woods — ^pine  and  oak — felled  by  him  in  the  gree  protected  against  change  through  atmo?- 
months  of  December,  January,  February,  and  pheric  influences,  so  long  as  they  are  kept  veil 
March,  respectively,  and  then  exposed  in  dif-  defended  by  paint  or  varnish. — The  seasoning  of 
ferent  ways ;  and  he  finds  that  in  all  the  par-  timber^should  not,  at  least  in  the  outset,  be  too 
ticulars  named  the  woods  cut  in  December  rapid ;  as  the  speedy  drying  of  the  ends  may 
were  by  far  superior.    But  at  whatever  time  obstruct  the  escape  of  the  juices  from  the  mid- 
trees  may  be  felled,  the  vessels  of  the  outer  die  parts,  and  the  wood  is  also  likely  to  lose 
wood  must  still  contain  sap,  and  indeed  the  toughness  and  pliability.    Bough  timber  is  im- 
whole  wood  is   completely  penetrated  with  proved  by  lying,  separate  or  stacked,  but  raised 
some  degree  of  ifloisture.    Thus,  no  wood  is  fit  a  little  from  the  ground.    Sided  timber,  planb, 
for  use  when  fresfily  cut  down ;  the  juices  of  and  lumber  should  preferably  be  stowed  nn- 
the  wood  must  as  far  as  possible  be  got  rid  of,  der  sheds,  beiug  placed  in  racks,  or  piled,  tie 
and  the  processes  by  which  this  result  is  se-  successive  pieces  in  each  vertical  course  in 
cured  are  called  ^^  seasoning."    Under  condi-  the  latter  case  being  separated  by  transver^ 
tions  of  moisture,  air,  and  heat,  most  woods  slips  of  wood  at  not  many  feet  distance,  the 
commence  a  course  of  rapid  decay ;  those  which  courses  being  also  a  little  way  apart,  so  as  to 
can  longest  resist  this  change  being  sound  heart  allow  circulation  of  air,  and  the  sheds  beln^r 
wood,  but  more  especially  that  impregnated  airy  and  well  ventilated.    In  this  way,  not  onlj 
with  resinous  materials.    This  ordinary  mode  are  boards  properly  dried,  but  the  pressure 
of  decay  begins  with  a  sort  of  fermentation,  renders  the  seasoned  lumber  flat  and  straigbt. 
and  continues  generally  by  moist  decomposition,  In  the  air,  thin  stuff  will  sufficiently  seasoa,  in 
until  the  timber  loses  its  structure  ana  woody  this  c^ntry,  in  about  a  year ;  thicker  stuff  and 
character,  and  finally  is  converted  to  a  mass  of  timbers  generally  can  scarcely  be  suiBcieDtlT 
humus.    Such  decay  is  arrested  at  some  little  seasoned  in  2  or  8  years.    Where  timber  is  to 
depth  in  water,  or  at  least  greatly  prolonged,  be  squared  or  sawn,  the  early  treatment  of  it  in 
because,  though  moisture  is  abundantly  present,  such  way  increases  the  exposure  of  the  wood, 
air  is  in  good  degree  excluded.    Beside  this  and*  facilitates. its  seasoning.    Among  peculiar 
usual  decomposition  of  wood,  there  is  a  species  methods  of  expediting  the  preparation  of  tbe 
of  decay  which  may  affect  the  best  ordinarily  wood  for  use,  are  those  of  immersing  it,  imme- 
seasoned  timber,  and  at  any  time  in  course  of  diately  after  felling,  for  some  days  or  eren 


624  WOOD 

very  rate  criterion  of  its  hardneBs,  and  almost  that  are  the  most  flexible  and  elastic,  as  seen  b 
thoagh  not  qnite  as  certainly  of  its  strength,  case  of  the  ash,  hickory,  andlancewood;  ¥h3« 
The  woods  of  the  soft  firs,  poplar,  willow,  and  those  that  split  with  great  difficnlty,  and  in  »• 
many  others,  do  not  exceed,  and  many  of  them  doins  show  ragged  surfaces  due  to  breaking  of 
do  not  equal,  half  the  weight  of  water ;  those  interlaced  fibres  and  the  other  causes  nuovd 
of  the  hornbeam,  locust,  plum,  some  oaks,  &c.,  are  the  more  rigid  or  unyielding  woods,  a  for 
approach  more  or  less  nearly  three  fourths  the  instance  the  elm,  beech,  sycamore,  o«k,  vA 
weight  of  water ;  while  the  Italian  and  African  mahogany.    The  most  complete  rigidity  \i  ub- 
oakBj  boxwood,  ironwood,  lignum  vitiB,  and  tained  in  those  woods  in  which  Hie  longitudioil 
the   newly  Imown   ironbark  of  New  South  fibres  arrange  themselves  as  it  were  in  altonsre 
Wales,  have  a  specific  gravity  almost  invariably  sets,  crossing  or  interweaving  at  some  smiD 
above  1,  and  so  sink  in  water.    Of  these,  the  angle  with  each  other.  As  such  woods  are  split 
last  named,  having  a  spedfic  gravity  of  1.426,  with  great  difficulty,  so  they  resist  chectic: 
and  a  strength  1^  times  that  of  English  oak,  is  from  the  driving  into  them  of  bolts  and  pins  bet- 
by  many  believed  to  be  the  heaviest  and  solid-  ter  than  others.    Of  this  quaUty,  among  wc>uds 
est  wood  known.    Among  the  lightest  sorts  of  commonly  known  in  this  country,  tiie  eln 
true  wood  is  the  eortifa  (anana  paluBtris)  of  probably  affords  the  best  illustration ;  and  the 
Brazil,  its  specific   gravity  being  only  0.206  fact  that  at  the  same  time  it  is  among  the  fe^ 
(cork,  0.24),  and  the  wood  of  which,  resem-  woods  which  endure  well  either  in  water  a 
bling  ash,  is  however  more  wKitish  and  soft,  when  exposed  to  water  and  air  bj  tonis.  iu 
With  many  woods  it  is  practicable  to  increase  brought  it  greatly  into  use  for  wet  constrcc- 
the  density  by  compression,  and  that  to  a  re-  tions,  as  flumes,  and  for  the  planking  of  boats  &Dd 
ductioA  of  the  bulk  by  folly  a  third  or  a  fourth  ships.    The  fibres  of  the  lignum  vitaa  show  u 
part.    If  the  compression  is  upon  two  sides  arrangement  in  moderately  thick  layers  croe^ 
only,  there  is  a  tendency  to  crushing  and  loss  each  other  obliquely,  and  often  at  an  angle  b 
of  strength ;  but  if  it  be  evenly  made  on  all  great  as  80° ;  practically  it  cannot  be  worked 
sides  at  once,  the  wood  is  compacted  without  by  splitting,  but  must  be  prepared  in  all  cb^ 
disruption  of  the  fibres,  and  becomes  similar  to  with  the  saw.  A  like  rigidity,  and  from  caQse^ 
the  naturally  solid  woods,  gaining  at  once  and  now  explained,  characterizes  the  wood  of  a 
proportionally  in   specific   gravity,  hardness,  tree  at  the  part  which  includes  and  directlv 
and  strength.    It  is  in  this  way  that  very  dur-  surrounds  a  knot,  as  in  case  of  the  pottioc 
able  treenails  are  made  by  driving,  in  some  forth  of  a  branch,  and  also  the  branch  itselt  if 
oases  by  a  screw  press,  pins  of  pine  or  other  as  commonly  happens  in  some  trees,  ibis  b 
softer  wood  through  iron  rings  of  less  opening  also  angular  and  luiotty.    It  is  heace  for  their 
directly  into  the  holes  in  a^ip's  timbers;  on  rigidity,  as  well  as  for  their  usaally  aTtils- 
subsequently  wetting  them,  the  pins  regain  in  ble  form,  that  the  origins  of  branches  of  oaU 
part  their  volume,  and  they  are  thus  more  firm-  or  their  crooks,  have  been,  under  the  name 
ly  fixed  in  place. — ^Usually,  the  properties  of  of  "  knees^^'  so  muq^i  sought  for  the  timber* 
flexibility  and  elasticity  go  together  in  the  differ-  of  boats   and  ships;    though  at  the  preseot 
ent  woods  possessing  them  ;^ough  some  woods  time  these  are  becoming  largely  sQpersedtd 
are  elastic  to  compression,  or  rebound  upon  by  iron  knees,  the  form  of  which  is  whollj 
striking  or  being  struck  by  a  hard  body,  m  a  under  control,  while  their  strength  give$  ib 
greater  degree  than  they  are  capable  of  bend-  economy  of  space.    For  certain  uses,  the  tlex* 
ing  without  fracture  in  the  straight  piece.    In  ibility  of  woods  is  temporarily  increased  bj 
fact,  elasticity  of  wood  to  flexion  and  to  com-  processes  of  steaming  or  boiling.    The  wood& 
pression  may  differ  much  in  the  same  sped-  placed  within  suitable  cylinders,  are  aesjm 
men  or  sort,  and  the  two  qualities  require  al-  until  they  become  soft  and  pliable.    They  ^ 
ways  to  be  distinguished.    As  directly  con-  then  screwed  or  wedged  at  suitable  iDterrals 
neoted  with  pliability,  or  the  capability  of  being  along  their  length  in  contact  with  rigid  pM- 
bent,  the  former  sort  has  the  most  obvious  ap-  terns,  left  to  become  cool  and  dry,  and  opoD 
plications,  and  will  be  alone  considered.    The  being  released  are  found  to  have  taken,  is  uie 
most  flexible,  and  (in  the  mode  now  specifled)  main  permanently,  the  form  tbna  impaim 
most  elastic  woods  are  found  to  be  those  of  This  process  is  resorted  to  for  bending  oak  asd 
which  the  flbres  are  straightest,  least  inclined  other  timbers  for  ship  buildmg,  the  staves  of 
to  interlace,  and  least  interrupted  by  knots,  casks,  shafts  of  carriages,  &c.    The  contiiiQi^ 
curls,  or  the  presence  of  the  medullary  plates,  of  the  fibres  throughout  the  bent  pieces^  m 
It  will  readily  be  seen  that  any  marked  inter-  their  running  pu^lel  with  the  cnrvatore  iniii 
lacement  or  conftised  intermixture  of  fibres,  or  the  parts,  add  greatly  to  tiie  strength  secured, 
the  fluent  inlection  through  the  wood  of  while  there  is  dso  a  saving  in  material  and  in 
large  plates  of  the  cellular  substiuice,  or  numer-  time  and  cost  of  preparation.    The  inner  m 
ous  curls  or  turnings  of  the  course  of  the  fibres,  outer  plankings  of  ships,  being  suitably  softenea 
must  in  any  case  give  the  effect  of  bracing  the  by  steaming  or  boiling,  can  in  that  state  w 
fibres  in  so  many  more  directions,  and  must  directly  moulded  to  the  ribs  by  fixing  them  ^^ 
thus  impart  the  opposite  property  of  rigidity  to  temporary  screw-bolts,  which  are  aftenraro  Vf 
the  wood.    Accordingly,  it  is  the  woods  &at  be  replaced  by  the  permanent  bolts  of  eopp^^* 
cleave  or  split  most  freely  and  economically  (See   Bendiko   MAOHonE.) — ^The  qnalities  (» 


526  WOOD 

oanses  of  irregnlarit j  in  the  deposit  of  the  rings  knots,  namely,  that  in  them  the  fibres,  not  onhr 
and  fonn  of  the  trunk  introdace  endless  devi-  the  straight,  but  also  the  Barrounding  bem 
ations  from  such  monotonous  nniformitj,  some  ones,  are  greatly  compacted  and  eondeneid; 
of  them  slight  and  gradual,  others  abrupt  and  hence,  knots  are  denser  and  harder  than  the 
striking ;  and  a  constant  pleasing  variety,  and  wood  they  are  in,  sometimes,  as  in  pine,  in  is 
often  decided  beauty  of  ngure,  is  the  result,  extreme  ratio,  so  that  they  are  cut  witb  dif- 
The  horizontal  or  transverse  section  of  a  tree  ficulty,  and  burn  slowly.  The  greater  densitr 
can  exhibit  only  the  rings  and  the  medullary  of  the  knot,  so  far  as  the  fibres  are  oonceintd. 
rays ;  but  both  by  its  appearance  and  its  nearly  appears  due  to  the  fact  of  its  having  to  furis 
equal  shrinking  in  all  directions,  it  or  its  quar-  under  and  against  the  pressure  of  theflnrro&ri<]- 
terings  are  suitable  for  many  of  the  productions  ing  wood,  the  fibres  of  whidi  do  not  rtadilj 
of  the  turner.  If  the  trunk  be  sliced  obliquely,  elongate  to  make  room  for  it,  and  thus  park  \u 
the  slabs  thus  obtained  have  neither  the  substance,  while  saving  the  symmetry  of  tbe 
strength  of  the  longitudinal  piece  nor  the  reg-  tree.  A  result  of  the  greater  depoeit  of  ex- 
ular  figures  of  the  transverse ;  but  however  traneons  materials  about  the  fibres  is  thai 
wasteful  in  general,  such  pieces  thinly  divided  generally  the  knots  are  also  of  a  deeper  or  mere 
are  often  very  suitable  for  ornamenting  the  marked  color  than  the  wood«  It  hut  hat 
surface  of  other  woods  in  the  .manner  known  supposed  that  the  longitudinal  core  of  ii:t 
as  veneering.  Of  the  longitudinal  cuts,  that  knots,  or  that  part  continuous  with  the  ihra 
through  the  heart  of  the  tree  is  at  once  the  of  the  branch,  must  in  some  woods,  as  tbe 
hardest  and  the  most  diversified  by  the  length-  pine,  grow  away  from  the  surrounding  fibres 
wise  and  transverse  markings ;  and  a  out  in  in  sndi  a  way  as  to  become  nearly  detached 
the  radial  direction,  as  displaying  the  surfaces  from,  though  within  them ;  and  in  this  maiii.er 
and  color  of  the  medullary  plates,  is  usually  has  been  explained  the  tendency  of  those  knot? 
more  ornamental  than  that  in  a  tangential  to  fall  out  of  the  seasoned  wood,  when  espotK^l 
direction,  in  which  the  cut  ends  *of  them  can  in  cutting.  From  the  direction  of  cuttiiur.  it 
scarcely  be  visible.  In  the  ^owth  of  a  tree,  sliced  across,  knots  will  usually  show  an  ellipti- 
all  the  principal  branches  which  are  at  a  later  cal  figure.  On  large  trees  they  may  be  foccd 
stage  found  upon  it,  and  indeed  many  which  of  enormous  size,  as  from  4  to  6  inches  in  dis- 
prove abortive  or  perish,  would  appear  to  have  eter,  and  2  feet  or  more  in  length.  BetTtvi: 
their  origin  at  a  very  early  period ;  hence,  the  forkings  of  a  tree,  or  in  the  angle  betv^etu 
the  knots,  which  consist  each  of  that  portion  a  stem  and  large  and  nearly  vertical  branrL 
of  a  branch  which  is  within  the  trunk  or  a  there  often  occurs  a  filling  in,  as  it  were,  of 
larger  branch,  and  also  of  the  deflected  and  variously  contorted  and  compressed  fibre:. 
condensed  fibres  of  the  latter  that  are  turned  forming  what  is  called  a  curl ;  these  in  scqa 
out  of  their  course  by  the  former,  spring  usual-  woods,  as  mahogany,  are  frequent,  large,  nc 
ly  from  the  pith  of  the  part  they  are  in,  or  very  beautiful,  and  they  are  properly  appreciated 
near  to  ^t,  and  extend  out  through  the  whole  for  ornamental  use.  Somewhat  similar  stn]^ 
semi-diameter  of  such  part  to  its  surface ;  while  tures,  though  of  different  external  form,  aod 
also,  and  more  frequently  in  some  woods  than  known  as  burrs  or  gnarls,  may  originate  ^•oi' 
in  others,  there  will  be  a  considerable  number  the  stems,  roots,  or  branches  of  certain  tree&  the 
of  such  knots  which  present  themselves  in  the  derangement  of  the  fibres  being  set  ap  br  tbe 
wood,  though  no  corresponding  branches  at  the  puncture  of  insects  or  by  other  causes,  and  jlit 
time  appear.  Such  knots  thus  have  usually  a  formation  growing  like  an  excrescence,  oft^ii 
middle  portion  in  which  the  fibres  run  nearly  to  a  large  size.  Some  of  these  excrescences  &;*- 
straight,  but  about  this  portions  in  which  the  pear  to  arise  by  a  sort  of  unsucce^ul  atttrir^t 
new  fibres  confusedly  originate,  or  the  longitu-  at  the  formation  of  several  branches  close  to- 
dinal  fibres  of  the  part  are  bent  about  the  mid-  gether ;  and  this  is  evidently  the  case  with  the 
die  portion,  parting  below  and  meeting  again  woo^  formed  at  the  top  of  the  pollard  trees,  or 
above  it.  The  result  is  a  considerable  disturb-  those  cut  off  above,  as  elms,  willows,  and  others 
ance  in  the  regularity  of  the  texture,  which  are  sometimes  served.  When  a  burr  produced 
must  appear  in  a  section  made  in  any  direction  in  any  of  these  ways  is  of  large  size,  its  void 
through  the  knot.  The  angle  at  which  the  is  often  highly  ornamental  also,  and  it  is  then 
knot  will  make  its  way  through  the  wood  may  correspondingly  prized,  being  cut  into  thin 
vary  greatly,  its  course  being,  in  the  cypress,  veneers  for  cabinet  work.  A  peculiar  am 
oak,  and  some  pines,  nearly  horizontal ;  in  the  curl,  occurring  thickly  interspersed  throu^rh  the 
poplar,  almost  verticfd ;  and  in  most  trees,  at  proper  wood  of  a  tree,  has  been  named  ^^ 
some  angle  intermediate.  It  is  a  singular  **  bird^s-eye  ;^'  in  its  perfection  this  probsbl/ 
circumstance  that  into  and  directly  about  ^e  appears  in  but  a  single  tree,  a  species  of  Amer; 
knots  of  a  tree  the  incrusting  matters  peculiar  ican  maple,  hence  known  as  "  bird^s-eyemapW- 
to  it  are  always  most  abundantly  deposited ;  a  In  finished  work,  this  shows  the  appearance  of 
fact  illustrated  in  the  value  set  upon  pine  knots  numerous  small  dots  or  ridges,  or  of  coniGti 
in  new  countries  for  purposes  of  illumination,  projections  with  a  small  hollow  in  the  centre. 
arising  in  part  from  the  large  amount  of  resin  An  examination  of  the  bark  of  this  tree  shows 
filling  them.  In  part  also  their  value  arises  it  studded  with  corresponding  small  and  haril 
from  another  peculiarity  in  the  structure  of  eminences,  like  short  and  blunt  internal  spin^* 


528  WOOD 

in  the  preference  giren,  aided  here  by  eonve-  ,  ^^'^^*''^,  mati^nr^UtAi  BruU,  bmBcttn,  en«oe4, 

nience  of  working  also,  to  the  lengthwise  direo-  ^^n^YluS:/^^:^^''^'''^  0,^:Gr^. 

tion  of  fibres  in  the  constmction  of  mnsioal  in-      Scentk—Cuaphm  wood,  oedar,  nMwood,  mbU  «wd. 

strnments,  as  Antes  and  the  sonnding  boiu^  of  ■***"  ^^^'  aaa^frM. 

violins  and  pianos.    Professor  Enobknch  has  —The  following  list  presents  oonnectedlj  the 

recently  investigated'  more  particularly  these  woods  in  most  common  use  for  the  porpoiei 

stroctaral  relations  of  the  woods  generally  to  i^Ained : 

the  physical  properties  considered  above,  de-  ,  BuUdinif.—Bhip  bniidiDg:    Cediui»  pioee  (d««]s),  fin, 

tArmininff  tha  AffAc^tfi  in  two  dirAAfinnn  onlv      iMchea,  elina,  oalw,  locast,  teak.    Wet  constroctionf  iis  pii««. 

cerminmg  me  enecw  in  XWO  airecnons  omy,  foiindatlon8,flume«,4c):  £lm,  alder,  beech,  oak,  pluct^ 
namely,  along  and  across  the  gram ;  and  the     white  oedar.     Honae  carpe]itry>:  pines,  oakTwhitcvood. 

result  is  that  he  finds  the  large  number  of    ^t&"?V™J  "^'^'^  "f/*™i"- x^ 

J  .J        V     !.•      X    V        J     •VI  Machinery  and  fniMworl;.— Frames:  Ash.  beech,  btreh. 

woods  expenmented  on  by  him  to  be  reducible    pines,  elm,  ^ogsny,  osk.   BoUer^  *! :  bS:  u^mii  fi» 

to  four  groups,  in  which  the  ratios  of  the  two     mahoguij,  aervioe  tree.    Teeth  of  wheeU:  Crab  tre«»  han- 

axes  named  are  for  heat  conduction,  respective-    ^^  mSi'^J?'^'*  *^     Foundery  pattern.:  amo. 

ly,  1  :  1.25;  1  :  1.45;  1  :  1.5;  and  1  :  1.8.     Of        ^Mn»««t*re.— Common :    Beeeh,    blnsh,   eedara,  chcnr, 

the  first  group,  box  and  lignum  vitao  are  exam-    jJ."t!L^i!!t!!2!!?*  ^\  fcrniture:  Amboyna,  black  eboci. 

^1  i??u  J  V       v.     1  i_     "  ^  ^"•■V**       cherry,  mahogany,  maple,  osk,  rosewood,  satin  wood.  a£A] 

pies ;  of  the  second,  beech,  elm,  oak,  ash,  maple,    wood,  chestrat,  Jedai,  tniip  wood,  ^ndnoC  »taa  wS 

mahogany,  pear,  and  plum;  of  the  third,  apri-    •^y- 

cot  and  Siberian  acacia;  of  the/ourth,  willow,    ^JJ;*^^"^  ^«'y8«'^t'*riet7.»ome  of  which  srei-med 

?^^  r"""'  "^"^  .^''^7^?'^^'  ^^™?'*  ^^'  I*  8^0^^  l>e  mentioned  also  that  the  ch»ti»it 
derstood,  however,  that  the  classification  refers    and  locust  are  particularly  valued  for  posts  a.d 

^fLt^^  fTJ^  ^"^  *r  T^^  ""^aT^  ^T*  '"1«  ;  ^^  ««^  ^o'  ^^^  "^^i^g  of  oarsV walnut 
exammed,  the  wsults-  possibly  difienng  for    for  gnn  stocks;  and  box  and  mountaii  ash  for 

other  specic«p-Wood  is  sometimes  moulded  turning  into  wind  instruments,  as  the  flute  wd 
w?nT^1!.f  '''^^^^  ^^  ^fff^  """^  ^^^l  clarinet-Beside  the  trees  spS^ially  referred  to 
f^^wlrli  UotS^^^J''  "^""f^  ^^  ^'^'''^^  5^  ^«  ^^""^  of  this  article,  ^e  also  others  tm- 
S^iI,?of5  1^/^  ^!l-.  Certain  woods  der  their  respective  titles;  and  forrelat4^  suIk 
we  imitoted  also,  and  obtemed  ma  plastic  fom^  jects,  see  AnBOMCULTUEi,  and  Fuel.  For  a 
by  mmng  their  fine  saw  dust  with  glue  or  o^er    specific  and  complete  alphabetical  list  of  tl,e 

cementitious  matter,  and  pressing  the  mixture  ^oods  commonly  employed  in  the  mechanical 

mto  the  desired  shapes  in  moulds.    Other  fac-  and  ornamental  ar^  see  "  Appleton's  IHctioD- 
titious  woods  have  been  formed  by  mixing  saw    ary  of  Machines,"  Ac.  (New  York,  1867). 
dust  with  bullocks'  blood  imdcompressmg-a       WOOD.    I.  A  K.  W.  co.  of  Va.,  eeparated 

composition  devised  by  M.  Ladry.    A  product  from  Ohio  by  the  Ohio  river,  and  drained  by 

termed  durable  wood  (Poujure),  recently  m>  the  Little  Kanawha;  area,  about  400  so.  m.; 

vented  m  France,  is  attracting  some  attention  pop.  -in  1860, 11,046,  of  whom  176  were  daTes. 

m  that  country  and  England.    It  is  made  of  fee  surface  is  hilly  and  the  soil  fertile.    The 

sawdust  alone,  heated  to  a  high  temperature,  productions  in  1860  were  18,790  bushels  of 

!?       «AA^^  state  subjected  to  enormous  pres-  wheat,  261,716  of  Indian  corn,  69,584  of  oafv 

8ure--600  tons,  it  appears,  to  the  squwe  foot ;  73,886  lbs.  of  butter,  68,170  of  tobacco,  28,855 

and  It  thus  acquures  a  compactness  and  hardness  of  wool,  and  8,166  tons  of  hay.    There  were 

exceedmg  those  of  wood.    It  is  of  very  fine  10  gristmills,  8  sawmills,  2  iron  founderi«, 

texture,  moulds  rwidily  m  the  formmg  stage  22  churches,  and  298  pupils  attending  public 

mto  shapes  difficult  of  production  by  carving,  schools.    Iron  ore  and  bitummous  co^  art 

and  is  unchangeable  by  the  atmosphere.    It  is  found.    The  county  is  intersected  by  the  nortln 

now  made  into  wntmg  desks,  inkrtands,  and  western  Virginia  railroad.    The  value  of  real 

medallions,  and  even  employed  for  the  bmding  estate  in  1866  was  $2,469,726,  an  increase  of 

^;  ^?oks.     Beside  the  convenience  of  their  42  per  cent,  since  1860.     Capital,  Parkei?- 

plasticity,  aU  such  factitious  woods  will  have  a  burg.    II.  A  N.  E.  co.  of  Texas^  foAned  since 

sort  of  beauty  peculiar  to  themselves;  but  this  i860,  bounded  8.  E.  by  the  Sabine  river;  area, 

will  be  in  the  w^  of  sober  and  weU  nigh  urn-  1  040  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  4,968,  of  whom 

form  color  and  effect,  such  as  could  be  obtained  i,006  were  slaves.    The  surface  is  undulatinc 

by  almost  any  composition  of  like  hue ;  so  that  or  level,  and  diversified  by  prairie  and  wood- 

theseproductsmustlackthevalueof rarity, and  land,  and  the  soil  is  veiy  fertile.     Capital 

aUo  that  due  to  the  presence  Mid  peculiarities  Quitman,    m.  A  N.  W.  co.  of  Ohio,  boundod 

of  the  proper  woody  fibre.--The  following  list  K  W.  by  the  Maumee  river,  and  drained  br 

presents  in  connection  the  better  known  woods  the  Portage  and  its  branches ;  area,  690  so.  m. : 

which  are  most  valuable  for  the  properties,  pop.  in  1860,  9,167.    The  surface  is  le7el,  in 

usual  or  peculiar,  named  at  theur  heads  respec-  gome  places  swampy,  and  the  soil  is  very  fer- 

®^  •  tile.    A  heavy  growth  of  timber  covers  a  laiipe 

EXatMcity.-^kRh^  hazel,  hickoTj,  lanoewood,  chestnut  portion  of  the  county.    The  productions  in 

^"SSL'3?;'a;S"5j;JS:;«:-B.«h..i». ««.,«.  T.L, «*.  1860/O"'  8«.»88  b-ahela  of  wheat.  171^ 

walnut,  hornbeam.  •««,   -^  B  .w,  of  Indian  oom,  66,122  ofoats,  and  168,845  lbs. 

lixM  S^e^'^*"  ^^^  earring  or  engraring).— Pear,  pine,  box,  of  butter.    There  were  10  churches,  2  newspa- 

Du^l'ilUy  (in  dry  worM).-C«dar,  oak.  poplar.  yeUow  P®^  offices,  and  2,626  pupils  attending  poblK 

pine,  chestnut  »— »*-'!'    i  /  schools.    The  county  is  intersected  by  both 


580      WOOD  ENGRAVING  WOODBURY 

WOOD  ENGRAVING.    Bee  Enobayiho.  lenberg,  and  by  his  own  observatums.  in, 

WOOD  IBIB  (tantaluB  loeulator,  Linn.),  a  .1881,  he  purchased  the  "  American  Jonntl  of 

bird  belonging,  together  with  the  white  and  Education,"  changed  its  name  to  **  The  a«*>^i* 

glossy  ibis  (see  Ibis),  to  the  family  tantalida^  of  Education,"  and  made  it  tiie  medium  for  tjhe 

one  of  the  graUatorea.    The  genus  tantahu  has  promulgation  of  his  educational  views,  and  ooa- 

the  very  long  bill  much  thickened  at  the  base  tinned  to  publish  it  till  1888.    He  contributed 

and  curv^  downward  at  the  tip;  the  nasal  to  the  ^^^cyclopadia  Americana;"  publiah^d 

groove   not  continued   beyond   the  nostrils,  *'  Letters  from  Hofwyl,"  giving  an  accoont  erf 

which  are  broad,  pervious,  and  not  surrounded  Fellenberg's  system,  and  several  elementarT- 

by  membrane ;   the  head  and  neck  entirely  works  illustrative  of  the  Pestalozzian  method 

bare,  the  skin  of  the  latter  transversely  rugose;  of  instruction ;  and  in  conjunction  with  Kr9>. 

the  tibia  more  than  half  bare,  and  covered  as  Enmia  Willard  prepared,  after  a  plan  of  hi^i 

wdl  as  the  tarsus  with  hexagonal  scales ;  the  own,  a  school  geography  and  a  larger  work  on 

toes  connected  at  the  base  by  a  membrane,  and  universal  geography. 

the  outer  lateral  toe  longer  than  the  inner.  WOODBURY,  a  W.  co.  of  Iowa,  bounded 

The  wood  ibis  is  the  only  representative  of  the  W.  by  the  Missouri  and  Sioux  rivers,  which 

genus  in  the  United  States.  It  is  a  showy  bird,  separate  it  from  Nebraska ;  area,  about  6C«0 

mainly  of  a  white  color,  the  tail  and  quills  of  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860, 1,119.    The  surface  is  m- 

the  wings  being  dark  metallic  green,  and  the  dulating  and  the  soil  generally  fertQe.    The 

face  and  head  greenish  blue ;  its  total  length  productions  in  18fi9  were  46,275  bushels  of  In- 

is  about  Si  feet,  and  the  spread  of  its  wings  as  ,  dian  corn,  1,688  of  oats,  10,070  of  potatoes, 

much  as  5  feet;  the  bill,  of  a  brownish  horn  *  9,910  lbs.  of  butter,  and  1,245  tons  of  hayl 

CQlor,  and  considerably  curved  toward  the  tip,  Oapital,  Sioux  City. 

is  nearly  9  inches  long,  and  at  its  base,  where  WOODBURT,  Levi,  an  American  jurist  and 
it  rises  high  in  the  head,  is  2  inches  thick,  statesman,  bom  in  Francestown,  N.  H.,  Dec 
They  inhabit  the  southern  states,  and  breed  in  22,  1789,  died  in  Portsmouth,  Sept  7,  1851. 
immense  numbers,  making  their  nests  upon  the  He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in 
tops  of  trees  in  cypress  swamps,  apparently  1809,  studied  law  in  the  law  school  at  Utch- 
preferring  those  which  grow  in  the  water  at  field,  Conn.,  at  Boston  and  Exeter,  was  admit- 
the  margins  of  lakes  and  ponds,  as  being  least  ted  to  the  bar  in  1812,  and  practised  bis  pro- 
accessible  from  the  land ;  their  breeding  places  fession  at  Francestown  till  1816,  when  he  wss 
are  used  for  several  years,  and  their  deep  nests  elected  clerk  of  the  state  senate.    In  1817  h« 
madeof  small  twigs  lined  neatly  with  the  south-  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior  court 
em  tilldndsia;  they  lay  8  eggs  of  a  whitish  and  in  1819  he  removed  his  residence  from 
color,  nearly  2^  by  a  little  more  than  1|  inches;  Francestown  to  Portsmouth.    In  1828  he  was 
the  young  are  hatched  in  April.    They  do  not  elected  governor  of  New  Hampshire,  and  a: 
.  generally  move  about  in  flocks,  but  conmionly  the  close  of  his  tenn  of  office  resumed  the  prac- 
either  singly  or  in  pairs,  feeding  upon  smaU  tice  of  the  law  at  Portsmouth.    In  1825  he  was 
fish,  crawfish,  and  young  alligators ;  they  are  chosen  to  represent  that  town  in  the  legisla- 
rather  fdiy  birds,  the  signal  croak  and  circling  ture  of  the  state,  and  became  speaker  ^  the 
flight*  speedily  betokening  their  alarm  at  the  house  of  representatives.    The  same  legisla- 
approach  of  the  invaders  of  their  solitude.  ture  elected  him  a  United  States  senator,  which 
WOOD  MOUSE.    See  Mouse.  office  he  filled  till  1881.    On  the  expiration  of 
WOOD  RAT.    See  Rat.  his  term  of  service  in  the  federal  senate  he 
WOOD  SORREL.    See  Sorbbl.  was  returned  in  March,  1831,  by  the  people  of 
WOODBINE.'    See  Hoketsuokle.  the  Portsmouth  district  to  the  state  senate,  but 
WOODBBIDGE,  Timothy.    See  Blind,  vol.  declined  the  office  in  order  to  accent  that  of 
iii.  p.  858.  secretary  of  the  navy,  to  which  he  nad  beec 
WOODBRIDOE,  William   Ohankino,    an  appointed  by  President  Jackson  on  the  break- 
American  writer  on  education,  bom  in  Med-  ing  up  of  his  first  cabinet  and  the  retirement 
ford,  Mass.,  Dec.  18, 1794,  died  in  Boston,  Nov.  from  the  administration  of  the  friends  of  Mr. 
9,  1846.    He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  Calhoun.    In  July,  1884,  he  was  traiudferred  to 
his  17th  year,  and  at  18  became  principal  of  the  office  of  secretary  of  the  treasury,  which 
Burlington  academy,  N.  J.,  where  he  remained  he  retained  during  the  remainder  of  PreMdent 
till  1814.    He  then  studied  medicine  and  tlieol-  Jackson^s  second  term  of  office  and  the  whole 
ogy  till  Dec.  1817,  when  he  became  one  of  the  of  Mr.  Van  Buren^s  administration,  going  out  on 
histructors  in  the  American  asylum  for  the  the  inauguration  of  President  Harrison,  March 
deaf  and  dumb  at  Hartford,  Oonn.    He  remain-  4, 1841.    During  this  period  the  post  of  chief 
ed  there  for  8  years,  and  in  the  mean  time  was  justice  of  the  superior  court  of  New  Hamp- 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  Oongregational  con-  shire  was  ofi'ered  him,  but  was  refused.     In 
aociation.     He  vidted  Europe  8  times,  and  1841  he  was  again  returned  to  the  United 
on  his  return  from  his  second  journey  (1829),  States  senate  by  the  legislature  of  his  native 
which  had  occupied  4  years,  devoted  himself  state,  and  as  a  member  of  that  body  voted  in 
,  to  the  work  of  elevating  the  condition  of  the  1841  against  the  repeal  of  the  sub-treaaory  act, 
'  common  schools,  and  introducing  the  Pestaloz-  against  the  bankrupt  law,  against  the  bill  di»> 
Ban  system  of  instruction  as  modified  by  Fel-  tributing  among  the  atatee  tibe  smplua  reframe 


582                     WOODFORD  WOODPECKER 

lished  in  it.    He  was  bred  a  printer,  became  horns  of  the  hjoid  bone  greatly  elongated 
an  actor  for  a  short  time,  and  was  then  editor    posteriorly,  extending  aroand  the  back  aiui 

in  succession  of  the  ^^  London  Packet,^^  the  over  the  top  of  the  head,  the  anterior  end^. 

'^Morning  Chronicle,^' and  the  ^^Diary,^^  which  enveloped  in  a  sheath  in  which  they  fre^W 

last  journal  he  established  in  1789.    In  this  move,  being  attached  in  advance  of  the  evt4 

Saper  he  introduced  the  practice  of  publishing  usually  near  the  opening  of  the  right  nostril: 

ally  long  reports  of  the  parliamentary  pro-  these  slender  bows  are  accompanied  by  slip? 

ceedings  of  the  previous  day.     He  himself  of  muscle  by  whose  contraction  they  are  sbort- 

sometimes  wrote  these  reports  from  memory,  ened,  thrusting  the  tongue  out  far  beyond  tb« 

and  without  aid  from  notes  or  from  an  amanu-  bill ;  f^nother  pair  of  muscles,  folded  aroand  the 

ensis,  to  the  extent  of  20  columns  of  the  paper,  upper  part  of  the  trachea  and  going  forward  tu 

When  other  newspapers,  employing  several  re-  the  anterior  part  of  the  tongue,  draw  the  oi^gas 

porters,  began  to  compete  with  him,  he  aban-  in  again ;  its  surface  is  covered  with  a  glutinoo? 

doned  the  publication.  matter  secreted  by  2  large  glands,  whose  duct* 

WOODFORD.    I.  A  N.  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  open  near  the  point  of  the  lower  jaw,  and  ftir- 

W.  by  the  Kentucky  river ;  area,  about  250  nish  a  fresh  supply  every  time  the  tongne  i- 

sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  11,220,  of  whom  5,829  drawn  in ;  the  tip  is  also  homy,  with  serenl 

were  slaves.'  The  surface  is  undulating  and  barbed  filaments  pointing  backward  to  reuin 

the  soil  very  fertile.    The  productions  in  1850  insects  too  large  to  be  captured  by  the  vivM 

were  812,490  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  112,430  secretion.    They  are  very  active  birds,  lirin: 

of  oats,  2,958  tons  of  hemp,  and  45,586  lbs.  of  '  in  woods  and  forests,  continually  tapping  with 

wool.    There  were  18   grist   mills,  14   saw  th'e  bill  the  surface  of  trees  to  discover  soft  and 

mills,  23  churches,  and  689  pupils  attending  rotten  places,  in  which  are  lurking  the  insecb 

schools.    Limestone  abounds,  and  there  are  and  the  larvsB  on  which  they  principally  feed. 

many  forests  of  valuable  timber.    The  county  and  which  they  obtain  by  digging  with  gre&i 

is  intersected  by  the  Lexington  and  Frankfort  energy ;  their  motions  on  the  trees  are  gre&t!\ 

railroad.    Capital,  Versailles.    11.   A'  central  assisted  by  the  stiff  taU,  which  has  the  feath€^ 

CO.  of  lU.,  bounded  W.  by  Peoria  lake ;  area,  pointed  at  the  end,  where  they  are  nsnall; 

470  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1850, 4,415 ;  in  1860, 13,282.  much  worn ;  they  eat  also  fruits  and  seeds. 

The  surface  is  undulating,  diversified  by  prairie  They  are  generally  solitary  birds,  and  remark- 

and  woodland,  and  the  soil  is  highly  fertile,  ably  silent,  the  principal  noise  they  make  Indog 

The  productions  in  1850  were  76,770  bushels  produced  by  striking  the  bill  against  the  trees; 

of  wheat,  404,244  of  Indian  corn,  50,727  of  it  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  they  .injure  trees,  as 

oats,  79,664  lbs.  of  butter,  and  4,553*  tons  of  their  common  name  of  sapsucker  indicates,  &.« 

hay.    There  were  5  churches,  and  750  pupils  they  are  in  search  of  destructive  insects  and 

in  public  schools.    The  county  is  intersected  by  not  the  juice  of  the  trees,  and  do  much  more 

the  Illinois  central  railroad.  Capital,  Metamora.  good  than   harm.     They  roost  and  nest  ic 

WOODHOUSE,  RoBEBT,  an  English  math-  holes  of  trees,  preferring  to  enlarge  a  natural 

ematician,  born  in  Norwich,  April  28,  1773,  one  for  the  purpose,  and  carrying  away  mosi 

died  in  London,  Oct.  23,  1827.    He  was  grad-  of  the  chips  to  a  distance ;  the  eggs  are  4  to  8, 

uated  at  Cambridge  in  1795,  became  a  fellow  pure  white,  and  deposited  upon  a  few  chips  at 

of  his  college,  was  chosen  Lucasian  professor  the  bottom  of  the  hole.    Their   colors  are 

.of  mathematics  in  1820,  in  1822  became  Plumi-  generally  strongly  contrasted,  black  and  white. 

an  professor  of  astronomy  and  experimental  or  green  and  yellow,  with  red  marks  about  the 

philosophy,  and  in  1824  superintendent  of  the  head.     The    family   is    connected   with  the 

observatory  at  Cambridge.    He  published  val-  cuckoos  by  the  wryneck.    (See  WRYTfEOK.)- 

nablo  works  on  analytical  calculation,  trigo-  The  picituB  are  the  typical  group  of  woodpeek- 

nometry,  isoperimetrical  problems  and  the  cal-  ers,  and  are  very  generally  distributed  over  the 

cuius  of  variations,  and  on  astronomy.  earth,  though  most  abundantly  in  warm  r^ions. 

WOODHOUSELEE,    Lord.     See   Tytleb,  Among  the  hundreds  of  species,  only  a  few  of 

Albxandeb  Fbaseb.  the  most  common  American  ones  can  be  de- 

WOODPECKER,  the  common  name  of  the  scribed  here.    One  of  these  is  the  hairy  vood- 

very  numerous  scansorial  or  climbing  birds  of  pecker  (pieus  villosus^  Linn.),  8  or  9  ioch^ 

the  family  piddoe.    The  bill  is  long,  straight,  long  and  15  in  alar  extent,  black  above  with 

and  wedge-shaped,  with  flattened  and  truncat-  white  band  down  the  middle  of  back;  \srpx 

ed  tip,  and  sides  more  or  less  ridged,  admirably  wing  coverts  and  quills  with  conspicuous  spots 

adapted  for  pecking  hol^s  in  trees  in  search  of  of  white,  and  2  white  stripes  on  each  side  iA 

insects  and  larvea ;  the  toes  are  2  before  and  head ;  lower  parts  white ;  in  the  male  there  U 

2  behind,  with  strong  sharp  claws,  enabling  a  scarlet  nuchal  crest,  covering  the  white;  the 

them  to  run  upon  the  branches  of  trees  in  hyoid  bones  curve  around  the  right  eye  to  it^ 

every  direction  with  great  facility ;  the  cervi-  posterior  angle.    It  is  found  throughout  North 

cal  vertebrsB  are  12,  and  greatly  developed,  America  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Boekj 

the  caudal  usually  7,  the  last  one  very  large  mountains,  other   species   occurring  on  the 

and  with  a  strong,  ridge-like  spinous  process ;  western  slope ;  it  is  a  lively,  noisy,  and  feflrlea» 

the  sternum  has  2  excisions  at  the  posterior  bird,  met  with  at  all  seasons  in  orchards,  wood«, 

margin  on  each  side.    The  tongue  has  the  and  fields,  even  in  the  midst  of  cities ;  in  winter 


634                       WOODS  WOODWORTH  . 

ooons  and  black  snakes  are  its  greatest  eqemies,  theological  lectures,  and  a  portion  of  bis  other 

the  former  putting  the  fore  paws  into  the  nest  writings,  which  were  published  in  5  toIs.  Sto. 

and  drawing  out  eggs  and  joung,  and  the  snake  (1849-^50). — ^His  son,  I^onabd,  D.D.,  was  gnid- 

entering  completely,  as  mischievoas  boys  have  uated  at  Union  college  in  1827,  was  Hoen^ed 

sometimes  found  to  their  surprise  and  terror  to  preach,  was  for  some  time  editor  of  the 

when  robbing  this  bird^s  nest;  hawks  often  *^ Literary  and  Theological  Review"  in  New 

attack  it  when  on  the  wing,  but  it  generally  York,  has  translated  Knapp's  "Lectures  on 

escapes  by  diying  into  its  hole  or  dodging  Ohristian  Theology,"  and  since  1839  has  been 

round  the  tree  tiU  it  can  enter  it.    The  red-  president  of  Bowdoin  college, 

shafted  woodpecker  {€*  Mexieanus^  Swains.)  WOODSON,  a  S.  E.  co.  of  Kansas,  draised 

has  the  shafts  and  lower  parts  of  wings  and  by  the  Verdigris  river  and  branches  of  the 

tail  orange  red,  a  red  patch  on  cheek,  nape  Neosho;  area,  about  800  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  186<). 

without  red  crescent,  and  back  glossed  with  1,488.    The  surface  is  level  or  undulating,  and 

purplish  brown.    It  is  found  in  western  North  the  soil  fertile. 

America  from  the  Black  hills  to  the  Pacific.  WOODSTOCK,  a  post  village  and  township, 
On  the  upper  Missouri  there  is  a  hybrid  be-  and  the  capital  of  Windsor  co.,  Vt.,  46  m.  from 
tween  these  two  birds,  having  the  shafts  inter-  Montpelier,  on .  the  Ottauquechee,  an  afflueot 
mediate  between  yellow  and  dark  orange  red,  of  the  Connecticut  river ;  pop.  in  1860,  3,063. 
a  red  nuchal  crescent,  ash-colored  throat,  and  It  contains  5  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  s 
black  cheek  patches,  the  characters  of  the  two  bank,  a  savings  bank,  the  Vermont  medical  col- 
species  varymg  in  proportion  in  different  in-  lege  (founded  by  Dr.  Joseph  A.  Grallup  in  182T 
dividuals. — Of  the  geeinina  or  ground  wood-  and  incorporate^  in  1835),  and  manufactories 
peckers  there  are  none  in  North  America ;  the  of  scythes,  axes,  carding  machines,  tinsmiths' 

g'een'  woodpecker  of  Europe  (geeinua  viridiSy  machines,  straw  cutters,  guns,  woollen  goods^ 
oie),  the  genus  being  peculiar  to  the  old  &c.    The  state  legislature  sat  here  in  1607. 
world,  feeds  chiefly  on  ants  and  bees,  and  is  WOODWARD,  Samusl  Bayabd,  M.D.,  an 
generally  seen  on  the  ground. — ^The  picumnina  American  physician,  bom  in  Torrington,  Conn.. 
or  piculets  are  very  small  birds,  having  a  short  June  10,  1787,  died  in  Northampton,  Mai&, 
bill,  sharp  at  the  tip,  rounded  wings,  and  a  Jan.  8,    1850.    He   commenced   practice  in 
short  tail  with  broad  rounded  feathers,  evident-  1809  at  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  where  he  became 
ly  not  used  as  ^  means  of  support ;  they  are  physician  to  the  state  prison,  and  was  for  some 
found  in  the  warm  parts  of  South  America,  years  a  member  of  the  Connecticut  senate. 
and  in  India  and  its  archipelago;  they  nest  in  He  took  a  prominent  share  in  the  establishment 
holes  of  trees,  and  lay  2  eggs.     Picumnus  of  the  ^*  Retreat  for  the  Insane"  at  Hartfori 
minutissimus  (Temm.)  is  the  type,  connecting  and  in  1882  was  called  to  the  snperintendencT 
the  true  woodpeckers  with  the  wrynecks. —  of  the  state    lunatic  hospital   at  Worcester. 
For  details  on  other  North  American  species  Mass.    In  1846  he  removed  to  Northampton 
of  woodpeckers,  see  vol.  iz.  of  the  Pacific  rail-  on  account  of  his  health.  -  While  at  Worcester 
road  reports,  pp.  79-125  (1868).  he   had  projected  an  asylum  for  inebriates, 
WOODS,  I^oNABD,  D.D.,  an  American  di-  and  in  a  series  of  papers  published  in  the 
vine,  bom  in  Princeton,  Mass.,  June  19,  1774,  *^ Boston  Mercantile  Journal"  had  advocated 
died  in  Andover,  Mass.,  Aug.  24,  1854.    He  it  with  great  earnestness.    In  1846  he  wrote  to 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1796,  and  Judge  Byington,  then  in  the    Massachnsetts 
in  1798  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Cam-  senate,  begging  him  to  bring  forward  some 
bridge  association.    In  November  of  the  same  plan  for  the  training,  of  idiot  children.   TM* 
year  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church  at  plea  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Massacbu* 
Newbury.      When  the  theological  seminary  setts  school  for  idiotic  youth.    Beside  elabo- 
was  established  at  Andover  in  1808,  he  was  rate  annual  reports  while  connected  with  the 
appointed  to  the  professorship  of  theology,  lunatic  hospital,  he  published  a  little  Tolnme 
which  place  he  continued  to  occupy  38  years,  entitled  **  Hints  to  the  Toung,"  and  after  hif 
During  that  time  he  took  an  important  part  removal  to  Northampton  an   essay  on  the 
in  the   establishment  of  various   beneVoIent  '^  Fruits  of  New  England." 
institutions,  particularly  th^  American  tract  WOODWORTH,  Samuel,  an  American  ao- 
society,  the  American  education  society,  the  thor  and  editor,  bom  in  Scituate,  Mass.,  Jan. 
temperance  society,  the  American  boao^  of  18, 1785,  died  in  New  York,  Dec.  9, 1842.   He 
commissioners  for  foreign  missions,  &c.    In  the  received  a  limited  education  in  his  native  tov^, 
last  mentioned  board,  he  was  a  member  of  the  and  was  apprenticed  to  Beinamin  Russell,  e^ 
prudential  committee  for  about  25  years.    He  tor  and  publisher  of  the  "  Columbian  Centinel" 
was  also  engaged  in  several  important  theologi-  of  Boston.    After  the  expiration  of  hia  inden* 
cal  controversies,  in  all  of  which  he  manifested  tures  he  engaged  in  literary  pursuits,  in  wlrich 
great  good  temper  as  well  as  much  skill.    He  he  continued  with  more  or  less  success  until 
receiv^  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Dartmouth  the  close  of  his  life.    He  was  one  of  thefoood- 
ooUege,  and  also  from  the  college  of  New  ers  in  1823,  in  cox\j unction  with  George  P- 
Jersey,  in  1810.    In  1846  he  retu^d  from  his  Morris,  of  the  "New  York  Mirror."    He  pro- 
professorship,  and  from  that  time  was  engaged  duced  a  number  of  dramatic  pieces^  bat  hb 
for  several  years  in  preparing  for  the  press  his  reputation  rests  principdOiy  upon  his  songs  m 


586  WOOL 

softer  and  more  elastic. — ^Like  hair,  wool,  teemed  the  moet  important.  RelatSve,  as  wd] 
though  an  organized  growth,  is  to  he  regarded  as  ahsolnte  fineness  of  fibre,  is  readily  deter- 
as  in  one  way  a  seeretion,  or  even  an  excretion,  mined  under  the  microscope.  Dr.  Parrr  in 
from  the  fluids  of  the  animal  body;  its  chemi-  this  way  measured  fibres  of  19  sorts  of  wod; 
cal  constitution  is  mainly  of  a  substance  allied  the  finest  was  that  of  a  Spanish  merino  ewe. 
to  albumen  and  fibrine,  and  specifically  almost  the  mean  diameter  being  y^Vir  ^^  ^^  ^^^^  \  ^ 
identical  with  that  of  horn  and  the  epidermis  of  the  fibre  of  the  ram  was  f^^  inch;  of  & 
or  scarf  skin.  Each  fibre  grows  from  a  pit  or  Bambouillet  ewe,  ^ ^ ;  of  a  8outh  Dovn, 
follicle  in  the  skin,  and  in  which  are  also  mi-  i-/,-,! ;  of  an  Anglo-!Negrette  ram,  fii ;  and  of 
nute  glands  furnishing  at  the  same  time  with  a  Wiltshire  ewe,  ^i^  inch ;  the  average  diam- 
the  formation  of  the  fibre,  and  throwing  out  eter  of  the  coarsest  combing  wools  was  ^^  of 
along  with  it,  a  profuse  secretion  of  an  oily  or  an  inch.  Dr.  Ure^s  results  for  the  fine  wook 
fatty  material.  Of  the  weight  of  wool  as  ex-  ranging  from  yimr  ^^  itov  ^^  <^  ^<^}  ^^7 
isting  on  or  removed  from  the  sheep,  this  latter  coincide  with  the  former.  The  Saxon  meriDos 
always  forms  a  considerable,  and  sometimes  a  have  been  preeminent  for  fineness  of  fibre: 
very  large  proportion ;  it  is  commonly  known  but  in  1860  there  were  exhibited  in  London 
as  the  *^  yolk"  of  the  wool  or  fleece.  This  yolk  American  merino  fibres  of  a  diameter  of  ^  j'ry. 
Yauquelin  found  to  consist  generally  of:  1,  a  and  American  Saxon  of  f^W  o^  ^^  inch— the 
soapy  matter  with  a  basis  of  potash  (this  being  latter,  it  appears,  that  of  the  fleece  of  the  prize 
the  larger  part  of  it);  2,  a  small  quantity  of.  ram  ^^  Premium,"  belonging  to  H.  S.  RandaB. 
carbonate  of  potash ;  8,  traces  of  acetate  of  of  Cortland,  N.  Y.  The  fibre  of  South  Down 
potash,  4,  of  lime,  and  6,  of  chloride  of  potas-  is  usually  larger  than  as  above  -^ven,  bein; 
sium ;  and  6,  an  animal  oil,  giving  to  the  yolk  sometimes  -^^  of  an  inch.  A  single  fleeee. 
its  peculiar  odor.  This  substance,  then,  is  not  however,  of  whatever  character,  yields  eeTera! 
strictly  a  grease  or  oil;  substantially,  it  is  a  sortsof^ool,  diflering  prominently  in  fineDe». 
soap  with  an  excess  of  oil.  Hence  the  facts  The  finest  wool  grows  on  the  shoulders  and 
that  in  warmish  water  it  dissolves  freely,  and  along  the  back ;  that  next  in  fineness  on  the 
may  be  wasfa^  almost  entirely  out  of  the  neck,  under  the  shoulders,  and  along  the  nb«: 
fleece ;  and  that,  though  it  leaves  an  unctuous  next,  on  the  legs,  thighs,  and  haunch ;  the 
feeling  upon  the  hands,  yet  it  cleanses  and  coarsest  of  all  under  the  neck,  on  the  breast, 
whitens  them,  as  soap  does.  Hence  ^so  the  belly,  and  lower  part  of  the  legs.  GenerallT. 
fact  that  in  the  hard  water  of  limestone  regions  the  fineness  of  fibre  appears  to  vary  with  tlr 
wool  washes  much  less  cleanly,  andparts  with  fineness  of  texture  of  the  skin  itself  and  smtU* 
less  of  its  weight.  (See  Wateb.)  The  quanti-  ness  of  the  follicles ;  and  it  is  further  mat^rialh 
ty  and  degree  of  fluidity  of  the  yolk  in  diflerent  influenced  by  certain  conditions,  the  most  ti- 
wools  vary  greatly,  depending  upon  many  con-  fectual  of  which  are  the  quantity  and  qnalitr 
ditions,  being  usually  greater  as  the  sheep  are  of  the  feed,  and  the  heat  or  cold  to  which  the 
healthy  and  well  fed,  especially  upon  succulent  animal  is  exposed.  Abundance  of  nntrimeot. 
food,  but  always  more  abundant  in  some  va-  according  to  the  testimony  of  both  Emopeao 
rieties  than  in  others.  The  coarsest  wools  and  American  wool-growers,  will  increase  not 
rarely  contain  less  than  20  per  cent,  of  yolk ;  only  the  length,  but  also  the  grossness  or 
South  Down  averages  45  to  50  per  cent. ;  and  coarseness  of  the  flbres ;  while  a  continued 
in  the  finest  merino  and  Saxon  wools  it  ranges  scanty  subsistence,  but  not  poor  enough  to 
from  60  to  75  per  cent,  of  the  weight,  and  has  impair  the  health  of  the  animals,  without  de- 
even  been  known  to  reach  80  per  cent.  In  the  teriorating  the  softness  or  quality  in  other  re- 
merinos,  this  abundant  secretion,  catching  spects,  secures  a  very  evident  improvement  io 
dust  and  drying  down  in  the  outside  wool,  the  finenesa  of  the  wool.  So,  in  the  warn 
forms  the  black  gum  giving  the  dark  color  season,  and  in  case  of  sheep  warmly  honsei 
to  the  sheep,  and  which  by  breeders  is  usu-  the  fibre  grows  larger;  while  cold  weather asd 
ally  prized  as  an  evidence  of  superior  quality  exposure  cause  it  to  become  more  fine.  Mr. 
of  fleece.  Obvious  uses  of  the  yolk  are,  to  Bandall  asserts  that  between  those  seasons  io 
maintain  the  softness  and  pliancy  of  the  which  his  flock  were  maintained  in  high  con- 
fibres,  and  to  protect  them  from  that  wear-  dition,  and  those  in  which  they  kept  but  as  or- 
ing  off  of  the  scaly  projections  which  must  dinary  or  poor  condition,  there  was  a  marked 
otherwise  result  from  their  friction  upon  one  difference  of  fineness,  and  in  favor  of  the  lat- 
another  during  the  movements  of  the  animal,  ter ;  but  he  recommends  for  general  practice 
— ^Among  the  qualities  which  severally  go  to  free  feeding  on  succulent  rather  than  fattening 
determine  the  desirableness  of  wools  for  man-  food,  and  a  dependence  on  skilful  crossinfr  of 
ufacturing  purposes,  and  so  to  regulate  their  breeds  to  maintain  or  secure  the  desired  fine- 
commercial  value  and  classification,  and  which  ness  in  the  wool.  3.  Softness.  Wool  showing 
are  accordingly  to  be  regarded  by  the  wool  this  quality  in  decided  degree  is  Seu-  more  Tda- 
merchant  and  grower,  are  the  following,  of  able  than  that  which,  as  tested  by  twisting, 
which  some  are  observed  in  the  single  fibre,  bending,  or  handling  it,  is  stiff  and  hard.  The 
others  in  the  fleece.  1.  Capacity  for  felting,  best  wool  is  soft  in  proportion  to  its  fineness 
already ^nsidered.  2.  Fineness,  which,  of  all  the  Saxon  being  the  softest  of  all.  One  of  the 
the  obvious  qualities  of  wool,  has  «ver  been  es-  worst  effects  of  a  too  poor  keeping  of  the  M^ 


538  WOOL 

extreme  fineness  with  length  of  staple.    The  mans  in  his  time  were  mann&ctared  from  wool 

length  of  the  wool  ranges  nsnally  from  6  to  brought  from  Spain.  Pliny,  himself  a  gOTernor 

12  inches;  and  if  the  ammal  go  long  onshc^ii,  of  Spain,  describes  several  fine-wooUed  varietia 

the  fleece,  without  becoming  coarse,  attains  an  of  ^eep  as  having  long  been  reared  in  tha: 

extraordinary  length,  samples  of  42  inches  hav-  country.    In  view  of  these  facts,  further  doubt 

ing  been  obtained.    The  usual  weight  of  an  is  thrown  upon  the  two  attempts  to  accooni 

alpaca  fleece  is  from  10  to  12  lbs.    The  wool  for  the  origin  of  the  merino  sheep,  neither  of 

produced  by  a  cross  of  the  alpaca  with  the  vi-  which  in  itself  appears  to  wear  the  sUiinp  of 

Gufta,  another  species  of  llama,  is  of  very  small  consistency.    According  to  the  oldest  of  these, 

amount,  but  soft  and  downy.    Although  by  Columella,  a  Boman  residing  near  Cadu,  ai<l 

Peruvian  law  the  exportation  of  the  ^paca,  just  before  the  time  of  Pliny,  coupled  fiLv^VKl 

vioufla,  and  other  species  of  llama  is  forbidden,  Tarentian  (Italian)  ewes  with  wild  rams  broiigLt 

yet  the  two  former  have  been  under  special  from  Barbary;  and  this  cross  is  said  to  Lar 

grants  introduced  into  Australia,  and  certain  been  repeated  18,  and  again  15  centuries  lakr, 

parts  of  Europe  and  the  United  States.    In  by  Pedro  lY.  of  Castile  and  Cardinal  XiiD^Des; 

Australia  the  flocks  are  becoming  large,  and  so  that  the  merino  breed  would  have  acquired 

the  prospect  indicates  entire  success  of  the  ex-  its  perfect  character  but  a  little  while  before, 

periment.    The  whitest  wool  known  in  com-  in  the  17th  century,  it  began  to  attract  speciil 

meroe  is  that  of  the  Angora  goat,  termed  mo-  attention  in  foreign  countries.    By  those  vho 

hair.    The  fleece,  weighing  2  to  4  lbs.,  and  discredit  this  explanation,  the  Barbary  crosses 

free  from  under-down,  is  yery  silky,  hanging  are  declared  to  have  been  made  with  the  Chu- 

in  ourls  of  an  average  length  of  about  6  inches,  nah  or  long-wooUed  sheep  of  Spain,  a  brvtd 

The  proper  wool  of  the  Cashmere  goat,  which  who^y  distinct  from  the  merino.    The  otlicr 

is  the  under  coating,  is  short,  but  peculiarly  account  referred  to  is  to  the  effect  that  the  h- 

soft,  rich,  and  lustrous.    The  task  of  separating  mous  merino  flocks  of  Spain  had  their  origiD 

this,  fibre  by  fibre,  from  the  hair  or  ^^hemp"  from  English  sheep  exported  to  that  couitrj 

of  the  outer  coat,  is  very  tedious;  and,  despite  about  the  13th  or  14th  century.    Such  an  on- 

the  cheapness  of  Indian  labor,  this  constitutes  gin  is  more  ok  less  directly  implied  by  some 

one  chief  element  in  the  enormous  cost  of  the  Spanish  writers  of  the  period,  the  commg  OTer 

shawls  fabricated  from  this  wool.    The  fleece  of  the  English  sheep  being  referred  to  as  &n 

of  the  Rocky  mountain  goat  is  white  and  soft,  important  event,  and  as  the  daie  of  which  !)&■ 

and  is  said  to  combine  two  coats,  both  of  which  vila  assigns  the  year  1893.    At  all  erenu, 

nearly  answer  to  wool ;  the  one  to  Iambus  wool,  when  the  merinos  of  Spain  first  attracted  the 

the  other  to  the  under  coat  of  the  poodle  dog.  observation  of  other  nations,  they  were  found  in 

II.  History  of  Wool  and  ths  Wool  Trade.    The  nearly  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  malnlj  in 

very  obvious  tendency  of  the  fibres  of  wool  to  very  large  permanent  fiocks,  which  in  sepmte 

interlace  and  hold  together  upon  being  firmly  districts  appeared  as  different  varieties;  while 

pressed,  in  the  fleece,  or  drawn  out  and  twist-  so  special  were  the  management  and  lines  of 

ed  between  the  flngers,  must  have  suggested  at  breeding,  that  the  several  flocks  often  consti- 

an  extremely  early  period  the  practicability  of  tuted  so  many  sub-varieties.    The  flocks  verc 

forming  garments  of  wool;    at  first,  it  may  of  two  general  sorts,  the  travelling  (ir^^ 

have  been,  by  a  rude  process  of  felting ;  after-  humcmtes)  and  stationary  (eatanfea).  They  were 

ward,  when  the  weaving  of  natural  filaments,  chiefly  owned  by  the  king  and  some  of  ^e  do- 

of  leathern  strips,  &c.,  came  to  be  practised,  bles  and  clergy ;  and  such  was  tiie  importanct 

by  the  making  of  fabrics,  through  use  of  the  attached  to  the  products  of  these  flocks,  that  the 

distaff  and  loom,    ft  appears  that  the  rearing  cultivators  of  vineyards  and  arable  huida  vert 

of  sheep  dates  from  the  earliest  times ;  the  pas-  by  law  required  to  leave  broad  roads  throogi) 

sages  in  the  Bible  alluding  to  sheep,  wool,  and  their  estates  for  the  passage  of  the  flocb  frcp 

woollen  garments  are  well  known ;  and  it  is  a  the  southerly  to  the  northerly  provinces  m 

noticeable  fact  that  distinct  mention  of  the  last  spring  and  their  return  in  autumn,  or  for  sQcb 

two  of  these  begins  at  a  period  much  later  than  other  migrations  as  their  owners  might  desii«; 

that  in  connection  with  which  the  first  is  nam-  and  in  fact  idl  other  agricultural  interests  were 

ed.    In  Lev.  xiii.  mention  is  made  of  garments  sacrificed  to  the  convenience  of  their  propria 

having  "  the  warp  or  woof  of  linen,  or  of  wool-  tors.    Livingston,  classifying  the  merinos  of 

len;"  and  these  two  materials  appear  to  have  Spain  at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century, 

been  the  staples  of  the  primitive  weavers  of  declares  those  of  Castile  and  Leon  to  be  the 

Syria,    Palestine,  Greece,  Italy,  and   Spain,  largest  and  to  have  the  finest  fleece;  those  of 

Pindar  applies  to  Libya  the  epithet  ^^  flock-  Soria  small,  with  very  fine  wool ;  those  of  Va- 

abounding^'  (iroXv^ii^Xor).    Attic  wool  was  cele-  lencia  of  fine  wool,  but  with  a  very  short  stapl^ 

brated  from  an  extremely  early  period,  and  at  The^onese  travelling  flocks  were  considerea 

least  down  to  the  time  of  the  Latin  poet  Labe-  the  best  of  all ;  these  chiefly  attracted  foreign 

rius,  in  the  first  century  before  the  Christian  notice,  and  from  them  the  principal  import^' 

era;  and  the  woollen  fabrics  of  both  Greece  tions  into  the  United  States  were  made.  1^^* 

and  Italy  attained  special  excellence.    Strabo,  ingston  places  the  weight  of  the  Spanish  fl^^"* 

however,  living  in  the  first  century  of  our  era,  at  8J  lbs.  for  tJie  ram  and  5  lbs.  for  the  cw^ 

remarks  that  the  fine  cloths  worn  by  the  Bo-  the  loss  of  weight  in  washing  being  one  halt 


540  WOOL 

799,661  lbs.    Meanwhile  a  large  import  gradn-  countries,  and  through  intermixtore,  the  bree^ 
ally  grew  up  from  the  transportation  by  Oapt.  became  in  a  manner  homogeneous,  at  the  s&m« 
John  Macarthnr  to  New  South  Wales  in  1797  time  that  it  necessarily  deteriorated.    Som^ 
of  a  few  merino  sheep,  this  supply  in  1829  writers  have  intimated,  however,  that  the  m- 
reaching  more  than  1,000,000  lbs.,  and  in  1859,  tive  sheep  are  in  part  descended  from  as{>«ii>^ 
58,700,542  lbs.    In  1625  the  duty  on  foreign  of  the  genus  (tvm  really  indigenous  to  this  c^cc- 
wools  was  reduced  from  6^.  to  Id.  and  ^3.,  try,  now  found  in  the  regions  of  the  Ro  ij 
according  to  qusdity,  while  coloDial  was  ad-  mountains,  and  known  as  the  argali;  and  tUi 
mitted  duty  free ;  aiter  June,  1844,  the  penny  have  suggested  that  the  roving  and  brea^hj 
duty  was  discontinued.    In  1845  the  import  of  disposition  so  generally  noticed  in  the  cic 
wool  was  nearly  18,000,000  lbs.  in  excess  of  mon  sheep  is  to  be  explained  by  the  fact  (f 
tha^  in  1848 ;  yet  the  prices  of  home  wool  rose  such  origin.     The  common  sheep  yielded  i 
at  the  same  time.    The  importation  from  Brit-  wool  only  suited  to  the  coarsest  fabrics,  art! 
ish  colonies  in  Africa,  beginning  about  the  year  of  which  a  good  average  weight  per  head  ^A 
1820,  amounted  in  1859  to  14,361,403  lbs.    In  not  exceed  3  or  3 Hbs.  The  fleeces  wereof  rf.7 
1825  the  change  from  prohibition  to  the  low  uneven  fineness,  l)eing  hairy  on  the  thighs  r^ 
duty  of  Id.  per  pound  on  export  wool  went  dewlap.    In  later  years,  the  crossing  of  ±? 
into  effect  at  the  same  time  with  the  reduction  common  breed  with  the  imported  varieties  k> 
to  the  like  rate  of  the  import  duty.    In  conse-  greatly  improved  its  wool-bearing  qnalitie. 
quence  of  evidence  given  by  the  wool  growers  both  in  respect  to  fibre  and  weight ;  aod  : 
before  a  committee  of  the  house  of  lords,  in  deed,  as  a  distinct  stock  it  has  now  nearly  <!> 
1828,  it  was  deemed  impolitic  to  impose  higher  appeared.     The    first  Spanish  merino  glui 
rates,  and  such  have  not  been  resorted  to  since  brought  to  this  country  in  1793,  3  in  nunjU: 
that  time.     In  1859  the  export  of  sheep  and  were  not  kept  for  breeding  purposes.    Of  4 
lambs'  wool,  foreign  and  colonial,  from  the  young  merino  rams  sent  in  1801  by  Mr.  I>».r- 
United  Kingdom,  was  28,829,980  lbs. ;  and  of  sert,  a  Parisian  banker,  to  America,  one  arri.'^ 
alpaca  wool,  276,770  lbs.    Mr.  Leonard  Wray  safely,  and  was  kept  upon  his  farm  at  I'l 
estimates  the  number  of  sheep  in  the  United  sendale,  near  Kingston,   N.  Y.     In  the  aicr 
Kingdom  in  1860  at  56,000,000,  and  the  wool  year  Mr.  Seth  Adams,  of  Zanesville,  Ohio,  in 
product  at  275,000,000  lbs.;    Mr.  Simmonds  ported  a  pair  of  Spanish  sheep,  and  in  th^ 
makes  the  number  of  sheep  60,000,000,  and  next  year  Mr.  Livingston  sent  two  pairs  to  li« 
the  amount  of  wool  250,000,000  lbs.    In  the  estate  on  the  Hudson ;  both  these  latter  p^r 
same  year  the  total  imports  were :  from  Aus-  chases  being  from  the  merinos  then  l&tdj  ^ 
tralia,  59,165,939  lbs. ;  northern  Europe,  38,-  troduced  from  Spain  into  France.    Mr.  Livii?- 
840,961 ;  East  Indies,  20,214,173 ;  South  Africa,  ston  subsequently  imported  one  or  more  otL'^r 
16,574,345 ;  other  countries,  10,705,238 ;  total,  merino  rams,  and  reared  and  disposed  of  b^tb 
145,500,651  lbs.     Deducting  from  this  30,500,-  the  pure  merino  and  half-bre^.    In  1802  (Vl 
000  lbs.  exports,  and  adding  the  remainder  to  Humphreys,  at  the  close  of  a  5  years'  residenw 
the  lowest  estimate  of  the  home  product  above  as  American  minister  in  Spain,  bronght  with 
given,  there  appears  a  total  of  3 65, 000, 000  lbs.,  him  a  large  fiock  of  merinos,  at  lea^t  91  erf 
all  or  nearly  all  of  which  must  be  supposed  to  which  were  landed  safely  at  Derby,  Conn.   Mr. 
correspond  at  the  time  to  a  year's  consumption  William  Jarvis,  consul  at  Lisbon,  also  sent,  :r 
in  the  various  forms  of  woollen  manufacture  in  1809,  '10,  and  '11,  large  flocks  of  these  sheep  tc 
Great  Britain. — ^The  breeds  of  sheep  which  his  residence,  at  Weathersfield.  Vt. ;  and  kv- 
have  been,  or  are  now,  principally  known  in  eral  other  importations  were  made  about  jJiJ 
the  United  States,  are  the  so  called  "  native"  subsequently  to  the  same  period,  some  of  ti'c 
sheep,  the  Spanish  and  Saxon  merinos,  and,  of  later  of  these  being  of  very  large  nnmbe^ 
those  introduced  from  England  since  about  the  The  wool  of  the  pure  merinos  kept  or-bre^  "- 
year  1880,  the  new  Leicester  or  Bakewell,  the  this  country  did  not  deteriorate  in  fineness,  »c<i 
South  Down,  Cotswold,  and  Cheviot.     It  is  in  some  instances  slightly  increased  in  wei?^ 
believed  that  there  is  not  now  raised  in  this  Mr.  Livingston's  ewes  averaged  of  unwsfhw 
country  any  breed  of  sheep  that  can  be  regard-  wool  5  lbs.  2  oz.,  his  rams  6  lbs.  7  01    Attun- 
ed as  properly  native,  *.  «.,  indigenous.    The  tion  was   first   generally  attracted  to  t^^ 
sheep  known  as  native  are  the  common  coarse-  sheep  about  the  year  1808,  and  a  spirit  of 
woolled  sorts  which  existed  throughout  the  speculation  soon  carried  the  price  of  good  r«fl» 
settled  portions  of  the  country  previous  to  the  up  to  $1,000  or  $1,500,  while  merino  wool  cd- 
importation  of  improved    breeds;  they  had  washed  sold  at  $1,  and  even  for  a  time  at  $3  a 
their  origio  chiefly  from  England,  but  to  some  pound.    Acts  were  passed  by  the  legislator 
extent  also  from  Holland  and  other  European  of  ^ew  York  for  the  encouragement  of  horo^ 
countries;  and  as  the  several  bodies  of  colo-  manufacture  of  woollens,  inlS)8,  '10,  and  Ui 
nists  would  naturally  select  each  such  variety  and  considerable  sums  were  paid  oat  un^^"^ 
as  preference  or  convenience  might  dictate,  the  these  in  premiums  for  domestic  cloths.    1 1^^' 
native  sheep  must  be  regarded  as  having  their  the  conclusion  of  the  peace  of  Ghent  in  1  •'''*• 
descent  irora  several  varieties,  though  under  wool  growing  and  manufacture  in  this  coiintn 
the  new  conditions  of  climate,  with  less  care  in  again  came  in  competition  with  that  of  Europ^' 
rearing  than  had  been  practised  in  the  older  while  prices  of  all  conmiodities  saddeoi/  sfm 


MS  WOOL 


imt^U  mai  A— »  Ac  iViBf  cf  Ariha  tf:  to  ti»Ef?ftiMS  Md  to  ikeffiBim 

kai  u>Ci«t.  is^L.  skd  tiioae  f«eee»  «■  lAe  otfcer  Giv«<»  vcre  ffroiiahty  mdctod  for  hmh 

hab<3  <4  vi.»^tt  tbe  ik£:=ng  c^mJot  m  foar  «r  txiesr  IaSct  fiiiii— ■  «f  vooDea  snEBfi 

wflktisr.  Ki  tL«t  ak«e  tMj  ob  be  vorioBd  vp  m.  sdJ  Itfer.  wn  t^  Smmm  j(by  vit 

»  xi.'jt0s  ix'.-ri^  <fsjT  xhML  T&qzjrt  neaiiMr  ii^  KHtiMn  luK  si  SUr)  nd  tbe  pcoOt 

Bor  ii^rtiz.  mdi   m  ^mw-k,    anDos.  €^>taM  aoddBftmtSamu  to  ^LtGT9tk%.  w.i 

carwiR.  ItfCzz^ri.  ^c    Jlm  tbe  rck,  laa  Miumf  'vcre  c^MnDr  worn  bv  tbe 

ti:»«a.  ti«e  fcijon-ngj/iwl  d««ee  voc/k  cqJt  are  msbs  c^  both  aata  wti  m  wy  early  perioi 

■ftttie  k-t^  triffiZA,  hfAit  tJw  kBf  flecioe  and  poll-  ihe  Greek  iiill  tnaifaved  to  tbe  B} 

c4  voTiik  ^otr  to  tbe  ccber  won  of  iftfarieL  eokvj  wer»  aided  m  tiae  eoBtAstiow 

Tbe  letxzxh  of  tcire  xn  tbe  foncier  ra&^c* nssfcUr  tbe  mrtM  of  Piiiii.  ladia,  and  Quna;  and l< 

frrjai  1  to  t  or  4  incbee;  if  iozirer.  it  k  est  etoatiBOfkie  becHBe  fiHMwe  fer  teztik  fti'ii 

before  vorkl&z.    The  tvo  Astizxt  dkses  of  of  ell  tbe  eorte  tbea  kMUVB,  bat  m 

CabfKe  tijQs  e^bllabed  are  those  knowm  re-  for  tbe  beaaxy  aid  laiktjF  of  Hi 

ipe^tiTelT  aAd«r  tbe  gcoeral  appeL±tioaa  of  fics.    f»iif  fif  iftr ■  fba  ciBlBMiiliaiiiiii  ii  I 

arooUeoa  and  worsteda.    It  baa.  boverer,  be-  eeocra  aspire,  tbe  mere  improTed 

eoote  not  ocosoal  to  iotermix  toiDe  p<xtioB  of  of  tbe  textile  art  gradnailr  feond  tbeb  vii 

kmg  or  enrnvinj^  wool  in  ckKbs  proper;  while  Italr.    Tbe  Boaaa  BHura&etaraa,  siicb  i#i 

IB  tbe  malrmg  of  meriDoa  and  maoy  other  majbave  be^at  tfaetiBiBof  tbe  irnipC)iCy( 

wonted  (al^rica  definite  proportiooa  of  oiber  tbe  BortbcrB  baibaiiaaa,  mpear  not  to 

■■tfriili    ny/re  ooanDonl j  eotton,  are  dow  died  oat ;  tbej  eoBttBoed  abo  in  tbe 

rejnilariy  and  verj  geDerall j  combined ;  Ujtb  in  which  Robhb  eokmies  had  been 

these  dkvikt\on»  from  tbe  ostenable  characters  A  fratetnitT engaged  in  cJodi  iBanafrctOKs 

of  tbe  goods  beioir  facilitated  bj  the  improre-  pean  to  hare  been  fovmed  ib  the  10th  ecu:. 

■MDta,  or  at  lea«t  modififationw,  introduced  m  tbeLowCoontrMs;  tbe  wool  of  tbe  coii:^! 

into  the  modem  macbinerr  emplojed  in  the  was  fint  nsed,  and  imporCa  alUrward  tsskl 

foctoriesL    Thoa.  the  sharp  distinctioD  between  until  thk  district  ftimidied  n  eoosiderabie  p^ 

woollens  and  worsteds  on  the  one  hand,  and  tion  of  the  cloth  demanded  in  Eorope.   ^^^ 

between  these  and  fisbrica  <4  other  material  on  howcTer,  alreadr  prodnced  her  own  dotiu  til' 

the  oilier,  has  in  part  disappeared;  and  wor-  in  the  ISth  eentorjr  the  beasty  of  cloths  cjdi' 

ateda,  which  eoald  originallj  be  said  to  be  made  from  her  fine  wools  waa  alrea^J  odebnui 

from  com^jed,  not  ctfded  wool,  most  now  be  Earlj  in  the  same  centnry  some  frian  of  St 

described  as  made  firom  wo(^  either  combed  or  Michael  established  a  woollen  mannfiftert  a 

combed  and  carded,  and  moreover  aa  being  Florence,  and  ^parently  bj  proceases  sopcr^ 

generaJly  not  of  simple  wool,  bat  mixed  fabrics,  to  those  prericnslT  in  nee ;  others  of  tbe  li^' 

A  roagb  cUiMification  of  fleece  wools  bj  the  character  soon  smmg  op  at  Rimini  Pcnci 

prodacers  and   merchants  k  that  into  fine,  and  elsewhere.    Florence  appears  to  have  U> 

middlinir,  and  coarse.    A  more  strict  dassifica-  at  the  time  some  SOO  shops,  producing  annul'' 

tion,  made  bj  tbe  merchants  in  thk  coantrj,  100,000  pieces  of  doth,  thoogb  these  vcrr  cf 

divides  the  fleeces  or  their  parts  first  into  the  coarser  and  ch^per  sorta.    Acooonts  scay 

eloUiing  and  combing  wools,  and  then  anbdi-  80  years  lata*  speak  of  200  shops  as  toniix^ 

rides  the  former  into  at  least  six  grades,  known  out  70,000  to  80,000  piecesi  worth  more  thit 

as  double  extra,  extra,  and  Nos.  1,  2,  8,  4;  Jthe  1,200,000  golden  florins,  and  hence,  it  moft  m 

latter  into  at  least  flve  grades,  known  as  extra,  0app<>sed,  of  superior  onality.    EventosOT.  tk 

and  Nos.  1,2,  8,  4.    Even  the  doable  extra,  manafactores  of  wool  became  moat  laiplf  c*- 

however,  has  not  the  fineneas  of  the  best  Ger-  tablished  in  Flanders,  England,  and  Frsart 

man  (Baxon)  wool ;  and  it  k  qoite  certain  that  the  people  of  Flanders  having,  in  fod  to  t^ 

the  distinctions  made  bj  the  trade  here  are  not  taken  precedence  in  the  perfecting  of  texti> 

S  fixed  standards,  hot  sabject  to  variation  with  processes  and  prodacts,  that  her  workmen  be 

9  convenience  or  Jadgment  of  individaal  came  sacoessivelj  the  instmcton  of  the  k« 

dealers.  (Hee  Fxlt,  Hat,  and  Bhoddt.)  I.  J7ts-  skilled  English  and  French  dothicisk  and  a 

Cory  of  Mawufiutum  of  WooL   To  some  points  reality  the  foonden  of  the  improved  nBOS- 

In  connection  with  the  history  of  these  man-  factares  now  so  important  to  tha  two  bfi 

nfiu^tnres  allusion  has  necessarily  been  made  named  ooantries. — ficariet  dotha  of  EsftisJ 

in  the  preceding  account  ol  wool  and  the  wool  are  mentioned  in  the  chronicles  of  Orknev  ia 

trade.    Hetiide  the  antiquity  of  the  processes  the  12th  century ;  and  nnder  Henry  L  s  rktl^- 

of  weaving  and  spinning,  elsewhere  mentioned,  iers^  guild  (gilda  Ullariomm)  waa  charterfl 

it  k  certain  aluo  that  in  very  early  times  the  receiving  exclusive  privileges  within  the  diitnd 

dyeing  of  threads  for  the  loom  waa  practised,  of  London,  8oathwark,  and  the  parts  a^*^"''^ 

and  tnat  the  thisUe  or  teasel  was  employed,  An  inundation  occurring  In  the  Netherknd*  >: 

as  the  latter  k  now,  to  comb  out  a  nap  on  the  the  time  of  William  the  Oon<pieror,  dsbj  c^ 

woven  fabric.    Among  the  Greeks  and  early  the  clothiers  driven  from  the  ooontiy  cant  u 

Romans,  not  only  weaving  but  the  whole  pro-  England ;  they  were  c^adly  welcomed,  and  » 

oess  of  preparing  the  yarn  was  domestic.    At  tablished  their  busineas  in  Carthde,  «id  tbtf  ^ 

the  time  or  the  Macedonian  conquest  the  na-  the  western  counties.     A  great  number  ^ 

tlvas  of  India  wove  shawl  cloths  of  great  beau-  stati]^  of  thk  and  the  sonnendlng  ^^ 


WOOL  (MAinTFAOTDsiB  of)  648 

T^atiag  to  woolkii   mamifiutareay  some  of  shire,  Berfahiie,  md  Soasex,  doth.    During 

tb«m  of  eonfllctiiig  purport  and  others  dio-  seTeral  sabsequent  reigns  attention  was  very 

tated  bj  a  luurow  and  nnreasonable  polioj,  largely  given  to  worsteds,  and  Kiglish  dotha 

ibow  at  least  the  growing  hnportanoe  of  the  were  BtUl  mainly  of  coarser  quality,  the  finest 

bosinesB  and  an  actaal  interest  in  its  establish-  doths  being  imported  from  Brabant    The  ex- 

nent  in  the  oonntry.    Not  merdy,  however,  ports  of  EngHah  doths  meanwhile  became  so 

were  the  early  woollen  mannfiictnres  of  £ng-  large,  that  when,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 

knd  nide,  bat  the  records  of  tiie  time  abound  the  ports  of  Spain  and  the  Netherlands  were 

with  indioatKHis  of  the  '^nntmthfdl  making"  dosed  to  them,  great  distress  arose  among  the 

of  the  clotha,  to  sooh  an  extent  that  many  fine  mannfacAorers.    At  this  time  Blackwell  hall 

Eogliah  doths  of  the  period  appear  to  have  was  established  as  a  sort  of  doth  hall  for  Lon- 

been  literall  j  Tery  base  fitbrioations.    Latimer  don  dMlers;    while  the   foreign   trade   was 

in  s  eennon  pabUdy  condismned  the  ^  mixing  mainly  in  the  hands  of  the  company  of  "mer- 

of  wares,'*  the  stretching  of  woven  pieces  to  chant  adventurers,"  who  had  their  mart  at 

more  than  their  proper  length,  and  the  practice  Antwerp.  The  farther  immigration  of  Flemish 

of  then  restoring  body  in  the  doth  by  incor-  cloth  workers  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth,  with 

porating  into  it  a  so  called  *' flock  powder,"  the  more  enlightened  policy  of  that  queen, 

apfiarently  conwsting  of  chopped  wool.    Chalk  resulted  in  a  very  considerable  impulse  to  the 

and  ointments  are  also  named  as  being  rubbed  manufiustures  of  wool  throughout  the  kingdom  -, 

mto  the  doth,  and  the  colors  of  cloths  are  during  the  following  reign,  however,  and  in 

much  complained  o^  those  of  the  north  being  fiu^  un^  the  dose  of  the  17th  century,  the 

in  this  respect  worst    PftMtices  of  this  sort  contest   between  the  manufacturers  and  the 

and  the  complaints  against  them  continued  at  growers  of  wool,  with  the  narrow  policy  of 

lea^  down  to  the  end  of  the  16th  century.    A  the  government,  restricting  the  manufacturers 

proieet  for  reforming  these  abuses,  sent  to  to  certain  lo<»lities  or  corporations,  prohibiting 

Odcil,  ^eaks  of  them  as  an  enormity  endanger-  the  export  of  undyed  cloths,  and  all  dealing  in 

ia^  the  entire  commodity  of  the  realm ;  and  in  doths  by  foreigners,  &c.,  diiefly  character- 

1590  mention  is  made  of  persons  appointed  in  ize  the  history  of  the  business,  and  resulted 

the  county  of  Toric  **to  aefiuse,  cut  in  pieces,  very  naturally  in  depresdng  it  and  retarding 

or  bom  all  such  blocks  or  boards*  as  have  been  its  progress.    In  the  early  part  of  the  18th  cen- 

or  are  used  fpr  chopping  of  flocks."    In  conse-  tury  Yorkshire  began  to  assume  a  more  impor- 

qoence  of  three  successive  invitations  extended  tant  position  in  &ese  manu&ctures,  and  this 

by  Edward  III.  to  Flemish  doth  weavers  to  county  afterward  •  became  the   chief  seat  of 

r^raioTe  to  England,  many  of  these  came  over ;  both  the  English  worsteds  and  woollens ;  and 

and  although  for  a  time  interfered  wiUi  by  though  tiie  inventions  in  connection  with  spin- 

i^QtoQs  opposition  on  the  part  of  the  native  ning  machinery  for  a  time  gave  an  unusiuil 

workmen,  and  even  having  their  doths  and  prominence  to  the  cotton  manufacture,  yet  the 

w^orsteds  subjected  to  an  export  duty  discrimi-  improvement  in  mechanism  and  processes  for 

Bating  against  them  and  in  favor  of  the  latter,  manu&ctures  in  wool  soon  followed,  and,  aided 

5et  they  suocessfiilly  established  their  business,  by  the  nerftction   attained  by  the   German 

•od  contributed  fhither  to  enlarge  and  advance  wools  ana  the  huge  supplies  from  other  sources, 

^  woollen  manufactures  of  the  country.    The  as  wdl  as  by  a  more  liberal  commercid  policy, 

comiMuiy  of  drapers  (the  word  then  signifying  resulted  bX  length  in  a  more  hedthy  condition 

clothiers  or  doth  workersX  though  previoudy  and  growtii  of  these  manufactures,  which  has 

•xigtiag,  was  incorporated  in  1864;  the  cloth  continued  to  the. present  time.    Leeds,  Stroud, 

*bearera,  or  ^  shearmen,"  were  separately  in-  Huddersfidd,  Ohippenham,  and  several  other 

^orporated  in  1480 ;  and  in  1628  these  were  localities  are  now  distinguished  for  their  doths 

^ited  with  the  fullers,  by  Henry  Yin.,  in  of  various  khids;  while  Bradford,  in  Tork- 

ue  association  of  doth  workers.    The  fra-  shire,  which  in  1857  employed  in  this  manu- 

^*^<%  of  tailors  (now  merchant  tdlors)  re-  facture   621,860  spindles   and  18,761  power 

^ed  its  charter  in  1899.    Beside  these  and  looms,  with  more  than  86,000  workmen,  and 

^  weavers,  other  companies,  as  those  of  the  Halifax,  Norwich,  and  other  places,  are  equally 

V^n^  burrelers  or  burlers,  and  worsted  work-  distinguished  for  the  various  species  of  worsted 

«>t  were  gradudly  formed.    The  last  named  goods.    The  number  of  pieces  of  doths  or 

^^1  is  wen  as  the  dass  of  fiibrics  in  which  woollens  exported  firom  Cireat  Britain  in  the 

^7  worked,  took  its  name  fh>m  tiie  town  of  years  1816,  1846,  and  1869,  respectivdy,  is 

worsted,  in  Norfolk,  where  these  manufiictures  estimated  at  686,868,  288,580,  and   574,240; 

^*  ^P)  or  at  least  centred.  The  early  Norfolk  the  number  of  pieces  of  woollen  and  worsted, 

r?^?'  Appear  also  to  have  been  Flemings;  or,  generally,  worsted  stuflK  in  the  same  years, 

^the  distribution  of  the  various  manufao-  698,808,  1,748,480,  and   2,721,941.    The  d^ 

^H^  not  long  after  the  accession  of  these  work-  dared  red  vdue  of  the  aggregate  exports  of 

^^derEdward  III.  wasas  follows:  Norfolk,  British  woollen  and  worsted  manufactures  in- 

[2;^;  Suffolk,  baize;  Essex  and  Somer-  creased  fW>m  £6,885,102  in  1846,  to  £12,068,- 


^^'''^  serges ;  Devonshire,  kerseys ;  Wdes,  708  in  1859 ;  that  of  woollen  and  worsted  yams 
^^o^Kent,  broadcloth ;  Gloucestershire, Wor-  for  the  same  years  was  £980,270  and  £8,104,- 
^"*'™^  Westmoreland,  Torkshue,  ^amp-    061.    Mr.  Bdnes  estimated  the  total  outlay  of 


642  WOOL  (MAjrvFAornxBB  of) 

ingly  be  used  alone  in  the  making  of  doths,  ty ;  to  the  Egyptians  and  to  the  Hindoos  tiM 

hat  bodies,  &c.,  and  those  fleeces  on  the  other  Greeks  were  probably  indebted  for  most  of 

hand  of  which  the  felting  quidity  is  poor  or  their  later  processes  of  woollen  mannfactore: 

wanting,  so  that  alone  they  can  be  worked  up  as,  still  later,  were  the  Romans  ,(by  way  of 

in  those  fabrics  only  that  require  neither  felt-  southern  Italy  and  Sicily)  and  the  peo{de  of 

ing   nor  fulling,  such   as  flannels,    merinos,  Spain  and  of  Byzantium,  to  the  Greeks,  ^w.- 

hosiery,  carpets,  lastings,  &c.    As  tlie  rule,  len  garments  were  generally  worn  by  the  JU^ 

then,  the  short-stapled  fleece  wools  only  are  mans  of  both  sexes  at  a  very  early  period.   T«> 

made  into  cloths,  both  the  long  fleece  and  pull-  the  Greek  skill  transferred  to  the  BjzaDtk" 

ed  wools  going  to  the  other  sort  of  fabrics,  colony  were  added  in  time  oontributioos  frDc. 

The  length  of  fibre  in  the  former  ranges  usually  the  arts  of  Persia,  India,  and  China;  and  Cod 

from  1  to  8  or  4  inches ;  if  longer,  it  is  cut  stantinople  became  famous  for  textile  prodmis 

before  working.    The  two  distinct  classes  of  of  all  the  sorts  then  known,  but  in  pkrticalsr 

fabrics  thus  established  are  those  known  re-  for  the  beauty  and  variety  of  its  woollen  &b- 

spectively  under  the  general  appellations  of  rics.    Some  time  after  the  establishment  of  th^ 

woollens  and  worsteds.    It  has,  however,  be-  eastern  emnire,  the  more  improved  procea*? 

come  not  unusual  to  intermix  some  portion  of  of  the  textile  art  gradually  found  their  war  u 

long  or  combing  wool  in  cloths  proper;  while  Italy.    The  Soman  manu&ctures,  such  astUj 

in  the  making  of  merinos  and  many  other  may  have  been  at  the  time  of  the  irruptions  t: 

worsted  fabrics  definite  proportions  of  other  the  northern  barbarians,  appear  not  to  ha^^ 

materials,  more  commonly  cotton,  are  now  died  out ;  they  continued  also  in  the  coantrirs 

regularly  and  very  generally  combined ;  both  in  which  Roman  colonies  had  been  establiebvc 

these  deviations  from  the  ostensible  characters  A  fraternity  engaged  in  cloth  manufactures  up- 

of  the  goods  being  facilitated  by  the  improve-  pears  to  have  been  formed  in  the  10th  ceotuy 

ments,  or  at  least  modifications,  introduced  m  tlie  Low  Oountries ;  the  wool  of  the  constn 

into  the  modem  machinery  employed  in  the  was  first  used,  and  imports  afterward  nifri^ 

factories.    Thus,  the  sharp  distinction  between  until  this  district  furnished  a  considerable  ^h>*- 

woollens  and  worsteds  on  the  one  hand,  and  tion  of  the  cloth  demanded  in  Europe.    8p&ui. 

between  these  and  fabrics  of  other  material  on  however,  already  produced  her  own  dotfa,  n^^ 

the  other,  has  in  part  disappeared ;  and  wor-  in  the  18th  century  the  beauty  of  cloths  ms^^ 

steds,  which  could  originally  be  said  to  be  made  from  her  fine  wools  was  already  celebratt^ 

from  combed,  not  carded  wool,  must  now  be  Early  in  the  same  century  some  Man  of  R 

described  as  made  from  wool  either  combed  or  Michael  established  a  woollen  mmufiBctory  is 

combed  and  carded,  and  moreover  as  being  Florence,  and  apparently  by  processes  supen«^- 

generally  not  of  simple  wool,  but  mixed  fabrics,  to  those  previously  in  use ;  others  of  the  liic 

A  rough  classification  of  fleece  wools  by  the  character  soon  sprung  up  at  Rimini,  Pero^^* 

producers  and   merchants  is  that  into  fine,  and  elsewhere.    Florence  appears  to  hare  li»l 

middling,  and  coarse.    A  more  strict  classiflca-  at  the  time  some  800  shops,  producing  aontudly 

tion,  made  by  the  merchants  in  this  country,  100,000  pieces  of  cloth,  though  these  were  d 

divides  the  fleeces  or  their  parts  first  into  the  coarser  and  cheaper  sorts.    Accounts  sgek 

clothing  and  combing  wools,  and  then  aubdi-  80  years  later  speak  of  200  shops  as  turnii:.: 

vides  the  former  into  at  least  six  grades,  known  out  70,000  to  80,000  pieces,  worth  more  tbio 

as  double  extra,  extra,  and  Nos.  1,  2,  8,  4;  jthe  1,200,000  golden  florins,  and  hence,  it  must  le 

latter  into  at  least  five  grades,  known  as  extra,  supposed,  of  superior  quality.    Eventually,  the 

and  Nos.  1,  2,  8,  4.    Even  the  double  extra,  manufactures  of  wool  became  most  largeh  ^ 

however,  has  not  the  fineness  of  the  best  Ger-  tablished  in  Flanders,  England,  and  Frao^e: 

man  (Saxon)  wool ;  and  it  is  quite  certain  that  the  people  of  Flanders  having,  in  fact  ^  ^^ 

the  distinctions  made  by  the  trade  here  are  not  taken  precedence  in  the  perfecting  of  teitil^ 

by  fixed  standards,  but  subject  to  variation  with  processes  and  products,  that  her  workmen  be 

the  convenience  or  judgment  of  individual  came  successively  the  instructors  of  the  \&^ 

dealers.  (See  Fblt,  Hat,  and  Shoddy.)  I.  Bis-  skilled  English  and  French  clothiers,  and  ic 

tory  o/MantifaetureB  of  Wool.   To  some  points  reality  the  founders  of  the  improved  mtco- 

in  connection  with  the  history  of  these  man-  factures  now  so  important  to  the  two  hs^ 

ufactures  allusion  has  necessarily  been  made  named  countries. — Scarlet  cloths  of  £nglac<^ 

in  the  preceding  account  of  wool  and  the  wool  are  mentioned  in  the  chronicles  of  OrkneT  in 

trade.  ^Beside  the  antiquity  of  the  processes  the  12th  century ;  and  under  Henry  I.  a  dotb- 

of  weaving  and  spinning,  elsewhere  mentioned,  iers^  guild  (gilaa  Ullartorum)  was  chartered 

it  is  certain  also  that  in  very  early  times  the  receiving  exdusive  privileges  within  the  distiict 

dyeing  of  threads  for  the  loom  was  practised,  of  London,  Southwark,  and  the  parts  a4JA<^^;- 

and  that  the  thistle  or  teasel  was  employed.  An  inundation  occurring  in  the  Netheriaixl''  i^ 

as  the  latter  is  now,  to  comb  out  a  nap  on  the  the  time  of  William  the  Conqueror,  many  (>i 

woven  fabric.    Among  the  Greeks  and  early  the  clothiers  driven  from  the  country  cuot  to 

Romans,  not  only  weaving  but  the  whole  pro-  England ;  they  were  gladly  welcomed,  snd  e^ 

oess  of  preparing  the  yarn  was  domestic.    At  tablished  their  business  in  Carlisle,  and  then  i^ 

the  time  of  the  Macedonian  conquest  the  na-  the  western  counties.     A  great  number  oi 

tivesof  India  wove  shawl  cloths  of  great  beau-  statij^  of  thia  and  the   sacoeeding  pen^ 


544  WOOL  (Mahttfaotubss  of) 

the  woollen  mannfactures  of  the  United  King-  large,  and  it  was  mostlj  worked  up  and  di»> 

dom  for  1868  at  £20,290,079;  and  Mr.  James,  posed  of  within  the  colonies.    Theimmi^* 

the  total  expenditure  in  the  worsted  branch  tion  more  or  less  constantly  of  weavers  and 

for  1857  at  £18,000,000.     The  numbers  of  cloth  workers  from  England  and  other  cous 

persons  actually  engaged  in  these  respective  tries,  many  thousands  of  whom  are  said  to  haT< 

branches  are  calculated  at  150,000  and  120,-  come  over  about  the  year  1774,  would  imt^ 

000;  and  the  total  number  dependent  on  the  sarily  tend  to  promote  and  improye  the  dome^ti 

two  together  at  825,000. — The  woollen  manu-  manufacture,  and  gradually  lead  to  the  inTe>t- 

factures  of  France  were  of  inferior  quality  and  ing  of  capital  in  small  mills  or  manufactories  ii 

unimportant  in  amount  until  the  period  immedi-  various  localities ;  but  it  is  to  be  regretted  thi: 

ately  following  the  edict  ofKantes,1698,  and  the  the  labor  requisite  to  collect  the  &^  relatin 

further  accession  of  cloth  workers  from  Spain  to  the  early  growth  of  the  woollen  busises^  l' 

in  consequence  of  the  intolerance  of  Philip  III.  this  country,  and  to  determine  the  seats  of  tbt 

The  first  marked  impulse,  Jiowever,  was  given  first  or  first  successful  enterprises  in  thisdirec 

to    the   business   through    the   exertions   of  tion,  has  not  yet  been  given  to  the  subject;  » 

Oolbert,  who  induced  Van  Robais,  of  Holland,  that,  as  in  the  case  of  American  wool  rai^iIl:: 

to  undertake  the  manufacture  at  Abbeville ;  also,  a  very  large  amount  of  informatioD  iLk* 

and  to  this  establishments  at  Louviers  and  could  not  fail  to  be  of  great  interest  remain^ 

elsewhere  ^oon  succeeded.    The  progress  of  scattered  in  the  original  sources,  and  as  jet  is 

the  manufactures  was  still  slow  and  unequal,  accessible.    The  report  of  Alexander  Haisilto. 

although  these  have  from  the  first,  with  but  on  manufactures,  in  1791,  speaks  of  a  miii  tor 

brief  intervals,  been  sustained  by  duties  on  cloths  and  cassimeres  as  in  operation  at  Har- 

foreign  cloths  amounting  nearly  to  prohibition,  ford.  Conn.,  but  conveys  a  doubt  whether  Amer 

About  the  middle  of  the  18th  century  the  wool-  ican  wool  was  suitable  for  fine  cloths.   11^ 

len  manufactures  became  more  firmly  establish-  census  of  1810,  without   making   it  eviden: 

ed,  and  they  have  since  so  continued ;  while  that  there  was  within  the  state  at  the  time  < 

the  best  French  cloths  are  in  quality  and  dura-  single  woollen  manufactory,   ^ves  for  >e« 

bility  surpassed  by  those  of  no  other  nation,  York  the  number  of  looms  (largely  in  privatt 

unless  it  may  be  the  German.  The  chief  centres  hands)  as  83,068,  with  413  carding  machines. 

of  manufacture  are :  for  cloths  of  all  sorts,  £1-  427  fulling  mills,  and  26  cotton  manofactories 

beuf;  for  fine  black  cloths  and  fancy  fabrics.  The  following  is  a  view  of  the  various  produrt- 

Sedan  and  Louviers;  for  common  cloths,  A/C,  of  domestic  manufactures  for  the  state  by tL^ 

Vienne,  Nancy,  Metz,  Orleans,  and  Carcassonne ;  same  returns : 

and  for  worsteds  and  mixed  goods,  Rheims  and  — — ; ^  ,  ,    .,. 

T  .  mi         1    <    1  P       n  '  tt  1  Articlei  made  in  families. 

Limoges.    The  total  exports  of  woollen  and  

worsted  fabrics  for  1857  were :  y??^^*°  ^ofda 

_  Cotton        "     

Value  in  truaeB.  Flaxen        ** 

Table  covers 2,811,124  T«w  cloths... 

Carpeta 1,089,188  Mixed  and  other  stuffs . 

Mcii ^?.*.*.'.*.'  !!!*.!'.!!!'.!".'.!'.'.'.!*.!!!!!".!!.*'.!!!    22,82s^678  The  total  value  of  woollen  manufactures  for 

Cloths ','..'.'.'. !.!.!.    44;8T8,ifi5^  the  United  States  in  the  Same  year  wss estiiMt- 

t^w]s^.!^!!^^.^!''^^^  itKS  ed  at  $25,608,788.    From  this  time  the dom«- 

Laoe.... *!.*.'.".'.'.'!.';!!!.*;!!.*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!       '  ss^seo  tic  manufacture  seems  to  have  fallen  off  rapid- 

SSiln^  ^^.:^^{:::l: f  ?S'2«  ly»  and  the  succeeding  census  returns  must  be 

niDDons  and  sDiall  wares l,7b8,oSS  ."  i  •    j«     x»  •    i     ^i.  j  ^tir^^  n( 

Mixedfabrics 40,i48|424  taken  as  mdicatmg  mamlythe  production  oi 

Osshmero  sjhawis ***»?J5  the  no w  growing  factories.     The  total  valce 

SJ^tTaXbilt^'^i;^^^^^^  im  of  woollen  goodsretumed  in  1820wasHm- 

—  068;  in  1880,  $14,528,166;  in  1840,  »20,69h,- 

Totai 179,886,226  999.  j^  1850,  $48,207,546 ;  and  in  1860, $6K- 

— ^The  policy  of  England  toward  the  American  865,963.    For  general  statistics  of  the  fflW- 

colonies,  so  long  as  they  remained  subject  to  factures  of  woollen  goods  in  this  conntfT.  ^ 

her  control,  was  directly  intended  to  cQscour-  shown  by  the  censuses  of  1850  and  1360,  ^ 

age  and  repress  manufactures  of  all  kinds,  tablesunder  United  States,  vol.  xv.  pp.  79^'- 

those  of  woollen  goods  included.    The  actual  In  the  year  1855  the  state  censuses  of  Mas^* 

result  was  that  the  domestic  manufacture  of  chusetts  and  New  York  respectively  retnrn  thv 

coarser,  or  so  called  "home-made"  cloths,  be-  wool  used  at  21,667,272  and  16,825,283  Hj* 

came  very  widely  spread  and  considerable ;  and  the  latter  giving  also  348,000  lbs.  of  shodd;. 

the  importations  of  foreign  cloths  were  proper-  Among  the  products  from  this  wool  in  Ma«a- 

tionally  small.    A  society  organized  within  the  chusetts  were:  of  broadcloth,  759,627  yw^f^ 

present  state  of  New  York,  in  1765,  repudiated  cassimeres,  6,444,585  yards;  satinets,  6*786^^- 

foreign  cloths,  and  adopted  various  measures  yards;  flannels  and  blankets,  10,279,227 yards; 

for  increasing  the  home  manufacture,  even  to  in  New  York:  cloths,  4,886,884  yards;  8bav»> 

rules  requiring  that  the  flesh  of  sheep  and  188,000;   blankets,  48,000  pairs.     The  pr|>; 

lambs  should  not  be  eaten,  nor  the  animals  duction'  of  cloths  in  this  countiTi  ®^P^^^ 

slaughtered  for  such  purpose  by  the  butcher,  of  the  finer,  labors  under  at  least  the  ^i^' 

The  supply  of  wool  appears  to  have  been  vanta^^e  of  a  very  earnest  competitioo  00  ^^ 


Yards.  T»!s' 


8,251,818    I    ♦2,^5«'> 
216.018  fi'" 


6^872,645 

21,721 

180,689 


646  WOOL  (Manufactttrbs  op) 

form  of  Blender  cylinders  or  pipes,  called  card-  snrface,  and  of  the  latter  to  cut  these  to  the 
ings.    Slabbing,  which  is  a  preparatory  spin-  proper  length  to  form  the  pile  pr  nap  of  the 
ning,  is  performed  by  the  slabbing  biUy,  and  finished  cloth.    To  the  old  pbm  of  fixing  the 
consists  m  drawing  oat  and  twisting  the  card-  teasels  in  a  hand  frame  worked  over  the  piece 
ings,  to  the  state  of  a  soft,  weak  thread.    This  by  two  men,  sacceeded  some  years  since  th&: 
is  effected  by  means  of  several  spindles  set  of  the  gig  null,  in  which  the  teasels  are  set  in 
nearly  npright  in  a  frame,  and  receiving  a  tarn-  the  perinhery  of  a  cylinder;  and  in  the  moet 
ing  motion,  at  the  same  time  that  the  &ame  it-  improved  form  of  this,  the  teasels  are  arranged 
self  is  made  to  recede  (apon  friction  wheels  along  longitudinal  bars  in  the  enrface  of  the 
running  in  rails  beneath  it)  from  a  roller  facing  large  cylinder,  with  interspaces  between  tbe 
the  spindles,  and  from  which  roller  a  carding  bars,  the  whole  having  the  appearance  of  &n 
is  fed  by  the  machinery  to  each  spindle  at  the  immense  reel.    The  cylinder  revolves  rapid]?, 
rate  required ;  the  spindles  alternately  draw  while  the  cloth,  passing  slowly  from  one  roller 
out  and  wind  the  lengths  of  thread  produced  to  another,  is  brought  against  one  side  of  it,  aird 
by  movement  of  the  carriage,  the  entire  action  receives  the  action  Of  the  teasels.    Owing  to 
being  quite  similar  to  that  of  Hargreaves^s  spin-  the  readiness  with  which  the  points  of  the  bcrs 
ning  jenny.    (See  Cotton  Manttfactube.)   Be-  soften  when  wet,  and  their  comparative  scarci- 
side  the  workman   managing   the   machine,  ty  and  high  price,  gig  mills  with  what  are  all- 
another,  or  a  child,  is  employed  to  put  fresh  ed  metallic  teasels,  or  cards  with  fine  metallic 
cardings  in  place  as  they  may  be  required,  ^eth,  have  recently  been  constmcted;   but 
The  proper  spinning  consists  in  bringing  the  Uioagh  some  of  these  perform  satisfactorily,  the 
soft  yarn  thus  furnished  to  the  fineness  and  natural  teasels  are  still  preferred.    Of  th^ 
firmness  requisite  for  weaving ;  and  the  ma-  8,000  are  not  unfrequently  consumed  in  dress- 
chinery  and  operation  are  again  quite  similar  ing  a  single  piece  of  clotib.    The  shearing  of 
to  those  employed  in  spinning  cotton.    In  view,  the  nap  thus  raised  to  a  proper  and  uniform 
however,  of  the  variable  lengths  of  the  fila-  length  was,  until  the  beginning  of  this  centurv. 
ments  of  wool,  the  two  pairs  of  drawing  rollers  peHbrmed  by  stretching  the  doth  over  a  staSvd 
between  which  it  passes  in  spinning  are  so  table,  and  carefully  clipping  it  with  long  hand 
mounted  as  to  b»  ac^ ustable  at  different  dis-  shears ;  in  the  first  mechanism  the  only  change 
tances,  so  as  neither  to  allow  the  soft  thread  to  was  in  working  similar  shears  by  the  machine- 
part  between  them  from  its  undue  length,  nor  ry ;  but  at  present  several  more  ingenious  modes 
to  be  broken  when  too  short  because  of  want  have  been  devised.    Among  the  best  of  these 
of  space  for  the  fibres  to  slip  one  upon  the  is  that  invented  by  Mr.  George  Oldland  of 
other ;  while  the  greater  elasticity  of  wool  also  Gloucestershire,  in  1832.    In  this,  the  doth,  be- 
allows  the  velocities  of  the  two  pairs  of  rollers  ing  made  to  move  slowly  along  in  a  horizontal 
to  be  so  regulated  as  to  produce  a  greater  ex-  sheet,  is  passed  directly  beneath  and  in  contact 
tension  of  the  thread  than  in  the  case  of  cotton,  with  a  semicircular  cutting  edge  or  '*  ledger 
After  the  preparation  for  and  the  process  of  blade,"  extending  across  the  width  of  the  piece, 
weaving,  follows  that  of  scouring  the  cloth,  in  while  directly  within  this  semicircle  there  is 
order  to  remove  the  oil,  sizing,  dust,  &c.,  intro-  continually  turned  by  a  band  from  the  machine^ 
duced  into  it  purposely  or  accidentally  in  the  ry  a  revolving  wheel  fitting  the  curve  pf  the  for- 
mean  time ;  this  is  accomplished  by  beating  the  mer,  and  at  once  carrying  and  by  suitable  ar- 
cloth  with  wooden  mallets  moved  by  machinery,  rangements  of  teeth  causing  to  revolve  8  small 
while  it  lies  in  a  sort  of  inclined  trough — soap  circular  cutters  about  its  periphery ;  as  these  are 
and  water  being  first  allotted  to  flow  upon  it,  thus  made  successively  to  play  along  the  ledger 
and  afterward  clear  water.    Piece-dyeing  and  blade,  they  form  a  sort  of  endless  shears  in  the 
washing  may  then  follow ;  otherwise,  the  doth  highest  degree  delicate  and  true.     Superfine 
is  next  removed  to  the  drying  room,  or  stretch-  cloths  are  dressed  and  sheared  several  times  in 
ed  in  the  open  air  by  means  of  hooks  upon  rails  succession,  being  also  once  pressed  before  the 
or  tenter  bars,  and  allowed  to  dry.    Being  re-  last  shearing.    In  the  intervals  of  the  preceding 
moved  when  dry  to  a  suitable  room,  the  oper-  operations,  or  after  their  completion,  the  be^i 
ation  of  burling  follows,  the  burlers  picking  cloths  are  now  boiled,  or  "  roll-boiled,"  being 
out  of  it  irregular  threads,  hairs,  and  dirt ;  and  wound  tightly  round  a  cylinder  and  immersed 
the  process  of  fulling  then  succeeds.    (See  for  2  or  8  hours  in  scalding  water.    The  results 
Fulling.)    After  the  cloth  has  been  fulled  one  of  this  process,  patented  by  Messrs.  Daniell  and 
or  more  times,  as  may  be  required,  it  is  again  Wilkins,  of  Tiverton,  in  1824,  and  improved  bj 
subjected  to  scouring,  fullers'  earth  being  now  Mr.  William  Hirst,  of  Leeds,  are  to  prevent  spot- 
usually  added  to  the  water ;  and  after  rinsing,  ting  of  the  cloth  when  used,  and  to  impart  to  it 
the  cloth  is  again  stretched  upon  the  tenters  a  lustre  which  was  unattainable  by  any  previous 
and  dried.    The  cloth  in  the  fulled  state  has  process.    Other  methods,  as  that  of  steaming 
both  its  surfaces  woolly  or  rough ;  ^d  that  sur-  the  cloth  while  stretchea  or  under  pressure, 
face  which  forms  the  proper  face  of  the  cloth,  though  shorter,  are  said  to  be  less  advanta- 
or  either  one  of  them  if  they  do  not  differ,  is  geous.    Brushing  the  doth,  which  in  any  caee 
then  subjected  to  the  operations  of  teasling  and  next  follows,  is  effected  by  passing  the  piece, 
shearing.    The  object  of  the  former  process  is  while  steamed,  in  contact  witn  revolving  crlin- 
to  raise  a  sufiBcient  number  of  fibres  upon  the  ders  studded  with  suitable  brushes,    ridung 


548         WOOL  (Manufaotttbes  of)  WOOL 

on  the  other,  and  thns  working  through  the  movement  of  the  hollow  bobhui  or  fly  throngh 
wool  from  the  ontermost  portions  nntil  the  which  the  thread  is  drawn.    The  spinniLi^. 
combs  nearly  meet.    The  fibres  of  the  greater  which  follows  this  process,  is  conducted  in 
part  of  this  quantity  of  wool  are  thus  properly  mnch  the  same  way  as  in  the  case  of  cottnn 
straightened,  and  snch  portion  is  fitted  for  manufacture;  and  this,  with  the  remainlBg 
spinning  into  worsted ;  the  small  portion  re-  operations  to  which  the  yam  and  doth  are  snlh 
maining  on  the  combs,  and  called  the  *^  noils,"  jected,  do  not  require  especial  mentioii.     Tbt- 
is   appUed  to  other  purposes,  being  usually  worsted  yarn  is  reeled  in  hanks  of  560  jard« 
mixed  with  the  wool  for  certain  cloths.    The  each ;  and  these  are  named  according  to  th«r 
wool  then  undergoes  recombing  at  a  lower  number  of  them  that  make  a  pound,  as  Ko.  S4. 
temperature,  the  straightened  portion  being  and  so  on.    The  worsted  manufactures  of  £d^- 
meantime  collected  into  10  parcels  or  slivers,  land  have  now  for  many  years  been  gainiiu 
which  are  ready  for  breaking.    The  machines  upon  those  of  woollens ;  among  the  causes  of 
that  have  been  devised  for  wool  combing  are  this  change  being,  that  the  wool  of  the  oountrr 
already  very  numerous.    The  first  of  these,  has  deteriorated  in  fineness  and  felting  csps- 
that  of  Oartwright  (1790),  attempted,  by  means  city ;  that  the  improvements  in  machinery  hare 
of  a  circular  comb  and  of  a  cylindrical  work-  greatly  facilitated  the  combing  of  the"  Wi>c»l 
ing  comb  and  an  oscillating  frame  moving  over  and  even  of  that  having  a  shorter  fibre  tW 
the  former,  to  imitate  closely  the  process  of  could  formerly  be  worked  in  this  way ;  tbr/i 
combing  by  hand.    The  machine  which  first  the  fly-spindles  in  the  preparation  of  the  van., 
succeeded  in  displacing  this  was  that  of  Piatt  instead  of  about  2,800  as  formerly,  can  now  K 
and  Collier  (1827) ;  in  this,  two  wheels  studded  made  to  perform  6,000  revolutions  per  minute : 
about  their  peripheries  with   teeth   parallel  that  while  broadcloths,  often  9  feet  in  widtJi 
with  their  axes,  forming  circular  combs,  have  before  fulling,  cannot  be  woven  at  more  th&n 
their  disks  set  crossing  at  a  slight  angle  with  each  about  60  movements  of  the  shuttle  per  xniniitt, 
other,  and  almost  in  contact  by  their  near  edges,  certain  worsted  goods  are  woven  at  the  nite 
A  boy  is  employ e^  to  strike  the  wool  upon  the  of  160 ;  and  that  the  facility  of  working  cottoii 
teeth  of  one  comb,  and  the  wheels  being  at  the  into  worsted  fabrics  is  now  very  great.     It  is 
proi)er  distance,  and  rotating,  the  teeth  of  the  supposed  that  95  per  cent,  of  the  worsttils 
empty  wheel  draw  through  or  comb  the  wool  worked  in  the  Bradford  district  have  cotton 
upon  the  charged  one.    When  the  combing  is  warps,  and  that  of  their  total  weight  at  ]ea>: 
completed,  the  "top"  or  combed  worsted  is  one  third  is  cotton.    Among  styles  of  wor?t- 
taken  off  by  a  boy  or  girl  in  a  continuous  ed  goods  which  have  been  or  are  now  well 
sliver;  and  by  another  boy  the  noils  or  un-  known  are  blankets,  flannelB,  stuffs,  merincs 
combed  part  are  removed.    In  improved  forms  muslin-de-laines,  bombazines,  shalloons,  siirs 
of  this  machine,  the  wool  having  been  suffi-  moreens,  camlets,  lastings,  baize,  &c.    (See  al^^ 
oiently  combed,  and  now  equally  distributed  on  Oabpet,  and  Srocicnfo.) — ^In  connection  witL 
both  wheels,  the  rotation  of  these  is  discon-  ^e  subjects  of  wool  and  its  manufacture,  the 
tinned,  and  the  top  is  disengaged  from  both  reader  is   referred   to  ^*  8heep  Hnsbandrr/' 
of  them  while  turned  slowly,  by  the  action  of  &c.,  by  Henry  8.  Randall,  LL.D.  (New  Yo'rh, 
pwrs  of  small  rollers  between  which  it  is  pass-  1860),  and  to  "  Fine  Wool  Sheep  HusbandrT.*' 
ed.    For  more  detailed  accounts  of  the  princi-  by  the  same  author  (New  York,  1862) ;  as  aljo 
pal  combing  machines  in  use  at  the  time  of  to  Jameses  '^History  of  the  Worsted  Ifanu- 
its  publication,  see  Jameses  "  History  of  the  facture,"  above  mentioned. 
Worsted  Manufacture"  (London,  1861).  Break-       WOOK  John  Ellis,  an  American  genersl 
ing,  which  follows  next  in  order  after  comb-  born  in  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  in  1789.    He  receirc<I 
ing,isperformedbythe  breaking  frame,  the  ob-  but  a  scanty  education,  and  before  he  had 
Ject  of  which  is  to  open  out  fibres  that  may  have  reached  the  age  of  manhood  became  propriety  *r 
escaped  the  combs,  in  this,  the  sliver  passed  be-  of  a  bookstore  in  Troy.    His  property  boici: 
tween  rollers  is  again  acted  upon  by  the  teeth  consumed  by  fire,  he  turned  his  attention  to 
of  a  sort  of  endless  comb,  the  relative  velocities  the  law,  but  his  studies  were  interrupted  by  the 
of  the  two  being  so  regulated  that  the  sliver  is  war  with  Great  Britain  in  1812,  when,  thronpb 
extended  as  well  as  combed ;  the  smaller  roll  the  friendship  of  Governor  De  Witt  Clinton,  bo 
or  sliver  thus  obtained  is  wound  continuously  obtained  a  commission  as  captain  in  the  13th 
upon  a  cylinder,  from  which  it  is  passed  to  a  infantry.    His  first  active  service  was  at  the 
second  breaking  frame  with  finer  teeth.    The  storming  of  Queenstown  heights,  Oct.  18,  wbero 
sliver  is  afterward  subjected  to  the  action  of  a  he  was  shot  through  both  thighs,  and  was  pro- 
machine  similar  to  the  drawing  frame  of  the  moted  to  be  minor  in  the  29th  infantry.    He 
cotton  manufacture;   and  it  is  thns  further  was  in  the  battles  of  Plattsburg,  Sept  6-11, 
extended   and   equalized.     The  sliver,    now  1814,  and  for  his  gallantly  in  the  action  :it 
greatly  reduced,  but  as  yet  untwisted,  is  then  Beekmantownwasbrevettealieutenant-coloDt:!. 
brought  to  the  roving  machine,  in  which  it  is  On  the  reduction  of  the  army  at  the  end  of  the 
passed  successively  between  two  pairs  of  small  war  he  was  retained  in  the  6th  infantrr ;  in 
rollers,  the  second  pair  moving  the  more  rapid-  1816  was  appointed  inspector-general  of  tlie 
ly,  so  as  to  draw  it  out  in  length,  while  at  the  northern  division ;  in  1818  lieutenant-colonel ; 
same  time  it  is  slightly  twisted  by  a  turning  in  1821  inspector-general  of  the  whole  army ; 


550                    WOOI^AOK  WOOLWICH 

Wyoming  and  elsewhere  on  the  East  branch  of  and  1851) ,  "  The  Electra  of  Sophodea"  (1837 ; 

the  Sasoaehanna,  and  aboat  1772  visited  £ng-  revised,  1841  and  1852) ;  ^^The  PrometheaB  of 

land,    ^rom  religious  scruples  as  to  the  orna-  iElschylus"  (1837*  revised,  1841  and  1849);  and 

mentation  of  the  cabin,  he  took  passage  in  the  *^  The  Gorgias  of  Plato"  (1842 ;  2d  ed.,  1848). 

steerage,  and  after  his  arrival  in  England  re-  In  1860  he  published  an  '^  Introduction  to  the 

fused  for  a  similar  refison  to  ride  in  the  stage  Study  of  International  Law'^  (12mo.y  Boston). 

coaches,  or  to  send  or  receive  letters  by  post.  He  has  also  printed  various  occasional  sermon^ 

^s  published  works  are :  "  The  Journal  of  the  and  discourses,  and  has  been  a  frequent  oontrib- 

Life  and  Travels  of  John  Woolman  in  the  Ser-  utor  to  the  quarterly  periodicals,  especially  to 

vice  of  the  Gospel,''  which  has  passed  through  the  "  New  Englander."   He  received  the  degree 

many  editions ;  '^  Some  Oonsiderations  on  the  •  of  LL.D.  from  the  Wesleyan  university  in  1S45, 

Keeping  of  Negroes"  (1763);  "Oonsiderations  and  of  D.D.  from  Harvard  college  in  1847.   He 

on  Pure  Wisdom  and  Human  Policy,  on  Labor,  has  been  an  active  member  of  the  Amcricaa 

on  Schools,  and  on  the  Right  Use  of  the  Lord's  oriental  society,  of  which  he  is  a  vico-presi- 

outward  Gifts"  (1768) ;  "  Considerations  on  the  dent ;  and  in  1862  he  succeeded  Preddent  Fel- 

True  Harmony  of  Mankind  "  (1770) ;  *'  An  Epis-  ton  as  a  regent  of  the  SmiUisonian  institution, 

tie  to  the  Quarterly  and  Monthly  Meetings  of  WOOLSTON,  Thomas,  an  English  theological 

Friends"  (1772);   "Remarks  on  sundry  Sub-  writer,  boi*n  in  Northampton  in  1669,  died  Jan. 

jeots"  (1778) ;  and  "  A  Word  of  Remembrance  27, 1788.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where 

and  Caution  to  the  Rich."  he  became  a  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  college, 

WOOLSACK,  the  seat  of  the  lord  chancellor  and  received  holy  orders.    In  his  "  Old  Apolo- 

of  England  in  the  house  of  lords,  when  acting  gy  for  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion 

as  presiding  officer  of  that  body.    It  is  a  square  against  the  Jews  and  Gentiles  revived  "  (1705), 

bag  of  wool,  without  back  or  arms,  covered  he  essayed  to  prove  that  all  the  actions  of 

with  red  cloth,  and  was  originally  intended  to  Moses  were  typical  of  Christ  and  his  churcL 

be  emblematic  of  the  fact  that  wool  was  the  In  1720  he  published  a  Latin  dissertation  on 

great  staple  production  of  England.             •  the  supposed  letter  of  Pontius  Pilate  to  Tibe- 

WOOLSEY,  Melanothon  Taylor,  an  officer  rius,  and  two  Latin  tracts  in  defence  of  Origen's 
of  the  United  States  navy,  born  in  the  state  of  allegorical  interpretation  of  the  Scriptures.  He 
New  York  in  1782,  died  in  1838.  He  entered  carried  his  fondness  for  this  system  of  inter- 
the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1800,  and  served  pretation  so  far  as  to  deny  the  reality  of  the 
in  that  grade  on  the  West  India  station  in  the  miracles  of  Christ,  for  which  a  prosecution  was 
Adams  (28),  Capt.  Valentine  .Morris,  and  in  instituted  against  him  by  the  attorney-general, 
the  Boston  (28),  Essex  (32),  and  Constitution  but  Whiston  and  others  made  interest  to  have 
(44),  in  the  Mediterranean.  In  Feb.  1807,  he  it  stayed.  In  l727-'30  Mr.  Woolston  published 
waspromotedtobelieutenant,  and  in  1808,  when  six  "Discourses  on  the  Miracles  of  Chrisf 
the  relations  between  England  and  the  United  which  gave  rise  to  a  violent  controversy,  and 
States  menaced  war,  was  selected  to  superin-  caused  him  to  be  convicted  of  blasphemy  at 
tend  the  construction  and  equipment  of  the  first  Guildhall,  and  sentenced  to  a  year's  imprison- 
regular  naval  armament  made  upon  tiie  lakes,  ment  and  a  fine  of  £100.  At  the  end  of  the 
He  repaired  to  Oswego  for  that  purpose,  and  year,  not  being  able  to  pay  the  fine,  he  pur- 
was  employed  upon  the  lakes  throughout  the  chased  the  liberty  of  the  rules  of  the  kmg's 
war.  In  1813  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  bench,  within  which  he  died.  He  would  prob- 
master  commandant  (now  commander),  and  in  ably  have  been  released,  but  he  refused  to  give 
1817  to  that  of  captain.  His  later  services  were  security  not  to  offend  again.  Beside  the  works 
in  command  of  the  Constellation  (36)  in  the  above  mentioned,  he  wrote  a  number  of  tracts 
West  Indies  in  1825-'6,  of  the  navy  yard  at  against  the  clergy. 

Pensacola  in  1826-'7,  and  of  a  squadron  on  the  WOOLWICH,  a  town  of  Kent,  England,  sit- 

coast  of  Brazil.  nated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Thames.  8  m. 

WOOLSEY,  Theodobe  D wight,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  below  London  bridge,  on  the  N.  Kent  railway; 
an  American  scholar,  ninth  president  of  Yale  pop.  in  1851,  82,367.  It  stands  principally  od 
college,  born  in  New  York,  Oct.  81,  1801.  He  elevated  ground  dose  to  the  river,  with  marehes 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1820,  studied  to  the  E.  and  W.  which  are  sometimes  flooded, 
theology  at  Princeton  between  1821  and  1823,  There  are  several  churches  and  charitable  in- 
and  from  1823  to  1825  was  tutor  in  Yale  col-  stitutions,  a  town  hall,  a  mechanics'  institute, 
lege.  In  the  last  named  year  he  was  licensed  and  numerous  schools.  The  greater  part  of  the 
to  preach.  In  1827-30  and  in  1845  he  visited  population  is  dependent  for  support  upon  the 
Europe.  In  1831  he  was  appointed  professor  government  dock  yard  and  arsenal.  The  dock 
of  Greek  in  Yale  college,  and  in  1846  was  yard,  which  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  Great  Brit- 
chosen  president  of  that  institution,  and  he  also  ain,  has  extensive  basins  and  dry  docks,  and 
instructs  in  history  and  political  science.  At  founderies  and  machine  shops  with  every  wpli- 
the  time  of  his  inauguration  he  was  ordained,  ance  for  constructing  machinery  and  boilera 
He  has  prepared  several  text  books  for  instruc-  The  royal  arsenal  is  situated  on  the  £.  side  of 
tion  in  Greek,  viz. :  ^^  The  Alcestis  of  Euri-  the  town,  and  covers  more  than  100  acres,  h 
pides"  (1833;  revised,  1837  and  1841);  "The  is  the  principal  depot  of  artillery  and  various  * 
Antigone  of  SophocW^  (1835;  revised,  1840  munitions  of  war  for  both  the  navy  and  annj. 


662                     WOORABA  WOECSESTKB 

Brainaid  and  Green  have  asserted^  that  if  hy  blowing  them  from  a  long  slender  tube  or 

woorara  be  mixed  before  insertion  with  a  so-  blow-pipe,  called  gravatana.    The  arrows  are 

lution  of  iodine  and  iodide  of  potassium,  or  if  notched,  so  as  to  break  off  in  the  wound ;  and 

these  be  introduced  into  a  wound  immediate-  by  winding  a  cotton-like  material  about  ihnu 

\j  after  it,  the  action  of  the  poison  is  wholly  they  are  made  to  fit  the  tube,  which  is  of  reed. 

neutralized ;  and  a  like  power  has  been  ascribed  and  may  be  8  or  12  feet  long.    In  Peru,  arrowfe 

to  bromine  and  chlorine ;  but  in  M.  Pelikan^s  only  1^  to  2  inches  long  are  used,  and  the  poi- 

ezperiments,  the  former  substances  did  not  son  is  of  a  different  sort.    An  accidental  wouni! 

neutralize  the  poison. — ^The  attempts  made  to  with  any  of  these  often  proves  fatal.     Ab  tL« 

isolate  the  active  principle  of  woorara  have  discharge  of  the  arrows  is  without  noiae^  a 

not,  it  would  appear,  been  wholly  satisfactory,  hunter  may  successively  bring  down    many 

Dr.  Heintz  obtained  the  poison  in  a  more  high-  birds  or  small  animals  with  them,  before  hv 

ly  concentrated  form ;  and  Boussingault  and  proceeds  to  gather  up  his  game ;  and  in  tht 

Roulin  believed  that  they  had  separated  the  hands  of  a  nractised  marksman  the  weapon  2> 

active  principle,  which  they  named  curarine.  a  very  deadly  one. 

This  appears  to  be  an  alkaloid,  and  is  intensely  WOOSTER,  David,  a  general  of  the  Amer- 
bitter ;  but  neither  it  nor  its  salts  crystallize. —  ican   revolutionary  war,  bom  in  Stratford. 
The  peculiar  action  of  woorara,  in  paralyzing  Conn.,  March  2, 1710,  died  in  Danbnry,  Conn., 
the  nervous  centres  of  motion,  that  of  respira-  May  2, 1777.    He  was  graduated  at  Yale  col< 
tion  included,  has  naturally  suggested  that  this  lege  in  1788 ;  and  in  1789,  when  the  war  broke 
agent  and  strychnine  must  prove  to  be  respec-  out  between  England  and  Spain,  he  entered 
tively  antidotes  of  each  other ;  and  this  opinion  the  provincial  army  as  lieutenant,  and  was  sub- 
seems  likely  to  be  confirmed.    M.  Pelikan  as-  sequently  made  captain  of  a  vessel  built  and 
serts  that  if  strychnine  and  woorara  be  both  equipped  by  the  colony  for  the  defence  of  its 
introduced  at  the  same  time  into  the  circula-  coasts.    In  1745  he  was  captain  in  the  re;^'- 
tion,  neither  can  produce  its  peculiar  effects  ment  of  Ool.  Burr,  which  participated  in  the 
except  where  the  dose  of  the  other  is  insuffi-  expedition  against  Lonisburg,  and  from  thst 
cient — the  woorara  relaxing  the  convulsive  ao-  place  went  m  command  of  a  cartel  ehip  to 
tion  of  the  muscles  occasioned  by  strychnine.  England,  where  he  was  received  with  great 
By  like  reasoning,  it  has  been  proposed  to  em-  favor,  and  made  a  captain  in  the  regular  serrice 
ploy  woorara  as  a  remedy  in  tetanus  (locked  under  Sir  William  Pepperell.    In  the  French 
jaw)  and  hydrophobia ;  and  it  is  asserted  that  war  which  ^nded  in  1763  he  was  commissioned 
actual  experiments  have  shown  its  beneficial  by  the  governor  of  Connecticut  as  colonel,  uii 
effects  in  the  former  disease.    Mr.  Sewall  inoc-  subsequentiy  as  brigadier-general,  and  eerred 
nlated  with  woorara  a  horse  suffering  .under  during  the  whole  war.    In  April,  1776,  he  ^&5 
tetanus.    Apparent  death  followed  in  10  min-  one  of  the  members  of  the  assembly  of  Con- 
utes,  and  the  animal  being  then  revived  by  ar-  necticut  who  concerted  the  plan  for  the  seimre 
tificial  respiration,  the  spasms  did  not  recur;  of  Ticonderoga;    and  when  in  June  of  th&t 
but  the  horse  died  the  next  day,  it  was  sup-  year  the  continental  army  was  organized,  be 
posed,  from  over-eating.    Mr.  W.  Ley  (^^Pro-  was  appointed  one  of  the  8  brigadier-generals, 
vincial  Medical  JoumaJ,"  1842-^8)  has  recom-  He  was  engaged  in  the  expedition  into  Canada, 
mended  the  extract  of  the  Indian  hemp  (can-  where  after  the  death  of  Gen.  Montgomerr  he 
nobis  Indicus)  also  as  an  antidote  for  woorara.  for  a  time  held  the  chief  command.    After  Ms 
— ^Drs.  Hammond  and  Mitchell  (^^  American  recall  he  resigned  and  returned  to  Conneeticot. 
Journal  of  Medical  Science,^'  July,  1859)  give  and  was  mi\jor-general  of  the  militia  vben 
the  results  of  their  examination  of  two  less  Tryon  invaded  that  state  for  the  purpose  of 
known  varieties  of  arrow  poison,  called  eorro-  destroying  the  military  stores  at  Danbury.   He 
tal  imd  vao  or  boo.    The  first  of  these,  as  pre-  attacked  the  rear  guard  of  the  enemy,  April 
served,  is  in  brownish  black  lumps,  and  in-  27,  1777,  and  while  about  2  miles  from  Itidg^ 
tensely  bitter ;   an  alkaloid  obtained  from  it  field,  as  ho  was  rallying  and  encouraging  his 
they  named  corrovalia.     The  second  was  a  men,  he  was  mortally  wounded.    On  June  17 
perfectly  hard,  ^rk  brown  extract.     Both  congress  voted  that  a  monument  should  be 
dissolved  aJike  in  water  and  alcohol,  and  pro-  erected  to  his  memory,  but  no  steps  were  taken 
duced  a  like  effect,  though  that  of  vao  was  less  to  have  the   resolution  carried   into   effaci 
powerful.     This  effect  was  quite  opposite  to  Even  the  neglected  grave  was  not  identified 
that  of  woorara,  though  like  it  exerted  through  until  1854,  on  April  27  of  which  year  the  cor- 
the  blood ;  it  is  that  of  paralyzing  the  heart,  ner  stone  of  a  monument  to  his  memory  wis 
while  tiie  respiration  continues ;    and  secon-  laid,  by  act  of  the  legislature  of  Connecticut 
darily  it  paralyzes  both  sensibility  and  general  WOkC£ST£R.    I.  A  central  co.  of  Missa- 
motion,  but  from  the  extremities  of  the  nerves  chusetts,  bounded  N.  by  New  Hampshire  and 
toward  the  centres.    Both  these  poisons  they  S.  by  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  and  drain- 
believe  to  be  vegetable,  but  no  strychnine  was  ed  by  Blackstone,  Chicopee,  Thames,  Qnine- 
found  in  them.    There  appeared  to  be  no  anti-  bang,  Ware,  and  other  rivers ;  area,  l,5iK)  sq. 
dote  for  them. — ^The  Indians  of  Para  and  other  m.;  pop.  in  1860,  159,660.    It  is  the  iar^pt 
parts  of  South  America  tip  with  woorara  arrows  county  in  the  state.    The  surface  is  generally 
15  to  18  inches  long,  which  they  then  discharge  undulating,  and  the  soil  fertile  and  nndisr  a 


654  WOROEBTER 

Charles  II.  and  Cromwell,  in  which  the  royal-  "Epitome  of  Geography,'^  in  1823  "Sketde 

ists  were  utterly  routed.    The  young  king  es-  of  the  Earth  and  its  Inhabitants,"  and  in  lS2^-> 

caped  by  flight  and  concealment  to  Normandy.  '8  "  Elements  of  History,  Ancient  and  Modtrri, ' 

WORCESTER,  John  Tiptoft,  earl  of,  an  "Epitomeof  History,"  and  "Outlines of S.ri:^ 

English  statesman,   bom  in  Everton,   Cam-  ture  Geography,"  each  of  these  works  exap- 

bridgeshire,  in  the  early  part  of  the  15th  cen-  ing  the  "  Sketches"  being  accompanied  vid 

tury,  beheaded  in  the  tower  of  London  in  an  atlas.    Dr.  Worcester's  first  effort  in  tl 

1470.    He  was  educated  at  Baliol  college.  Ox-  field  of  English  lexicography  was  *'Jolinf.:? 

ford,  and  in  1449  was  appointed  by  Henry  VI.  English  Dictionary,  as  improved  by  Todd  .U 

lord  deputy  of  Ireland,  and  at  the  same  time  abridged  by  Chahners,  with  W^er's  Pr> 

created  earl  of  Worcester.     Under  Edward  nouncing  Dictionary  combined,"  which  wa-  k 

lY.  he  was  made  constable  of  the  tower  and  ited  by  him  on  principles  fixed  uponbytLef' 

lord  treasurer.    During  the  temporary  return  Ushers  and  their  literary  advisers,  and  bro:: 

to  power  of  the  Lancastrians  in  1470  he  was  out  in  1827,  from  which  time  till  Uie  prtnr 

apprehended  and  beheaded.    He  was  a  man  of  he  has  chiefly  devoted  himsdf  to  thisdepr 

considerable  learning,  a  great  collector  of  books,  ment  of  literature.     In  1828,  while  efigbri^' 

and  a  liberal  donor  to  the  library  of  Oxford  upon  his  "  Comprehensive  Ptonoundng  ir.-: 

university.    His  literary  productions  comprise  Explanatory  Dictionary,"  he  was  induced  h 

English  translations  of  Cicero  Be  Amieitia  the  publisher  of  Webster's  ''  American  I*:  - 

(printed  by  William  Caxton)  and  of  that  portion  tionary"  to  prepare  an  abridgment  of  l'/ 

of  CaBsar's  "  Commentaries"  which  relates  to  work.    His  "  Comprehensive  Pronouncing  u ' 

Britain,  and  a  number  of  miscellaneous  works.  Explanatory  Dictionary"  appeared  in  1830.  T.. 

— ^Edwabd  Somkbset,  second  marquis  of,  an  period  from  Nov.  1880,  to  Sept.  1881,  was  ?j-t: 

English  inventor,  bom  in  1697,  died  April  8,  m  Europe,  during  which  time  he  visited  th 

1667.    With  his  father,  the  first  marquis,  he  universities  of  England  and  Scotland,  and  <.•  1- 

zealously  maintained  the  royal  cause  during  lected  many  valuable  philological  and  k^'  - 

the  civil  wars,  and  Raglan  castle,  the  family  graphical  works.    In  1846  appeared  his  "r:H 

seat,  was  one  of  the  last  places  that  held  versal  and  Critical  Dictionary  of  the  £n^- ' 

out  against  the  parliamentary  forces.    He  is  Language,"  which  was  afterward  reprintt^  i: 

entitled  to  the  credit  of  having  invented  and  London  without  his  consent,  with  a  title  \  >-\ 

constructed  the  first  actual  steam  engine,  a  de-  altered  so  as  to  read  "  Webster's  Critical  aiu 

Bcription  of  which  is  given  in  his  work  entitled  Pronouncing  Dictionary,  &c.,  enlarged  and  rf  • 

"  A  Century  of  the  Names  and  Scantlings  of  vised  by  Worcester,"  and  with  a  garWed  pre 

such  Inventions  as  at  present  I  can  call  to  face.    In  1855  he  published  a ''Ptonouniii:. 

mind  to  have  Tried  and  rerfected,"  first  print-  Explanatory,  and   Synonymous   Dictionirj:" 

ed  in  1663.    He  published  also  ^^An  Exact  and  and  in  1860,  after  more  than  80  years  for  l' 

True  Definition  of  the  most  Stupendous  Water-  most  part  spent  in  lexicographical  stodies  Lvi 

Conmianding  Engine,  invented  by  the  Bight  labors,  he  gave  to  the  public  his  chief  ^(  r'^ 

Honorable  (and  deservedly  to  be  praised  and  "  A  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language"  (>*■  - 

admired)  Edward  Somerset,  Lord  Marquis  of  Boston).    Dr.  Worcester  has  also  pablishtnl  • 

Worcester."    Neither  work  describes  the  man-  "  Spelling-book  of  the  English  Language."  "^><' 

ner  of  constructing  his  engine,  but  from  what  marks  on  Longevity,"  &c.,  and  was  the  liters-- 

he  says  of  its  operation  there  seems  no  doubt  editor  of  the  ^^  American  Almanac"  from  1^  ' 

that  it  resembled  in   principle  the    modem  to  1848  inclusive.    He  has  received  the  dejt' 

steam  engine.     Ho  was  looked  upon  by  his  of  LL.D.  fi-om  Brown  university  and  fr ' 

contemporaries  as  a  visionary  speculator.    (See  Dartmouth  college,  is  a  fellow  of  the  AmeH-  : 

Stkam  Engine,  vol.  xv.  pp.  47,  48.)  academy  of  science,  a  corresponding  me:;    * 

WORCESTER,  Joseph  Emebson,  LL.D.,  an  of  the  royal  geographical  society  in  Lod(1<  " 

American  lexicographer,  born  in  Bedford,  ]Sr.  and  a  member  of  other  learned  bodies. 
H.,  Aug.  24, 1784.    In  1794  his  parents  return-        WORCESTER,  Noah,  D.D.,  an  Aroerei' 

ed  to  HoUis,  N".  H.,  which  had  been  the  family  clergyman,  bom  in  Hollis,  N.  H.,  Xoj.  p 

residence  since  1750,  at  which  time  his  great-  1758,diedinBrighton,  Mass.,  Oct.  81, 18S7.  li^ 

grandfather,  the  Rev.  Francis  Worcester,  took  was  a  fifer  in  the  army  in  1775,  and  entered  tt 

up  his  abode  there.    His  early  education  was  service  again  for  a  short  time  as  fife-niA,ii'^  >', 

chiefly  obtained  at  Hollis,  at  Phillips  academy,  1777,  being  at  the  battles  of  Banker  Lill  ar.- 

Andover,  Mass.,  and  at  Salisbury,  K  H.    He  Bennington.  In  1786,  having  previouslTgtI:l^c^ 

was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1811,  and  hard,  written  a  little,  taught  school,  and  worb^ 

for  several  years  afterward  taught  in  Salem,  at  shoemaking,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by » 

While  here,  he  prepared  the  greater  part  of  Congregational  association,  and  the  next  yei*' 

his    **  Geographical  Dictionary,  or  Universal  ordained  pastor  of  the  church  in  Tboraton. 

Gazetteer,"  a  work  in  2  vols.,  printed  at  An-  where  he  had  lived  5  years,  and  been  schoolmsJ- 

dover  in  1817.    His  "  Gazetteer  of  the  United  ter,  selectman,  town  clerk,  justice  of  the  pea**- 

States"  was  printed  at  the  same  place  in  1818.  and  representative  to  the  general  court  Hiswi- 

He  removed  to  Cambridge,  Mass.,  in  1819,  and  ary  being  only  $200,  he  made  up  the  deficienfy 

in  the  same   year  published  "  Elements  of  paray  by  laboring  on  a  farm  and  parw  p.| 

Geography,  Ancient  and  Modem,"  in  1820  the  making  shoes.    In  1802  he  was  employed  a 


566  WORDSWORTH 

a  part  of  the  Lowther  estates,  and  of  Anne  the  emergence  of  an  original  poetic  gei^ 

Cookson.  daughter  of  a  mercer  at  Penrith.    He  above  the  literary  horizon  more  evidently  u 

Bappos^  himself  to  bo  descended  from  the  nonnced/'    They  were  afterward  so  cL&Eir 

Wordsworths  of  Peniston,  near  Doncaster,  who  as  to  destroy  their  historical,  without  &d  ai. 

had  been  landholders  from  the  time  of  the  con-  much  to  their  poetical  vidue.    In  his  repnlLc j 

quest,  but  the  pedigree  was  coi\jectiiral.    His  zeal,  he  proposed  in  an  unpublished  letter ' 

mother  died  when  he  was  8  years  old,  and  ex-  the  bishop  of  Llandaflf  to  scatter  plentj  or : 

Sressed  anxiety  about  him  alone  of  all  her  chil-  the  land  by  abolishing  the  monarchy  sod  :1 

ren,  predicting  from  his  indomitable  self-will  peerage,  was  indignant  that  England  made  thi 

and  violent  temper  tJiat  he  would  be  steady  in  against  France,  and  after  witnessing  on  the  li 

good  or  headstrong  in  evil.    He  attended  school  of  Wight  the  equipment  of  the  fleets  btruy^: 

at  Oockermouth,  and  from  his  9th  year  at  Hawks-  toward  Wales,  and,  connecting  in  his  imap. 

head,  in  the  most  picturesque  district  of  Lanca-  tion  the  dreariness  of  Salisbury  plain  iri:L  '. 

shire,  where  he  often  roamed  by  day  and  night  rovings  of  disbanded  sailors  and  of  the  viC  ^ 

over  the  country,  read  the  fictions  of  Fielding,  of  the  slain,  commenced  in  the  Spi^o<!td.: 

Swift,  Cervantes,  and  Le  Sage,  and  composed  stanza  the  poem  of  ^^  Guilt  and  Sorrowr  vL  ■ 

poems  for  his  own  amusement  and  for  school  ex-  did  not  appear  entire  till  1842.    Mtiii.:../ 

ercises,  which  he  afterward  condemned  as  ^^  false  his  friends  urged  him  to  enter  eitlier  tLcl 

from  their  over  wrought  splendor."    His  father  or  the  church,  but  he  believed  himself  ri 

died  in  1783,  and  under  the  guardianship  of  his  for  the  former,  and  his  present  theologies'  ^ 

uncles  he  was  sent  in  his  18th  year  to  St.  political  opinions  were  incompatible  viiL 

John^s  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  con-  latter.    He  projected  a  monthly  miscellan? 

tinned  a  student  till  1791,  when  he  received  be  called  "  The  Philanthropist,"  and  soo^^it .. 

the  degree  of  B.A.    Averse  to  collegiate  stud-  engagement  as  contributor  to  some  oy^- 

ies  and  discipline,  impatient  of  restraint  and  newspaper ;  but  each  scheme  seemed  imfn.:- 

control,  and  preferring  to  pass  his  evenings  cable,  when  in  1795  he  reoeived  a  legai?  : 

either  with  gay  companions  or  alone  in  the  £900  from  Raisley  Calvert,  a  young  friend  wL- . 

college  gardens  by  the  Cam,  gazing  at  the  he  had  attended  and  cheeired  during  a^'-'- 

trees,  and  peopling  the  wslks  with  fairies,  his  months  of  his  last  illness.     ^'  Upon  the  in'e:  > 

memories  of  his  alma  mater  were  by  no  means  of  the  £900,"  he  says,  *^£400  being  laid  out  t . 

affectionate;  but  he  made  himself  master  of  annuity,  with £200 deducted frx)m the prioM 

Italian,  and  extended  his  acquaintance  with  the  and  £100  a  legacy  to  my  sister,  and  £1'A'  i:.  ' 

classics  and  the  English  poets.    He  ascribes  to  which  tlie  '  Lyrical  Ballads'  brought  mc  :i 

this  period  a  growing  belief  in  his  own  mission  sister  and  I  contrived  to  live  eeven  yct:<  i 

as  a   poet,  and   selected   Chaucer,  Spenser,  nearly  eight."    A  further  sum  of  i^B,C<*  ■  \  \ 

Milton,  and  Shakespeare  as  the  four  models  paid  over  to  the  family  in  1802,  to  be  di  •  - 

whom  he  must  have  constantly  before  his  eyes,  among  6  children,  as  arrears  due  from  \k  •  - 

During  his  third  vacation  in  1790  he  made  of  Lonsdale  (Sir  James  Lowther);  and  ^    ' 

wit^  a  fellow    collegian   a   pedestrian   tour  this  provision  Wordsworth  resolved  to  c:- - 1 

through  France,  Switzerland,  and  the  north  of  poeti^  the  sole  business  of  his  life,  having  'j^'^  -'  | 

Italy,  being  in  France  when  the  revolutionaiy  conceived  of  painting  an  "  infinite  vsrVyj^ 

enthusiasm  was  at  its  height.    After  taking  his  natural  appearances  that  had  been  oiiri:  >^ 

degree  he  lodged  for  4  months  in  London,  often  by  the  poets  of  any  age  or  country/'  I'-' " 

listening  to  the  debates  in  the  house  of  com-  his  unsettled  and  roving  career,  he  had  If 

mons '  on  the  French  revolution ;  went  on  a  accustomed  to  temperance  ana  economy. 

pedestrian   excursion   to  North  Wales ;   and  in  the  autumn  of  1795  he  established  i^  * 

m  the  autumn  of  1791  started  on  a  second  at  Racedown,  in  Somersetshire,  witli  lii> ; -^ 

pilgrimage  to  France,  where  he  shared  so  fully  Dorothy,  his  cherished  associate  dnrinp  ti^-- 

in' the  hopes  and  ideas  of  the  time  that  he  en-  mainder  of  his  life,  to  whom  he  sscn\:^^  > 

tertained  the  project  of  becoming  a  naturalized  happiest   influence   upon   his  obaractf 

Frenchman.    He  remained  about  a  year  at  tastes.    There  he  began  the  tragedy i*!'' 

Orleans,  Blois,  and  Paris,  and  was  meditating  Borderers,"  upon  which  he  bestowed  idi^<  I*  ^ 

how  to  rally  about  himself  the  struggling  £eic-  and  thought,  but  which  was  never  ic^^  - 

tions  and  to  guide  the  revolution  to  a  glorious  was  publish^  in  1842  only  to  be  pron*>    ; 

issue,  when  circumstances  obliged  his  return  an  unqualified  fiiilure.    In  June,  17'^^-  ^['^ 

to  England,  just  in  time,  as  he  afterward  ac-  ridge  visited  him  at  Bacedown,  and  tU  >'H 

knowledged,  to  save  him  from  the  guUlotine.  poets,  charmed  with  each  other,  beca]Dt"''i 

He  fixed  his  abode  in  London,  and  to  vindi-  for  life.    Coleridge,  astonished  by  tku^. 

cate  his  talents,  which  his  Cambridge  career  unexpected  contemplations  and  feelinpy 

hadbrought  into  question,  he  published  in  1792  Wordsworth  evolved  from  the  f<>^\';  • 

two  poems  in  the  heroic  couplet,  *^  An  Evening  pearances  of  the  world,  declared  bims^  "•' 

Walk,  addressed  to  a  Young  Lady,"  and  "De-  tie  man  by  his  side ;"  and  Wordfiworth.  -• 

scriptive  Sketches,  taken  during  a  Pedestrian  Coleridge  in  his  fullest  and  freshest  bIi»o|i'> 

Tour  among  the  Alps."    The    slight   notice  dazzfed  by  his  exhaustless  intellectuAl  m 

which  they  attracted  was  not  at  all  sati^^tory,  and  colloquial  displays,  while  bis  i"^^, 

though  Coleridge  says  that "  seldom,  if  eter,  was  yet  undinuned  by  opium,  said  that  otk:  *-- 


558  WORDSWORTH 

the  new;  in  which,  however,  the  old  derived  comic  tales  of  "Peter  Bell"  and  "The  Wagon- 
certain  advantages  from  the  obstinacy  and  want  er,"  both  of  which  had  been  written  manv  ycfirs 
of  tact  with  which  the  new  exposed  and  made  before,  and  were  severely  attacked ;  and  in  1^2:: 
a  boast  of  its  most  galling  peci^arities."  The  a  collection  of  sonnets  and  poems  under  tht 
special  criticisms  of  Jeffrey  differ  but  little,  ex-  title  of  "  Memorials  of  a  Tour  on  the  Oontineni,' 
cept  in  style  and  temper,  from  those  advanced  soon  followed  by  his  series  of  ecclesiBsti<^  su&- 
by  Coleridge  in  his  "  Biographia  Literaria"  on  nets.  His  whole  income  from  his  literary  kb*;rrs 
the  puerile  language  and  trivial  details  which  had  not  in  1819  amounted  to  £140,  and  eit ; 
Wordsworth  often  affected  in  the  championship  in  1829  he  remarks  that  he  had  worked  hhiC'.r 
of  his  theory.  In  1809  he  appeared  as  a  polit-  through  a  long  life  for  less  pecuniary  emwr.- 
ical  prose  writer  with  an  eloquent  essay  on  the  ment  than  a  public  performer  gets  for  2  k)T  C 
convention  of  Cintra,  which  he  strongly  op-  songs.  But  his  reputation  rose  rapidly  frn:. 
posed;  and  from  that  time  he  abandoned  his  1880  to  1840;  new  editions  of  his  previous  v*v 
republican  dreams  and  became  a  conservative  umes  were  demanded ;  in  1839  the  degree  o:' 
both  in  matters  of  church  and  state.  The  birth  D.O.L.  was  conferred  on  him  by  the  univer^r; 
of  8  children  obliged  him  to  seek  larger  accom-  of  Oxford  amid  enthusiastic  plaudits;  in  Is2 
modations  than  those  at  Grasmere,  and  he  re-  he  was  permitted  to  resign  his  ofBce  to  his  :^  - 
moved  in  1808  to  Allan  Bank,  and  in  1818  to  ond  son,  and  received'a  pension  of  JC300;  and  b 
Rydal  Mount,  his  residence  for  the  remainder  1848  he  succeeded  Southey  as  poet  laures^u, 
of  his  life,  commanding  a  beautiful  view  of  the  He  published  a  collected  edition  of  his  i^k2,z 
lake  of  Rydal  and  of  part  of  Windermere,  and  in  1842,  arranging  them  in  a  new  order  aco<>r^- 
having  grounds  and  gardens  which  were  by  de-  ing  to  subjects.  His  health  was  shaken  in  WT 
grees  most  skilfully  embellished  under  his  di-  by  the  death  of  his  only  daughter  Dora  (Mr>. 
rection.  In  1818  also  he  was  appointed,  through  Quillinan),  but  he  continued  generally  ivell  ::\ 
the  influence  of  Lord  Lonsdale,  to  the  distrib-  within  a  few  weeks  of  his  own  death,  on  l  . 
utorship  of  stamps  in  the  county  of  Westmore-  anniversary  of  St.  George  and  of  the  birth  fti'I 
land,  an  office  which  he  could  discharge  by  death  of  Shakespeare. — With  the  exception  of 
deputy,  and  which  afforded  him  over  £500  a  tours  in  Scotland  and  on  the  continent,  and  ck- 
year.  It  had  long  been  his  aim  to  compose  a  casional  visits  to  London,  his  whole  life  v;i- 
vast  philosophical  poem,  embodying  views  of  passed  among  the  lakes.  In  eigoyment  of  world- 
men,  nature,  and  society,  as  an  introduction  to  ly  competence,  he  walked,  boated,  wrot€.  ax- 
which  he  completed  in  1805  "  The  Prelude,"  tended  church,  and  received  visitors.  In  h'^ 
first  published  posthumously,  containing  a  rec-  later  yeai*s  the  day  began  and  closed  with  prs}  - 
ord  of  the  cultivation  and  progress  of  his  own  ers ;  and  after  breakfast  the  family  read  the  UV 
powers.  The  main  poem,  entitled  "  The  Re-  sons  and  psalms.  His  study  was  tiie  open  air,  i:. 
duse,"  was  to  consist  of  8  parts,  to  which  '*  The  which,  he  says,  nine  tenths  of  his  poems  were 
Prelude"  was  to  have  the  relation  of  an  ante-  shaped.  The  neighbors  who  heard  him  mxh< 
chapel  to  the  body  of  a  Gothic  church,  while  all  act  of  verse  making,  after  some  prolonged  .it-* 
his  minor  poems  were  to  represent  the  cells,  or-  sence,  were  wont  to  ezdaim :  •*  There  he  i^; 
atories,  and  sepulchral  recesses  belonging  to  such  we  are  glad  to  hear  him  booing  about  &<rair./ 
an  edifice.  Only  the  second  part,  entitled  **  The  The  first  characteristic  of  his  poetry  is  his  ei- 
Excursion"  (1814),  the  noblest  and  most  elab-  treme  sensibility  to  and  accurate  aoquaintAnc^ 
orate  of  his  productions,  was  ever  published,  with  the  changing  phenomena  of  external  va- 
It  is  in  blank  verse,  and  contains  passages  of  ture.  By  no  one  else  has  the  world  of  sii'l ' 
sentiment,  description,  eloquence,  and  profound  and  sound,  from  the  planetary  motions  b  tl  c 
philosophical  meaning  rarely  surpassed ;  yet  heavens  down  to  the  restless  shadow  of  iU 
the  dissertation  is  often  tedious,  and  the  plot  smallest  fiower,  been  so  sedulously  studied  dcr- 
incongruous,  the  whole  plan  embracing  but  a  ing  a  long  life.  U.  Chbistopheb,  I).I).,  an  Enc- 
8  days'  walk  among  the  mountains,  and  the  lish  clergyman  and  author,  youngest  brotLc: 
principal  discourses  "  of  truth,  of  grandeur,  of  the  preceding,  born  at  Oockej;mouth,  Cum- 
beauty,  love,  and  hope,"  being  put  into  the  berland,  June  9, 1774,  died  at  Buxted,  8udeei, 
mouth  of  a  poor  Scotch  peddler.  Jefirey  began  Dec.  81,  1889.  He  was  ^aduated  B.A.  ^t 
his  criticism  with  the  proclamation :  "  This  will  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  m  1796,  and  electe  i 
never  dol"  and  when  the  article  was  called  a  to  a  fellowship.  His  ^^  Six  Letters  to  Granvilk 
"  crushing  review,"  Southey  retorted  that  the  Sharp,  Esq.,  respecting  his  Remarks  on  the  Un- 
critic  might  as  easily  crush  Skiddaw.  From  of  the  Definite  Article  in  the  Greek  Text  vt, 
this  time  the  war  between  the  poet  and  the  re-  the  New  Testament"  (1802),  procured  him  th-. 
viewer  waned ;  concessions  were  made  on  both  situation  of  chaplain  to  the  archbishop  of  Cad- 
sides ;  the  former  less  frequently  illustrated  his  terbury.  He  afterward  obtained  a  rectory  ui 
extreme  views  in  verses  of  ludicrous  simplicity  Norfolk,  and  in  1808  the  deanery  of  Becking, 
and  pathos,  and  the  latter  began  to  do  justice  Essex,  whence  he  was  transferred  in  1616  t^* 
to  the  merits  as  weU  as  the  defects  of  the  new  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary^s,  Lambeth,  and  Sand- 
school.  In  1816  appeared  ^'  The  White  Doe  of  ridge,  Kent.  He  exchanged  these  afterwiird 
Rystone,"  a  romantic  narrative  poem,  to  which  for  the  rectory  of  Buxted.  In  1820  he  was  in* 
in  point  of  conception  he  assigned  the  highest  stalled  in  the  mastership  of  Trinity  coUe^ 
plaice  among  his  productions ;  in  1819  the  serio-  Cambridge,  which  he  resigned  aiter  holding  it 


560  WORMS  yrOBOSZOFF 

from  hairs  dropped  aooidentally  into  the  water ;  thre  of  Ohina,  the  loose  wool  of  tiie  BtaDB  md 

they  have  the  intestinal  canid  without  anns,  foliage  of  which  is  enqtlojed  as  an  inflanma- 

and  live  as  parasites  in  the  bodies  of  variotls  torjr  substance  in  anrgery.    The  wormwooc" 

insects,  occupying  often  more  space  than  the  are  all  readily  propagi&ed  from  their  seeds  or 

internal  organs  of  their  hosts;  a  specimen  11  by  division  of  their  roots.    They  are  gaierail/ 

inches  long  has  been  found  in  a  groond  beetle  of  indigenous  to  Europe, 
only  one  inch,  and  others  have  heen  seen  8  feet       WOBNUM,  Ralph  NicBOLBOir,  an  EngltsL 

long;  when  mature  they  quit  the  bodies  of  in-  author,  bom  in  Thornton,  North  Durham, I>€c. 

sects,  and  go  into  water  or  moist  earth,  where  29, 1812.    He  was  educated  at  Univeratj  (n>!- 

they  lay  their  eggs  in  long  chains,  at  times  sud-  lege,  London,  and  between  1884  and  l^:. 

deiJy  appearing  in  such  vast  numbers  as  to  studied  painting  and  the  fine  arts  in  the  prinfi- 

give  rise  to  the  reports  of  "  worm  rains  ;^'  pal  continental  cities.    Having  practised  i><)r- 

they  are  able  to  remain  hard  and  brittle  in  dry  trait  painting  for  some  years  in  London.  I 

weather,  recovering  after  a  rain.    The  common  devoted  himself  principally  to  the  literdtnre  < : 

G,  aqitatieus  (Mtlll.)  is  7  to  10  inches  long,  and  his  profession,  in  whidi  he  has  since  been  <:-> 

]r5  ^^  aV  of  an  inch  wide,  the  tail  in  the  male  cupied.    In  1848  he  was  appointed  lecturer  • : 

being  biJSd ;  the  young  escape  from  the  eggs  in  ornamental  art  in  the  goyemment  school « t 

about  8  weeks,  of  a  very  different'  shape  from  design,  and  in  1852  librarian  and  keeper  v. 

their  parents,  being*^  J,^  of  an  inch  long,  with  casts  in  the  department  of  art  into  which  tbtj 

the  posterior  portion  of  the  body  cylindrical,  were  constituted.    He  resigned  these  otHv*.- 

rounded  and  furnished  with  short  spines  at  upon  being  appointed  in  1^6  keeper  and  ^t  - 

the  end ;  the  anterior  is  wider,  the  mouth  hav-  retary  of  the  national  gallery,  which  post  be  ^t; . 

ing  2  circles  of  retractile  tentacles  and  a  club-  retains  (1862).    He  is  the  author  of  a  '^Hi«t<  .7 

shaped  proboscis;    they  are  swallowed  alive  of  Pdnting,  Ancient  and  Modem"  (2  vo  v 

by  beetles  and  other  insects,  in  the  bodies  of  12mo.,  1847),  and  ^^  Epochs  of  Painting^' (18t« 

which  they  undergo  development  into  the  long  of  several  biographical  and  descriptive  cai  1 

hair  worms.  logues  illustrative  of  the  national  gallerj;  .*i  .<: 

WORMS,  a  city  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse-  of  4  reports  prepared  while  he  was  connect": 
Darmstadt,  26  m.  from  ^ntz,  on  the  left  bank  with  the  department  of  art.  He  wrote  tlv 
of  the  Rhine;  pop.  in  1855, 10,728.  It  has  a  article  '* Painting"  and  most  of  thebiograpL.- 
cathedral  of  Romanesque  architecture,  built  in  of  artists  in  the  *^ Penny  OydopBdia'^  n-: 
the  11th  century,  and  7  other  churches,  with  a  **  English  CyclopsBdia,^*  and  has  been  a  frc- 
synagogue  of  the  11th  century.  Patent  leather  quent  contributor  to  the  '^London  Art  Ji^r- 
is  extensively  manufactured,  and  the  famous  nal^'  and  other  periodicals  of  the  class.  A- 
wine  called  lAdfrauenmilch  is  produced  on  an  keeper  of  the  national  gallery  he  prepare<l  f  •: 
a^oining  hill. — ^The  city  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  exhibition  the  valuable  bequest  of  Turner. 
Germany;  it  is  the  scene  of  i^Q  Nibelungen-  WORONIGZ,  Jan  Pawxl,  a  Polish  prei::*c 
Lied^  and  there  are  traces  of  Roman  occupation,  and  poet,  bom  in  Volhynia  in  1757,  died  'i 
Attila  destroyed,  and  Olovis  rebuilt  it.  Oharle-  Vienna,  Dec.  4, 1829.  He  was  educed  br  tic 
magne  and  the  Oarlovingians  often  resided  here.  Jesuits  at  Ostrog,  became  a  member  of  tl.. ' 
Important  councils  of  the  church  and  imperial  society,  and  was  employed  as  secretary  by  t. 
diets  were  held  here,  including  that  before  bishop  of  Warsaw.  Under  Alexander  I.  lev »? 
which  Luther  appeared  on  April  17  and  18,  made  bishop  of  draco w,  and  under  Nichols*  x 
1521.  In  the  13th  century  Worms  had  60,000  1828  primate  of  Poland.  He  was  distingnb^  i  \ 
inhabitants,  and  at  the  end  of  the  80  years*  war  as  a  preacher  in  country  churches  before  K  ? 
80,000.  In  1622  it  was  sacked  by  the  imperial-  elevation,  and  afterward  crowds  fiooke^  t" 
ists,  and  in  1689  by  the  French.  hear  him  in  the  cathedral  of  Warsaw.   L  - 

WORMWOOD,  a  homely  herb  with  a  pro-  poems  {Poetye^  2  vols.,  Craeow,  1832)  are  ^; 
verbially  bitter  taste,  usually  seen  in  gardens,  markable  for  vivid  and  glowing  diction  n^- 
though  occasionally  found  in  waste  places  by  lyrical  sublimity ;  his  prose  writings  (P*"' 
the  roadsides,  and  of  value  for  its  aromatic  and  6  vols.,  Oracow,  1882),  mcludlng  his  sennris 
medicind  qualities,  being  tonic,  a  vermifuge,  have  in  beauty  of  style  hardly  been  surpn^.-vU 
&c.    The  common  wormwood  (artemisia  db-  by  those  of  any  other  Polish  writer, 
sinthium,  Linn.)  has  a  perennial  root ;  cluster-        WORONZOFF,  or  Yobostzovf,  a  noble  fill- 
ed and  numerous  stems  springing  from  the  ily  of  Russia,  descended  from  Gabriel  ^("f  v' 
base  of  the  plant,  which  grow  2  or  8  feet  high ;  zoff,  who  died  at  the  siege  of  Tchighirin  in  Lit  > 
abundance  of  long,  petiolate,  irregularly  bipin-  Russia  in  1678,  and  one  of  whoee  grandsons.  M:- 
natifid   leaves,  hoary  with    short   silky   pu-  bail,  became  the  lover  of  the  empress  EIJ^^- 
bescence,  which  likewise  clothes  the  entire  beth.    By  her  he  was  made  chanoeDor  of  tht 
plant ;  composite  flowers  in  numerous  heads  empire  and  minister  of  foreign  affairs  and  re- 
on  leafy  racemes,  the   florets  yellowish,  the  ceived  through  her  influence  in  1744^  fivn)^^ 
seeds  (achenia)  oblong  and  smooth.    There  are  emperor  Oharles  YU.,  the  title  <^  count  of  t' ' 
several  other  species,  such  as  the  tarragon,  holy  Roman  empire.  In  1760  his  two  brotby^ 
used  to  impart  a  flavor  to  vinegar,  the  south-  Roman  and  John,  obtained  the  same  positi^'" 
ernwood,  the  mugwort,  &c.,  seen  in  gardens,  Count  Mihail  was  chiefly  known  as  a  (jir*^ 
and  the  moxa  (A.  moxa,  De  Candolle),  a  na-  matist,  and  in  1745  negotiated  the  aIliAii<^' 


562  WOETHINGTON  WOW-WOW 

Worth   wes   obliged    to   act    independently  toEing  James  of  Scotland  that  a  plot  had  been 

throughout  the  battle.    He  carried  the  forts  laid  to  assassinate  him.    He  performed  this 

commanding  his  lino  of  approach,  stormed  the  mission  very  discreetly,  and  after  a  stay  of 

bishop^s  palace,  and  had  fought  his  way  through  8  months  in  Scotland  returned  to  Florence, 

the  streets  nearly  to  the  great  plaza,  when  'the  On  the  death  of  Queen  Elizabeth  he  proceeded 

town  capitulated  to  Taylor,  approadiing  from  to  England,  received  at  once  the  honor  of 

the  other  side.    For  these  achievements  Worth  knighuiood,  and  in  the  next  year  (1604)  was 

was  brevetted  a  m^'or-general,  and  received  sent  ambassador  to  Venice.    He  was  recalkd 

from  congress  a  sword  **  in  testimony  of  the  in  1610,  toward  the  dose  of  1615  was  sent  on 

high  sense  entertained  by  congress  of  his  gal-  a  mission  to  the  United  Provincea,  and  in  1616 

lantry  and  good  conduct  in  storming  Monte-  was  reappointed  to  the  Venetian  embasqr-    Be 

rey."    Having  been  withdrawn  from  the  army  afterward  discharged  several  other  diplomatic 

of  Gen.  Taylor  prior  to  the  battle  of  Buena  trusts,  and  in  1623  was  appointed  provost  d 

Vista,  he  commanded  a  division  in  that  of  Gen.  Eton  college,  an  office  which  he  retained  until 

Scott  at  the  capture  of  Vera  Oruz.    He  was  also  his  d^ath.    As  it  could  not  be  r^^ariy  held 

distinguished  at  Oerro  Gordo,  and  at  the  cap-  by  a  layman,  he  was  ordiuned  deacon.    H€ 

tnre  of  Puebla  and  of  the  bridgehead  at  Churu-  wrote  *^  Elements  of  Architecture*^  (1624),  th«ii 

busco;  and  at  Molino  del  Bey,  Sept.  8,  1846,  the  best  work  on  that  subject;  '^The  State  of 

he  led  the  assault  upon  the  almost  impregnable  Christendom,  giving  a  perfect  and  exact  Dis- 

defences  of  the  Mexicans,  which  he  carried  covery  of  many  political  Intrigues  and  secret 

with  the  loss  of  nearly  one  fourth  of  his  com-  Mysteries  of  State  practised  in  most  of  the 

mand.    He  also  distinguished  himself  in  storm-  Gourts  of  Europe*'  (fol.,  1657) ;  and  several  las 

ing  the  San  Oosme  gate  of  Mexico  on  Sept.  18,  important  works.    He  is  best  known  now  by 

and  received  there  the  message  of  the  munici-  his  poems,  which,  though  few  and  brie^  and 

pal  authorities  proposing  to  surrender  the  city,  generally  of  a  fugitive  character,  display  great 

After  the  conclusion  of  the  war  Gen.  Worth  delicacy  of  feeling  and  happiness  of  expression, 

was  placed  in  command  of  the  department  of  His  friend  Izaak  Walton  published  his  life  in 

the  South- West,  which  he  held  till  his  death.  1651,  with  a  collection  of  his  poems,  letters, 

Beside  the  sword  presented  to  him  by  congress,  and  miscellaneous  writings,  under  the  title  of 

he  received  others  from  the  states  of  New  York  BeUquia  Wottanianm, 

(1888)  and  Louisiana  (1848),  and  from  his  na-        WOTTON,  Wiluah,  an  English  divine  and 

tive  county,  and  in  1842  a  vote  of  thanks  from  author,  bom  at  Wrentham,  Suffolk,  Aug.  1^ 

the  legislature  of  Florida  for  having  closed  the  1666,  died  Feb.  18,  1726^    He  is  said  to  have 

Seminole  war.    X  monument  has  been  erected  been  able  to  read  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew 

to  his  memory  by  the  city  of  New  York,  at  the  at  6  years  of  age,  and  entered  Catharine  hail, 

junction  of  Broadway  and  Fifth  avenue,  front-  Cambridge,  at  10.    He  there  added  to  his  stud- 

mg  Madison  square,  beneath  which  his  remains  ies  the  Ghaldee,  Syriac,  and  Arabic  languages, 

are  interred.  He  took  his  degree  of  B.A.  in  1679,  obtained 

WOBTHINGTON,  Thomas,  a  governor  of  various  preferments,  and  wrote  ^^Beflections 
Ohio,  born  near  Charlestown,  Jefferson  CO.,  Va.,  upon  Ancient  and  Modem  Leaming^^  (8vo. 
July  16, 1773,  died  in  New  York  city,  June  20,  London,  1694),  "  A  History  of  Borne,"  &c. 
1827.  He  removed  to  Ohio  in  1797,  and  in  WOUVEBMAN,  Philip,  a  Dutch  painter, 
1799, 1800,  and  1801  was  a  member  of  the  ter-  born  in  Haarlem  in  1620,  died  in  1668.  He 
ritorial  legislature,  and  in  1802  of  the  conven-  was  instmcted  by  his  father,  an  indifferent 
tion  for  forming  a  state  constitution.  He  was  artist,  and  by  Wynants  of  Haarlem,  in  which 
a  senator  in  congress  from  1808  to  1807,  and  city  his  life  was  passed.  According  to  the 
from  1810  to  1814,  and  govemor  of  Ohio  from  commonly  received  account,  his  reputation 
1815  to  1819.  In  1826  he  was  Chosen  a  mem-  during  his  life  as  a  painter  was  small.  Aft» 
her  of  the  first  board  of  canal  commissioners,  his  death  his  pictures  rose  immensely  in  valoe. 
Few  men  have  impressed  their  character  more  and  he  is  now  one  of  the  most  esteemed  paint- 
indelibly  on  the  History  of  a  state  than  Gov-  ers  of  the  Dutch  school.  In  consequence,  it  is 
emor  Worthington  did  upon  that  of  Ohio.  said,  of  the  disgust  with  which  this  neglect  in- 

WOTTON,  Sib  Hbnbt,  an  English  author,  spired  him,  he  destroyed  before  his  death  all 
born  at  Bocton  hall,  parish  of  Boughton  Mai-  the  studies  he  had  made  during  his  life,  from 
herbe,  Kent,  April  9,  1568,  died  in  Dec.  1689.  fear  that  his  son  might  be  induced  by  the  p05- 
He  was  educated  at  Winchester  school,  and  at  session  of  them  to  become  a  painter.  His  sob- 
Kew  and  Queen^s  colleges,  Oxford,  and  in  his  jects  consist  for  the  most  part  of  roadside  scenes 
22d  year  left  the  university  to  travel.  He  and  hunting  or  battle  pieces,  and  it  is  common- 
spent  a  year  in  France,  8  years  in  Germany,  ly  believed  that  he  neyer  painted  a  piotnre  with- 
and  about  4  in  Italy,  and  upon  his  return  to  out  a  white  or  gray  horse  as  a  conspicuoos 
England  became  secretary  to  the  earl  of  Essex,  object.  His  technical  qualities  are  of  a  hi^ 
whom  he  accompanied  to  Spain  and  Ireland,  order,  and  his  skies,  foregrounds,  and  foliage 
When  Essex  was  charged  with  treason  in  1601,  are  executed  in  the  best  style  of  his  school.  He 
Wotton  fled  to  France.  About  March,  1602,  left  upward  of  800  carefully  finished  pictures, 
he  was  in  Florence,  and  was  employed  by  the  WOW-WOW,  a  name  given  to  the  active  and 
grand  duke  Ferdinand  I.  to  carry  information  silvery  gibbons.    See  Apb. 


564                     VRANGLER  WRAXALL 

nortli  of  the  Polar  sea.  On  Nov.  2,  1820,  of  wranglers,  the  next  that  of  senior  opting 
Wrangell  arrived  at  Nijni-Kolymsk,  and  in  the  and  the  lowest  that  of  junior  optimfe— the 
beginning  of  1821  made  a  northern  journey  whole  constituting  what  is  known  as  the  math- 
on  sledges  drawn  by  dogs,  and  sailed  up  the  ematical  tripos.  Hence  the  senior  wraDgkr, 
Kolyma  some  distance  into  the  interior,  while  or  the  highest  in  the  list  of  wranglers,  is  de 
others  under  his  command  explored  the  sea  most  distinguished  mathematician  of  the  jear. 
coast.  In  March,  1822,  he  renewed  his  jour-  The  word  is  derived  from  the  practice  tLI*  ^ 
ney,  travelling  upon  the  ice  for  46  days,  as  far  formerly  required  candidates  for  degrees  to  ei- 
as  lat.  72*^  2'  N.,  without  seeing  any  trace  of  hibit  their  powers  in  public  disputations, 
land.  He  spent  the  summer  months  in  an  ex-  WRASSE,  the  common  name  of  the  spioT- 
amination  of  the  coast  line  to  the  mouth  of  the  rayed  fishes  of  the  family  labrida  comprised  11 
Kolyma.  In  Feb.  1823,  he  travelled  as  far  as  the  genus  l€tbrtis  (Guv.).  The  mouth  is  prc- 
lat.  70°  51'  N.  and  long.  175°  27'  E.,  and  re-  trusible,  with  double  large  and  fleshy  lips,  and 
turned  to  St.  Petersburg  in  Aug.  1824.  An  jaws  armed  with  formidable  conical  teeth  in  a 
account  of  this  expedition,  drawn  up  by  Engel-  single  row,  or  with  smaller  and  crowded  ob& 
hardt  from  the  journals  of  Wrangeli,  was  pnb-  in  a  second  row ;  no  teeth  on  palate,  but  broad 
lished  in  2  vols,  at  Berlin  in  1839,  and  an  Eng-  grinders  on  the  coalescent  lower  ph&rTBg««l 
Ibh  translation  of  it  by  Mrs.  Sabine  appeared  bones ;  scales  large,  thin,  and  cjcloid,  with  hi- 
in  1840  under  the  title  of  ^^  WrangeU^s  Expedi-  eral  line  interrupted,  and  cheeks  and  gill  coTer? 
tion  to  the  Polar  Sea  in  1820-^23."  In  1841  scaly ;  there  is  a  single  long  dorsal,  the  spines 
the  complete  report  of  the  expedition  was  pub-  of  the  anterior  portion  being  surmounted  by 
liahed  under  the  title  of  "  A  Journey  on  the  short  membranous  filaments,  and  the  posterior 
Northern  Coasts  of  Siberia  and  the  Icy  Sea"  (2  having  soft  and  split  rays;  ventrals  under  pe»> 
vols.,  St.  Petersburg).  In  1825,  as  commander  toraLs ;  air  bladder  simple  and  strong,  ap^ 
of  the  sloop  of  war  Krotkoi,  Wrangell  made  a  stomach  without  pyloric  csDca.  The  specitt 
voyage  around  the  world,  and  upon  his  return  are  numerous,  especially  in  the  tropical  sess. 
in  1827  was  appointed  governor  of  Russian  and  are  of  moderate  size,  stout  form,  and  btao- 
Americai  He  repaired  to  his  post  in  1829  by  tiful  colors ;  they  are  also  called  rock  fi^b  and 
way  of  Siberia  and  Kamtchatka,  and  remained  old  wives.  They  are  generally  seen  in  tro<>[:4 
there  5  years.  Among  other  eflTorts  to  improve  among  the  rocks,  hiding  under  sea  weeds,  and 
the  condition  of  the  Russian  possessions,  he  feeding  on  the  crustaceans,  mollasks,  and  ^ 
labored  to  introduce  the  cultivation  of  the  urchins  which  there  congregate;  they  biw 
potato,  and  also  collected  many  valuable  geo-  eagerly,  and  are  often  caught  by  buts  inteodtrd 
graphical  and  ethnographical  notices  of  those  for  other  fish,  as  their  flesh  is  not  much  esteem- 
regions,  which  were  partly  published  in  St.  ed,  being  generally  used  as  bait.  In  the  tcm- 
Petersburg  in  1889  in  the  "Communications  perateregions  they  spawn  in  April,  the  voqd^. 
in  regard  to  the  Russian  Possessions  on  the  about  an  inch  long,  being  numerous  about  tLt 
North-West  Coast  of  America."    In  1886  he  rocks  in  summer ;  some  of  the  Mediterranean 

gave  an  account  of  his  return  journey,  which  species  spawn  twice  a  year.  One  of  the  most 
e  made  by  way  of  the  isthmus  of  Panama  and  common  species  in  the  temperate  seas  of  £^' 
the  United  States.  He  was  now  made  rear  rope  is  the  ballan  wrasse  (Z.  tnocw /a^««,Bloch), 
admiral,  was  for  a  long  time  director  of  the  about  18  inches  long,  varying  greatly  in  color. 
ship  timber  department  in  the  ministry  of  the  being  blue  or  green  with  orange  snots,  or  en- 
navy,  and  in  1847  was  made  vice-admiral.  He  tirely  of  different  shades  of  the  latter;  the 
resigned  his  oflice  in  1849  to  become  director  colors  change  rapidly  after  death.  The  Btnped 
of  the  Russian  American  company.  In  1854  wrasse  (X.  variegatvs,  Gmel.)  is  of  a  geDew 
he  became  chief  director  of  tiie  hydrographical  orange  color,  reddish  on  the  back,  yeUotrau 
department  of  the  ministry  of  the  navy ;  in  below,  with  the  sides  striped  with  blue,  a^"  1°^ 
1855  chief  assistant  to  the  high  admiral  Con-  flns  blue  and  orange ;  the  female  is  very  udmc 
stantine ;  and  in  1858  a  member  of  the  council  the  male ;  it  is  found  in  the  same  waters,  i^^ 
of  the  empire,  which  office  he  still  holds,  with  rainbow  wrasse  {jvlit  vulgaris^  Oar,)  ^^^ 
the  rank  of  admiral  and  general  aide-de-camp,  lateral  line  uninterrupted  and  the  head  witbom 

WRANGLER,  Seniob,  a  term  applied  in  the  scales ;  the  colors  are  varied,  orange,  ^^P^;.; 

university  of  Cambridge,  England,  to  the  un-  low,  and  silvery;  it  is  common  in  thejlediter- 

dergraduate  who  passes  the  best  public  mathe-  ranean,  and  at  Nice  is  considered  good  em?- 

matical  examination  for  the  bachelor^s  degree.  The   gilt-headed   wrasse    {erenildbru*  ttnea,^ 

Previous    to   the   examination   for   degrees,  Risao)  has  the  edge  of  the  preopercnlum  oen- 

thoae  wishing  to  "  go  out  in  honors,"  as  it  is  ticulated ;  it  is  ab<>ut  6  inches  long,  ^  .^!^ , 

called,  whether  mathematical  or  classical,  sig-  with  green,  flns  greenish  blue,  and  head  oia|< 

nify  their  intention,  and  are  examined  separate-  with  reddish  orange  stripes  and  spots  on 

Ij  from  the  other  candidates,  who  are  called  cheeks ;  it  is  found  on  the  EngliBh  coa- 

o2  froXXoi,  or,  in  university  parlance,  "  the  Pol."  These  fish  are  represented  on  the  ^^'^^^j 

At  the  dose  of  the  last  day  of  examination  ican  coast  by  the  salt  water  perch  (^^f^r^ 

those  candidates  for  honors  who  deserve  the  dis-  e(Bruleti4^  De  Kay)  and  the  tautog  or  blaci  c  ^ 

tinction  are  arranged  in  order  of  merit  in  8  lists  WRAXALL,  Sir  Nathakho.  ^^/^y*] 

or  classes,  of  which  the  highest  is  called  that  English  author,  born  in  Bristol,  April  8,  J'  • 


666  WBES 

it  is  reddish  brown  above^  brightest  on  the  the  more  pleasing  as  coming  &om  the  gJooniT 
ramp,  the  wings  and  tail  barred  with  darker ;  swamps  and  dark  woods  in  which  it  delights  tl- 
throat  and  streak  over  eyes  whitish ;  lower  dwell ;  it  springs,  like  all  wrens,  from  its  pov- 
parts  pale  yellowish  rnsty  with  nnder  tail  coy-  erful  legs  and  feet. — ^There  are  seTeral  etim 
erts  barred  with  black.    It  is  found  as  far  allied  genera  in  western  Sonth  America,  A$i& 
north  as  Pennsylvania,  west  to  Missouri,  and  and  Africa.    The  lyre  bird  (menura  tupftk, 
south  to  Texas ;  it  is  very  lively,  like  the  other  Dav.),  as  large  as  a  fowl,  previously  described. 
species  reminding  one  of  the  mouse  among  belongs  .to  the  group  of  wrens, 
mammals,  as  it  darts  in  and  out  of  crevices ;  it        WBEN,  Sib  OHmsTOPHKB,  an  Englkb  archi- 
is  very  fond  of  the  vicinity  of  water,  and  many  tect,  born  in  East  Knoyle,  Wiltshire,  Oct  20. 
are  destroyed  by  minks  and  weasels ;  the  eggs  1632,  died  Feb.  25,  1728.      His  father,  Dr. 
are  6  to  8,  broad  oval,  grayish  white  with  red-  Christopher  Wren,  was  chaplain  in  ordinarjtc 
dish  brown  spots ;  2  or  8  broods  are  reared  in  Charles  I.  and  dean  of  Windsor ;  and  his  nock. 
a  season. — The  long-billed  marsh  wren  (eisto-  Dr.  Matthew  Wren,  was  bishop  of  Ely,  a  sertrt 
thoru9 palustru^  Cab.)  is  6i  by  5J  inches,  with  and  unrelenting  churchman,  who  by  order  of 
the  bill  as  long  as  the  head,  and  the  tail  short  parliament  was  impeached  and  suffered  an  im- 
and  much  graduated;    it   is    reddish  brown  prisonment  of  20  years  in  the  tower,  fnc 
above,  blackish  on  the  crown,  between  the  which  he  was  not  released  until  the  restontioL 
shoulders,  and  on  wings  and  tail ;  streaks  on  Young  Wren,  after  remaining  a  short  tune  &t 
neck,  bars  on  tail,  and  lower  parts  white,  the  Westminster  school,  was  in  his  14tb  year  e£ 
sides  and  under  tail  coverts  light  brown.    It  is  tered  a  gentleman  commoner  at  Wa^azn  col- 
found  throughout  North  America  to  Greenland,  lege,  Oxford,  where  he  was  considered  "s 
among  sedges  and  reeds  along  the  sea  shore  and  miracle  of  a  youth^^  and  *"  a  rare  and  esrlj 
rivers,  where  it  makes  a  nest  of  the  shape  and  prodigy  of  universal  science.^'   In  1650  he  t(K>k 
size  of  a  cocoannt,  of  grasses  so  interwoven  his  degree  of  B.A.  at  Wadham  college,  and  ir 
asto  include  severalstems,  thesmall entrance  be-  1653  that  of  M.A.,  immediately  after  irbich  hr 
ing  on  the  side ;  eggs  6  to  8,  chocolate  and  oval ;  was  elected  a  fellow  of  All  Souls'  coUe^,  Ox- 
2  broods  are  raised  in  a  season,  a  new  nest  being  ford.     Previous  to  this  time  his  mechAoica.' 
made   for  each ;  the  food  consists  of  minute  genius  had  exercised  itself  in  a  variety  of  ^^• 
aquatic  insects  and  mollusks.    The  C,  stellarU  ful  inventions,  among  which  may  be  enuinent- 
(Oab.)  is  smaller,  with  a  shorter  bill,  and  is  ed  the  wheel  barometer,  a  register  of  the  forte 
found  in  the  United  States  as  far  west  as  Mis-  and  duration  of  the  wind,  methods  of  writing 
souri. — The  best  known  species  is  the  house  in  the  dark  and  of  making  several  copies  &t 
wren  (troglodytes  cedon,  VieilL),  5  by  6i  inches ;  once,  the  art  of  engraving  in  mezzotint  f ei- 
it  is  reddish  brown  above,  barred  with  dusky,  pressly  claimed  for  him  by  his  son),  a  metlji;d 
and  pale  fulvous  white  below  with  a  light  of  drawing  in  perspective,  improvements  ii 
brownish  tinge  across  the  breast.    It  is  found  weaving,  in  planting  seeds,  &c. ;  and  he  had  &Lv) 
in  the  eastern  United  States  to  Missouri ;  it  is  written  papers  on  astronomy,  on  InstnuueDt^ 
much  more  familiar  than  the  European  wren,  of  scientific  application,  on  ship  building,  for- 
and  a  far  superior  songster;    it  builds  near  tification,  harbors,  whale  fishiug,  the  eos^^ 
houses  and  in  boxes  prepared  for  it,  sometimes  method  of  finding  the  longitude,  and  wapj 
in  strange  places,  as  in  unused  carriages,  the  other  topics.     He  now  became  the  intimtt 
sleeve  of  a  coat  forgotten  in  an  outhouse,  or  in  associate  of  a  body  of  scientific  men  wbostj 
the  old  hats  which  are  occasionally  made  to  fill  meetings  laid  the  foundation  of  the  future  Torsj 
the  space  of  a  broken  pane  of  glass ;  the  males  society.    In  1657  he  was  elected  professor  of 
are  very  pugnacious,  attacking  and  driving  off  astronomy  in  Gresham  college,  London,  and  •> 
birds  twice  their  size  intruding  on  their  re-  years  later  Savilian  professor  of  astronomr  at 
treats ;  they  have  a  special  antipathy  to  cats,  Oxford.    Previous  to  this  time  he  had  written 
and  to  the  martin,  bluebird,  and  swallows,  of-  nothing  upon  architecture,  nor  had  be  becr^ 
ten  appropriating  the  boxes  occupied  by  tlitese  known  as  an  authority  upon  the  sohject,  or  a? 
birds ;  the  nests  are  made  to  fill  the  boxes,  one  who  had  made  any  study  of  it,  except  m^ 
and  to  effect  this  a  large  amount  of  the  most  general  way.    Hence  his  appointment  in  1^^^ 
heterogeneous  material  is  sometimes  collected ;  as  assistant  to  Sir  John  Denham,  the  surveyor* 
the  eggs  are  pale  reddish,  6  or  6  in  number,  general,  must  be  considered  simply  as  ft  ^7'.^ 
and  2  broods  are  raised  in  a  season.  The  wood  to  his  general  scientific  attainments.   In  |-*^ 
wren  (T,  Americanvs^  And.)  is  very  similar  to  he  designed  the  chapel  of  Pemhroke  col'^?^ 
the  last  in  size  and  colors,  but  has  a  shorter  and  Cambridge,  and  in  the  same  year  was  commi^- 
stouter  bill,  a  more  graduated  tail,  with  darker  sioued  to  make  a  survey  of  St  Panrs  c^}^^" 
hues  above  and  below.    The  winter  wren  (7*.  dral,  then  in  a  very  dilapidated  condition,  vito^ 
hyemalU,  Vieill.)   it  is  almost  impossible  to  view  to  restoring  or  rebuilding  it  so  asto  aflf)^ 
distinguish  from  the   T.  parvulus  (Koch)  of  the  whole  structure  to  the  famons  Oonn"'"? 
Europe;    it   is   found    generally    throughout  portico  added  by  Inigo  Jones.   A  visit  to  "J 
North  America,  migrating  from  Labrador  to  at  this  time  formed  the  whole  of  his  cont^D 
Louisiana;  the  song  is  very  loud,  musical,  and  travels,  and  henceforward  he  was  •jj?^  ^j 
long  continued,  in  the  opinion  of  Audubon  ex-  dusivoly  employed  in  great  pohlic  archi^  ^^ 
cdling  that  of  any  other  bird  of  its  size,  and  works,  evincing  of  a  sudden  such  a  fertuit; 


668  WRIGHT 

4,608,  of  whom  66  were  slaves.  The  snrfiEice  is  tended  to  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union,  lyct 
moderately  hilly  and  the  soil  fertile.  The  pro-  the  enunciation  of  views  similar  to  those  con- 
ductions in  1860  were  8,681  bushels  of  wheat,  tained  in  her  "Few  Days  in  Athens^^  met  with 
194,696  of  Indian  corn,  82,780  of  oats,  and  very  decided  opposition,  and  her  efforts  for  tii« 
67,266  lbs.  of  butter.    Capital,  Hartville.  reformation  of  society  proved  on  the  whole 

WRIGHT,  EuzuB,  an  American  author  and  unsuccessful.  About  1888  she  was  married  is 
journalist,  bom  in  South  Canaan,  Litchfield  France  to  M.Darusmont,  whose  system  of  phi* 
CO.,  Conn.,  Feb.  12,  1804.  He  removed  with  losophy  resembled  her  own ;  but  they  separat- 
his  father  in  1810  to  Tallmadge,  Ohio,  where  ed  after  a  few  years,  and  Madame  Darogmuot, 
he  lived  on  a  farm  till  1822,  when  he  entered  who  continued  to  be  known*  by  the  name  of 
Yale  college,  and  was  graduated  in  1826.  Dur-  Wright,  established  herself  with  her  dftogL- 
ing  the  next  two  years  he  was  a  teacher  in  the  ter,  the  sole  fruit  of  her  marriage,  in  ClDein- 
Lawrence  academy  at  Groton,  Mass.  From  nati,  where  she  resided  until  her  death.  Ill 
1829  to  1833  he  was  professor  of  mathematics  health,  and  the  embarrassments  arising  from  i 
and  natural  philosophy  in  Western  Reserve  suit  brought  by  her  husband  to  obtain  posses- 
college,  Hudson,  Ohio.  Having  warmly  em-  eion  of  her  property,  interfered  with  her  public 
braced  the  principles  of  the  abolitionists,  he  labors  as  a  lecturer,  and  the  latter  years  of  her 
removed  to  New  York  in  1833,  and  became  life  were  passed  in  retirement, 
secretary  of  the  American  anti-slavery  society,  WRIGHT,  Silas,  an  American  BtatesnuA. 
in  which  post  he  continued  for  6  years,  and  born  in  Amherst,  Mass.,  May  24,  1795,  died  m 
during  part  of  that  period  was  editor  of  the  Canton,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  27,  Ift47, 
"Quarterly  Anti-Slavery  Magazine."  He  re-  He  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  college  in 
moved  to  Boston  in  1838,  and  in  April  of  the  1816,  studied  law  at  Sandy  Hill,  N.  Y.,  -wbs  td- 
following  year  became  editor  of  the  *^Massa-  mitted  to  the  bar  in  1819,  and  €»Btablishe<l  Mm- 
chusetts  Abolitionist."  For  several  years  subse-  self  as  an  attorney  at  Canton.  In  1820  he  wii& 
quently  he  remained  connected  with  the  news-  appointed  surrogate  of  the  county.  In  lS2d  ht 
paper  press,  and  in  1846  established  the  "  Chro-  became  a  member  of  tlie  state  senate,  and  in 
notype"  newspaper,  which  he  conducted  till  it  that  body  steadily  opposed  the  political  a«l* 
was  merged  in  the  "Commonwealth"  (1850),  vancementofDeWittClinton,  which  he  regard- 
of  which  also  he  was  for  a  time  the  editor.  In  ed  as  dangerous  to  the  democratic  partr.  of 
April,  1858,  he  was  appointed  to  the  office  of  which  throughout  his  life  he  was  a  firm  adhe- 
insurance  commissioner  of  Massachusetts,  which  rent.  In  1827  he  took  his  seat  as  a  member  of 
he  still  holds.  Mr.  Wright  has  published  a  the  federal  house  of  rejiresentatives,  and  there 
translation  in  verse  of  La  Fontaine^s  "  Fables"  advocated  and  voted  for  the  protective  tariff  of 
(2  vols.  8vo.,  London,  1848 ;  1  vol.  8vo.,  Boston,  1828.  He  also  voted  for  the  appointment  of  a 
1846),  which  has  attained  considerable  popu-  committee  to  inquire  into  the  expedieocy  of 
larity  both  in  this  country  and  in  Great  Britain,  abolishing  slavery  and  the  slave  trade  in  the 

WRIGHT  (DARUSMONT),  Fanny,  a  social  District  of  Columbia.    In  1829  he  was  apijoint- 
reformer  and  philanthropist,  bom  in  Dundee,  ed  comptroller  of  New  York,  which  office  he 
Scotland,  about  1796,  died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  held  until  1883,  when  he  was  chosen  to  serve  ac 
Jan.  18,  1853.    She  was  left  an  orphan  at  the  the  successor  ofMr.Marcy  for  4  years  in  the  U.S. 
age  of  9,  and  was  indoctrinated  by  her  guar-  senate,  of  which,  by  reelection,  he  remaineda 
dian  with  ideas  founded  on  the  philosophy  of  member  for  11  years.    He  supported  Mr.Cl&vs 
the  French  materialists.    Upon  becoming  of  compromise  bill  in  1833 ;  defended  Presideti 
age  she  undertook  a  tour  of  travel  in  the  Jackson^s  removal  of  the  deposits ;  opposed  tbe 
United  States,  which  embraced  a  period  of  3  recharter  of  the  U.  S.  bank ;  voted  against  re- 
years,  from  1818  to  1820,  and  of  which  she  ceiving  a  petition  for  abolishing  slavery  in  tte 
published  an  account  entitled  "Views  on  So-  District  of  Columbia,  and  in  favor  of  exclndiog 
ciety  and  Manners  in  America."    Soon  after  from  the  mails  all  *'  printed  matter  calculated 
appeared  her  "  Few  Days  in  Athens,"  a  defence  to  excite  the  prejudices  of  the  southern  statu 
of  the  Epicurean  philosophy.    In  1826  she  re-  in  regard  to  the  question  of  slavery;"  opposed 
turned  to  America,  and  purchased  2,000  acres  the  distribution  among  the  states  of  the  surplas 
of  land  in  Tennessee,  including  part  of  the  federal  revenues;  supported  the  independeot 
present  site  of  Memphis,  where  she  established  treasury  scheme  of  President  Van  Buren;  toti^ 
a  colony  of  emancipated  slaves,  whose  social  in  1838  against  the  resolution  offered  by  Mr- 
condition  she  endeavored  to  elevate  for  the  Rives  of  Virginia  declaring  that  the  citizens  d 
purpose  of  proving  the  equality  of  the  white  the  states  had  no  right  to  interfere  with  the 
and  black  races.    The  experiment  eventually  question  of  slavery  in  the  federal  temtori&^ 
failed  for  reasons  never  satisfactorily  explained,  and  that  the  people  of  those  territories  had  m 
and  the  negroes  were  sent  to  Hayti.    She  then  exclusive  right  to  settle  that  question  for  theip- 
appeared  as  a  public  lecturer  in  the  eastern  selves ;  opposed  the  bill  which  was  passed  id 
states,  where  her  attacks  upon  negro  slavery  1842  requiring  the  states  to  choose  members  of 
and  other  social  institutions  attracted  large  and  congress  by  single  districts ;  voted  for  the  tar- 
enthusiastic  audiences,  and  led  to  the  establish-  iff  of  1842,  though  most  of  his  political  associ- 
ment  of  what  were  called  "Fanny  Wright"  ates  in  the  senate  voted  against  it;  and  voted 
societies.    Her  visits  were  subsequently  ex-  for  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  the  Union,  ^e 


*72  WBOTTESLEY  WRYNECK 

when  it  was  abolished  by  law.  In  the  northern  mnscles,  in  which  the  head  and  neck  are  tnm- 
parts  of  Ireland  and  Scotland  characters  similar  ed  sideways,  forward,  or  backward,  according 
to  the  Saxon  prevailed  until  the  end  of  the  16th  to  the  muscles  affected.  In  rare  instanced  it 
century. — ^Among  the  various  materials  used  for  may  arise  from  disease  or  displacement  of  the 
writing  upon,  at  different  times  and  in  different  cervical  vertebne,  and  may  then  be  congenital ; 
countries,  are  leaves,  pith,  and  bark  of  trees,  the  distortion  may  be  produced  by  the  eontnu> 
papyrus,  cloth,  bones,  skins,  leather,  stones,  tion  of  cicatrices  after  bums,  and  by  tmnorsL 
pottery,  metal,  wax  tablets,  wood,  shells,  and  The  disease  is  almost  always  muscolar  in  its 
paper ;  and  the  principal  instruments  of  writing  seat ;  an  uncommon  form  arises  from  pAralygid 
are  the  chisel,  the  stylus  of  iron  or  bone,  and  of  the  muscles  of  the  opposite  side,  which  may 
pens  of  reed,  quiU,  or  metal.  The  chisel  was  be  temporarily  corrected  widiout  pun  to  the 
used  for  monumental  inscriptions.  The  Greek  individual,  and  c^ould  be  treated  by  eleetricitj 
oTvXoff  or  Roman  stylus  was  employed  for  writ-  and  the  usual  remedies  employed  for  paralyas; 
ing  upon  tablets  cdated  with  a  thin  layer  of  it  may  also  be  rhenmatismal,  pain  being  in- 
wax.  At  one  end  it  was  sharpened  like  a  creased  or  excited  by  motion,  and  that  positioii 
pencil ;  at  the  other,  which  was  uised  for  oblit-  being  assumed  in  which  the  greatest  ease  is  ob- 
erating  what  had  been  written  and  smoothing  tained.  It  is  generally  of  short  dnration,  and 
the  wax  surface  over  again,  it  was  flat  and  cir-  is  to  be  treated  like  other  muscular  rhenma- 
cular.  Hence  vertere  stylum,  "  to  reverse  the  tism.  It  is  Sometimes  inflammatory  or  neural- 
stylus,"  means  to  erase.— -^See  Book,  Ink,  Paper,  gic,  the  former  occasionally  noticed  in  weak 
Paptbus,  Pabohmsnt,  Pen,  and  Pencil.  children,  and  the  latter  in  adults  after  tic  doo- 

WROTTESLEY,  John,  baron,  an  English  loureux,  in  both  cases  to  be  treated  by  rest, 
astronomer,  born  at  Wrotte^ey,  Staffordshire,  leeches,  fomentations,  and  narcotic  applieatiooa. 
Aug.  5, 1798,  was  graduated  at  Ohristchurch  col-  The  most  usual  form  is  the  chronic  wryneck 
lege,  Oxford,  in  1819,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  caused  by  contraction  of  the  stemo-mastoid 
at  Uncoln^s  Inn  in  1828.  He  has  devoted  him-  muscles,  in  which  the  head  is  bent  to  one  side 
self  principally  to  observations  of  the  fixed  (generaUy  the  right),  and  the  fwoe  to  the  op- 
stars  at  the  observatories  which  he  has  built  at  posite,  the  right  eyebrow  and  right  comer  of 
Blackheath  and  Wrottesley,  and  by  great  pa-  the  month  being  elevated ;  the  whole  neek  b 
tience  and  care  has  accomplished  results  of  dis-  distorted  on  the  first  dorsal  vertebra  in  the 
tmguished  value.  In  1839  he  received  the  gold  direction  oppodte  to  that  of  the  head  and  neck. 
medal  of  the  royal  astronomical  society  for  his  requiring  mechanical  after  the  surgical  treat- 
catalogue  of  the  right  ascensions  of  1,818  stars,  ment.  Formerly  this  deformity  was  treated 
He  was  chosen  president  of  that  society  in  1841,  by  tonics,  various  internal  and  external  reme- 
and  of  the  royal  society  in  1864.  dies  (such  as  stimulating  ointments  and  lioi- 

WROXETER,  a  village  of  Shropshire  in  ments),  and   mechanical   contrivanoes ;    but 

England,  on  the  river  Severn,  6i  m.  from  since  Gu^rin  (in  1838)  first  drew  special  atten- 

Shrewsbury.   It  is  celebrated  as  the  site  of  the  tion  to  the  subject^  tenotomy  or  subcutaneoa< 

ancient  Roman  city  of  Uriconium,  or  Viroco-  division  of  the  tendons  of  the  contracted  mas- 

nium,  the  remains  of  which  are  now  being  un-  cles  has  been  regarded  as  the  remedy  to  be 

covered  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Thomas  alone  depended  on.    The  usual  operation  is  the 

Wright.    Uriconium  was  described  by  Richard  division  of  the  tendon  of  the  stemo-mastoid 

of  Cirencester  as  ^*  the  mother  of  all  the  towns  muscle  about  hdf  an  inch  above  the  sternal 

in  this  district,  and  reputed  among  the  greatest  insertion,  and  is  performed  in  a  few  seconds. 

cities  of  Britain ;"  and  the  recent  discoveries  without  danger,  pain,  or  loss  of  blood ;  it  b 

among  its  ruins  seem  fully  to  justify  his  expres-  sometimes  necessary  to  divide  the  fibres  of  the 

sions.    Roman  antiquities  have  been  picked  up  trapezius  and  platysma  myoides  musclea. 
about  Wroxeter  from  time  immemorial,  but  no        WRYNEOK  (punx  torquilla^  Linn.),  a  small 

systematic  excavation  of  the  site  was  under-  bird  of  the  woodpecker  family,  so  called  from 

taken  until  Feb.  1859.    Since  that  time  a  num-  its  singular  habit  of  turning  the  head  in  vanoos 

her  of  buildings  have  been  unearthed,  and  a  directions ;  it  has  also  been  named  snake  bird 

great  quantity  of  pottery,  coins,  personal  orna-  for  the  same  reason.    It  is  about  7  indies  long, 

ments,  and  other  curiosities  collected.    Skel-  of  a  rusty  ash  color,  irregularly  spotted  and 

etons  have  been  found  in  the  hypocausts,  indi-  speckled  with  brown  and  black ;  the  colors  are 

eating  that  when  the  Roman  city  was  sacked  prettily  distributed,  and  the  form  is  elegant 

and  burned  some  of  the  inhabitants  took  refuge  The  bill  is  short,  straight,  and    acute ;  the 

in  these  places,  and  probably  perished  there  tongue  extensile,  ending  in  a  simple  homy  tip: 

from  the  effects  of  the  conflagration.    In  one  wings  pointed,  the  1st  quill  very  short,  and  the 

hypocaust  was  discovered  the  crouching  skel-  8d  the  longest ;  tail  rounded,  and  its  feathers 

eton  of  an  old  man  with  a  coffer  of  money  by  soft ;  the  2  anterior  toes  joined  together  at 

its  side.    The  coins  proved  to  be  chiefly  of  the  their  origin,  and  the  2  posterior  unconnected. 

Oonstantine  family,  with  a  few  belonging  to  It  is  a  summer  visitor  to  Great  Britun  and  N. 

the  period  immediately  preceding  the  Saxon  Europe,  spending  the  winter  in  N.  Africa  and 

invasion.  the  warm  parts  of  W.  Asia ;  it  arrives  in  April 

WRYNECK  (torticoUis)^  a  sargioal  disease,  and  leaves  early  in  September,  so  nearly  at 

dependent   generally   on   contraction  of  the  the  same  time  with  the  cuckoo  tiiat  it  has  been 


574  WtRTEMBEBG  WGBZBUBO 

crops  are  invariablj  abmidant,  indnding  tar-  became   independent  ^    (See   Swabia.)     The 

nips,    mangel   worzel,    beets,    and   potatoes;  founder  of  tlie  reigning  dynasty  was  Uliie, 

while  peas,  beans,  vetches,  flax,  hemp,  rape  coant  of  WQrtemberg(1246-*65),  whose  posses- 

seed,  hops,  and  tobaooo  are  likewise  grown  in  sions,  however,  only  inolnded  the  districts  bor- 

great  abundance.    The  minerals  of  the  country  dering  on  the  Ne<^r  and  extending  to  the 

consist  of  copper,  lead,  zinc,  and  iron,  marble,  Black  Forest.    His  successors  Ebeiliard  and 

alabaster,  millstones,  freestone,  gypsum,  qnartz,  Ulric  II.  made  large  additions  to  the  oonnty  by 

garnets,  amethysts,  agate,  chalcedony,  came-  conqnest.    In  1494  Eberhard  V.  was  created 

lian,  opal,  jasper,  porcelain  clay,  basalt,  fullers'  duke  of  Wtirtemberg  by  the  emperor  Maxhuil- 

earth,  chalk,  coal,  and  salt.    Of  the  last  named  ian  at  the  diet  of  Worms.    The  Lutheran  fiuth 

the  annual  produce  amounts  to  24,000  tons,  was  introduced  about  1540,  but  for  many  yesn 

the  property  of  the  government.     The  iron  the  professors  of  the  reformed  creed  were  sob* 

mines  at  Aalen   and  Wasseralfingen  are  ex-  ject  to  severe  persecutions.    Their  rights  were 

ceedingly  productive.    The  ore  is  prepared  by  fully  restored  by  the  peace   of  Westphalia, 

smelting  and  by  the  hammer,  and  these  mines  WUrtemberg,  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Frendb 

supply  the  factories  at  Friedrichsthal,  Chris-  revolution,  was  at  different  times  the  theatre 

tophsthal,  Ludwigsthd,  Abts-GmOnd,  and  Hei-  of  conflict  between  the  contending  anniea,  and 

denheim.    The  chief  manufactures  of  the  coun-  in  1801  the  last  duke  of  Wortemberg,  Frederie 

try  are  linen,  calico,  wooUen  cloths,  silk,  mus-  II.,  was  obliged  to  cede  Yompelgard  to  France 

lin,  lace,  carpets,  wooden  clocks,  porcelain,  and  For  this  he  subsequently  received  indemnitT 

earthenware.     The  linen  trade  employs  the  from  Napoleon  in  the  acquisition  of  serenl 

largest  share  of  domestic  industry.    In  the  dis-  German  imperial  cities  and  an  extension  of  ter* 

tricts  of  the  Eastern  Alps  and  the  Black  Forest,  ritory.    He  was  also  created  an  elector  of  the 

nearly  all  the  women  are  occupied  during  the  empire  in  1803.    Three  years  later  he  assumed 

winter  in  spinning  at  home,  producing  fine  and  the  title  of  king  of  Wtlrtemberg,  joining  the 

coarse  linen,  and  diaper  and  sail  cloth.    The  Bhenish  confederation,  and  establiilied  a  uai- 

chief  seats  of  trade  are  Heilbronn,  Oannstadt,  form  system  of  government  and  perfect  reh> 

Ulm,  Stuttgart,  Friedrichshafen,  Reutlingen,  gious  equality  throughout  the  kingdom.     After 

Oalw,  and  Tuttlingen.     The  exports  include  the  battle  of  Leipsic  in  1818,  Fr^erie  forsook 

corn,  cattle,  timber,  wool,  linen,  salt,  wine,  the  cause  of  his  former  patron,  and  joined  tius 

gold,  silver,  and  jewelry;  and  the  imports  em-  of  the  aines.    He  died  in  1816,  and  was  soc- 

brace  raw  cotton,  cotton  fabrics,  silk,  glass  oeeded  by  his  son  William  I.,  the  reigning  king, 

ware,  wine,  fruit,  china,  and  all  kinds  of  colo-  who  granted  the  present  liberal  constitotion  hi 

nial  produce.     The  exports  generally  exceed  1819,  a  permanent  modification  of  which  was 

the  imports  in  value.    There  is  an  important  in  vain  attempted  by  the  estates  during  the 

aid  to  the  commerce  of  the  country  in  the  revolutionary  period  of  1848-'9. 
inland  navigation,  especially  of  the  river  Neck-       WURZBUBG,  afortified  city  of  Bavaria,  capi- 

ar,  which  is  navigable  from  Gannstadt,  and  tal  of  the  government  of  Lower  Franconia.fflto- 

steamers  reach  below  Heilbronn.    The  transit  ated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  Main,  which 

trade  is  of  great  value.    A  railway  runs  from  is  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge  adorned  with 

Stuttgart,  by  way  of  Ulm,  to  Lake  Constance,  statues,  140  m.  N.  N.  W.  from  Munidi,  on  the 

At  Ulm  the  line  forms  a  junction  with  the  Ba-  railway  from  Frankfort  to  Bamberg ;  pop.  io 

varian  line  to  Augsburg  and  Munich,  and  an-  1868,   86,052.     It  has   20   churches,  among 

other  line  connects  Stuttgart  with  Heilbronn,  which  are  the  cathedral  of  St.  EiUao,  datour 

having  important  branch  extensions  to  the  trunk  from  742.  the   Marienkirche,  the  church  of 

railway  on  the  Rhine. — The  government  is  a  Hang,  built  after  the  model  of  St  Peter*s  at 

limited  hereditary  monarchy.    There  are  two  Rome,  and  the  churches  of  Notre  Dame  and  St 

legislative  chambers,  one  consisting  of  princes  Brisoard.    The  Julius  hospital,  of  600  beds,  ht? 

of  the  blood  royal  and  the  nobility,  the  other  an  endowment  of  $3,000,000.  There  is  a  school 

of  deputies  chosen  by  the  citizens  of  the  prin-  of  medicine  and  another  of  anatomy ;  a  muse- 

cipal  towns,  bailiwicks,  and  colleges,  and  of  um  of  natural  history  with  a  botanical  garden 

the  prelates  of  the  Protestant  and  Oatholio  attached  to  it;  a  university  founded  in  140$, 

churches.    There  is  perfect  freedom  of  religion,  and  having  800  students  and  a  library  of  100.- 

The  administration  of  affairs  is  intrusted  to  the  000  volumes ;  and  numerous  other  sdiools  sad 

ministers  of  justice,  foreign  affairs,  the  interior,  charitable  and  religious  institutions.  The  Main 

war,  finance,  and  ecclesiastical  affairs.    The  na-  is  navigable  for  steamboats  up  to  the  dty. 

tional  income  for  1860  was  14,656,576  florins.  Woollen  and  linen  cloths,  cutlery,  gUiffl,  ^^ 

the  expenditure  14,240,956  florins.    The  public  are  manufactured.    The  country  around  it  is 

debt  on  May  4,  1861,  was  67,694,192  florins,  one  of  the  best  vine-growing  regions  of  Ger- 

The  army  on  a  peace  footing  numbers  10,681  many. — ^Wtlrzburg  dates  from  the  7th  century, 

men,  and  on  a  war  footing  26,886. — ^WQrtem-  when  the  dukes  of  Thuringia  made  it  their  resi- 

berg  anciently  formed  a  part  of  Swabia,  one  dence.    St.  Boniface,  or  according  to  some  an- 

of  whose  dukes,  Philip  of  Hohenstaufen,  by  thorities  St  Kiiian,  made  it  a  btohop^s  see  in 

selling  or  giving  away  portions  of  the  heredi-  761.    It  was  for  several  centuri^  in  the  hands 

tary  estates,  laid  the  foundation  of  numerous  of  bishop-electors,  against  one  of  whom  the 

petty  principalities,  which  in  the  18th  century  peasants  unsuccessfully  revolted  in  1026.    In 


676  WYATT  WYOHKRLY 

sabseqaentlj  took  an  active  part  in  the  work  he  returned  to  England,  bat  was  agun  emploT- 
of  organizing  the  great  exhibition  of  1851  in  ed  at  the  court  of  that  emperor,  who  was  now 
Hyde  park,  and  was  particularly  charged  with  in  the  Low  Oonntriea,  from  Nov.  1539,  til] 
superintending  the  erection  of  the  building.  He  May,  1540,  after  which  he  lived  mostly  in  re- 
was  next  associated  with  Brunei  in  designing  tirement  in  England.  Fuller  says  that  he  wts 
the  new  station  of  the  great  western  railway  at  in  love  with  Aime  Boleyn,  and  fell  into  dis- 
Paddington,  and  between  1852  and  1854  he  favor  with  Henry  YIII.  in  oonseqneoce ;  bst 
was  busily  employed,  in  coinunction  with  this  is  doubtful.  His  poems  are  neat  and  ele- 
Owen  Jones  and  others,  in  decorating  the  gant,  but  lack  genius. — ^Thomas,  commocl} 
crystal  palace  at  Sydenham.  In  1856  he  was  called  the  younger,  an  English  soldier,  sod  of 
appointed  surveyor  to  the  East  India  company,  the  preceding,  bom  in  Kent  in  1620,  beheaded 
in  which  capacity  he  has  executed  many  im-  on  Tower  hiU,  April  11, 1554.  In  1543  be  wa» 
portant  designs  for  public  works  in  Great  imprisoned  in  the  tower  for  aiding  the  earl  ^f 
Britain  and  India,  including  several  great  Surrey  to  break  the  windows  of  citizens  of 
bridges  in  the  latter  country.  He  is  at  present  London,  from  1545  to  1550  commanded  at  Bvu- 
(1862)  joint  architect  with  Mr.  Scott  for  the  logne,  and  in  1554  led  the  Kentish  insurgent 
proposed  new  India  office.  His  miscellaneous  in  the  duke  of  Suffolk's  conspiracy  on  occaa<€i 
labors,  both  as  decorator  and  architect,  have  of  the  nroposed  marriage  of  Queen  Mary  w'nh 
been  numerous,  and  he  is  a  prolific  author  of  Philip  II.,  entered  London  at  the  head  of  Li: 
works  relating  to  the  fine  arts.  Among  these  followers,  and  after  a  fight  in  the  streets  vis 
the  most  important  are :  ^^  The  Industrial  Arts  -  captured,  Feb.  7.  The  execution  of  Lady  Ja:» 
of  the  XlXth  Century"  (2  vols.,  with  160  plates  Grey  followed  on  the  12th  and  Suffolk's  on  the 
in  chromolithography),  written  in  connection  13th,  while  Wyatt's  did  not  take  place  till  tv- 
with  his  labors  at  the  great  exhibition  of  1851 ;  months  later. 

"  Metal  Work  and  its  Artistic  Designs"  (1  vol.        WYOH  HAZEL.    See  Witch  Hazel. 
fol.);  "The  Crystal  Palace  and  Park"  (4to.);        WYCHERLY,  William,  an  English  drami- 

"  Essay  on   Ivory  Carving,"  published  with  tist,  bom  at  Clive,  near  Shrewsbury,  abim: 

photographic  illustrations  in  a  small  folio  by  1640,  died  in  Dec.  1715.    At  15  years  of  act 

the  Arundel  society ;  essays  on  renaissance  and  he  was  sent  to  France  to  complete  his  edoca- 

Italian  ornament,  contributed  to  Owen  Joneses  tion,  and  frequented  the  court  of  the  dake  tie 

"  Grammar  of  Ornament ;"  **  The  Art  of  Illu-  Montausier,  governor  of  Angoul^me.    He  wa< 

minating"  (4to.,  with  plates  in  gold  and  col-  here  converted  to  the  Boman  Catholic  faith. 

ors) ;  and  historical  and  technical  manuals  of  and  for  the  purpose  of  winning  him  back  to 

the  art  entitled  "  What  Hluminating  was,"  and  Protestantism,  he  was,  on  his  return  to  Ene- 

"  What  Illuminating  should  be,  and  how  it  may  land  at  the  restoration,  entered  of  QQeeD'$ 

be  practised."  college,  Oxford,  where  the  desired  change  w2.< 

W  YATT,  RioHARD  James,  an  English  sculp-  effected,  although,  according  to  Pope,  he  di«>i 

tor,  born  in  London,  May  8, 1795,  died  in  Rome,  a  Boman  Catholic.    He  afterward  became  t 

May  28,  1850.    He  studied  with  Rossi  in  Lon-  student  of  law  in  the  Middle  Temple,  but  ws> 

don  and  Bosio  in  Paris,  and  completed  his  pro-  probably  never  called  to  the  bar.    Abont  l^Tn 

fessional  education  in  the  studio  of  Canova  in  he  produced  with  great  success  his  first  pkr, 

Rome,  where  Gibson  was  his  fellow  student,  "  Love  in  a  Wood,  or  St.  Jameses  Park,**  com- 

and  where  he  passed  the  last  80  years  of  his  posed,  according  to  his  own  account,  when  he 

life.     He  excelled  in  poetic  and  classic  sub-  was  but  19  years  of  age.    Being  then  a  fashion- 

jects,  and  was  particularly  noted  for  the  grace  able  young  man  about  town,  of  remsrksbl/ 

and  fine  proportions  of  his  female  figures,  handsome  person  and  lively  address,  he  tf- 

Among  his  most  noticeable  productions  are  his  tracted  the  favorable  notice  of  the  duchess  (^f 

'*  Nymph  entering  the  Bath"  and  "  Nymph  Cleveland,  the  king's  mistress,  who  introdawJ 

leaving  the  Bath,"  "  Shepherdess  with  a  Kid,"  him  at  court,  and,  according  to  Voltaire,  used 

"Musidora,"  and  '^Penelope."     He  also  exe-  to  visit  him  at  his  chambers  in  the  Tmplt 

outed  excellent  portrait  busts  and  rilievi.    At  in  the  guise  of  a  country  girL    The  duke  of 

the  great  exhibition  of  1851  in  London  the  med-  Buckingham  took  him  into  his  service,  tbd 

al  for  sculpture  was  awarded  to  him,  though  king  subsidized  him  liberally,  and  he  hecame 

he  had  died  a  year  previous.  one  of  the  most  noted  wits  and  gallants  of  the 

WYATT,  Sin  Thomas,  an  English  poet,  born  time.    During  this  prosperous  period  he  pro- 

at  Allington  castle,  Kent,  in  1508,  died  at  duoed  his  three  remaining  plays,  ^' The  Genil^- 

Sherborne,  Oct.  11,  1642.    He  was  graduated  man  Dancing-Master"  (1671),  "  The  Plain  Dwl- 

at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  in  1518,  was  er"  (1674),  and  "The  Country  Wife"  (1678). 

a  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to  Henry  VIII.  all  of  which  were  received  with  great  &vor. 

in  1525,  was  one  of  Anne  Boleyn's  train  when  and,  as  illustrations  of  the  period  in  which  ther 

she  went  from  Dover  to  Calais  in  1582,  offici-  were  written,  constitute  a  permanent  andrslo- 

ated  as  ewerer  at  her  marriage  in  1588,  was  able  addition  to  English  dramatic  literatjire. 

^knighted  March  18,  1586,  and  became  high  The  plots  and  characters,  however,  have  little 

sheriff  of  Kent  in  1587.    In  April,  1537,  he  was  pretension  to  originality,  and  the  general  tone 

sent  to  Spain  as  ambassador  to  Charles  Y.,  of  licentiousness  pervading  them  is  so  marked 

which  office  he  retained  till  June,  1589,  when  that  not  all  "  the  satire,  wit,  and  strength  of 


578  WYOUFFE 

to  the  papal  oonrt  and  to  its  more  devoted  par-  He  made,  says  Lingard,  "  a  new  translatioa, 
tisans  in  England.  In  1877,  consequently,  let-  multiplied  the  copies  with  the  aid  of  transch- 
ters  were  sent  by  the  pope,  both  to  Oxford  and  bers,  and  by  his  poor  priests  recomm^ded  h 
to  Canterbury,  to  the  bishop  of  London  and  to  the  perusal  of  Uieir  hearers.  In  their  hands 
the  king,  demanding  that  inquiry  should  be  it  became  an  engine  of  wonderful  power.  ¥en 
forthwith  made  concerning  the  doctrines  which  were  flattered  with  the  appeal  to  their  pmate 
he  was  reported  to  promulgate,  and  that  he  judgment ;  the  new  doctrines  insensibly  sc^cir- 
should  be  immediately  put  in  custody  until  fur-  ed  partisans  and  protectors  in  the  higher  cbss*r», 
ther  instructions.  Before  they  arrived  he  had  who  alone  were  acquainted  with  the  use  d' 
been  summoned  on  a  charge  of  heresy  to  ap-  letters;  a  spirit  of  inquiry  was  generated;  asd 
pear  before  the  English  convocfition  in  St.  the  seeds  were  sown  of  that  religious  revotV 
PauPs,  Feb.  19.  When  he  made  his  appear-  tion,  which,  in  little  more  than  a  century,  aston- 
anoe,  it  was  with  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lan-  ished  and  conyulsed  the  nations  of  Earope^ 
caster,  on  one  side,  and  Lord  Percy,  earl  mar-  Editions  of  his  New  Testament  were  printed  Ij 
shid  of  England,  on  the  other.  Between  these  Lewis  in  1781,  by  Baber  in  1810,  and  in  Bac- 
noblemen  and  Courtney,  bishop  of  London,  the  sterns  '*  English  Hexapla"  in  1841.  The  com- 
presiding  churchman,  a  violent  altercation  at  plete  translation  was  first  published  by  the  jaa- 
once  ensued;  the  throng  of  people  which  had  versity  of  Oxford  (4  vols.,  1850),  under  tk 
attended  broke  into  tumult ;  the  meeting  was  editonal  care  of  the  Rev.  J osiah  Forshill  ^d 
dissolved,  and  the  reformer  withdrew  under  Sir  Frederic  Madden.  To  his  influence  and  t'-^ 
the  protection  of  his  powerful  friends.  The  that  of  his  disciples,  who  under  the  name  ti 
populace  favored  the  clergy,  and  attacked  the  poor  priests  itinerated  over  the  countnr  and 
magnificent  palace  of  John  of  Gaunt,  the  Savoy,  disseminated  his  opinions  by  preaching  in 
which  was  saved  by  the  influence  of  the  bishop  churchyards,  fairs,  markets,  or  elsewhere^  ^a 
of  London.  The  parliament  which  soon  after  in  part  attributed  the  insurrection  of  WaxTy* 
assembled  took  up  the  subject  of  papal  en-  ler.  In  1881  he  took  his  boldest  step  and  pre 
oroachments,  and  propounded  to  Wycliffe  the  the  greatest  offence  by  lecturing  at  Oifv^rd 
question  whether  a  kingdom  might  not  prevent  against  the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation.  Tm 
its  treasures,  needed  for  its  own  defence,  from  chancellor  summoned  an  assembly  of  12  di)>  • 
being  conveyed  to  a  foreign  country,  even  tors,  who  condemned  his  conclusions;  Court- 
against  the  command  of  the  pope  himself.  He  ney,  who  had  been  raised  to  ^e  see  of  CasUr- 
drew  up  a  paper  in  vindication  of  the  right,  bury,  called  another  synod,  which  declared  1 ' 
The  papal  bull  on  its  arrival  was  not  strictly  opinions  that  had  been  publicly  preached  to  l"^ 
obeyed;  the  university  treated  it  with  cold  re-  heretical,  and  enjoined  the  most  vigorous  mci?- 
spect ;  but  early  in  1878,  in  obedience  to  a  ures  for  their  suppression ;  the  crown,  on  \'t- 
summons  of  the  archbishop,  he  appeared  be-  tition  of  the  lords  spiritual  in  parliament  tci; 
fore  a  synod  of  the  clergy  in  Lambeth.  The  powered  the  sheriffs  of  counties  to  arrei^t  C 
populace  were  now  disposed  to  take  his  part,  preachers  of  heresy ;  but  Wycliffe  was  rarttj 
and  in  alarm  for  his  personal  safety  surrounded  mentioned  in  these  proceedings,  and  remain^ 
the  chapel,  and  soon  forced  their  way  into  it.  unmolested,  though  many  of  his  foUow^erei  were 
A  messenger  also  arrived  prohibiting  the  synod  prosecuted.  But  in  1882  an  appeal  which  be 
in  the  name  of  the  queen  mother  from  proceed-  addressed  to  the  king  and  parliament  c&n^i 
ing  to  any  conclusions  injurious  to  hiuL  The  him  to  be  sunmioned  before  the  convocatioo 
only  result  was  that  he  received  a  statement  of  of  the  clergy  at  Oxford.  The  duke  of  Lancas- 
the  objectionable  doctrines  attributed  to  him,  ter,  to  whose  unavowed  protection  he  perhaps 
with  an  admonition  not  to  repeat  them,  to  owed  his  safety,  now  recommended  to  him  to 
which  he  gave  a  written  answer.  He  retired  recant.  He  appeared,  and  gave  two  confes^il«' 
andd  popular  acclamations,  >irhile  the  dele-  or  defences,  one  in  Latin  and  one  in  Eogli^^ 
gates  sat  in  judgment  on  his  reply.  In  this  he  in  which  he  maintained  a  real  presence  while 
maintained  that  the  ultimate  authority  con-  denying  transmutation;  and  t&e  result  wa.« 
corning  the  persons  and  property  of  churchmen  that  no  sentence  was  pronounced,  but  a  kttrr 
belonged  to  the  laity,  and  he  denied  that  oen-  was  obtained  from  the  kin^  which  commanded 
sures  pronounced  by  ecclesiastics  were  valid  him  to  banish  himself  from  Uie  unirei^it?. 
.unless  they  accorded  with  the  will  of  God.  Both  The  remainder  of  his  life  he  spent  at  Latter- 
propositions  were  declared  either  erroneous  or  worth,  where  he  had  long  been  an  exemplarr 
heretical.  The  circumstance,  perhaps,  which  and  unwearied  pastor,  and  where  he  contlnn^ 
now  saved  him  from  punishment  was  the  schism  to  preach  constantly,  revised  his  theo1ogi<^ 
in  the  church,  by  the  election  of  two  popes,  lectures  for  publication,  carried  on  his  tran^a* 
which  weakened  the  power  of  the  papacy.  He  tion  of  the  Bible,  and  produced  numerous  tracts 
resumed  his  pulpit  discourses,  academic  lectures,  and  treatises.  Cited  to  appear  before  the  p^F*^ 
and  various  writings,  his  opinions  becoming  on  a  charge  of  heresy,  he  declared  his  phT«ical 
more  and  more  adverse  to  those  upheld  by  the  inability  to  go.  He  had  recovered  from  out 
clergy.  The  most  important  of  his  writinss  paralyticatt^k,  but,  two  days  before  his  death, 
was  an  English  version  of  the  whole  Bible  while  hearing  mass  in  his  church,  as  the  ho^ 
from  the  Latin  Vulgate,  in  which  he  was  prob-  was  about  to  be  elevated,  he  fell  in  a  fit  of  pal; 
ably  assisted  by  pupils  and  learned  friends,  ay,  and  never  spoke  agBin.    The  oonncil  oi 


580  WYNKIN  DE  WORDE  WYOMING  VALLEY 

protested  with  saob  Tehemenoe  against  the  dant.    The  county  is  interseoted  bj  the  North 

royal  proolamation  by  which  the  preceding  branch  canal,  and  by  the  Delaware,  Lackavafi* 

parliament  had  been  dissolved,  that  the  honse  na,  and  western  railroad.    Capita],  Tankbui- 

was  disposed  to  punish  him  by  imprisonment,  nook.    III.  A  W.  co.  of  Ya.,  drained  hj  the 

but  finidly,  through  the  influence  of  Sir  Robert  branches  of  Sandy  and  Grayandotte  rivers ;  ftrea, 

Walpole,  determined  that  he  should  merely  be  880  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  2,866,  of  whom  61 

reprimanded  by  the  speaker.    On  the  outbreak  were  slaves.    The  surface  la  monntaiDons,  and 

of  tiie  rebellion  in  Scotland  under  the  earl  of  the  greater  part  covered  with  forests  of  tsI- 

Mar  in  1715,  an  order  for  Wyndham's  confine-  nable  timber.    Great  Flat-Top  mountain  es- 

ment  was  issued,  and  he  was  arrested  at  his  tends%  along   ^e  S.  £.  border.    The  fidl  ii 

house  in  Somersetshire,  but  escaped  from  the  moderately  fertile.    The  productions  in  185^) 

messenger  while  out  of  his  sight  on  pretence  were  47,606  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  8^765  of 

of  making  preparations  to  accompany  him  to  oats,  17,197  lbs.  of  butter,  and  2,441  of  tobaeea 

London.    A  reward  of  £1,000  was  offered  for  There  were  2  churches.    Iron  ore  and  bitmni- 

his  apprehension,  and  after  lurldng  for  some  nous  coal  are  found.    The  value  of  real  eetaif 

tune  disguised  as  a  clergyman^  he  surrendered  in  1856  was  $880,196,  an  increase  of  198  per 

himself  and  was  committed  to  the  tower.    Re-  cent,  since  1860.  Capital,  Wyoming  Court Hoa£& 
leased  without  a  trial,  he  remained  until  his        WYOMING  VALLEY  (a  oorruption  of  the 

deatii  a  leader  of  the  parliamentary  opposition  Indian  Maughwautoame,  large  plains),  a  besoo- 

to  the  ministry  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole.    A  sec-  ful  and  fertile  tract  on  the  Susquehanna  rirer 

end  time,  in  1789,  he  insulted  the  msgority  of  in  Luzerne  co.,  Penn.,  which  was  the  scene  of 

the  house,  and  again  owed  his  escape  from  im-  several  tragic  conflicts  in  the  early  border  id 

prisonment  to  the  forbearance  of  Walpole.   He  revolutionary  wars.    It  lies  N.  £.  and  6.  W^ 

was  a  very  graceful,  clear,  forcible,  and  spirited  having  an  average  breadth  of  8  m.  and  a  lengtb 

orator. — His  son.  Sib  Chablbs  Wtndham,  who  of  21  m.,  and  is  enclosed  by  ranges  of  mg^ 

inherited  from  the  duke  of  J9omerset  the  title  mountcuns  about  1,000  feet  in  height.  Tbej&l- 

of  earl  of  Egremont,  was  chosen  by  Fox  and  ley  was  purchased  from  the  Delaware  Indus? 

Waldegrave  to  be  secretary  of  state  after  the  in  1758  by  an  association  formed  in  Conseed- 

dismissal  of  Pitt  by  George  II.  in  1767 ;  but  the  cut  and  called  the  Susquehanna  company;  bot 

return  of  Pitt  to  ofiBce  frustrated  the  arrange-  owing  to  the  disturbances  caused  hj  the  T 

ment.    Egremont  however  received  the  place  years*  war,  no  permanent  settlement  was  it- 

on  Pittas  flnal  resignation  on  Oct.  6, 1761.    He  tempted  till  1768.    The  flrst  settlers  were  at- 

died  in  1768.  tacked  and  dispersed  by  the  Indians,  and  for 

WYNKIN  DE  WORDE.    See  Wobdk.  several  years  the  valley  remained  uninhalMted 

WYOMING.    L  A  W.  co.  of  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  white  men.    In  1769  a  body  of  40  Connecti- 

S.  E.  by  the  Gknesee  river,  and  drained  by  af-  cut  pioneers  was  sent  thither  by  the  SosqiR- 

fluents  of  that  stream,  and  Tonawanda,  Buffalo,  hanna  company,  but  found  themselves  forestiLll- 

and  other  creeks ;  area,  690  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  ed  by  some  Pennsylvanians,  the  proprietaries 

81,967.    The  surface  ia  generally  broken  and  of  Pennsylvania  having  in  the  preceding  jtv 

hilly,  and  the  soil  fertile  and  well  adapted  to  the  purchased  the  territory  from  the  Six  Kations. 

raisingofcattleandsheep,  which  is  largely  pur-  and  for  the  next  6  years  Wyoming  vss  the 

sued.    The  productions  in  1855  were  419,996  scene  of  numerous  conflicts  between  settlers 

bushels  of  wheat,  284,006  of  Indian  corn,  from  the  two  colonies,  both  of  which  xaA^f 

496,887  of  oats,  203,982  of  potatoes,  828,290  their  charters,  as  well  as  by  purchase,  cl&imei 

of  apples,  1,888,948  lbs.  of  butter,  828,105  of  possession  of  the  soiL    The  Connecticut  ^eo- 

oheese,  209,046  of  maple  sugar,  847,978  of  wool,  pie,  however,  so  far  succeeded  in  nuuntaininc 

and  58,421  tons  of  hay.    There  were  80  grist  their  hold  in  the  valley,  that  at  the  conmenft^ 

mills,  77  saw  mills,  10  shingle  factories,  6  iron  ment  of  the  revolutionary  war  they  had  est^ 

furnaces,  16  tanneries,  74  churches,  4newspa-  li^ed  there  a  flourishing  town  cdledTresUm4«- 

?er  offices,  and  11,872  pupils  in  public  schools,  iimd,  containing  more  than  2,000  inhabitant^ 

he  county  is  intersected  by  the  Buffalo,  New  The  isolated  position  of  the  colony  in  1776 

York,  and  Erie  railroad. .  Capital,  Warsaw.    II.  prompted  the  settlers,  in  view  of  tiie  dan^r 

A  N.  £.  CO.  of  Penn.,  intersected  by  the  North  of  attacks  by  hostile  Indians,  to  bury  their  km 

branch  of  the  Susquehanna  river,  and  drained  and  prepare  for  common  defence.    The  two 

by  Tunkhannock,  Mahoopeny,  and  other  large  companies  authorized  by  congress  to  be  rai^ 

oreeks;  area,  845  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  12,540.  for  this  purpose  were,  however,  ordered  tojom 

Thesurfaceisgenerallyhillyormountainoos,Ma-  Qen.  Washington,  and  in  June,  1778,  a  $d  com* 

hoopeny,  Tunkhannock,  Knob,  and  Bowman^s  pany,  intend^  for  a  local  garrison,  was  scarr«lT 

mountains  traversing  a  portion  of  the  county,  organized  and  imperfectly  armed.    Oo  the  last 

The  soil  is  fertile.     The  productions  in  1850  day  of  that  month  a  body  of  400  British  pro; 

were  62,784  bushels  of  wheat,  116,849  of  In-  vincials  with  about  700  Indians,  principally  ot 

dian  corn,  88,682  of  oats,  211,215  lbs.  of  butter,  the  Seneca  tribe  of  the  Six  Nations,  under  the 

and  9,788  tons  of  hay.    There  were  12  grist  conmiand  of  Ool.  John  Butler,  entered  the  h«w 

mills,  42  saw  mills,  8  churches,  2  newspaper  of  the  valley,  where  a  fort  held  hj  som«  am- 

offices,    and    2,440   pupils    attending   public  fected  persons  surrendered  at  once.   Th«r^ 

•ohools*    Timber,  coal,  and  iron  are  very  abnn-  mAining  inhabitants,  who  had  taken  refog®  ^ 


582  WYTHE  XAVIER 

finled  at  the  verj  outbreak.    In  the  spring  of  railroad.    The  valne  of  real  estate  in  1856  was 

1848  he  repaired  to  Oracow,  and  in  the  aatnmn  $8,808,095,  an  increase  of  46  per  cent,  since 

of  that  year  went  to  Hungary,  and  offered  his  1850.    Capital,  Wytheville. 
servioes  to  Kossnth.    The  offer  being  accepted,        WYTHE,  Obobob,  an  American  jnristf  aod  a 

he  at  the  head  of  a  small  band  of  Polish  vol-  signer  of  the  declaration  of  independence,  born 

nnteers  first  distinguished  himself  in  the  de-  in  Elizabeth  City  co.,ya.,  in  1726,  died  in  ^ch- 

fence  of  the  town  of  Arad,  and  in  March,  1849,  mond,  June  8, 1806.  He  was  early  left  an  orpb^ 

contributed  much  to  the  decisive  victory  of  with  a  fortune,  commenced  the  study  of  law  ^ 

Szolnok,  won  by  Dan^anios.    He  subsequent-  the  age  of  80,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  sood 

ly  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  victorious  became  a  successful  practitioner.    Elected  to 

April  campaign  under  Gorgey,  at  the  close  of  the  Virginia  house  of  burgesses,  he  was  ap- 

which  he  was  promoted,  and  organized  the  pointed  in  1764  on  the  committee  to  prepares 

Polish  legion.    Having  received  soon  afterward  petition  to  the  king,  a  memorial  to  the  house 

the  command  of  the  forces  in  northern  Hungary,  of  lords,  and  a  remonstrance  to  the  house  cf 

he  retired  before  the  overwhelming  invading  commons  against  the  proposed  stamp  act  Tk 

army  under  Paskevitch,  joined  Perczel  near  remonstrance  was  written  by  Wythe.    He  vss 

Ozegl^,  and  with  him  marched  to  the  lower  also  a  member  of  the  house  of  burgesses  of 

Theiss.     After   the   battle   of  Temesvdr,  in  1768  and  of  1769,  and  was  elected  to  the  cos- 

which  his  legion  fought  with  its  wonted  brav-  tinental  congress  in  Aug.  1775 ;  and  in  1776  h« 

ery,  he  covered  the  retreat  of  the  Hungarian  was  appointed  one  of  the  committee  to  revise 

leaders  to  the  Servian  frontier,  and  shared  in  the  laws  of  the  state.    In  1777  he  was  chosen 

their  Turkish  exile,  returning  to  Europe  in  a  judge  of  the  high  court  of  chancery,  and  sah- 

186S.    After  the  outbreak  of  the  eastern  war  sequently  sole  chancellor,  and  was  professor 

in  1853,  he  went  from  Paris  to  Constantinople,  of  law  in  William  and  Mary  coU^e.    In  the 

in  the  interest  of  the  Polish  emigration,  but  latter  part  of  his  life  he  emancipated  his  akres 

political  considerations  baffled  the  success  of  and  furnished  them  means  of  subsistence.    He 

his  mission.    He  has  since  resided  in  France.  died  suddenly  from  the  effects  of  poison  aeci- 

WYTHE,  a  8.  W.  co.  of  Va.,  intersected  by  dentally  taken  with  his  food, 
the  Great  Kanawha  (here  called  the  New)  WYTTENBAOH,  Daniel,  a  Dutch  phfiolo- 
river;  area,  700  sq.  m.;  pop.  in  1860,  12,805,  gist,  born  in  Bern,  Switzerland,  in  1746,  died 
of  whom  2,162  were  idaves.  It  is  mostly  an  at  Oegstgeest,  Holland,  Jan.  17,  1820.  He 
elevated  plateau,  lying  between  Iron  mountain  studied  philology  at  the  universities  of  Marbtuz 
on  the  8.  and  Walker's  mountain  on  the  N.  W.,  G5ttingen,  and  Leyden,  and  in  his  25th  year 
and  the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  The  produc-  was  appointed  professor  of  Greek  and  philoso- 
tions  in  1850  were  72,788  bushels  of  wheat,  phy  in  the  college  of  the  Arminians  at  Amster- 
280,652  of  Indian  corn,  155,207  of  oats,  213,010  dam,  and  in  1771  in  the  Athenffium  of  that  city, 
lbs.  of  butter,  and  48,766  of  wool.  There  were  In  1799  he  was  appointed  professor  of  eloqoeDce 
8  iron  furnaces,  2  lead  furnaces,  80  churches,  at  Leyden.  His  various  essays  have  been  pub> 
and  200  pupils  attending  public  schools.  Iron  lished  collectively  under  the  title  of  Op^aetik 
ore,  lead,  bituminous  coal,  limestone,  and  gyp-  Varii  Argumenti,  OrcUoria^  Mistortea,  Critim 
sum  are  very  abundant,  and  there  are  traiods  (2  vols.  8vo.,  Leyden).  From  1779  to  1808  he 
of  silver  found  in  the  lead  mines.  The  county  edited  the  Biblioiheca  Oritica^  and  he  also  pub- 
is intersected  by  the  Tennessee  and  Virginia  Uahed  editiona  of  several  classical  authors. 


X 

Xthe  24th  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  in  English ;  at  their  beginning  it  is,  like  the 

^  the  14th  of  the  Greek,  the  21st  of  the  8panish  j,  equivalent  to  the  English  A,  that  is 

Latin,  and  the  28d  of  the  French  and  German,  to  say,  it  is  a  simple  aspirate.    In  Portuguese 

It  represents   in   English,  and   generally  in  it  represents  several  sounds,  but  most  frequent- 

French  also,  the  combiued  sounds  of  c«  as  in  ly  that  of  the  English  $h,  as  in  the  word  ^um> 

the  word  texttire,  and  of  g$  as  in  the  word  Li  Russian  the  X  represents  the  sound,  ss  it 

example,  except  at  the  be^^nning  of  words,  retains  ^e  character,  of  the  Greek  X'    ^^  ^ 

where  it  has  the  sound  of  e.     Its  form  is  ap-  Latin  numeral,  X  stands  for  10 ;  the  Gre^  i 

parently  borrowed  from  that  of  the  Greek  x*  stood  for  60,  and  x  for  600. 

while   its  sound   is   that  of  the  Greek  (;  XALAPA.    SccJalapa. 

but  on  this  sul)ject  a  great  deal  of  subtle  dis-  XALISOO.    8ee  Jausco. 

cussion  has  been  expended  without  settling  XANTIPPE.    8ee  8ocbate8. 

the  question.    In  Itahan  it  is  not  used,  s  and  e  XAYIEB,  Saikt  Fbakcis  (Fbakcisco  dbXa< 

being  substituted  for  it  in  that  language,  as  vieb),  "the  apostie  of  the  Indies,'' and  ooeof 

eeattOj  exact,  eecellente,  excellent.    In  Spanish  the  first  members  of  the  society  of  Jesus,  bora 

it  has  at  the  end  of  syllables  the  same  value  as  at  the  castle  of  Xavier,  near  Obanos^  in  Navarrei 


684  XENOPHANES  XENOPHON 

pater.    In  the  second  year  of  the  10th  Olym-  tiaed  talent,  and  his  rhetorical  TOwers 

piad  he  took  the  chair  in  the  academy  as  the  him  to  inflaence  the  soldiers.    He  was  elecUd 

Bnooeasor  of  Spensippns.    So  eminent  was  his  one  of  the  5  generals,  and  appointed  to  th« 

reputation  for  integrity,  that  when  called  upon  command  of  the  rear  guard,  and  by  degrees 

to  give  evidence  where  an  oath  was  nsoaUy  came  to  be  regarded  as  the  controlling  head 

required,  the  judges  agreed  that  his  simple  as-  of  the  army.   He  conducted  the  troops  through 

severation  ^ould  be  taken,  as  a  public  testi-  many  trials  and  perils  across  Mesopotamia  and 

mony  to  his  merit.    He  taught  that  tl^e  good  Armenia   to   Trapezus,  on  the  Euzine,  •asd 

is  that  which  should  be  striven  after  for  itself,  thence  to  Europe,  and  was  thus  the  &rsi  to 

and  that  the  bad  is  the  opposite  of  this ;  that  demonstrate  the  utter  inability  of  a  Persian 

while  intermediate   things,  such   as   health,  force,  however  large,  to  contend  with  a  dt^ 

beauty,  fame,  and  fortune,  are  not  valuable  termined  body  of  disciplined  Greeks.     After 

in  themselves,  tJiey  are  not  absolutely  worth-  handing  over  his  troops  to  the  Spartan  gen- 

less ;  but  that  tiie  value  of  every  thing  beside  eral  Thimbron,  he  seems  to  have  retemoi  to 

virtue  is  conditional,  and  that  happiness  is  the  Athens.    Three  years  afterward  he  was  serv- 

possession  of  personal  virtue  and  the  ct^abili-  ing  in  Asia  under  Agesilaus,  the  Lacedamonian 

ties  adapted  to  it.  king.    In  the  meanwhile  war  sprang  up  anew 

X£NOPHAN£S(  a  Greek  philosopher  and  between  Sparta  and  Athens,  and  X^ioplicMi,  ae- 

poet,  bom  in  Colophon  in  Ionia,  flourished  in  cOmpanying  his  leader  back  to  Europe^  fought 

the  latter  part  of  the  6th  century  B.  0.    He  is  against  his  countrymen  in  the  battle  of  Ooro- 

regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  Eleatic  school,  nea  in  894.    Athens  now  passed  against  him 

He  quitted  his  native  town  as  an  exile,  and  a  sentence  of  banishment.    The  LaeedenKK 

probably  lived  for  some  time  in  Elea  in  Magna  nians  rewarded  him  for  his  treason  by  aUowing 

Gracia.    He  strongly  combated  the  religious  him  land  and  a  house  at  Scillus,  a  vilbq^  of 

theories  of  Hesiod  and  Homer,  contending  that  Triphyllia  in  the  Peloponnesus,  to  which  bt 

God  is  one.    Although  a  preceptor  in  the  Pyth-  subsequently  added  by  purchasing  some  pAs- 

agorean  school,  he  maintained  that,  while  God  tures  and  hunting  grounds.    After  the  battfe 

is  a  being  distinct  from  the  visible  universe,  of  Leuctra  in  371  he  was  expelled  by  the 

self-existing  and  all-powerful,  yet  all  things  are  Eleans  from  his  residence,  and  is  said  to  have 

Gk>d.    Various  attempts  have  been  made  to  then  taken  up  his  abode  in  Oorinth.    Kot  long 

defend  him  from  the  charge  of  pantheism,  and  afterward  peace  between  Athens  and  Sparta 

Cousin  has  written  elaborately  on  this  subject,  was  followed  by  a  dose  alliance.    The  sentence 

The  existing  fragments  of  his  writings,  compris-  of  exile  passed  against  Xenophon  was  revoked, 

ing  various  elegies  and  parts  of  a  didactic  poem  and  the  last  years  of  his  life  were  probably 

^*  On  Nature,"  were   published    by  Earsten  spent  in  Athens.    His  two  sonsy  Giylhis  and 

(Brussels,  1830).  Diodorus,  fought  in  the  cavalry  engagement 

XENOPHON,  an  Athenian  general  and  an-  preceding  the  battle   of  Mantinea,  and  the 
thor,  bom  probably  about  448  B.  C,  died  former  was  slain. — Though   Xenophon  was 
about  855.    He  was  the  son  of  Gryllus,  and  a  largely  engaged  in  military  operations,  it  is  as 
native  of  the  demus  of  Erohea.     Nothing  is  an  author  that  he  is  chiefly  remembered.    Of 
known  of  his  early  life  save  that  he  was  pres-  his  historical  works^  tiie  best  is  the  Anaiamj 
ent  at  the  battle  of  Delium  in  424,  on  which  descriptive  of  the  advance  into  Persia  and  re- 
occasion  he  is  said  to  have  been  wounded,  and  treat  of  the  10,000  Greeks.    The  work  is  dear 
after  falling  from  his  horse  to  have  been  car-  and  simple  in  style,  and  valuable  to  us  for  the 
ried  from  the  field  by  his  friend  and  teacher  curious  information  it  gives  of  the  tx>untries 
Socrates.    In  401  he  went  to  Sardis,  on  the  through  which  the  army  marched,  as  it  was  val- 
invitation  of  his  friend  Proxenus,  who  was  on  uable  to  the  Greeks  of  his  time  for  its  exposition 
intimate  terms  with  the  younger  Cyrus,  and  of  the  inherent  weakness  of  the  Persian  empire^' 
|>romi8ed  to    introduce  him  to   the  Persian  The  ffellentea,  in  7  books,  is  a  history  of  Gre- 
prince.    He  joined  the  expedition  of  Cyrus,  cian  affairs  from  the  time  at  which  Thncydides 
but  without  any  special  office  in  the  army,  ends  his  narrative  to  the  battle  of  Mantinea 
The  object  of  the  prince  was  unknown  to  the  in  862,  and  therefore  includes  a  period  of  about 
Greeks  in  the  army,  who  were  however  in-  48  years.    It  is  generally  a  dry  and  nnenter- 
duced  by  the  promise  of  higher  pay  to  adhere  taining  account,  yet  has  some  exoelloit  ud 
to  their  commander  after  his  intention  of  de-  important  details;   but  throughout  it  is  dis- 
throning  his  brother  Artaxerxes  II.,  the  reign-  figured  by  his  partiality  for  the  Spartan  gen- 
ing  king  of  Persia,  was  disclosed.    Cyrus  lost  eral  Ages^aus,  by  his  hatred  of  the  country 
his  life  at  the*  battle  of  Cunaxa,  and  the  Greeks  which  bore  him  and  of  her  democratic  in^ta- 
then  began  that  return  to  Europe  which  has  tions,  and  his  undisguised  admiration  for  the 
become  famous  under  the  name  of  the  retreat  of  oligarchical  spirit  which  prevailed  in  Lac«- 
the  10,000.    Clearchus  and  other  Greek  leaders  dsmon.    The  Oyroptgdia  is  a  political  romance^ 
having  been  treacherously  massacred  by  the  sa-  in  which  the  author  gives  his  idea  of  the  state, 
trap  Tissaphemes,  Xenophon,  who  had  acted  taking  as  a  basis  the  history  of  Cyms  the 
hitherto  as  a  volunteer,  assembled  the  officers.  Great.    Though  sometimes  quoted  as  such,  it 
and  pointed  out  to  tiiem  the  only  practicable  has  no  claim  to  be  considered  a  history,  as  the 
course  to  be  pursued.    His  confidence,  his  prac-  statements  are   often   entirely  unwcKlhy  of 


686  XEBXES  XIMENES  D£  CISN£BOS 

Darias  HjstaBpes  and  Atossa.    His  first  nnder-  snlt,  was  easily  persnaded  to  leave  the  conqnes 
taking  on  coming  to  the  throne  was  to  suppress  of  Greece  to  Mardonius  and  800,000  troiips, 
a  revolt  of  the  Egyptians,  which  with  the  vast  while  he  himself  returned  to  Aaa.  After  45 
force  at  his 'command  he  soon  accomplished,  days'  march  he  reached  the  Hellespont,  ud 
Four  years  were  now  spent  in  collecting  for  reentered  Sardis,  defeated  and  hombled.    h 
the  invasion  of  Greece  an  army  as  vast  and  that  city  he  remained  during  the  following 
munitions  of  war  as  various  as  the  Persian  summer  (479),  which  witnessed  the  banl«s 
empire,  then  at  its  highest  development  both  of  Platasa  and  Mycale,  and  the  utter  otct- 
in  point  of  extent  and  resources,  could  furnish,  throw  of  all  the  Persian  power  in  Greece: 
In  the  autumn  of  481  this  vast  body  of  men  as-  and  in  478  their  last  possession  in  Europe  vi^ 
sembled  at  or  near  Sardis,  and  a  fleet  of  1,207  lost  with  the  capture  of  Sestos  on  the  HeUo- 
war  vessels  was  collected  in  the  Hellespont  or  '  ])ont.    Little  is  known  of  the  personal  hsRorj 
on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor.    Across  the  Helles-  of  Xerxes  after  this  time.    In  465  he  w^ 
pont,  moreover,  he  caused  a  bridge  of  boats  to  murdered  by  Artabanus,  one  of  the  higjhai 
be  thrown,  stretching  from  Abydos  on  the  oflScers  of  the  court,  and  the  eunuch  Spamitiv% 
Asiatic  side  to  the  shore  between  Sestos  and  or  Mithridates,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  (ma 
Madytus  on  the  European.    After  this  work  Artaxerxes.    Herodotus  says  that  for  beauitT 
had  been  completed,  a  great  storm  arose  and  and  stature  none  in  the  vast  host  he  led  against 
broke  it   in   pieces.    Upon   hearing  of  this  Greece  could  be  compared  with  Xerxes;  Ic: 
calamity,  Xerxes  commanded  a  pair  of  fetters  he  also  represents  him  aa  exceedingly  cowardly 
to  be  thrown  into  the  stream,  and  the  water  and  cruel.    He  is  believed  by  many  critics  to 
to  be  scourged  with  800  lashes,  his  servants  be  the  Ahasuerus  of  the  book  of  Esther, 
during  the  operation  making  use  of  the  follow-        XIMENES  (or  Ximsnez)  D£  CISNEBOS, 
ing  terms :  "  Thou  bitter  water,  thy  lord  lays  on  Fbanoisoo,  cardinal,  a  Spanish  statesman  ud 
thee  this  punishment  because  thou  hast  wrong-  prelate,  born  in  Torrelaguna,  Old  Castile,  ia 
ed  him  without  a  cause,  having  suffered  no  1486,  died  in  Roa,  near  Ydladolid,  Nov.  8,1517. 
evil  at  his  hands.    Verily,  King  Xerxes  will  Being  destined  for  the  church,  he  studied  gram- 
cross  thee  whether  thou  wilt  or  no.    Well  dost  mar  at  Alcala  and  civil  and  canon  law  at  tbe 
thou  deserve  that  no  man  should  honor  thee  university  of  Salamanca,  where  in  1456  he  re- 
with  sacrifice ;  for  thou  art  of  a  truth  a  treach-  ceived  a  bachelor^s  degree  in  each  sdence. 
erous  and  unsavory  river."    Two  new  bridges  Three  years  later  he  repaired  to  Rome,  aso&r- 
were  now  thrown  across  the  strait.    A  canal,  ing  a  wider  field  for  ecclesiastical  prefermeoc 
wide  enough  for  two  triremes  to  pass  through  than  Spain,  and  by  his  diligence  and  intellh 
abreast,  had  been  cut,  the  Greek-  historians  gence  made  so  favorable  an  impression  up^m 
relate,  through  the  isthmus  which  separated  influential  persons  in  that  city,  iJiat  he  obuin- 
Mount  Athos  from  the  mainland.    In  the  mean  ed  a  papal  bull  preferring  him  to  the  first  bene- 
time  the  king  had  sent  his  heralds  into  Greece,  fioe  of  a  specified  value  which  should  become 
commanding  all  the  cities  excepting  Athens  vacant  in  the  see  of  Toledo.    By  virtue  of  ihU 
and  Sparta  to  send  him  earth  and  water  in  sign,  grant,  he  in  1473  took  possession  of  the  livin: 
of  submission,  and  to  prepare  for  feasting  him  made  vacant  by  the  death  of  the  archpriest  oi 
as  he  advanced.    Early  in  480  his  army  began  Uzeda.    But  the  archbishop  of  Toledo,  inceo?- 
its  march.    Seven  days  and  nights  were  spent  ed  at  what  he  considered  a  violation  of  bis 
in  crossing  the  Hellespont.    At  Doriscus,  in  privileges  by  the  papal  court,  and  finding  Xi- 
Thrace,  Xerxes  held  a  review  of  the  whole  menes  indisposed  to  yield  his  pretensions,  im- 
army,  and  according  to  the  statement  of  He-  prisoned  him  in  the  fortress  of  Santorcaz,  where 
rodotus  it  amounted   to  1,700,000  foot  and  he  remained  more  than  6  year&     Released  ic 
80,000  horse,  with  Libyan  war  chariots  and  1480  and  placed  in  undisturbed  possession  of  bi^ 
Arabian  camels,  and  in  addition,  upon  the  fieet  benefice,  he  took  an  early  opportunity  to  ci* 
of  1,207  ships  of  war  and  8,000  smaller  vessels  change  it  for  a  chaplainship  in  the  di(X*^<^ 
and  transports,  was  a  force  which  swelled  the  Siguenza,  where  he  devoted  himself  with  greit 
number  to  2,817,000.    The  statement  is  doubt-  ardor  to  theological  studies,  and  made  hnoxli 
less  exaggerated,  though  the  army  collected  master  of  the  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  laagiug^ 
by  Xerxes  was  probably  the  greatest  ever  as-  He  also  discharged  with  signal  ability  the  do- 
sembled  at  any  time  in  the  history  of  the  ties  of  vicar  to  Mendoza,  bishop  of  Si^eiix>> 
world.    The  vast  horde  traversed  Thrace  and  In  the  midst  of  this  career  he  conceived  s  di^^ 
Macedonia  without  opposition,   and   entered  taste  for  secular  concema,  and  determined  to 
Greece  through  the  mountain  passes  over  the  retire  to  some  religious  estabUshmeut  vjiere 
range  of  Olympus.    All  northern  Greece  was  his  naturally  austere  and  contemplative  dl^ 
abandoned  at  the  approach  of  his  army,  and  sition  might  find  freer  scope  for  religious  sKdi* 
the  first  resistance  he  met  was  at  the  defile  of  tations.    Accordingly,  in  1482  he  resigned  bi$ 
Thermopylffi.    In  the  mean  time  a  terrible  various  employments  and  benefices,  snd,  rt 
storm  arose,  which  destroyed  400  ships  of  war,  gardless  alike  of  his  own  advancement  and  the 
at  the  lowest  accounts,  and  a  vast  number  of  remonstrances  of  his  friends,  entered  the  Fnn- 
transports  and    smaller  vessels.     The   naval  ciscan  convent  of  San  Juan  de  los  Beref  ic 
battles  of  Artemisium  and  Salamis  followed,  Toledo,  which  was  under  the  control  of  ^ 
and  Xerxea,  thoroughly  dispirited  by  their  re-  Observants,  as  those  members  of  the  order  were 


588  XnCENSS  DE  QISNEBOS 

ons  in  literary  historj,  was  his  celebrated  poly-    diminished  by  the  weight  of  years.   One  of 
glot  Bible,  usually  called  the  Oomplatensian    his  first  acts  was  an  ordinance  ior  the  coroU- 
polyglot,  from  Oomplutum,  the  Latin  name  of    ment  of  tiie  burgesses  in  military  oorpfi,  wWrv- 
Alcala,  where  it  was  printed.    It  was  com-    by,  after  considerable  dissadsfaotion  and  uf<t: 
menced  in  1502  under  the  direction  of  9  emi-  mutiny  in  some  provinces,  was  estabtiabed  > 
nent  scholars,  the  primate  himself  assuming    species  of  national  guard,  which  proved •«  p6v- 
the  general  supervision,  and  during  the  next    erful  agent  in  over&rowing  the  feudftl  6}&iz 
15  years  upward  of  50,000  ducats  were  ex<  in  Spain,  and  in  preserving  his  own  sntliori:} 
pended  m  its  preparation,  the  greater  part  of  against  the  pretensions  of  the  grandees.  WiiL 
this  sum  Deing  appropriated  to  the  purchase  of  the  aid  of  this  force  he  succeeded  in  proeum; 
rare  manuscripts,    it  was  the  first  Bible  of  the  proclamation  of  Oharles  askiagofCs^i^, 
the  kind  ever  published,  forming  the  model  for  notwithstanding  tiie  fact  that  Joanna,  iboo^ 
all  subsequent  ones ;  and  Ximenes,  who  perused  in  a  state  of  hopeless  insanity,  was  the  Itpi 
the  last  sheet  shortly  before  his  death,  offered  queen.    The  grandees,  chafing  undtf  ihe  rigor 
thanks  to  Heaven  that  he  had  been  allowed  to  of  the  cardincd's  rule,  demanded  by  what  pov- 
witness  the  completion  of  a  work,  since  aptly  de-  era  he  claimed  to  exercise  sud^  eztensiTeifi- 
scribed  as  ^*  a  noble  monument  of  piety,  learn*  thority.    He  showed  them  Uie  testam^t  ef 
ing,  and  munificence,  which  entitles  its  author  Ferdinand  and  the  letter  of  Charles,  and  op-x 
to  the  gratitude  of  the  whole  Ohristian  world."  their  objecting  to  these  led  them,  acoordingte 
On  the  death  of  Queen  Isabella  in  1504,  Xime-  the  popular  story,  to  a  balcony,  from  wLki 
nes  became  the  mediator  between  the  rival  could  be  seen  a  body  of  troops  under  srm 
claimants  of  the  regency  of  Castile,  King  Fer-  supported  by  a  formidable  park  of  aitilitrj. 
dinand  and  the  archduke  Philip,  the  husband  "  There,"   he   exclaimed,    *•*•  are  the  powcfn 
of  Joanna,  heiress  of  the  crown ;  and  upon  the  which  I  have  received  from  his  oatholic  zd^ 
death  of  Philip,  two  years  later,  he  assumed,  ty.    Witii  these  I  govern  Castile;  and  vith 
during  the  absence  of  Ferdinand  in  Italy,  the  tiiiese  I  will  govern  it,  until  the  king,  j<^ 
presidency  of  a  provisional  council  or  regency  master  and  mine,  takes  possession  of  his  king- 
which  carried  on  the  government  of  Castile,  dom."    Thenceforth  his  administration  encom- 
Owing  to  the  insanity  of  Joanna,  the  affairs  of  tered  little  opposition.    Within  a  few  mootfaj 
the  kingdom  were  for  upward  of  a  year  in  a  after  assuming  the  regency  he  found  him^ 
critical  condition;  but  the  vigorous  counsels  and  involved  in  a  war  witii  Jean  d'Albret,  the  Mis- 
conduct of  Ximenes  preserved  order  until  the  possessed  king  of  Navarre,  who,  aided  br  kt- 
return  of  Ferdinand  and  the  assumption  by  him  eral  powerful  grandees,  made  an  attempt  to 
of  the  regency.    In  1507  Ximenes  received  a  recover  his  kin^om.    He  was  signal! j  defeat- 
cardinal's  hat  from  Julius  II.,  and  was  appoint-  ed,  and  the.  cardinal  availed  himsdf  of  the  op- 
ed inquisitor-general  of  Castile.    As  dignities  portunity  to  dismantle  the  numerous  powerfiil 
accumulated  upon  him,  his  zeal  fbr  the  propa-  fortresses  of  Navarre,  with  the  exoeptioD  ol 
gation  of  the  Catholic  faith  grew  stronger ;  and  Pampeluna — a  precautionary  measure  to  vhicb 
a  letter  addressed  by  him  to  Emanuel  of  Por-  Spain  owes  the  possession  of  herconqneel  He 
tugal,  and  still  preserved  in  the  archives  of  a»o  equipped  a  large  armament  against  the 
Alcala,  shows  that,  even  in  that  late  day,  he  Barbary  corsairs;  attempted  to  ameliorate  the 
had  formed  plans  for  the  recovery  of  the  holy  condition  of  the  natives  in  the  Am^can  colo- 
sepulchre.    A  more  practical  enterprise  than  nies,  the  introduction  of  negro  slaTery  into 
this  was  an  expedition  which  in  the  spring  of  which  he  earnestly  but  ineffectually  oppos^< 
1509  he  conducted  against  Oran,  a  noted  re-  extended  the  inquisition  into  all  perUof  tk 
sort  of  pirates,  and  which  secured  to  the  crown  Spaniel  dominions,  confirming  and  greatlj  en- 
large spoils  and  a  rich  possession  on  the  African  larging  its  powers;  and  instituted  manj  is* 
continent.    But  notwithstanding-  the  cardinal  portant  domestic  reforms  by  which  the  ro.^ 
had  contributed  most  of  the  funds  for  the  ex-  revenues  were  greatly  increased.    Bat  thoo^ 
pedition,  he  received  such  unmistakable  evi-  wielding   a   power  well  nigh  absolnte,  m 
dence  of  the  jealousy  or  distrust  of  Ferdinand,  against  which  opposition  was  hopeless,  Xim^ 
that  he  retired  to  Alcala,  and  for  several  years  nes  was  too  sensible  of  the  urgent  necesatjof 
busied  himself  chiefly  with  diocesan  duties,  with  the  presence  of  Charles  in  Spain,  not  to  impo^ 
the  care  of  his  university,  or  with  the  prepara-  tune  him  to  hasten  his  arrival.    At  length.  <» 
tion  of  his  polyglot  Bible.    Ferdinand  at  his  Sept.  17, 1517,  the  young  king  hmded  at  Vijl»- 
death,*  Jan.  28,  1516,  by  the  unanimous  advice  viciosa  in  the  Asturias,  and  the  cardinil,  having 
of  his  counsellors,  left  Ximenes  regent  of  the  first  despatched  to  him  letters  of  congratuUtioQ 
kingdom  until  the   arrival  of  his   grandson  filled  with  wholesome  counsel,  hastened,  a 
Charles  I.  of  Spain,  afterward  Charles  V.  of  fast  as  the  infirmities  of  age  would  p«"Di^ 
Germany,  who  was  then  living  in  his  Flemish  surrender  his  power  to  his  roy^  master.  '^ 
possessions.    Fortified  in  this  appointment  by  Flemings  in  CharWs  suite,  however,  dreading 
a  confirmatory  letter  from  Charles,  the  octo-  his  influence  over  a  sovereignT whom  thej  had 
genarian  cardinal 'entered  upon  the  duties  of  hitherto  succeeded  in  controlling,  detertnin^ 
his  office  (in  the  administration  of  which  Adrian,  to  prevent  the  interview ;  and  at  the  iosti^tioii 
dean  of  Louvain,  afterward  Pope  Adrian  VL,  of  these  malevolent  counsellors  Oharles  «d< 
nominally  shared),  with  a  vigor  in  no  degree  dressed  to  the  aged  primate  a  letter,  well  char 


690                              Y  YAOHT 

Frederman  at  the  head  of  a  hand  of  160  Spanish  repel  an  expected  attack  from  Agnim,  tii« 

soldiers,  the  relics  of  those  with  whom  he  had  ruler  of  Venezuela ;  hut  the  latter  being  &g^ 

been  engaged  in  the  conquest  of  Venezuela,  sinateo,  the  invasion  did  not  take  pla^.  He 

ragged,  starved,  and  miserable,  and  Benalcazar,  was  soon  afterward  named  by  the  Spanish  gi^- 

the  lieutenant  of  Pizarro  and  conqueror  of  emment  o^Za^ntocZ^or  govemor-in-chiefoftbe 

Quito,  at  the  head  of  about  the  same  number,  kingdom  of  New  Granada,  and  was  now  ii- 

having  crossed  the  continent  in  triumph,  ar-  duced  to  fit  out  an  expedition  in  search  of  £1 

rayed  in  purple  and  silk,  with  glittering  armor  Dorado,  which  he  thought  to  find  beyond  tL« 

and  plumes,  and  a  numerous  following  of  na-  territories  of  Pauto  and  Papamene,    To  thL^ 

tives.    Benalcazar  conceived  the  plan  of  com-  enterprise  he  devoted  8  years,  and  epent  ^.kk- 

bining  with  Frederman  to  expel  Aimenes  from  000  ducats  in  fitting  it  out,  beside  250,000  diir^' 

his  conquests ;  but  the  latter,  more  prompt  in  in  its  execution.    He  set  out  with  800  BpiL- 

the  woi^  had  already  made  his  bargain  with  iards,  2,000  Indians,  and  1,200  horses,  and  v 

the  needy  adventurers  from  Venezuela ;    he  turned  with  24  men  and  32  horses.   In  I'Ti 

gave  Frederman  personally  $10,000,  bought  he  founded  the  city  of  Santa  Agueda,  21  mUt? 

his  horses,  and  incorporated  his  men  among  from  Mariquita.    He  died  of  leprosj,  and  bj 

hb  own  soldiers.    Benalcazar  in  turn  entered  his  will  declared  himself  poor,  and  witbox 

into  an  arrangement,  and  appointing  a  gover-  direct  heirs,  his  debts  exceeding  his  propert; 

nor  ad  interim  of  all  their  territories,  the  three  by  more  than  60,000  ducats,  and  forhiddb; 

chieftains  sailed  May  12, 1589,  from  the  Mag-  the  erection  of  any  but  the  simplest  monamt:: 

dalena  to  lay  their  claims  before  the  emperor  over  his  grave.     His  remains  were  removeii 

Oharles  V.    Frederman  was  totally  unsuccess-  to   Bogota   in  1597.    He   left  a  mannscnpi 

ftil ;  Benalcazar  was  released  from  obedience  work  entitled  Sermcmes^  and  a  Compendio  hif 

to  Pizarro  and  made  governor  of  Popayan ;  torial^  both  of  which  are  lost.    The  anthoriiid 

and  Ximenes,  after  following  the  court  to  the  respecting  his  life  are :    J.  Acosta,  HuU>n4 

Low  Countries  and  spending  vast  sums  in  osten-  del  detewbrimiento  y  eolonigaeion  de  la  3'&ai 

tatious  living  in  It^y,  France,  and  Portugal,  Granada  (Paris,  1849),  and  Antonio  de  Pka 

was  finally  summoned  before  the  royal  council,  Merkarias  para  la  historia  de  la  Nueoa  GroMdi 

fined  1,000  ducats,  banished  for  one  year,  and  (Bogota,  ISbO). 

suspended  for  5  years  from  his  office  as  judge  XORULLO.    See  Jobuixo. 

and  captain.  Hie  emperor,  however,  afterward  XYLAKDEB,  Guilielmijb,  a  German  scbo- 

remitted  these  punishments,  and  bestowed  on  lar,  born  in  Augsburg,  Aug.   20, 1532,  died  is. 

him  the  title  of  marshal  of  the  kingdom  of  New  Heidelberg,  Feb.  10,  1576.    His  real  name  r^ 

Granada,  with  perquisites  worth  about  4,000  Holzmann.    He  studied  at  T&bingen  and  Bisi 

ducats  yearly.    He  returned  to  Bogota  in  the  and  became  in  1558  professor  of  Greek  &t 

beginning  of  1551,  and  henceforth  distinguished  Heidelberg.    He  left  a  great  number  of  vab- 

himself  as  the  protector  of  the  people  against  able  transitions  from  Greek  into  Latin,  wbicii 

tiie  adventurous  officials  and  magistrates  who  have  been  of  service  to  subsequent  scholars, 

sought  to  oppress  them.   In  1561  he  was  unan-  XYLOGRAPHY.    See  ENGBAvme. 

imously  appointed  to  lead  a  force  raised  to  XYBIS.    See  Yxllow-stsd  Gbass. 


T 


T 

the  25th  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  is  French  I  mouilU  being  heard  in  its  uttensc^ 

9  in  Teutonic  and  Romanic  languages  gen-  In  Latin  it  is  used  as  a  small  letter  only,  m 

erally  a  vowel  when  occurring  in  the  body  or  never  as  a  capital ;  while  in  Spanish  manuscript 

at  the  end  of  syllables,  and  an  aspirated  gut-  the  capital  Y  is  used  instead  of  L—Y  hs.^  beea 

turo-lingual  consonant  when  beginning  them,  called  the  Pythagorean  letter  because,  its  Gr^ 

as  in  the  words  yes,  Tonne.    Its  form  is  derived  original  represents  the  sacred  triad,  formed  bj 

from  the  Greek  Y,  and  in  French  and  Spanish  the  duad  proceeding  from  the  monad;  ai» 

it  is  called  "  the  Greek  I."    In  English  its  also  because  it  represents  the  dividing  of  tbe 

sound  varies  from  that  in  my  to  that  in  body  ;  paths  of  vice  and  virtue  in  the  development  ai 

in  Dutch,  on  the  other  hand,  it  always  has  numan  life. 

the  same  full  diphthongal  sound  as  in  the  Eng-        YAOHT  Putch,  jagt ;  Ger.  Jaeht,  from  ^> 

lish  my.    In  recent  Grerman  writing  it  is  the  gen,  to  xshase),  a  vessel  built  or  fitted  expre^T 

fashion  to  use  it  only  in  foreign  proper  names,  for  excursions  of  pleasure,  in  contradistincoon 

i  being  substituted  in^uch  words  as  hei  and  aetn,  to  those  adapted  for  war,  for  freighting,  or  m 

where  it  was  formerly  employed ;  and  in  re-  passenger  traffic.    Mention  of  such  veft«»  ^- 

cent  Dutch  writing  ij  is  used  instead  of  it,  as  met  with  in  the  annals  of  remotest  antiqaitT. 

Bilderdijh  for  BiUerdyk,    In  the  Hungarian  The  prophet  Ezekiel  must  have  referred  to  g«J- 

language,  when  occurring  in  syllables  after  d,  g,  leys  set  apart  by  the  merchants  of  Tyre  for 

Z,  71,  and  «,  it  is  pronounced  much  as  in  the  Eng-  their  individual  enjoyment,  when  he  spoke  w 

lish  words  yee^  year,  the  peculiar  sound  of  the  "thy  benches  of  ivory,"  the  **fine  linen  wiw 


592  YADKIN  YAKOOTSK 

to  the  end  of  a  ranning  boom.    Luggers  nn-  and  color,  probably  from  intennixtiire  witli 

decked  are  in  ordinary  nse  among  the  Prench  common  cattle,  bat  have  the  fringe  on  the  low- 

and  English  fishermen  of  the  channel,  and  in  er  parts;  thej  make  a  gmnting  noise,  vhe&K 

the  last  war  between  France  and  England  many  the  specifio  name.    They  are  valuable  to  may 

French  luggers^  were  decked  and  armed  as  pri-  of  the  tribes  of  wandering  Tartars,  who  li?e  is 

vateers.    They  are  8-masted,  and  handy  craft  tents  and  pasture  them  from  place  to  place: 

enough  for  their  purpose  when  of  moderate  they  are  strong  and  sure-footed,  and  uied  in 

size,  their  sails  being  easily  lowered  in  squalls,  agriculture  and  as  beasts  of  burden;  teats  and 

while  they  can .  be  mancBUvred  equally  well  ropes  are  made  of  the  hair,  and  caps  and  JAck* 

under  their  8  principal  sails,  under  foresail  and  ets  of  the  skins;  the  milk  is  rich  and  the  bat- 

mizzen,  or  under  the  mainsail  simply.    But  as  ter  excellent ;  the  latter  is  kept  in  skins  tU 

yachts  of  large  tonnage,  though  extremely  pic-  bladders  for  a  year,  and  forms  an  imports 

turesque  to  the  eye  and  capable  of  high  speed,  article  of  merchandise.    Their  tails  are  esktin- 

they  are  Inconvenient  for  working  short  tacks,  ed  in  India  as  brushes  for  driving  off  flies  ud 

inasmuch  as  each  sail  must  be  lowered  and  re-  other  insects  from  men,  horses,  and  elephimy; 

set  whenever  the  lugger  makes  a  board,  and  they  are  often  set  in  costly  handles,  and  m 

they  require  consequently  a  numerous  crew.  called  chowries ;  the  Chinese  dye  them  ni 

YADKIN,  a  river  of  North  Carolina,  which  and  wear  them  in  their  hats.      Those  with 

rises  at  the  foot  of  the  Blue  ridge  in  Caldwell  white  tails  are  most  esteemed,  and  the  horci 

CO.,  and  pursues  a  8.  E.  course  to  Stanly  co.,  are  sometimes  as  white  as  ivory.    This  aaiaul 

whence  it  flows  first  S.,  then  E.,  and  again  S.,  is  mentioned  and  well  described  by  iSlian. 
to  a  point  about  10  m.  above  Cheraw  in  South        YAKOOB-IBN-LAIS,  called  Suffab  frum 

Carolina,  where  it  takes  the  name  of  the  Great  the  Arabic  name  of  his  original  occDpsdon. 

Pedee,  and  after  a  S.  S.  W.  course  falls  into  that  of  a  pewterer  or  tinker,  founder  of  tk 

Winyaw  bay.    As  the  Yadkin  it  receives  in  dynasty  of  Sufiarides  in  Persia,  bom  in  Sbuiu 

North  Carolina  several  aflluents,  the  most  con-  died  in  A.  D.  877.    Being  reduced  to  want  bf 

siderableof  which  are  Booky  river  and  Abbotts  his  prodigality,  he  abandoned  his  trade  &&ii 

creek.    Its  descent  is  too  rapid  and  it  is  too  becamerthe  leader  of  a  band  of  robbers.  £d- 

often  obstructed  by  shoals  to  be  navigable,  tering  the  service  of  Salah-ibn-i-Nasr,  ruler  c^ 

The  narrows  of  the  Yadkin,  near  the  mouth  of  Sistan,  he  became  commander  of  his  annv,  and 

Uharee  river,  are  much  visited.     There  are  at  once  seized  and  sent  him  prisoner  to  Bi^dii 

several  gold  mines  in  the  course  of  the  river.  and  was  himself  made  governor  of  Sistan  l>j 

YADKIN,  a  new  N.  W.  co.  of  North  Carolina,  the  caliph.    He  proceeded  to  subject  to  him* 

bounded  N.  and  E.  by  the  Yadkin  river ;  area,  self  other  provinces,  and  finally  in  868  expelled 

810  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  10,71 8,  of  whom  the  governor  of  the  caliphs  from  Penaa  and 

1,486  were  slaves.    It  has  a  diversified  surface  assumed  the  sovereign  power  over  the  greater 

and  a  productive  soil.  Iron  ore  is  found.   Cap*  part  of  the  country.    In  878  he  made  an  nnsQc- 

ital,  Wilson.  cestui  attempt  upon  Bagdad,  which  he  wis 

YAITOE,  or  Jaitzs,  a  walled  city  of  Bosnia,  preparing  to  renew  when  he  died, 
in  the  snn^ak  of  Bagna-Looka,  7  m.  E.  from        YAEOOTSK,  a  government  of  Eastern  Sibe- 

Ghul-Hissar,  upon  the  left  bank  of  the  river  ria,  formerly  a  circle  in  the  vicerojaltj  of 

Verbitza ;  pop.  about  4,500.    It  has  a  'strong  Irkootsk,  bounded  N.  by  the  Arctic  ocean,  £. 

fortress  ana  a  considerable  manufacture  of  salt-  by  the  province  of  Okhotsk  (which  was  sepa- 

petre.    It  is  chiefly  noted  as  the  burial  place  of  rated  from  it  and  attached  to  the  coast  goveni' 

a  Catholic  bishop  who  was  killed  by  the  Turks  ment  of  Eastern  Siberia  by  decree  of  Cec.  2u. 

in  the  17th  century,  and  to  whose  tomb  an  an-  1858),  S.  by  the  land  of  the  Amoor  and  the 

nual  pilgrimage  is  made.  Transbaikal  region,  from  which  it  b  separattiJ 

YAK  {poSphaguB  grunniem^  Gray),  an  ani-  by  the  Stanovoi  and  Yablonoi  mountains  aiwi 

mal  of  the  ox  tribe  inhabiting  the  mountains  the  river  Vitim,  and  W.  by  the  governmente  of 

of  Thibet  and  central  Asia.    The  wild  yak  is  Irkootsk  and  Yeniseisk ;  area,  1,575,730  Bq.in^' 

larger  than  domestic  cattle,  generally  black,  and  pop.  in  1858,  222,533.    The  country  is  leTel  io 

characterized  by  a  thick  fringe  of  long  hair  the  N.,  but  in  the  S.  is  covered  with  lov 

hanging  from  the  lower  part  of  the  body  near-  mountmns.    It  abounds  in  fossil  remains;  aloojT 

ly  to  the  ffround ;  the  general  covering  is  long,  the  sea  and  by  the  river  courses  in  the  N.  io^ 

thick,  and  soft,  the  head  short,  horns  round  ivory  is  found  in  the  form  of  the  tnsb  w 

and  smooth,  ears,  nose,  and  nostrils  small,  fore-  mammoths.    The  sea  on  the  N.  is  open  to  dati* 

head  apparently  prominent  on  account  of  the  gation  but  a  few  weeks  in  summed,  aod  ^ 

curling  hair,  eyes  large  and  full,  neck  short,  never  free  from  floating  ice.    Rivers  are  dd- 

shoulders  high  and  arched,  rump  low,  and  legs  merous,  the  largest  being  the  Lena,  which  ^ 

very  short ;  the  hair  of  the  tail  is  long  and  fine  the  principal  avenue  of  conunerce,  boats  beiQg 

as  in  the  horse ;  they  seem  heavier  than  they  floated  down  it  in  the  summer  in  30  day^  ^^ 

really  are,  and  have  rather  a  downcast,  sullen,  hauled  up  by  men  and  horses  against  the  nm 

and  suspicious  lool^;  they  are  found  only  near  current  in  50  days.    The  climate  is  serere,  «Dd 

the  line  of  perpetual  snow.    The  domesticated  in  the  most  favorable  situations  the  groonu  is 

yak  is  nearly  4  feet  high  at  the  shoulders,  «nd  frozen  at  8  feet  below  the  surface  in  gammer, 

7  feet  long  from  nose  to  tail ;  they  vary  in  size  and  Ermann  and  Middendorff  estimate  thst  m 


694  YALE  COLLEGE  YAM 

the  Bev.  Theodore  D.  Woolsey,  1846,  now  tory  of  the  college.  In  1850  President  Woobej 

(1862)  in  office.    Previous  to  1727,  26  classes  delivered  a   historical   disoonrse  before  the 

had  been  graduated,  of  the  average  number  of  graduates,  which  was  also  published.    In  liiT 

7.    Under  Bector  Williams  18  classes   were  Prof.  Fisher  published  a  history  of  the  coUeee 

graduated,  of  the  average  number  of  16.  Presi-  church.    The  ^^Yale  Literary  Magazine*^  w&$ 

dent  Clap  gave  degrees  to  27  classes,  averag-  commenced   in  1838,  and  is  stiU  poblisM 

ing  28  members;  Dr.  Daggett  to  11  classes,  monthly  by  the  students, 
averaging  80 ;  Dr.  Stiles  to  17,  averaging  88 ;        YAILOBUSHA,  a  N.  co.  of  lOssiflBipii  io- 

Dr.  Dwight  to  22,  averaging  60 ;  Dr.  Day  to  tersected  by  the  Yallobusha  river,  a  tributar? 

30,  averaging  77;  Dr.  Woolsey  has  given  de-  of  the  Yazoo,  navigable  for  steamboats;  skx 

grees  to  15  classes  (prior  to  1862),  averaging  900  sq.  m. ;   pop.  in  1860,  16,980,  of  wh<Hn 

97. — ^The  funds  of  the  college  have  never  been  9,581  were  slaves.    The  surface  is  generally 

fully  adequate  to  its  wants,  but  many  munificent  level  and  the  soil  highly  fertile.    The  prodc^ 

gifts  and  bequests  have  from  time  to  time  been  tions  in  1850  were  640,775  bushels  of  Indk 

received,  some  of  them  directed  to  specific  ob-  corn,  59,835  of  oats,  185,424  of  sweet  poUtoes. 

jects,  and  others  left  wholly  at  the  control  of  65,824  of  peas  and  beans,  173,701  Iba  of  bnt- 

the  corporation.    Among  the  earliest  and  most  ter,  and  14,814  bales  of  cotton.    There  were  ^ 

liberal  donors  should  be  mentioned  Mr.  James  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  1,187  papL* 

Fitch,  Governor  Yale,  and  Bishop  Berkeley.  In  attending  schools.    The  county  is  interse<t«l 

1832  a  subscription  among  the  alumni  added  by  the  Mississippi  central  railroad.    Gapiul 

$100,000  to  the  general  funds  of  the  college ;  Oofieeville. 

and  in  1853  a  somewhat  larger  sum  was  raised        YAM,  the  common  name  of  a  genus  of  pluic 
in  a  similar  way.    The  gifts  of  the  state  of  whose  large  fleshy  rootstocks  are  used  for  foc>d. 
Oonnecticut  at  different  times  have  amounted  The  yam  belongs  to  the  natural  order  dio»xT^ 
to  about  $70,000.    Special  funds  have  been  ce^,  which  comprises  twining  shrubs  with  br:t 
from  time  to  time  bestowed  on  the  medical,  tubers  either  above  or  below  the  ground:  &1- 
theological,  and  scientific  schools.    The  most  ternate  leaves,  occasionally  opposite,  reUcol^ 
important  of  such  gifts  has  recently  been  made  ly  veined ;  small,  spiked,  dioecious  flowers,  vitli 
by  Mr.  Joseph  E.  Sheffield  of  New  Haven,  who  1  to  3  bracts  each,  the  calyx  and  corollfl  cos- 
has  presented  to  the  scientific  school  a  build-  sisting  together  of  6  segments,  which  are  herbs- 
ing  well  furnished  with  laboratories,  lecture  ceous  and  adherent;  the  stamens  6,  ioBerte'i 
rooms,  &c.,  costing  in  all  over  $50,000,  and  a  into  the  base  of  the  sepals  and  petals;  ^^ 
fund  of  equal  amount  for  the  maintenance  of  ovary  adherent,  with  3  cells  of  one  or  tvo 
the  school.    The  college  possesses  considera-  seeds  each ;  styles  deeply  trifid,  stigma  audi- 
ble funds  for  the  assistance  of  indigent  students  vided,  ovules   suspended;    fruit  Icuify,  com* 
and  the  reward  of  the  meritorious.    The  libra-  pressed  or  else  roundish,  either  alate  or  ving- 
ry  has  a  separate  fund  amounting  to  about  less ;  embryo  small  near  the  hilum.    Tho  ge&- 
$26,000.    The  collection  of  books   numbers  era  of  the  order  are  few,  but  the  species  are 
over  40,000  volumes,  exclusive  of  pamphlets,  numerous;  they  are  however  imperfectlT  know 
A  fire-proof  building  was  erected  for  its  accom-  to  botanists ;  of  these,  the  best  ascertained  wen; 
modation  in  1845.    Beside  this  collection,  two  elucidated  through  the  labors  of  Dr.  Williac 
literary  societies,  the  "  linonian,"  founded  in  Boxburgh,  of  the  botanic  garden  in  Calcatti 
1753,  and  the  "  Brothers  in  Unity,"  founded  in  in  his  JSortus  Bengalensu  (Serampore,  18U)- 
1768,  have  each  about  12,000  volumes,  which  The  cultivated  or  common  yam  {diotcorea  mti- 
are  kept  in  tljie  college  library  building,  and  are  va,  Willd.)  is  said  to  be  indigenous  to  the  wood: 
•qually  accessible  to  all  the  students.    The  col-  of  Ceylon  and  Malabar,  but  has  become  widelr 
lection  in  mineralogy  and  geology,  embracing  diffused  in  cultivation  through  every  trapioil 
over  30,000  specimens,  is  remarkably  good,  and  region.    The  tuber  is  large  and  irregalar;  tiie 
the  scientific  apparatus  is  extensive.    The  col-  stems  all  triangular  and  winged,  either  trailing 
lege  is  also  the  owner  of  a  number  of  paintings  upon  the  earth  or  climbing  upon  ooatigno<& 
by  Col.  John  Trumbull,  those  which  illustrate  trees  to  the  height  of  20  to  25  feet;  the  leares 
the  American  revolution  being  of  great  value,  are  cordate  and  auricled  at  base ;  the  flo«'^n 
There  is  an  excellent  gymnasium  for  physical  are  green,  and  appear  in  August.    This  species 
exercise.    The  number  of  regular  graduates  is  sometimes  known  as  the  West  India  yam. 
(A.B.)  of  the  college  to  the  year  1862  inclusive  The  sort  most  esteemed  in  the  East  is  the  D- 
was  6,996,  of  whom  8,553  are  dead.    The  num-  globosa,  having  arrow-shaped  leaves  and  fn- 
ber  of  instructors  in  all  departments  at  the  grant  fiowers.  Ofthis  there  are  also  several  TftH' 
present  time  is  about  45,  of  students  600.    The  eties  with  large  and  purple-tinted  tubers,  which 
regular  course  of  study  in  the  college  proper  ex-  are  regarded  as  excellent  for  food.    The  ball^ 
tends  through  4  years,  in  the  law  and  medical  bearing  yam  (D,  bulbif(n'ay  Willd.)  is  found 
schools  2  years  each,  in  the  theological  school  wild  in  Tahiti ;  it  bears  small  angular  tohen 
3  years,  and  in  the  scientific  school  3  or  4  years,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  which  are  i°°^  f^ 
— "  The  Annals  of  Yale  College,"  by  Ebenezer  teemed.    The  prickly  yam  (D,  aeuleata,  Villd.) 
Baldwin,  was  published  (2d  ed.)  in  1838.    In  is  similar  to  the  common  yam,  but  its  tubers 
1835  Prof.  Kingsley  printed  in  the  ''  American  are  more  delicate ;  its  stems  attain  the  he#| 
Quarterly  Begister"  a  compendium  of  the  his-  of  10  to  12  feet    The  Brazilian  yam  (!>'  ^ 


■  r-xr'f,  WilW.)  WM  first  noticed  in  1623;  its  pnpila  attending  public  schools.  OapitaJ,  Banu- 
T7IH  t-row  ftboat  8  feet  high,  ita  leaves  are  ville. 

■  ■■I,  iind  ita  tnbers  are  esculent.  There* are  YANCEY,  William  Lowndsb,  an  Ameri- 
,  w  species  with  large  rootatocks,  bnt  having  can  politician,  born  iu  Columbia,  8.  0.,  in  1816. 
lar^li  tjLste,  such  as  the  6-leaved  yam  (H.  He  early  removed  to  Alabama,  where  he  stad- 
.fi'/jAi/^/ajWilld,),  a  native  of  India,  growing  ied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Uont- 

iVut   high,  with  divided  leaves  and  large  goinery,  near  which  citj  he  has  since  resided, 

UTS,  but  which  need  preparation  before  tbej  served  in  both  branches  of  the  state  legi.jature, 

1  ]•(■  usod  for  food.    The  3-leaved  jam  (i>.  and  in  1844  was  elected  to  represent  the  3d  die- 

;l-ii!lij,  Linn.),  and  a  cospecies  similar  to  it,  trict  of  that  state  in  the  26th  congress,  in  place 

w     extremely   nauseous    roots,   even    al1«r  of  Dixon  H.  Lewis,  elected  to  the  U.  8.  senate. 

ui'JT  I'i'ig   boiled;  they  are  natives  of  India,  lie  was  reii'lectcd  in  1845,  and  served  through 

jv  t'liiiieae  yam  (D.  Jtatatas)  is  one  of  several  the  39th  congress,  but  was  succeeded  in  the 

.  ciis  long  known  to  Chinese  cultivators,  but  80th  by  Mr.  B.  W.  Harris.    lie  voted  in  1646 

'■.iniiiciid  very  recently  into  Europe  by  M.  de  in  favor  of  the  admission  of  Texas  into  the 

iiitiKiiy,  ivho  sent  it  to  the  mnseum  of  natn-  Union,  and  opposed  the  bill  to  give  to  England 

.1   Iristory  in  Paris,  by  which  means  it  was  the.  notice  reiiuisite  for  the  cessation  of  the 

M. '.y  distributed  through  France,  and  thence  joint  occupancy  of  Oregon.     After  leaving 

-rriiii  to  England  in  the  year  1654.    (See  Ba-  congress,  he  returned  to  the  practice  of  hia 

\Tis.| — The  wild  yam  (2>.  ctJi^oju,  Linn.)  is  a  profession  in  Alabama.    In  1846  he  was  ft 

rbLi'.'oouB    perennial  with  mostly  all«i'nate  member  of  the  national  democratic  convention 

■  ivos  or  nearly  opposite  6nes  in  fours,  heart-  which  mot  at  Baltimore  on  May  22  and  nomi- 
.  I'pil,  pointed,  with  B  to  11  ribs,  the  flowers  niited  Gen.  Cass  for  the  presidency,  and  iu  that 

I,,  greenish  yellow.    It  may  bo  found  in  body  offered  a  resolution  declaring  "that  tlie 

I'  ki.-ts  fi-otn  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  doctrine  of  non-interference  with  Uie  rights  of 

.'I'liward;   its  st^ms,  though  slender,  are  of  property  of  any  portion  of  the  people  of  this 

'id  i,T(iwth,  and  the  plant  is  very  pretty  in  confederacy,  be  it  in  the  states  or  territories 

...rdviis  if  it  is  trdncd  over  framework.     The  tliereof,  by  any  other  than  the  parties  interest- 

I'lMtocks  are  small,  knotted  and  matted  to-  ed  in  them,  Is  the  true  republican  doctrine, 

.■■■}ier,   and   of  no  known  value. — The  order  and  is  recognized  by  this  body."    This  resoln- 

■  ■■■'■orar.em  contains  some  other  geneva,  bnt  tion  was  rejected  by  216  nays  to  SS  yeoa.  Mr. 
n.-ir  inhers  are  of  less  value  to  man.  Tlioae  Yancey  was  afterward  a  zealous  opponent  of 
't  Mil-  Hottentots'  bread  {tatudinaria  elephan-  the  compromise  measures  passed  by  congress 

/"■I  have  a  hardy,  woody,  and  tessellated  ex-  iu  1650,  and,  now  become  known  as  one  of  the 

'jor,  which  the  natives   of  soathern  Africa  boldest  leadera  of  the  extreme  party  in  the 

'•■■ik  away  and  eat  the  pithy  substance  be-  South,  he  appeared  as  a  defender  of  the  repeal 

.irh,  when  pinched  by  hunger;   while  the  of  the  Missouri  restriction  and  of  the  efforts  for 

>"t-  of  the  black  bryony  (tamvt  communu)  of  the  introduction  of  slavery  into  Kansas  in  1664- 

i>ii'i;io  are  to  a  great  degree  acrid,  purgative,  '6.    In  Jane,  1856,  he  wrote  a  letter  which  was 

-'<!  emetic.  published  in  18G0,  declaring  that  no  i>arty  could 

V.\MA8KA,aS.W.  CO.  of  Canada  East,  ly-  save  the  Sonth,  "but  if  we  could  do  as  onr 

■\i  S.  of  Lake  St.  Peter,  an  expansion  of  the  fathers  did,  organize  committees  of  safety  all 

■^:.  Lawrence  ;  area,  283  aq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1661,  over  the  cotton  slates  (and  it  is  only  in  them 

'■■'■.">•■).    It  is  drained  by  tlie  Nicolet  St.  Fran-  that  we  oan  hone  for  any  offensive  movement), 

■ '-.  and  Yamoska  rivcra.     Capital,  Yamaska.  we  shall  Are  the  southern  heart,  instruct  the 

VAMHILL,  a  N.  W.  co.  of  Oregon,  bound-  southern  mind,  give  courage  to  each  other,  and 

'1  E.  by  the  Willamette  river;    area,  about  at  the  proper  moment,  by  one  organized  con- 

''•"  sij.  m. ;    pop.  in  1850,  1,612;  in  1860,  certed  action,  we  can  precipitate  the  cotton 

-1~i.     The  surface  is   undulating  and  the  states  into  revolution."     in  accordance  with 

'■'il.  particularly  of  the  E.  part,  very  fertUe.  the  spirit  of  this  letter,  ho  urged  in  1659  that 

'n  \K,Q  (since  which  the  area  has  been  re-  tlie  legislature  of  Alabama  should  pass  an  act 

''||- (1  about  one  half)  the  productions  we.'e  requiring  the  governor  to  call  a  convention  of 

--'.i')3  bushels  of  wheal,  6,fl88  of  oats,  1,627  the  people  in  the  event  of  the  election  of  the 

"1  ["'latoes,  34,505  lbs.  of  butter,  and  3,301  of  republican  candidate  for  the  preaidency  in  I860. 

'"■"A.    Capital,  Lafavette.  He  was  a  member  of  the  democratic  national 

^  VASCEY,  a  N.  W.  co.  of  North  Carolina,  convention  which   met  at  Charleston  April 

"nlcring  on  Tennessee,  and  drained  by  the  23,  1800,  and  withdrew  along  with  the  other 

^■'llii'liucky  river;  area,  about  1,000  eq.  m.;  delegates  from  Alabama,  signing  with  them  a 

l;I'-  in  1800,  8,655,  of  whom  362  were  slaves,  protest  sotting  forth  that  they  withdrew  he- 

■' ■  •^iirfiico  is  mountainous,  and  lies  between  cause  the  convention  had  refused  to  incorporate 

^'■'"1  mountain  and  the  Blue  ridge.    Mt.  Mitch-  in  its  platform  a  declaration  denying  to  the 

;"  iii'lie8.E.part,isabont6,500feetabovethe  people  of  a  territory  any  jHiwer  to  legislate 

■^^  "I  of  the  sea.    The  productions  in  1850  were  against  slavery,  and  affirming  the  duty  of  the 

-;;'ji*lfi  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  122,544of  oats,  federal  government  to  protect  the  owner  of 

^'  142  lbs.  of  butler,  and  1,191   tons  of  hay.  slaves  in  the  enjoyment  of  bis  property  in  the 

^'■'-K  were  4  saw  mills,  28  churches,  and  1,600  territories  so  long  aa  they  remain  such.    Mr. 


596  YANG-TSE-KIAlirG 

Yancey  afterward  took  part  in  the  proceedings  a  point  some  76  m.  below  Nan-king,  where  H 

of  the  new  convention  composed  mainly  of  del-  once  more  tarns  S.  E.,  and  finally  discbam? 

egations  which,  following  the  example  of  the  its  waters  through  an  estuary  80  m.  wide  into 

representatives  of  Alabama,  had  withdrawn  the  Pacific,  in  lat.  82**  N.,  long.  121'  E.,  m 

from  the  democratic  national  convention,  and  m.  B.  of  the  month  of  the  Hoang-ho,  its  toh! 

by  breaking  up  the  democratic  party  rendered  length  being  about  3,000  m.    It  traverses  or 

certain  the  election  of  the  republican  candidate  touches  upon  the  provinces  of  Yun-nao,  SediJh 

for  the  presidency.    He  not  only  shared  in  the  en,  Hu-peh,  Eiang-si,  Ngan^hoei,  and  Kiasc- 

nomination  of  Mr.  Breckinridge  by  this  seced-  sn.    In  1858  Commander  John  Ward,  of  E  R 

ing  convention,  but  advocated  his  election  be-  M.  gun  boat  Dove,  forming  part  of  a  sqaadpon 

fore  the  people.    In  the  autumn  of  1860  he  with  Lord  Elgin  on  board,  surveyed  it  fro^ 

delivered  a  speech  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  Wu-sung  at  its  mouth  to  Han-kow,  lat.  W 

which  he  surprised  his  hearers  by  the  modera-  88',  long.  114^  20',  a  distance  of  823^  m.  Is 

tion  of  his  language,  and  his  advocating  union  Feb.  1861,  an  English  squadron  under  Admirsl 

of  all  other  parties  for  the  defeat  of  Mr.  Lin-  Sir  James  Hope  ascended  as  far  as  To-cbo«^, 

coin.    On  Dec.  24,  1860,  he  was  elected  a  at  the  mouth  of  Tung-ting  lake,  lat.  29'  iT 

member  of  the  convention  of  Alabama,  which  2",  long.  112°  60'  5".    On  board  this  squadron 

met  at  Montgomery  Jan.  7, 1861.    He  reported  were  four  travellers,  Lieut.  OoL  Sarel  of  the 

the  ordinance  of  secession,  which  was  passed  17th  hussars,  Capt.  Blakiston  of  the  royal  sr- 

Jan.  14.    On  Feb.  27  he  was  appointed  a  com-  tillery,  Dr.  Barton  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Schere?- 

missioner  to  present  to  the  governments  of  chewsky,  American  missionaries,  who,  oc  i 

Europe  the  claim  of  the  confederate  states  to  Chinese  junk,  explored   the   stream  Tipward 

be  recognized  as  an  independent  government,  as  far  as  Ping-shan,  on  the  iW>ntier  of  tLe 

and  went  to  the  scene  of  his  labors  in  March,  Chinese  empire,  but  were  able  to  penetrate 

by  way  of  New  York.    Being  elected  in  Nov.  no  further,  as  they  could  not  pass  among  tht 

1861,  as  a  senator  from  Alabama  in  the  confed-  barbarous  and  independent  Mow-tsi,  who  occq- 

erate  congress,  he  came  home  in  Feb.  1862,  by  py  the  country  above  that  point  and  speak  s 

way  of  Nassau  and  Tampa  bay,  successfully  language  different  from  the  Chinese.   Thij 

evading  the  federal  blockade,  and  soon  after-  were  told  that  about  85  m.  above  there  vss  i 

ward  delivered  a  speech  in  New  Orleans,  taking  cataract.    The  shores  there  are  mountaiDois 

a  discouraging  view  of  the  confederate  pros-  and  some  20  m.  above  there  is  a  coal  regi^:: 

pects  as  far  as  foreign  aid  was  concerned,  and  18  m.  wide,  where  coal  of  good  quality  is  ei- 

saying  that  the  nations  of  Europe  were  radically  tracted  in  large  quantities  and  carried  dor?. 

hostile  to  slavery.    The  same  opinions  he  sub-  the  river  in  flat  boats.    The  stream  in  this  part 

sequently  expressed  in  a  speech  at  Montgomery,  is  250  yards  wide,  and  for  a  space  of  BO  m.. 

He  took  his  seat  as  a  senator  in  March,  and  was  except  between  Eweichow  and  I-chang  (lat.  SO' 

desired  by  the  opposition  to  President  Davis  to  41'  5",  long.  Ill**  8',  400  m.  above  Han-koTr\ 

lead  them,  but  declined  that  post.  where  there  are  obstructions,  which  howerer 

YANG-TSE-KI ANG  (Chinese,  "  son  of  the  are  not  insurmountable,  it  is  navigable  tie 

ocean"),  the  chief  river  of  Asia,  its  course  ly-  whole  distance  to  its  mouth,  1,800  m.  Tlio 

ing  in  the  Chinese  empire,  between  that  of  the  first  important  affluent  below  Ping-sham  tbe 

Hoang-ho  in  the  N.  and  that  of  the  Si-kiang  Min,  navigable  to  Kia-ding,  100  m.  from  it' 

in  the  8.    The  main  stream,  according  to  Lieut,  mouth,  enters  from  the  N.  at  Su-chow,  where 

Col.  Sarel,  takes  the  name  of  Yang-tse  at  the  tiie  Yang-tse  becomes  600  yards  wide,  irith  v*^ 

city  of  8oo-chow,  lat.  28°  46'  6"  N.,  long.  105°  fathoms  of  water  and  a  current  of  5i  m.s^ 

7'  E. ;  above  that  point  it  is  known  as  the  Kin-  hour.    Su-chow  is  a  large  town  in  the  mioji 

cha-kiang,  or  Gold  river,  gold  being  washed  of  a  fertile  country  producing  silk,  wax,  lobac 

from  its  sands ;  but  according  to  Mr.  Oliphant,  co,  and  green  tea.     Chun-king,  also  on  the 

it  is  known  as  Yang-tse-kiang  only  below  the  N.  shore,  200  m.  below,  at  the  mouth  of  tV 

grand  canal,  a  distance  of  182  m. ;  and  above  Ho-chow,  lat.  29**  88'  8",  long.  lOr  5\  fe  the 

that  point  its  name  is  Ta-kiang,  the  great  river,  most  important  city  of  western  China, « f'^^'' 

Its  origin  is  not  well  ascertained,  but  according  fled  with  a  wall  of  stone,  and  has  a  popo1atip« 

to  the  best  authorities  it  rises  in  three  small  of  200,000. '  In  this  region  great  quantities  of 

streams  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  Bayan  Kara,  about  opium  are  raised ;  cotton,  tobacco,  sogar,  rij^» 

long.  89**,  in  Thibet,  which  combine  to  form  the  saffron,  and  maize  are  also  extensirclT  cnin- 

Mnrusussu,  which  flows  E.  and  8.  E.  for  about  vated.    Between  Chun-king  and  Si  George  > 

1,200  m.,  until  at  a  point  some  distance  W.  of  idand,  76  m.,  the  travellers  saw  nothing  ba^ 

the  Chinese  frontier,  in  about  lat.  28°  N.  and  poppy  fields  on  both  sides  of  the  river.  Abo^e 

long.  102°  80'  E.,  it  is  joined  by  the  Ya-lang-  Kwei-chow  the  stream  is  from  200  yards  to  i 

kiang,  a  river  600  m.  long  rising  in  the  Pe-ling  of  a  mile  wide ;  but  in  the  rapids  Mow  'tt  i^ 

mountains,  after  which  it  fiows  N.  E.  until  sometimes  only  80  yards  wide,  with  rockj 

about  long.  IIO**,  whence  it  pursues  a  8.  E.  shores  1,000  feet  high.    Below  I-diang  tk 

course  to  Tung-ting  lake,  and  then  makes  an-  country  is  mountainous  and  romantif.  J^^ 

other  stretch  to  the  N.  E.  and  again  bends  river  now  becomes  from  4  to  17  fethomMf^'? 

southwardly  to  Po-yang  lake,  when  it  once  and  800  or  900  yards  wide.    The  great  citj  of 

more  takes  a  N.  E.  course  until  it  has  reached  l^ahsz',  pop.  800,000,  is  situated  on  the  If.sbore, 


598                    YAROSLAV  YAWNING 

form  aot.    The  harbor,  built  and  maintaiiied  27, 1788,  died  Sept.  9, 1801.    He  ▼asedocatod 

at  great  expense  and  defended  by  coast  batte-  and  studied  law  in  New  York  dtj,  and  after 

ries.  is  accessible  to  vessels  of  200  tons ;  beside  his  admission  to  the  bar  settled  in  Alltanj, 

fishing  smacks,  more  than  500  vessels  belong  to  where  at  the  commencement  of  the  rerola- 

the  port.    The  trade  is  principallj-  with  the  N.  tionary^  troubles  he  was  a  membw  of  the  eooi- 

of  Europe  and  tho  Mediterranean.    In  one  year  mittee  of  public  safety.     Soon  afterward  b< 

85,000  bbls.  of  herring  and  mackerel  have  been  was  elected  a  member  of  the  proTinciil  cob- 

cured  here.    Ship  building  is  carried  on,  and  gress  of  New  York.    He  was  a  member  of  the 

orapes  and  other  silk  goods  are  manufactured,  convention  that  framed  the  constitation  of  hit 

The  borough  sends  two  members  to  parliament,  native  state,  in  1777  was  appointed  judge  of 

— ^The  site  of  Yarmouth  was  formerly  the  bed  of  the  supreme  court  of  New  York,  and  in  1>T 

an  estuary,  and  became  solid  ground  in  the  be-  was  a  member  of  the  convention  that  fnnt^ 

ginning  of  the  11th  century.    The  mouth  of  the  constitution  of  the  United  States.    Ei^ 

the  river  has  since  1850  been  diverted  about  4  notes  of  the  secret  proceedings  and  debates  oi 

m.  to  the  S.    In  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  a  wall  this  convention  were  printed  after  his  death. 

6,720  feet  long,  with  10  gates  and  16  towers.  In  1790  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the 

was  built  around  the  £.,  N.,  and  S.  sides  of  the  state  of  New  York.    On  his  retirement  frooi 

town.    The  remains  of  convents  destroyed  at  the  bench  in  1798  he  was  appointed  a  comniis' 

the  reformation  may  still  be  seen.  sioner  to  settle  disputed  titles  to  lands  in  the 

YAROSLAV.    See  Jaboslav.  military  tract,  an  office  which  he  held  ontil 

YABRELL,  William,  a  British  naturalist,  near  the  close  of  his  life, 

born  in  St.  Jameses,  Westminster,  in  June,  1784,  YATES,  Wiluam,  D.D.,  an  English  miaaos- 

died  in  Yarmouth,  Sept.  1,  1856.    He  was  a  ary,  bom   at   Loughborough,  Leicestershire, 

newspaper  agent,  and  became  a  naturalist  from  Dec.  16,  1792,  died  at  sea,  July  8, 1845.  He 

being  a  sportsman.    In  1824  he  was  chosen  a  studied  for  the  nunistry  of  the  Baptist  choret 

member  of  the  linnsean  society,  and  henceforth  at  Bristol  college,  was  ordained  in  Aug.  1614. 

constantly  contributed  to  its  "Transactions^'  and  sailed  for  Calcutta,  April  16,  1815.  H« 

and  to  other  periodical  publications  on  natural  settled  at  Serampore,  preaching  and  miitm 

history.    He  was  the  first  to  prove  that  the  Dr.  Oarey  in  the  work  of  tr^ialation,  &tt«r 

whitebait  is  a  distinct  species  of  fish,  and  not  whose  death  he  devoted  himself  entirely  to  tk 

the  young  of  the  shad  or  herring.    Beside  some  latter  employment.    In  1827  he  vistc^  Eog- 

70  monographs  on  almost  every  department  land,  taking  America  in  his  route,  and  retomed 

of  zoology,  he  wrote  *'  The  History  of  British  to  India  in  1829.    In  1846  he  embarked  i^ 

Fishes"  (2  vols.  8vo.,  1886 ;  2d  ed.,  1854),  and  for  England,  on  account  of  his  health,  bat  died 

"  The  History  of  British  Birds"  (2  vols.,  1848).  on  the  passage  up  the  Bed  sea.    He  translated 

YABROW,  a  river  of  Selkirkshire,  Scotland,  the  whole  Bible  into  Bengalee;  the  New  Testa- 

celebrated  in  poetry.    ItrisesatYarrow-cleugh  ment,  the  Pentateuch,  Job,  the  Psalms,  tJbe 

1^  m.  E.  from  Loch  Skene,  and  pursues  a  gen-  Proverbs,  the  Song  of  Solomon,  Ecdesiastes. 

eral  E.  N.  E.  course  of  25  m.,  fiowing  through  Isaiah,  and  Daniel  into  Sanscrit ;  and  the  Xer 

Lochs  Lowes  and  St.  Mary,  and  uniting  with  Testament  into  Hindee  and  Hindostanee.  He 

the  Ettrick,  a  tributary  of  the  Tweed,  1^  m.  also  prepared  in  Sanscrit  a  dictionary,  grammar, 

above  Selkirk.    On  its  banks  are  the  ruins  of  vocabulary,  several  school  books,  and  an  ei- 

Newark  castle,  and  Bowhill,  the  seat  of  the  purgated  edition  of  the  Hitapadeaa  and  3^2^ 

duke  of  Bucdench.    The  current  of  the  Yarrow  day  a  ;  numerous  school  books  in  Hindee.  His- 

is  fierce  and  precipitous.    It  receives  about  40  dostanee,  Arabic,  and  Bengalee ;  and  traiuU- 

small  tributaries.  tions  of  Bunyan^s  "  Pilgrim^s  Progress"  and 

YATES,  a  W.  co.  of  New  York,  bounded  E.  Baxter's  "  Call  to  the  Unconverted."    hi  Eng 

by  Seneca  lake,  and  partly  on  the  S.  W»  by  lish  he  published  a  series  of  essays  in  rcplj  to 

Oanandaigua  and  Crooked  lakes,  the  latter  of  Kammohun  Roy;  *^ Memoirs  of  ChamberlaiD;'' 

which  extends  half  way  across  the  centre  of  "  Memoirs  of  Rev.  Samuel  Pearce ;''  and  ser- 

the  county;  area,  1,870  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  eral  philological  essays,  on  Hindostanee  psr- 

20,291.    The  surface  is  generally  undulating  tides  and  tne  theory  of  the  Hebrew  verK 

or  hilly,  and  the  soil  is  a  fertile  sandy  loam.  The  East  India  company,  4  or  5  years  befor<e 

The  productions  in  1855  were  187,082  bushels  his  death,  offered  him  a  salary  of  $6,000  a  year 

of  wheat,  174,181  of  Indian  com,  160,457  of  if  he  would  enter  their  service  and  pr^ 

oats,  152,184  of  barley,  57,912  of  potatoes,  text  books  for  the  government  sohcxJs;  aod 

148,778  ofapples,  717,259  lbs.  of  butter,  259,401  when  this  was  refused,  $3,000  a  year  if  1^^ 

of  wool,  245,000  of  flax,  and  15,850  tons  of  hay.  would  spend  half  his  time  in  their  serrioa 

There  were  15  grist  mills,  19  saw  mills,  6  iron  which  he  also  refiised,  though  never  receinn^ 

fhrnaces,  48  churches,  3  newspaper  offices,  and  half  that  salary  as  a  missionary. 

7,586  pupils  attending  public  schools.    Iron  ore  YAUPON.    See  Holly. 

is  found.    The  county  is  intersected  by  the  El-  YAWNING,  a  well  known  modificatioa  of 

mira  and  Oanandaigua  railroad,  and  by  the  the  respiratory  movements,  being  a  deep  ia^' 

Crooked  lake  canal.    Capital,  Penn  Yan.  ration,  accompanied  by  a  kind  of  spasmodic 

YATES,  RoBBBT,  an  American  statesman  contraction  of  the  muscles  of  the  jaws,  greaj 

and  Jurist,  born  in  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  elevation  of  the  ribs  and  shoulder  blades,  and 


■,  ;-l\ort  expirations,  with  more  or  less  inartio-  earth  has  not  jet  arrived  at  the  Bamo  point  in 

:  -.lo  voc^al   accompaniments.     Though  gener-  its  annual  revolution  at  which  it  was  at  the 

iy    involuTitary,  it  may  b«  performed  by  the  preceding  equinox,  and  the  sun,  as  a  conse- 

-T'Tt  of  tbe  will,  and  is  particularly  liable  to  qnence,  has  not  completed  its  apparent  circuit 

,■    exoited    by  the  sight   of  others  yawning,  among  the  fixed  stars,  i.  e,,  througli  the  signs  of 

-.   is  Bometimcs  in  disease  a  symptom  of  defi-  tbe  zodiac.    Tbe  period  required  by  the  sun  to 

IfPt  ai-rntion  of  the  blood;  the  nervous  centre  move  from  a  given  star  to  the  some  star  again 

-  tiie  medulla  oblongata.  is  thus  longer  than  the  tropical  year,  and  is 

YA.ZIKOFF.    SeoJiziKOFP.  called  the  sidereal  year,    lis  mean  length  is 

YAZOO,   a  river  of  Mississippi,  formed  by  86u.25fi3ei2  mean  Bolar  days,  or  865d,  6h. 

'  lie  Juuction  of  the  Tallahatciiie  and  Yallo-  9m.  S.Cs.    Agnin,  the  perigee,  or  tliat  point  in 

.■■.i-,\\A  rivers  at  Leflore  in  Carroll  co.    From  the  earth's  orbit  in  wliicli  it  is  nearest  tbe  sun, 

'he  junction  it  pnrsiiea  a  serpentine  course,  advances  or  moves  forward,  so  that  tbe  earth  is 

,■<  ni^rully  bearing  S.  W,,  till  it  enters  the  Mis-  in  fact  longer  in  returning  to  the  perigee  than 

•i--ilipi  13  III.  above  Vicksburg.    Its  length  is  either  of  the  periods  now  named.    The  year 

-^^•.\i  to  be  about  290  m.    It  is  a  very  narrow,  as  determined  by  a  return  to  the  perigee  is 

.\i  e\.,  eluirgisb  stream,  flowing  through  a  rich  termed  the  anomalistic  year ;  and  its  length  is 

aliiivinl  country,  and  is  navijfable  through  its  860.2595931  mean  solar  days,  or  365d.  eh.  13m. 

wliole  extent.    Its  largest  branch,  the  Talla-  49.8a,  The  sidereal  and  anomalislic  yeara  have 

\i;LT'-\>\e.  is  navigable  for  100  m.  above  its  jonc-  an  astronomical  importance  maiuly ;  the  year 

ti'>u  with  the  Yallobnsha.  intended,  when  no  distinctive  term  is  applied, 

YAZOO,  n  W.  CO.  of  Mississippi,  bonnded  S.  being  always  the  tropical  or  civil.    The  length 

K.  by  Big  Black  river,  and  intersected  hy  the  of  the  anomalistic  year  does  not  sensibly  vary ; 

^  luoo  ;  aren,  6G0  aq.  m. ;  pop.  in  18G0,  22,ST3,  the  sidereal  and  tropical  years,  however,  slow- 

"1'  whom  16,716  were  alaves.    The  surface  is  ly  change,  the  changes  depending  primarily  oh 

U'vel.  and  the  soil  a  rich  alluviimi.    The  pro-  the  facts  that  the  yearly  precession  is  increas- 

liiiciions  in  18-50  were  556,605  bushels  of  In-  ing,  but  also  at  a  variable  rate.   Laplace,  whose 

■Vi-.in  corn,  1S8,2T2  of  sweet  potatoes,  and  22,-  estimate   of  tbo   tropical   year  is   tliat  above 

i<-i^  bales  of  cotton.    There  were  14  churches,  given,  concludes  that  its  length  ia  notv  IS  sec- 

and  543  papils  attending  public  schools.    Oapi-  onds  less  than  in  the  time  of  liipparchus.    The 

tal.  Ynzoo  Uity.  lengths   of   the  four  seasons,    astronomically 

YEAR,  a  period  of  time  well  known  within  measured,  are  very  nearly  aa  follows :  from  the 

and  near  the  temperate  zones  of  tlie  earth  as  vernal   equinox   to  the  summer  solstice,  62d. 

tb^t  in  which  the  four  aeasonsrun  through  their  223h. ;  from  the  latter  to  the  autumnal  eqni- 

course,   and  indicated  u|ion  all   parts   of  the  noi,  98d.  ISjh.;  from  this  to  the  winter  Bol- 

eunh'ssurfaceby  theapparentretom  ofthesun  stice,  89d,   ICih. ;    tcom  this  to  the  vernal 

at  midday  to  the  same  position  in  the  heavens,  eqiiinos,  89d,  )  jb.    For  an  account  of  the  years 

&!■  from  its  place  at  our  summer  or  winter  to\-  and  calendars  of  diifercnt  nations,  see  Calek- 

Biicc  forth  and  back  to  the  same  place  again,  and  dab  and  Chroxologt. — The  further  purpose 

the  length  of  which  period  corresponda  nearly  of  the  present  article  is  merely  to  trace  tbe  suc- 

tu  (lie  time  of  365}-  diurnal  revolutions  of  the  cessive  steps  in  the  adaptation  of  the  mode  of 

enrth,  t.e.,  days.    For  the  astronomical  prin-  reckoning  which  has  become  adopted  hy  moat 

rtliles  that  determine  or  eiplain  many  of  the  civilized  nations  to  the  tropical  year,  this  mode 

taints  in  relation  to  the  year,  see  Astbonomv,  being  directly  derived  from  the  calender  of  the 

t-rs,  Moos,  PBECESsros,  and  Nt;TATios. — The  early  Romans,    Obviously,  the  aim  in  attempt- 

yi-ar.  as  just  defined,  or  that  in  which  the  sun,  ing  to  devise  a  perfect  calendar  must  be  to  ur- 

Wq  having  its  place  over  either  tropic,  moves  rive  at  a  system  by  which  the  tropical  year 

to  the  other  and  returns,  or  (what  is  the  same  shall   be   as  nearly   represented    as   possible, 

thing)  starting  from  tbe  equator  at  the  vernal  while  yet  the  relations  of  the  respective  days 

equinox  of  onr  hemisphere  performs  its  com-  and  months  to  the  seasons  orpnrtu  of  the  year 

I'lele  circuit   to   the  vernal  equinoi  again,  is,  shall  be  maintained  through  the  longest  pe- 

(rnTn  the  circumatance  by  which  it  is  thus  de-  riods  of  time.  And  although,  since  the  earliest 

fined,  termed  the  tropical  year;  and  becau?e  attempts  at  accomplishing  these  objects,  some 

thii  is  the  period  recognized  in  legislation  and  irregular  and  arbitrary  changes  were  during  a 

hitory  as  the  year,  it  is  also  called  the  civil  long  period  introduced  into  the  reckoning  of 

rtar.    Its  mean  length  ia  865.2422414  mean  time  in  different  European  countries,  the  gen- 

H'Im  days,  or  385d.  5b.  48m.  49.7s.    But  be-  eral  tendency  has  still  been  toward  the  altnin- 

fanse  the  point  in  which  the  sun's  apparent  mcnt  of  the  original  purpose  and  a  nnifor- 

I>^th  in  the  heavens  (the  ecliptic)  intersects  the  mity  of  calendar.     The  chief  dithcuity  in  the 

«inator  at  either  equinox,  the  vernal  for  ex-  way  of  einctly  conforming  the  circuit  of  the 

*Tle.  is  every  year  somewhat  anticipated,  or  months  lo  the  tropical  year,  has  consisted  in 

■Doves  slowly  backward  along  the  equator,  so  the  eitremely  incommensurable  fraction  of  a 

uiU  in  reality  the  sun  comes  to  the  equator  day  over  the  SG5  which  Ilie  natural  year  pre- 


600  YEAR 

sents.    For  convenienoe,  the  civil  year  must  Julian  calendal*  was  thus  ihst  it  madA 
begin  with  a  day,  and  must  contain  some  nnm-  year  11m.  10.8s.  too  long,    lliis  excess  would 
ber  of  complete  days.    Bnt  if  any  number  of  amount  in  400  years  to  Sbont  8  days.    At  tfa« 
complete  days  is  maintained  invariable,  the  ef-  like  rate,  in  24,000  years  midsummer  wooid 
feet  must  be  in  time  that  the  days  and  months  occur  in  December,  and  midwinter  in  June. 
gain  or  lose  on  the  seasons,  and  the  latter  are,  The  desirableness  of  such  a  correetiDn  of  tii« 
during  the  lapse  of  long  periods,  thrown  sue-  calendar  as  would  keep  the  religioos  festivali 
cessively  into   all   parts  of  the   civil  year,  in  the  same  part  of  the  tropical  year,  that  is,  in 
Such  was  the  want  of  harmony  between  the  the  same  season,  as  that  in  wlueh  thtej  were 
early  Roman  civil  year  and  the  tropical,  that  fixed  by  the  council  of  Nice,  A.  D.  825,  had 
in  the  time  of  Julius  OsBsar  the  months  in  been  for  some  time  discussed,  before  it  wtf 
which  spring  occurred  were  those  originally  finally  decided  on  by  Gregory  XUh^  under  an- 
belonging  to  the  season  of  summer.  Historians  thority  of  the  council  of  Trent    The  Gregorian 
have  variously  stated  the  original  Roman  year  reformation,  at  once  accepted  in  Italy  and  Spain. 
to  have  contained  12  and  10  months.    The  lat-  omitted  from  the  calendar  of  the  year  15&  10 
ter  was  probably  at  first  the  real  number.    Thi^  days  (the  excess  since  825,  the  previous  acemni^ 
year,  as  fixed  by  Numa  or  Tarquin,  is  said  to  lation  being  rejected),  corresponding'  to  Oct  6- 
have  consisted  of  855  days.    It  began  with  the  14  inclusive,  so  that  the  day  foUo wing  the  4tii  of 
month  Martius  (Ifarch),  and  the  5th  and  6th  that  month  was  reckoned  the  15th.    Jbi  France. 
months  in  it  were  called  Quinctilis  and  Sextilis.  England,  and  other  countries,  this  change  wis 
According  to  some  authorities,  the  decemvirs  not  adopted  until  later;  in  Russia  it  has  not  jet 
endeavored  to  correct  the  variation  which  was  been  made.    In  England  it  took  place  in  8epi 
growing  up  between  the  civil  and  the  tropical  1752,  the  day  following  the  2d  of  that  mwirtib 
year ;  but  the  purpose,  if  undertaken,  appears  being  reckoned  the  14th,  since  the  excess  tt 
not   to  have  been  accomplished.    Meantime,  that  time  amounted  to  11  days.    The  time  of 
however,  the  months  Januarius  andFebruarius  this  change,  for  all  the  countries  in  whkh  it 
had  been  introduced,  making   the   year   12  has  been  made,  constitutes  the  transition  from 
months  in  length ;  but  the  beginning  of  the  "  old  style^*  to  "  new  style" — ^the  distinetioa 
year,  which  was  intended  to  occur  at  die  win-  being  made  as  a  reminder  of  the  condition  nn- 
ter  solstice,  had  receded,  until  in  Csesar^s  time  der  which  only  can  dates  before  and  after  the 
it  actudly  took  place  some  70  days  previously,  change  be  strictly  compared.  Thongh  the  change 
It  was  both  this  irregularity  and  its  source  that  now  described  sufficed  very  nearly  to  correct  the 
Osdsar,  aided  by  the  astronomer  Bosigenes,  un-  whole  excess  in  the  reckoning  of  time  th» 
dertook  in  the  46th  year  B.  0.  to  correct.  Add-  past,  it  was  necessary  to  devise  the  n>e«ns  of 
ing  to  the  current  year  the  number  of  days  exact  correction  for  the  future  also.     A  second 
requisite  to  extend  it  to  the  winter  solstice,  feature  of  the  Gregorian  reformation  was  di- 
and,  it  appears,  about  10  days  beyond,  he  or-  rected  to  this  end.    To  accomplish  this,  whik 
dered  that  its  length  should  accordingly  be  445  as  the  rule  every  year  evenly  divisible  by  4  wts 
days ;  the  next  year  and  all  following  were  to  continue  a  leap  year,  the  excess  in  the  length 
to  have  the  length  of  865}  days,  but  for  con-  of  the  year  corresponding  very  nearly  to  8  dan 
venience  the  fraction  was  to  be  introduced  in  in  400  years,  it  was  ordered  that  8  of  every' 4 
form  of  an  additional  day  every  4th  year.    In  centurial  years  should  not  be  counted  k&p 
commemoration  of  his  connection  with  this  years,  or  that  the  centurial  years  should  be  leap 
change  he  altered  the  name  of  the  month  Quinc-  years  only  when  the  fibres  in  their  number 
tills  to  Julius.    The  pontifices  who  subsequent-  preceding  the  00  are  divisible  by  4.    Thus,  the 
ly  enforced  CsBsar^s  rule,  mistaking  his  inten-  year  1600  was  a  leap  year,  and  the  year  2000 
tion,  added   the   intercalary  day  every  4th  is  to  be  such ;  the  years  1700,  1800,  and  1900 
year  counting  inclusively,  namely,  on  the  4th,  are  not  leap  years.    The  deviation  of  the  Julian 
7th,  10th,  and  so  on ;  and  they  had  thus  in-  calendar  from  the  true  year  went  on  ateadilj 
serted  8  days  too  much,  when  Augustus,  in  8  from  the  first,  and  until,  for  each  country  adopfr- 
B.  0.,  interi^red  to  correct  the  error.    He  di-  ing  the  Gregorian  reformation,  it  was  correct- 
rected  that  the  next  8  intercalary  days,  or  bis-  ed.    Of  course,  after  the  change  from  O.  S.  to 
sextiles,  should   be   omitted ;   and   that   the  N.  S.  in  any  coimtry,  the  omitted  centurial  leap 
years  corresponding  to  the  series  5,  9,  18,  &c.,  years  prevent  any  sensible  variation  of  the  cal- 
from  the  date  of  the  Julian  reformation  should  endar  from  the  tropical  year ;  and  for  therecoodf 
thenceforward  be  the  bissextile  or  leap  years  of  each  country,  ever  after  such  time,  the  niun- 
— ^these  falling  in  the  present  reckoning  from  ber  of  days*  difference  between  old  and  new 
the  Ohristian  era,  as  is  well  known,  on  the  style  remains  unchanged.    The  requirement  to 
numbers  which  are  evenly  divisible  by  4.    He  reconcile  old  and  new  style  dates,  or  reduce  the 
also  transferred  to  the  month  Sextilis  a  81st  former  to  the  latter,  may  ran  forward  ind^- 
day,  and  changed  its  name  to  Augustus.    The  nitely  while  our  present  mode  of  reckoning  coo- 
Roman   months  were   then  Januarius,  Feb-  tinues.    The  need  of  reconciling  the  two  styles 
ruarius,  Martius,  Aprilis,  Mains,  Junius,  Ju-  actually  runs  back  also  from  the  time  of  the 
lius,  Augustus,  September,  October,  Novem-  Gregorian  reformation  to  the  date  of  the  coon- 
ber,  December — names  in  which  the  origin  of  cil  of  Nice,  A.  D.  825,  the  correction  regularly 
our  own  is  very  obvious.    The  error  of  the  diminishing,  from  10  days  in  and  near  1562,  to 


602        YEAST  PLANT  YEDDO 

opposition;  the  faculty  of  medicine  declared  it  bay*  is  ^  m.  lon^  and  as  many  vide,  and  is  so 

prejudicial  to  health,  and  its  use  was  prohibited  shallow  that  ships  of  large  draught  caimot  ap- 

nnder  severe  penalties.    The  bakers,  however,  proach  within  5  m.  of  tiie  shore.    Five  fom 

persisted  in  using  it,  importing  it  secretly  in  a  of  earth  faced  with  stone  and  armed  with 

solid  form ;  and  Sie  superiority  of  yeast  bread  heavy  guns  have  been  constructed  on  t  shoal 

finally  became  evident  to  all,  and  the  prohibi-  which  stretches  in  front  of  the  city  at  the  dk- 

tory  laws  by  degrees  fell  into  oblivion.    At  tance  of  a  mile  and  a  hal£    The  visitor  arrir- 

present  it  appears  to  be  used  in  every  civilized  ing  by  water  perceives  few  in^cations  of  m 

country,  and  notwithstanding  the  multitude  of  approach  to  a  great  city.    No  wharfii  are  Ee«fi 

substitutes  which  have  been  proposed,  some  crowded  with  ships,  and  the  harbor  usoallj 

acting  like  it  as  a  ferment,  and  some  merely  in-  displays  only  a  few  junks  and  a  small  fleet  i 

flating  the  bread,  none  has  yet  generally  super-  fishing  boats.    Picturesque  spots  along  tbeW 

seded  it  for  tlie  manufacture  of  bread  of  the  are  occupied  by  tea  houses  and  other  places  o^ 

best  quality.    The  invention  of  Prof.  Horsford,  pleasure  resort.    The  few  elevations  thstbrc«k 

of  Harvard  university,  however,  which  consists  the  level  of  the  plain  on  which  the  citr  k 

in  forcing  carbonic  acid  gas  into  the  dough  under  built  are  occupied  by  temples  whose  higb  w&lL 

Eressure,  the  expansion  of  which  renders  the  and  peaked  roofs  are  begirt  with  hedge  ron 

read  spongy,  is  now  coming  into  extensive  and  embosomed  in  the  shade  of  overhaogiag 

use,  and  bids  fair  to  take  the  place  of  yeast  in  trees,  while  here  and  there  from  the  ma»  i 

a  great  measure  for  the  manufacture  of  bread  on  common  dwellings  arise  the  white-walled  cas- 

a  large  scale.    Its  products,  known  as  "  patent  ties  or  palaces  of  the  princes  of  the  empire. 

aerated  bread,'' are  of  most  excellent  quality.  The  0-oka,  or  '^  great  river,"  enters  Yedde 

In  warm  climates,  where  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  from  the  W.  and  flows  through  it  into  the  har- 

or  preserve  yeast,  other  ferments  are  substituted,  bor.   Numerous  canals  diverge  from  it  to  ererj 

In  the  East  Indies  ^^  toddy,''  or  the  fresh  juice  part  of  the  city.     Wooden  bridges  cross  the 

of  the  cocoanut,  is  used,  and  in  the  West  Indies  river  and  the  canals  at  long  intervals,  ooe  of 

"  dnnder,"  which  is  a  liquor  remaining  after  which,  called  Ntppon^baa,  or  "the  bridge  of 

the  distillation  of  rum. — ^In  medicine,  yeast  has  Japan,"  is  famous  as  the  starting  point  from 

been  employed  with  advantage  as  a  remedy  in  which  distances  are  measured  to  all  parts  of  the 

low  fevers  of  a  typhoid  character  and  in  hectic  country.     The  city,  including  its  subnrba  of 

fever,  but  is  not  much  used,  as  its  tonic  and  Sinagawa  and  Omagawa,  extends  from  £.  to  W. 

stimulating  effects  may  be  more  conveniently  about  16  m.,  with  an  average  breadth  of  8dl 

obtained.    In  diabetes,  and  internally  for  boUs,  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  known  to  foreigo- 

it  has  also  proved  useful.    Externally  applied,  ers  only  by  estimate,  but  the  latest  and  most  io- 

it  is  very  useful  in  cases  of  foul  and  sloughing  telligent  observers  are  of  opinion  that  it  caonot 

ulcers,  the  fetor  of  which  it  corrects,  while  it  be  less  than  3,000,000.    The  houses  are  iDO>tlT 

affords  a  gentle  stimulus  to  the  debilitated  ves-  of  wood,  stone  and  brick  being  used  as  little  tf 

sels,  and  is  generally  employed  mixed  with  flour  possible  in  consequence  of  uie  freqaencj  of 

in  the  form  of  a  poultice.  earthquakes.    The  streets  are  broad  and  cleazk 

YEAST  PLANT.    During  the  active  fermen-  being  swept  several  times  a  day.    Sewerage  s 

tation  of  beer,  if  a  minute  quantity  of  the  scum  thoroughly  effected  by  well  paved  gutters  and 

which  rises  to  the  surface  be  examined  with  a  subterranean  conduits.     The  temples  ocropr 

powerful  microscope,  numerous  vesicles  will  be  with  their  pounds  nearly  one  fourth  of  the 

noticed,  which  are  either  single  or  joined  to-  city  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  and  to  thm 

gether  into  a  sort  of  necklace,  constituting  a  are  attached  a  numerous   priesthood.    The 

fungus  designated   by  Turpin  as  the  torula  most  celebrated  of  these  tuples  is  that  of 

eerevmcB;  and  while  the  fermentation  continues  Asaksa  Kanon,  to  which  pilgrims  resort  irc'is 

these  beaded  filaments  increase  rapidly  in  num-  the  most  distant  parts  of  Japan.    The  cater 

her  and  in  size.    This,  however,  is  no  more  gateway  of  this  shrine  is  a  massive  structure 

than  a  single  form  or  condition  of  a  fungus  of  heavy  timbers  supporting  an  elaboratelj  or* 

which  assumes  many  phases  in  its  development,  namented  tiled  roof.     The  second  gatevaj. 

Thus,  we  have  produced  from  the  torula  a  several  hundred  feet  beyond  the  first,  is  sdorn- 

growth  of  entangled  filaments  of  the  most  deli-  ed  with  sculptured  columns  and  gilded  friei^ 

cate  character,  which  in  subsequent  course  of  and  leads  into  a  spacious  court  pkmtedwitA 

development  have  become  an  aSrial-growing  immense  trees.    The  temple  itself  is  neithtf 

mould  known  as  penicillium  glaucum^  and  iden-  large  nor  magnificent,  but  is  built  of  wood  ftod 

tical  with  that  resulting  in  the  final  stages  of  painted  bright  red.    Massive  wooden  piU^ 

the  vinegar  plant.    (See  Vinboab  Plant.)  The  support  the  timber  roof,  the  ceiling  of  whi(^is 

yeast  plant  is  no  more,  then,  than  a  peculiar  paneUed  in  squares  of  color  and  gildiDg.  1°^ 

condition  of  mouldiness  found  in  various  sub-  residence  of  the  tycoon  is  a  sort  of  dtadel  or 

stances  undergoing  chemical  changes.  fortress,  several  miles  in  circu]nfereDee,enco^ 

YEDDO,  the  political  capital  of  Japan,  and  passed  by  moats  and  stone  walls,  and  connected 

the  residence  of  the  tycoon  or  secular  emperor,  by  drawbridges  with  the  surrounding  city.  » 

situated  on  the  S.  E.  side  of  the  island  of  Ni-  contains  a  number  of  palaces,  and  within  w 

phon,  in  lat.  85°  40',  at  the  head  of  a  bay  in  walls  are  lodged  troops,  officers,  and  retsfflfJJ 

the  N.  W.  angle  of  the  gulf  of  Teddo.    The  to  the  number  of  at  least  50,000  meo,  bew 


604  YELLOW  BIRD  YELLOW  FEVER 

ig  generally  distribnted  over  North  America,  than  hatch  out  a  stranger  whidi  instinct  t^Q* 

seldom  alighting  on  the  ground  ezoept  to  drink  her  will  destroy  her  young,  and  impose  a  heavy 

and  bathe ;  many  are  usually  seen  together,  burden  on  herself. 

feeding  on  the  seeds  of  hemp,  sunflowers^  let-  Y£LLOW-£Y£D  GRASS,  the  common  name 
tnce,  and  thistles,  and  sometimes  on  elder  and  of  a  species  of  the  genus  a^yrii,  composed  of  nc>h- 
other  berries ;  the  song  is  very  pleasing,  and  like  plants,  with  bright  yellow  flowers  produced 
for  this  OS  well  as  its  beauty,  sprightliness,  and  from  the  summit  of  a  naked  stem  (scape),  col- 
docility,  it  is  kept  in  cages;  it  is  familiar,  and  M)icuous  in  sandy  bogs  in  July  and  Angoit 
lives  for  years  in  confinement,  practising  many  The  yellow-eyed  grass  (X  bnlbasa,  Konthj  ha 
of  the  tricks  taught  to  canaries,  with  which  it  a  bulbous  root ;  grassy,  equitant,  narrov, 
will  breed.  Like  the  European  goldfinch,  it  linear,  twisted  leaves;  an  erect,  2-edg^ 
makes  its  nest  of  lichens  fastened  together  with  twisted  scape ;  roundish,  acute  heads,  supponr 
saliva,  and  lined  with  the  softest  substances  it  can  ing  a  number  of  small  yellow  flowers  project- 
procure  ;  it  is  a  small  and  very  neat  structure,  ing  from  between  the  scales ;  the  petals  Z, 
placed  in  an  alder,  poplar,  or  some  other  tree  ovate,  crenate,  hairy  within ;  stamens  6,  8  bf 
or  bush ;  the  eggs  are  4  to  6,  white  tinged  with  which  only  are  fertile,  and  the  style  3-cleft: 
bluish,  with  reddish  brown  spots  at  the  larger  pod  oblong,  free,  1-celled,  S-valved,  mtoT- 
end ;  one  brood  only  is  raised  in  a  season,  and  seeded.  Another  species  with  pretty  large 
the  young  follow  their  parents  a  long  time,  petals  (X  Caroliniana^  Walter)  occurs  near 
beinff  fed  from  their  mouths.  Sever^  other  the  sea  from  Rhode  Island  sonthward.  Tb« 
nearly  allied  species  are  described  in  vol.  iz.  X,  fmbriata  (Elliott),  a  plant  2  feet  high,  the 
of  the  Pacific  railroad  reports. — ^Tho  Suhmeb  divisions  of  its  calyx  conspicuously  fringed  on 
Ybixow  Bibd,  or  yellow-poll  warbler  (<2«n-  the  wing-margined  keel,  and  plumose  at  tb< 
droioa  cB8tita^  Baird),  is  of  about  the  same  size,  summit,  is  found  in  the  pine  barrens  of  Kev 
with  the  head  and  lower  parts  bright  yellow ;  Jersey  and  southward.  The  species  are  most- 
rest  of  upper  parts  yellowish  olivaceous,  the  ly  southern.  Dr.  Chapman  describing  18  foimd 
back,  breast,  and  sides  streaked  with  brownish  in  the  southern  United  States. 
red ;  tail  bright  yellow,  with  the  outer  webs  .  YELLOW  FEVER,  an  acute  febrile  disetfe, 
and  tips  brown ;  2  yellow  bands  on  the  wings ;  of  comparatively  recent  date,  having  been  firss 
bill  dark  blue ;  in  the  female  the  crown  is  distinctly  noticed  about  the  middle  of  the  ITth 
greenish  dive.  It  is  found  throughout  the  century.  Its  English  and  French  names  of 
United  States,  going  north  to  lat.  68°,  south  yellow  fever  and  JUtrefoune  are  due  to  the 
to  Central  and  South  America  and  the  West  deep  yellow  or  orange  hue  which  the  surface 
Indies,  and  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  conunonly  assumes  in  the  course  of  the  disease ; 
Pacific  ;  numerous  in  New  England  in  the  the  Spaniards,  from  another  of  its  cbaracterii- 
summer,  it  goes  south  in  autumn  in  small  tic  symptoms,  term  it  vomUo  negro  and  zomiU 
flocks,  chiefly  at  night ;  its  song  is  not  melodi-  prieto;  the  French,  from  the  suddenness  of 
ous ;  the  food  consists  principally  of  insects,  the  attack  of  pain  in  the  back,  have  sometimei 
which  are  sought  for  among  the  leaves  and  called  it  <;<»//)  if«  &arr«/ while  scientifically  it  i^ 
blossoms.  It  is  a  familiar  bird,  building  in  spoken  of  by  CuUen  as  typhus  ieterode$^  and  by 
bushes,  often  very  near  dwellings  and  in  thick-  Copland  as  hsamagastric  pestilence.  The  dis- 
ly  settled  places ;  the  nest  is  strongly  fiisten-  ease  is  confined  vrithin  narrow  geographical 
ed  to  the  fork  of  a  brush,  and  is  made  exter-  limits.  It  is  endemic  on  certain  parts  of  the 
nally  of  hemp,  flax,  wool,  cotton,  or  the  down  African  coast,  in  the  West  India  islands, 
of  the  brake,  and  is  lined  with  hair  and  soft  and  in  tropical  America;  it  frequently  jmka 
materials ;  the  eggs  are  4  or  5,  f  by  i  inch,  its  appearance  in  various  cities  of  the  sooth- 
light  dull  bluish  white,  with  numerous  dots  and  em  part  of  the  United  States,  in  New  Orleans, 
marks  of  dull  reddish  brown ;  only  one  brood  Mobile,  Pensacola.  and  Charlesion;  a  fev 
b  raised  in  Kew  England,  which  are  carefully  years  ago  it  ragea  violently  at  Koifolk,  Vs. 
fed  and  protected,  the  parents  using  the  most  New  York,  which  in  the  latter  part  of  the  Itft 
ingenious  devices  to  draw  away  intruders.  The  and  the  earlier  part  of  the  present  century  b^ 
cow  bird  (see  Tboopial),  fnolothru9  pecarit  been  repeatedly  visited  by  it,  has  now  escsM^l 
(Swains.),  often  selects  the  nest  of  the  sum-  any  epidemic  attack  for  40  years,  it  having  last 
mer  yellow  bird  in  which  to  deposit  one  of  its  appeared  there  in  1822.  In  Europe,  it  hss  pre- 
parasitic  eggs ;  this  the  latter  probably  never  vaUed  at  Leghorn  in  Italy,  and  has  visited 
natdies  out,  and  gets  rid  of  in  the  following  several  of  the  cities  on  the  sea  coast  of  Spain 
manner,  apparently  exercising  reasoning  pow-  and  Portugal.  The  disease  is  confined  ahnost 
ers :  as  it  cannot  €|ject  the  large  strange  egg^  wholly  to  towns  situated  on  the  sea  coast  or 
it  picks  a  hole  in  it,  and  buries  it  at  the  bottom  on  the  banks  of  navigable  rivers.  A  certain 
of  the  nest,  jdacing  a  new  fioor  over  it ;  it  degree  of  heat  seems  to  be  necessary  to  its  ex- 
sometimes  buries  its  own  eggs  with  that  of  the  istence,  the  first  frost  putting  an  end  to  it 
cow  bird,  and  lays  others  for  a  new  brood ;  if  Why  it  should  prevail  extensively  in  Amcrics 
by  chance  the  cow  bird  visit  the  second  nest,  and  tropical  Anica,  and  be  unknown  in  the 
it  buries  the  eggs  a  second  time,  giving  rise  Indian  ocean  and  China — ^why  it  ahould  be  tn- 
to  the  8-storied  nests  occasionally  found  by  egg  demio  in  Vera  Cruz  and  Havana,  and  never 
hunters;   she  sacrifices  her  own  eggs  rather  be  seen  in  Calcutta  or  Bombay — can  only 


608  YELLOW  FEVER  YELLOW-HAICMEB 

different   epidemics.    At   Gibraltar,  in  1604,  to  a  healthy  locality,  they  did  not  comm^ 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  population  was  attack-  cate  it  to  those  in  daily  and  hourly  attend&Dct 
ed,  and  the  deaths  amounted  to  88i  pei:  cent. ;  on  them.    The  exceedingly  local  confinement 
sometimes  it  has  reached  as  high  as  75  per  cent. ;  of  yellow  fever  is  one  of  the  most  remarbblt 
in  Charleston,  according  to  Dr.  Dickson,  in  1854^  facts  in  its  history.    In  the  British  West  lodii 
it  amounted  to  only  8  per  cent,  of  those  attacked,  squadron,  occasionally  conusting  of  20  or  So 
and  he  thinks  the  average  mortality  in  that  vessels,  the  disease  has  been  repeatedly  coo- 
city  for  a  term  of  years  has  not  been  greater  fined  to  one,  two,  or  three  vessels ;  these  hire 
than  from  10  to  18  per  cent.    In  individual  sometimes  suffered  enormously,  while  otli€n 
cases  the  prognosis  is  equally  variable.    Na-  of  the  squadron  exposed  to  the  same  generil 
tional  habits  and  mode  of  life,  according  to  influences  have  escape   unscathed.    Simik 
Dr.  Dickson,  have  a  decided  influence.    ^*  The  facts  occurring  on  land  are  not  infreqceQL 
Irish,  Germans,  and  Scotch  afford  the  worst  ^*  In  September  two  undoubted  cases  of  yeOov 
cases ;  Spaniards,  Italians,  and  Frenchmen  are  fever  occurred  in  St.  Jameses  barracks  (TriLl 
apt  to  recover;  midway  stands  the  English-  dad).     The  men  were  camped  out  for  tvc 
man,  the  northerner,  and  the  mountaineer,  or  months,  and  the  barracks  were  meantime  tLor- 
inhabitant  of  our  interior  country.    Generally  oughly  cleaned  and  whitewashed.    No  soocer 
speaking,  the  more  recently  a  stranger  has  ar-  were  they  reoccnpied  than  fresh  cases  of  fev^j 
rived,  the  more  severe  his  attack.    Among  the  occurred.    Again  were  the  troops  put  under 
young  children  assailed,  the  ravages  of  the  pes-  canvas,  and  with  good  effect.    Although  »t- 
tilence  are  very  great  everywhere."    In  indi-  eral  cases  occurred  subsequently,  they  could  aC 
vidual  cases  the  prognostic  most  be  exceedingly  be  clearly  traced  to  the  barracks.    The  disea^ 
guarded ;  cases  apparently  mild  often  suddenly  was  clearly  of  a  local  origin."    ("  British  and 
take  on  an  unfavorable  aspect,  and  a  temporary  Foreign    Medico-Chirurgical    Beview,"  Jan 
and  delusive  improvement  gives  way  to  the  1862.) — Of  the  treatment  of  yellow  fever  ht 
approach  of  death.    The  appearance  of  black  little  can  be  said  that  is  satielactory ;  the  a 
vomit,  hemorrhage  from  the  bowels,  petechisB,  riety  and  conflicting  nature  of  the  remedie^ 
and  suppression  of  urine  are  looked  upon  as  that  have  been  advised  are  presumptiye  proc-f 
fatal  symptoms ;  and  yet  instances  of  recovery  that,  so  far,  no  mode  of  treatment  has  bees 
have  occasionally  been  noticed  after  their  oo-  found  to  be  of  uniform  and  undeniable  bene^t. 
currence. — ^The  causes  of  yellow  fever  are  ob-  The  confinement  of  the  patient  to  bed,  and  tk 
scure.    Its  limitation  to  certain  climates  and  enforcement  of  hygienic  regulations ;  the  cse 
localities,  and  the  necessity  of  a  high  tem-  of  mild,  saline  cathartics  to  act  upon  the  Iot- 
perature  to  its  existence,  have  already  been  els  when,  as  is  almost  invariably  the  case,  thij 
alluded  to.    The  question  of  its  contagious-  are  constipated ;  the  use  of  ice  internallj,  ai^ 
ness  or  non-contagiousness  has  given  rise  to  of  counter  irritation  over  the  epigastrium.  t>' 
long  and  embittered  controversy,  nor  can  it  counteract  or  moderate  the  irritation  oftht 
yet  be  regarded  as  wholly  settled.    In  one  stomach ;  and  the  support  of  the  system  (wbtc 
point  it  strongly  resembles  the  strictly  conta-  it  is  borne)  by  unirritating  nutriment,  &cii 
gious  diseases :  it  occurs  but  once  in  the  same  when  necessary  by  stimulants,  comprise  tk 
individual.    There  are  exceptions  to  the  rule,  means  which  at  present  are  most  to  be  relied  on. 
but  so  there  are,  and  probably  to  the  same  de-  — ^Peteler  of  Staten  island  and  Strebe  of  Los* 
gree,  in  regard  to  small  pox  and  scarlet  fever,  don  have  invented  apparatus  to  reduce  the 
It  follows  to  a  certain  extent  the  great  routes  temperature  in  ships  below  the  freezing  point 
of  commercial  intercourse,  and  in  places  where  and  thus  destroy  the  contagion  of  yellow  fevrr. 
it  is  not  eudemio  it  has  been  in  almost  every       YELLOW-HAMMER   (emherka   citrintlk 
instance  traced  to  some  vessel  arriving  from  Linn.),  a  very  common  European  bird  of  lie 
an  infected  port.    Again,  though  contrary  to  bunting  family.    It  is  7i  inches  long  and  11 
the  experience  of  the  minority  of  observers,  in  extent  of  wings;  in  the  male  the  head snd 
there  appear  to  be  a  number  of  well  authen-  throat  are  bright  yellow,  on  the  crown  tie 
ticated  instances  in  which  patients  who  have  feathers  tipped  with  black;  breast  b'rowni&| 
taken  the  disease  during  a  visit  to  an  infected  red ;  back  and  wings  bright  red,  the  centre  oi 
locality,  have,  on  their  return  to  their  homes  each   feather  brownish  black ;   body  rathe: 
in  a  perfectly  healthy  situation,  communicated  stout.    It  is  very  conunon  throughoot  Earop^ 
it  to  those  who  have  nursed  and  attended  on  in  the  wooded  districts,  familiar,  and  a  penoi- 
them.    (Dr.    Fenner,    '^Transactions   of  the  nent  resident ;  in  winter  it  is  seen  with  fpar* 
American  Medical  Association,"   1854.)    But  rows,  finches,  &c.,  in  the  fields  and  al*^*^ 
commonly  the  disease  is  propagated  not  by  per-  hedges,  coming   into  farm  yards  when  the 
sonal  contagion,  but  by  means  of  an  infected  ground  is  covered  w^ith  snow ;  the  food  con- 
atmosphere.    In  1822,  the  last  period  at  which  sists  of  the  seeds  of  grains  and  grasses:  the 
^llow  fever  prevailed  epidemically  in  New  nest  is  on  or  near  the  ground,  and  the  eggs* 
York,  commencing  at  the  foot  of  Rector  street,  or  6,  |  by  f  of  an  inch,  purplish  ^^^*^  J'^ 
the  pestilence  gradually  spread  over  a  great  streaks  and  dots  of  black.    When  deprived  of 
part  of  the  three  lower  wards  of  the  city,  its  eggs,  its  doleful  notes  in  some  parts  of  fejot- 
Those  who  went  within  the  infected  district  land  have  been  interpreted  as"  De]il,deUde" 
were  liable  to  an  attack ;  but  on  being  removed  take  ye ;"  hence  its  name  of  "  deril  bird. 


V  Kf.LOW-LEGS  (jjamfiefto^jliwii^e*,  Bonsp.),  is  principally  of  note,  however,  as  the  bIU  of 

NiTiti  American  wadinfi;  bird  of  the  tattler  Antioch  college.    (See  Antiocd  Colleob.) 
,i!v.     It  is  about  lOfc  inches  long  and  19}  in         YELLOWSTONE,  a  river  of  Daeotah  terri- 

'(.rit  of  winga,  considerablj smaller  than  the  tor;,  the  largest  tributary  of  the  Missouri, 

. -Taie  tattler  (see  Tatti-bb),  which  it  resem-  though  not  tUe  longest.    It  rises  in  Snbiette'a 

■  ■i  in  colors;  the  bill  is  l|  inches,  straight  lake,  near  the  source  of  the  Madison  fork  of 
lI -lender;  wingslongandpointed,  tail  abort,  the  Missouri, in  about  lat. 43°  40'  N., long.  110° 
.-  lone:  with  lower  half  of  tibia  naked.  Tlie  W.,  Bows  first  N.  E.,  then  E.,  next  N.  E.,  and 
:  .  r.il  color  is  ashy  above,  with  many  large  finally  nearly  N.,  and  fails  into  the  Misaonri  In 

-'  <\T-1icud9  and  spota  of  brownish  biack  edged  lat.  48°  5'  N.  and  loug.  104°  W.    Its  principal 

:  ii  ashy  white ;  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts  afiluents,  all   of  them  entering  it  on  the  right 

.ty,  the  latter  barred  witii  ashy  brown;  bank,  are  Big  Horn,  Tongue,  and  Powder  rivers, 

.•ver  parts  white,  with  aQmerona  lines  on  the  Its  length   is  said  to  he  about  1,000  ni.     It  is 

.    k  ;ind   nrrow-heads  on  the  sides  dark  ashy  navigable  for  700  or  800  in.,  and  toward  Ita 

"  'Wii;  bill  greenish  black,  and  legs  yellow,  head  waters  gold  has  recently  been  found  in 

I  ij  j"i-nerolly  diatriboted  over  eastern  North  consideralilo  quantities. 

>■  i,.ri,>:i,  and  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  of         YELLOW-THROAT     (trichat     [geothlypU] 

■■■  LTonp  on  the  Atlantic  slope  from  Maine  to  Marilandiea,  Bonap,),  B  very  common  North 

ruhk  chiefly  in  the  interior;  it  migrates  to  American  warbler.    It  is  Scinches  long  and  7i 

'  .\i>  o  and  Central  America  in  winter.     It  is  in  extent  of  wings;    the  color  is  olive-green 

-.i!ly$t>en  in  small  flocks  wading  in  search  above,  tinged  with  brown  oa  the  crown;  chin, 

:  ~:lj;iII  fry,  shrimpa,  worms,  and  aquatic  in-  throat,  breast,  and  under  tall  coverts,  bright 

■^,   bcith   in  salt  and  fresh  water;   in   dry  yellow;    abdomen  dull   whitish   bnff;    broad 

irlior  the  flocks  are  fonnd  on  the  uplands,  black  band  on  forehead,  bordered  behind  by 

:i:i<z   oa    grasshoppers    and   other   insects;  hoary  white;  in  winter,  as  also  in  the  females, 

i.'V  generally  run  for  some  distance  before  there  is  no  black  band  on  the  forehead;  the 

ir!;r.  vibrating  the  body  back  and  forth,  ex-  wings  are  short  and  roonJcd,  with  the  4th  qnill 

.  :iiiiiijg  the  object  of  alarm,  and  uttering  loud  the  longest,  the  tail  considerably  graduated, 

■te-i ;  during  flight  the  long  yellow  legs  are  and   the  legs  long  and  yellow.     It  is  found 

-'•'tclii'd  ont  behind ;  the  nest  is  made  among  throughout  North  America,  from  the  Atlantic  to 

.i'  :;rass  on  the  edges  of  rivers  and  ponds;  in  the  Pacific,  but  is  most  abundant  in  the  middle 

.-'  itiin  iliev  get  very  fat,  and  are  good  eating,  states,  especially  in  Maryland,  preferring  the 

Vt-:r.l,OW  KIVER    See  Hoasq-ho.  neighborhood  of  swamps.    The  song,  though 

\  ELLOW  SEA  a  large  aea  on  the  N.  E.  coast  not  very  musical,  is  pleasing,  and  from  its  fre- 

t  L'lim.i,  lying  between  the  peninsula  of  Oorea  quent  repetition  forces  itself  on  one'a  notice, 

1  tlio  E.,  the  Chinese  provinces  of  Kiang-sn,  as  It  hops  from  twig  to  twig  in  search  of  in- 

':;  in-tiing,  and  Chi-li  on  the  W.,  and  Leao-tong  sects,   caterpillars,   and    spiders,   nttering    its 

'^MiieN.     In  the  N.  W.  it  terminates  in  the  "  wtittititee."   Thenest  is  mndeon  theground, 

-  '11-  of  I,eao-tong  and  Pe-che-li ;  the  latter  is  even  partly  sunk  in  it,  and  is  occasionally  cov- 

jiiirtant  from  its  reception  of  the  watera  of  ered  over  at  the  top,  whence  the  common  name 

iMierous  large  rivers,  among  which  is  the  Pel-  of  "oven  bird;"  it  is  constructed  externally 

>.    The  two  gnlfs  are  nearly  separated  from  of  leaves  and  grass,  and  lined  with  hair;  the 

''■':  remainder  of  the  Yellow  sea  by  the  Sban-  eggs  are  4  to  6,  J  by  i  inch,  white  with  light 

.  :rii,'  promontory,  and  the  long  narrow  penin-  brown  specks,  and  are  laid  about  tiie  middle  of 

■  <!i  known  as  the  "  Regent's  Sword."  On  the  May.  Its  nest  is  often  selected  by  the  cow  bird 
'-.  i-iiiL-t  are  numerous  groups  of  islets,  forming  {iiwlotliria  pecorit.  Swains.)  as  the  place  of  de- 
'--■■■;  Corcan  archipelago.  The  sea  derives  its  posit  foroueof  its  parasitice^s{seeTEOOPiAi.), 
'  L'Tii>  from  the  turbidness  of  its  waters,  which  which  is  generally  hatched  out  at  the  expense 

■"■'  over  a  bottom  of  yellow  alluvium,  easily  of  its  own  offspring,  this  warbler  not  possess- 

'  '::A  up  by  vessels  passing  over  it.    Its  length  lag  the  remarkable  inittinct  of  another  of  the 

■■'  iliOQt  620  m.,  and  ita  greatest  breadth  about  family  mentioned  under  Vellow  Bird  ;  in  some 

'•  ^'m.    Tlie  Hoang-ho,  oneof  the  largest  rivers  districts  it  raises  2  broods  in  a  season. 
'f  .\'>la,   discharges  its  waters  into  this  sea,         Y'ELVEBTON,  Bahrv.     See  Avonsiohe. 
■>-'n:fiiig  down  in  its  broad  and  rapid  current  an         YEMEN,  or  El  Y'ksien-  ("  the  fortunate,"  or 

■  i;i'iK[i-e  quantity  of  detritus.  The  Yang-tse-  "the  country  of  the  right  hand"),  one  of  the 
.■u:ij  rtows  into  the  Pacific  near  its  entrance,  provinces  or  kingdoms  of  Arabia,  situated  in 

VELLOW  SPRINGS,  a  village  of  Miami  the  8.  W.  part  of  that  peninsula,  bounded  N. 

■■'■vii^liip,  Greene  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Little  Mia-  by  El  Hej:iz  and  Nei^ed,  E.    by  Iladramaut 

■i;  railroad,  45  m.  from  Columbus  and  75  m.  and  the  great  Arabian  desert,  8.  bv  the  gulf 

'■■:"n  Cincinnati ;  pop.  in  I860, 1,819.     It  has  3  of  Aden,  and  W.  by  the  Red  sea.     Even  with 

I'irtlies  (Christian,  Methodist,  and  Presby-  its  dependent  wadrs  or  valleys  in  the  desert,  it 

' 'laiil.  several  stores,  &c.,  and  nmineral  spring  is  the  smallest,  though  at  the  same  time  the 

I  con'.iderable  note,  which  discharges,  from  a  most  fertile  of  the  Arabian  states;  and  it  is 

iTwip^  in  a  limestock  rock,  above  100  gallons  substantially  the  same  country  antii-nlly  called 

"'  waier  per  minut*.    There  are  also  valuable  Arabia  FoIIt,  or  the  Unppy.    Through  its  entire 

■'■"wstone  quarries  in  the  vicinity.    The  place  length  a  chain  of  mountains,  a  continuation  of 


608                       YENISEI  YE8S0 

the  eoast  range  of  El  Hejaz,  rises  at  a  distance  in  length,  and  reeelTes  on  its  right  hank,  begd« 

of  10  to  30  ID.  from  the  coast,  dividing  it  into  a  many  smaller  trihutariea,  the  Upper  Tirngotka 

Tehama  or  lowland  and  an  elevated  mountain-  and  its  affluent  the  Uda,  the  Podkameosaja 

ous  region.    A  large  portion  of  the  Tehama,  he-  Tungoaka,  the  Lower  Tunguaka,  and  theEom- 

ing  irrigated  hy  mountain  streams,  is  abundant-  ka,  and  on  its  left  bank  &e  Yelagui  and  some 

ly  fertile,  but  the  rest  is  sandy  and  barren.  The  smaller  streams.    The  considerable  towns  of 

mountain  chain  expands  into  a  fertile  table  Minusinsk,  Abakansk,  Krasnoyarsk,  Yeniseisk, 

land  at  the  height  of  4,000  feet,  while  some  of  and  Tumkhansk  are  on  its  banks.    It  is  tavi- 

its  summits,  as  Saber  and  Eusumma,  rise  to  the  gable  for  large  ships  to  Turuldiansk,  in  lat  61' 

height  of  nearly  8,000  feet.    The  valleys  en-  N.,  long.  90°  SO'  E. 

closed  by  these  mountains  are  unsurpassed  in  YENISEISK,  or  Jeniseibk,  a  govemment  of 

fertility.    The  whole  of  Yemen  is  comprised  in  E.  Siberia,  bounded  N.  by  the  Arctic  ocean.  £. 

Schouw^s  ^^  region  of  balsamic  trees."    The  by  Yakootsk  and  Ickoots^,   8.  by  the  CM- 

vegetation  of  the  Tehama  is  tropical,  and  that  nese  empire,  and  W.  by  Tomsk,  Tobolsk,  and 

of  the  valleys  and  table  lands  semi-tropical,  the  gulf  of  Obi;  area,  about  971,295  eq-iD.. 

The  trees  yielding  gums  and  balsamic  resins  pop.  in  1858,  808,266.     Capital,  Erasnoypk. 

are  more  numerous  here  than  in  any  other  The  sea  coast  is  deeply  indented,  and  projeet^ 

country  on  the  globe.    Even  the  slopes  of  the  into  the  Arctic  ocean  considerably  beyond  tk 

loftier  mountains  are  covered  with  luxurious  shores  of  the  ac^oining  governments,  tenninst* 

forests,  many  of  the  trees  yielding  precious  ing  in  Oape  Severo-vostotc^oi,  or  the  l^orth- 

gums.    The  coffep  of  Mocha  has  a  high  repu-  East  cape,  the  northernmost  point  of  Asia,  in 

tation.    Sana,  on  the  table  land,  is  the  capital  lat.  78"^  20'  N.,  long.  100°  £.    From  the  Altai 

of  Yemen.    Mocha,  Aboo  Arish  or  Gasim,  Ho-  mountains  in  the  S.,  which  separate  the  pror- 

deida,  and  Shehr  are  the  principal  seaports,  ince  from  Ohina,  the  suiface  slopes  gradaaDj 

Aden,  on  the  gulf  of  the  same  name,  formerly  toward  the  N.  Beside  the  Yenisei  uid  its  trib- 

a  seaport  of  Yemen,  now  belongs  to  Great  utaries,  the  only  rivers  of  importance  are  tk 

Britain.    Damar,  Taas,  Loheia,  Beit-el-Fakih,  Anabara  and  Eliatanga  in  the  N.  £.,  which  flov 

and  Zebeed  are  the  other  considerable  towns,  directly  into  the  Arctic  ocean,  and  the  Tu. 

There  are  few  good  harbors  on  the  coast,  in  which  enters  the  gulf  of  Obi  through  the  e§- 

consequence  of  the  coral  reefs  which  line  it ;  tuary  or  bay  of  Tazovsk.    There  are  serenl 

but  wherever  there  is  an  opening  in  these  there  lakes,  the  largest  of  which  is  Piasini,  sitaat^d 

is  always   safe  anchorage  within.    The  -  ex-  in  the  N.  part  of  the  province.    Some  parts  of 

ports  are  principally  senna,  gums,  gum  resins,  the  S.  are  well  wooded.    Iron  ore  and  salt  are 

coifee,  wax,  ivory,  and  goat  skin  morocco,  with  found  in  large  quantities.    The  climate  Tan^» 

some  grain ;  the  imports  are   cottons,  silks,  a  great  deal  in  different  parts  of  the  province, 

iron,   copper,  lead,  tobacco,  rice,  sugar,  and  and  grain  can  only  be  produced  in  the  vaUep 

timber. — The  political  condition  of  the  country  of  the  8.    In  the  N.  numbers  of  reindeer  M 

is,  as  it  has  been  for  centuries,  unsettled.    The  upon  lichens ;   and  about  the  centre  of  tbe 

imam  of  Sana,  the  titular  monarch  of  the  government  there  is  good  pasture  land,  apo& 

country,  can  only  control  Yemen  proper,  which  which  large  herds  of  cattle  are  kept    Game  i» 

does  not  include  more  than  f  of  the  territory  abundant,  more  particularly  the  fur-bearmg 

of  the  state.    The  remainder  is  governed  by  animals,  and  many  of  the  inhabitants  lire  hj 

several  independent  sheiks.    There  are  abun-  hunting.    The  population  is  composed  of  ^ 

dant  evidences  of  the  former  wealth  and  com-  ferent  aboriginal  tribes,  and  some  Coasacb 

mercial  superiority  of  Yemen.    Its  caravans  and  Russians,  the  latter  being  chiefly  conyicts. 

once  conducted  the  traffic  between  India  and  who  arrive  at  the  rate  of  ab^t  3,500  per  an- 

the  west,  and  over  all  its  mountains  and  table  num. — ^Yekisbibk,  a  town  of  the  above  gorero- 

lands  are  the  ruins  of  towns  and  castles,  and  ment,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  (^  tbe^^ 

elaborate  inscriptions.    The  inhabitants  now  nisei,  270  m.  E.  N.  E.  from  Tomisk;  pop.  about 

Bpeak  various  dialects  of  Arabic,  some  of  them  6,000.    It  has  several  churches,  a  monaste^' 

little  known  abroad.    There  are  two  great  and  a  nunnery,  and  is  surrounded  hy  an  m 

universities  under  the  direction  of  Mohamme-  rampart.    An  annual  fair  is  held  which  last«J 

dan  mollahs,  one  at  Zebeed  for  Soonnees,  the  weeks,  and  a  very  considerable  trade  is  carried 

other  at  Damar  for  the  Zeidee,  who  are  the  on,  more  particularly  in  fhrs.    The  town  wtf 

prevailing  sect  in  Yemen.  founded  in  1618. 

YENISEI,  or  Jenisei,  one  of  the  great  rivers  YENITCHER.    See  Lakibsa. 

of  Siberia,  traversing  the  central  province  of  YEOMEN  OF  THE  GUARD.    See  Bkif- 

Yeniseisk  from  S.  to  N.,  and  draining  a  basin  Eatebs. 

784,580  square  miles  in  extent.    It  rises  pn  the  YESSO,  an  island  of  Japan,  lying  K.  of  >]' 

southern  slope  of  the  Altai  range,  in  a  small  phon,  from  which  it  is  separated  hy  the  sW 

lake  in  the  eastern  part  of  Soongaria,  and  of  Sangar,  and  S.  of  Saghalien,  from  whica  « 

after  running  W.  for  a  considerable  distance  is  separated  by  the  strait  of  La  P^roase,  aD<i 

crosses  the  Altai,  and  thence  pursues  a  course  having  the  Kooriie  islands  on  the  N.  y*;  ^^ 

nearly  due  N.  to  a  wide  estuary  called  the  the  southernmost  of  which,  Kunashir,  i|  ^  ^ 

Yenisei  gulf,  an  arm  of  the  sea  of  Kara,  in  lat.  arated  by  the  strait  of  Yesso,  12  ul  wide.  ^} 

V2**  ao'  N.,  long.  86°  E.    It  is  about  2,500  m.  is  nearly  triangular  in  form,  with  the  sp^^' 


610  YiiZDEGIRD  YORK 

These  cnrions  varieties  are  propagated  by  ineering,"  **The  Heir  of  Redclyffe,"  "DyueTtr 
striking  cuttings  of  the  new  wood  under  a  beU  Terrace,"  "  The  Daisy  Chain,"  "  The  Yoccj 
glass. — The  North  American  yew  (T,  b.  var.  Stepmother,"  "Hopes  and  Fears,  or  Soat? 
Canaderuis,  Gray)  is  in  some  portions  of  this  from  the  lAfe  of  a  Spinster,"  "  The  Lanres  of 
country  cailed  the  ground  hemlock.  It  is  a  Lynwood,"  "The  Little  Duke,"  Ac.  Thes; 
low,  semi-prostrate  bush,  and  occurs  on  moist  works  all  set  forth  in  a  practical  and  efectire 
banks  and  hiUs,  being  common  northward.  Its  manner  the  general  views  of  the  high  chuT^i 
rich  dark  green  foliage  and  elegant  scarlet  party  in  the  church  of  England.  From  ik 
fruits  entitle  it  to  much  consideration  as  an  profits  of  "  The  Daisy  Chain"  Miss  Tonge  de- 
ornamental  shrub  in  artificial  planting. — ^The  voted  £2,000  to  building  amissionarjcolk^r 
prevailing  quality  of  the  yew  is  narcotic,  and  at  Auckland,  New  Zealand ;  and  from  tho^e  of 
medically  exhibited  its  leaves  have  been  sub-  "The  Heir  of  BedclyfiTe"  she  fitted  ontaims' 
stituted  for  digitalis ;  its  berries  have  a  muci-  sionary  schooner  for  the  use  of  Bishop  Sei«TE 
laginous  pulp,  and  are  eaten  with  impunity.  of  New  Zealand.    She  has  contributed  mth 

YEZDEGIRD,  the  name  of  a  number  of  Per-  anonymously  to  periodicals,  and  has  wnnti: 

sian  kings  of  the  dynasty  of  the  Sassanidee.  several  popular  school  books,  ^'  Landnarks  of 

I.  reigned  from  899  to  419,  and  died  of  a  fall  History"  (3  vols.),  "  Kings  of  Europe,''  &c  ^i 

from  his  horse.    He  tolerated  the  Christians,  is  now  (Nov.  1862)  about  to  publish  "ChristMD 

and  excited  the  fears  of  the  magi  for  the  safety  Names,  their  Origin  and  Derivation." 
of  the  national  religion.    II.  reigned  from  489        YONGH,  Vakatl  dk.    See  Saikt  Elme 
to  467,  was  a  fanatical  adherent  to  the  doctrine        YONNE,  a  N.  E.  department  of  Fraof , 

of  Zoroaster,  and  imposed  the  fire  worship  by  forming  part  of  the  old  province  of  BurgQudT: 

force  of  arms  on  the  people  of  Armenia  and  area,  2,781  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1862,  870,305.  It 

Albania.    III.  reigned  from  682  to  652,  resisted  takes  its  name  from  the  river  Yonne  (ane.  Im- 

the  caliph  Omar,  who  desired  to  make  him  a  nns),  which  rises  in  the  £.  part  of  Niem. 

Mohammedan,  lost  two  battles,  and  was  killed  flows  northward  through  the  centre  of  the  de- 

by  the  Turks  whom  he  had  engaged  as  allies,  partment  of  Yonne,  and  joins  the  Seine  st 

The  dynasty  ends  with  him.  Montereau  in  the  S.  part  of  the  departmeot  d 

YEZIDIS,  a  Eoordish  people,  living  chiefly  Seine-et-Marne,  after  a  course  of  155  n.   hi* 

In  the  mountainous  region  about  Mosul,  Asiatic  navigable  as  high  as  Auzerre,  the  capital  of 

Turkey,  supposed  to  be  about  200,000  in  num-  Yonne.    The  department  is  also  watered  hj 

ber;  according  to  the  Turkish  census  of  1856,  the  Cure,   Arman^on,  and  Yannes,  afllaei):^ 

the  district  of  Beshiri,  in  the  province  of  Dinr-  of  this  river.    The  surface  is  undujattng  &o<^ 

bekir,  contains  8,882  of  them,  and  two  other  the  soil  of  excellent  quality,  prodoeing  (tR^ 

districts  of  the  same  province  287.    They  are  crops  of  grain,  pasturage,  and  grapes.    A  gM' 

also  scattered  in  Syria,  and  some  are  found  in  deal  of  good  wine  is  made.     Iron,  litliograf>}ru^ 

the  Russian  province   of  Erivan.     Those  of  stones,  and  ochre  are  the  principal  miseral  prv- 

them  who  occupy  the  Sin^jar  mountains  in  the  ducts,  and  woollen  and  cotton  goods  and  ^' 

pashalic  of  Bagdad  are  entirely  independent,  root  sugar  the  most  important  maBofartnr^. 

and  can  bring  into  the  field  a  force  of  6,000  in-  The  railway  from  Paris  to  Lyons  traverses  the 

fantry  and  8,000  horsemen.    They  all  recog-  department,  and  there  are  two  canals  brancbior 

nize  the  authority  of  a  sheik  who  lives  at  the  from  the  Yonne,  one  extending  to  the  Seine 

grave  of  Adi,  the  reformer  of  their  religion,  and  the  other  to  the  Loire, 
which  was  established   by  Yezid.     They  all        YORK.    I.  A  S.  W.  oo.  of  Maine,  bonnded 

fanatically  hate  Mohammedanism.    For  an  ao-  S.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  W.  and  S.  W.  hj 

count  of  their  tenets,  see  Devil.  New  Hampshire,  from  which  it  is  separated  hj 

YOLO,  a  central  co.  of  California,  bounded  Salmon  Falls  and  Piscataqua  rivers,  ami  drain- 

E.  by  the  Sacramento  river,  S.  W.  by  the  Pu-  ed  by  the  Saeo  and  other  streams ;  area,  ^^l'^ 

tab,  and  W.  by  the  Coast  range;  area,  1,600  sq.  m.;  pop.  in  1860,  62,107.    The  sarfaw  ij 

sq.  m.;  pop.  in  1860,  4,716.    The  E.  part  is  uneven;  the  soil  of  the  sea  coast  isrockjm 

generally  level  and  the  soil  productive,  and  in  sterile,  and  that  of  the  interior  fertile.  The 

the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  the  soil  is  very  productions  in  1860  were  227,046  bnshels  of 

fertile.    The  productions  in  1858  were  126,000  Indian  com,  611,778  of  potatoes,  1,058,7W  il*- 

bushels  of  wheat,  245,400  of  bariey,  2,000  of  of  butter,  76,571  of  wool,  and  78,669  tons  ol 

oats,  and  60,000  lbs.  of  wool ;  and  there  were  hay.    There  were  21  grist  mills,  62  saw  and 

166,425  grape  vines.    Capital,  Cacheville.  planing  mills,  4  cotton  and  11  woollen  fertorje^ 

YONGE,  Charlotte  Mart,  an  English  au-  10  shingle  factories,  14  ship  yards,  81  tanwrieN 

thoress,  born  at  Otterbourne,  Hampshire,  about  4  newspaper  offices,  184  churches,  and  S0,0(>* 
1882.    -     —                    -         -  -        -' 

and  her  elder  brother, 

Jan. 

gade.    She  has  written  a  number  of  works  of  Capital,  Alfred.     11.   A  S.  E.  co.  of  Pwj-' 

fiction,  which  have  passed  through  several  edi-  bordering  on  Md.,  and  bounded  N.  E-  ^Jt 

tions  in  England,  and  many  of  them  have  en-  Susquehanna  river;  area,  864  sq.  m.;  P^^P; J" 

Joyed  a  large  circulation  in  the  United  States.  1860,  68,200.    The  surface  is  generallr  bilK. 

Among  these  are :  '^Henrietta's  Wish,  or  Dom-  diversified  by  mountains  in  the  W.  ptf^  *^^ 


'.'jo  soil  ta  ht^Uy  fertile.    The  prodnctions  in  Moravian,  1  Presbyterian,  S  Roman  Oathollo, 

y-'iu  were  GT»,828bnsbelsof  wheat,  707,1&1  of  and  1  United  Brethren.    The  northern  oentral 

ii.ilian   corn,  582,817  of  oata,  124,B67  of  pota-  railroad  connects  this  place  with  Uarrisbnrg 

Mc?.  1.082,670  Iba.  of  bntter,  416,566  of  tohac-  and  Bdtimore,  and  the  York  and  Wrightsville 

'■'t.  and  50,760  tODS  of  hay.   There  were  116  grist  railroad  with  Laiiossl«r. — The  continental  con- 

.I'll Is.  40  saw  mills,  2  iron  forges,  9  foiinderies,  gressheld  Its sosaions  here  in  1777,  when  Phil»- 

1  v-.>uoii  ^nd8  woollen  fectorics,  4S  distilleriea,  dclphia  waa  occupied  by  the  British  army, 

»T  tftimerks,  7  newspaper  offices,  98  churchea,  YOKK,  a  city  and  the  capital  of  Yorkahire, 

!Tid    10,582  pupils  attending  public   schools.  Eng.,  situated  upon  both  sides  of  the  river 

I  here  are  extensive  quarries  of  limestone,  slate,  Ouse,  at  its  junction  with  the  Fosa,  in  lat.  68° 

cid  tianilfltone.    The  county  is  interseoWd  by  37'  N.,  long.  1°  4'  W.,  191  m.  K.  from  London, 

::je  northern  central  Dulroad  and  ita  Hanover  and  68  in.  E.  N.  E.  from  Manchester;  pop.  in 

Ljid  Wrightsville  branches,  and  the  Siismiehan-  1861,  40,377.     The  Oiise  is  here  crossed  by  a 

>  1  I'iirial  passes  along  the  E.  border.    Capital,  handsome  bridge,  and  there  areseveral  bridges 

'lork.     III.  A  6.  E.  00.  of  Va.,  forming  part  of  across  the  Fosa.      York  consists  of  the  city 

Ik.'  I'OTiitiauIa  between  York  and  James  rivers,  propi.-r  and  suburbs,  the  latt«r  of  which  lie 

mil  bounded  E.  by  York  river  and  Chesapeake  mostly  upon  the  opposite  side  of  the  Foss.    The 

i'liv ;  ure&.  ISO  ac|.  m. ;  pop.  In  1860,  4,946,  of  citj  is  nearly  3  id.  in  circuit,  and  is  enclosed 

iitiiim  1,626  were  slaves.     The  surface  is  gen-  by   ancient  walls,  originally  erected   by  the 

'Til)  ly  imdnlating,  and  the  soil  is  fertile.    The  Komnns,  but  restored  by  Edward  II.,  and  since 

[■ruluclions  in  IH60  were  146,336  bushels  of  repaired.    It  is  entered  by  4  principal  gates, 

li]<limi  com,  27,U50  of  wheat,  25,961  of  oats,  and  the  atreeta  are  geuerally  narrow,  but  sev- 

■ind  14,113  lbs,  of  biitter.    The  value  of  real  oral  have  been  improved  and  widened  of  late 

■  -Niti.'  in  1856  was  $860.U4fi,  an  increase  of  33  yeara.     Many  of  the  houses  have  a  very  an- 

ip::rrcnt.  since  1860,    Capital,  Yorktown.    IV.  tii[ue  appearance.    York  minster,  or  the  ca- 

.\  N.  district  of  6.  C,   bordering  on  N.  C,  thedral,  is  the  finest  church  in  England.     Its 

:"nitidi?d  E.  by  the  Catawba  river  and  W.  by  history  begins  in  the  Tth  century,  bnt  the  pres- 

iirii;id  river;  area,  800  sq.  ni.;  pop.  in  1860,  ent  edifice  was  commenced  in  1171  and  com- 

■JI..-.113.  of  tt-hom  9,984  were  slaves.    The  snr-  pleted  in  1472.    it  is  built  in  the  form  of  a 

i.Li'O  is  hillj  or  mountoinous,  and  the   soil  is  cross,  with  a  sijuare  tower  rising  from  the  in- 

moderately  fertile.    The  productions  in  1860  tersection  of  the  transepts  and  nave  to  the 

>k<rro  l)4,T6a  bushels  of  wheat,  690,447  of  In-  hoight  of  236  feet,  and  2  other  towera,  each 

'ii:iti(-orn,  106,315  of  oats,  39,536  of  sweet  po-  196  feet  high,  tknking  the  W.  front,  which  is 

■iHiiea.  and  9,936  bales  of  cotton.    There  were  highly  ornamented.     The  eitreme  length  is 

111  irrisC  mills,  3  saw  mills,  S  tanneries,  1  news-  624  feet,  and  the  breadth  acrosis  the  transepts 

p:i|>iT  office,  26  churclies,  and  168  pupils  attend-  222  feet.   The  E.  window  is  78  feet  high  and  30 

in::  public  scliools.     Iron  ore  is  very  abundant,  wide,  and  filled  with   stained  glass  represent- 

.iml  gold,  manganese,  and  limestone  are  found,  ing  some  200  historical  events-    An  elaborate 

^  fiv  county  is  intersected  by  the  Charlotte  and  screen  contains  stntues  of  all  the  kings  of  Eng- 

^"uHi  Carolina  and  the  King's  Mountain  rail-  land  from  William  I.  to  Henry  VI.;  and  upon 

ruali.    Capital,  Yorkville.  this  screen  is  placed  theorgan,  one  of  the  finest 

VUltK,  a  S.  central  co.  of  Upper  Cannda,  in  the  kingdom.     Many  of  the  monuments  in 

UiiLiiided  on  the  B.  by  Lake  Ontario;  area.  808  the  interior  of  the  cathedral  were  much  in- 

^'|.  m.;  pop.  in  1861,  59,339.     It  is  drained  by  jured,  and  some  of  thorn  destroyed,  in  the  time 

'liv  llumber.  Rouge,  and  Bon  rivers,  and  trav-  of  the  commonwealth.      The  cathedral  has  a 

•rr-^A  by  the  Grand  Trunk  railway.     The  To-  peal  of  12  bells,  one  of  which  weighs  IIJ  tons, 

f^i'it"  arid  Collingwood  and  Toronto  and  Gode-  and  is  the  largest  in  Great  Britain.    The  edi- 

rii'li  linesof  ruilwayalsocomuiencein  thecoun-  flee  has  been  twice  nearly  destroyed  by  fire; 

11.  and  the  former  nearly  bisects  it.    Capitol,  in  1829  by  an  incendiary  lunatic,  and  in  1840 

'■iri'iito,  through  tlie  negligence  of  a  workman.    The 

^nillf,  a  town  and  the  seat  of  justice  of  archbishop's  palikce  is  Eituflt«d  on  the  N.  side 

^orlc  CO.,  Penn.,  pleasantly  situated  on  Codo-  of  the  cathedral.    It  was  built  toward  the  close 

ni"  rri-ek,  28  m.  by  railroad  S.  S.  E.  from  Har-  of  the  13th  century,  and  afterward  repaired, 

ri'linr.';  pop,  in  1850,  6,868;  in  1860,  8,606.  and  is  now  used  as  the  library  of  the  dean  and 

h  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  state.     The  chapter;  and  the  residence  of  the  archbishop  ia 

onirr.  house  is   a  brick  edifice,  with  granite  situated  at  Bishopthoriic,  a  little  distance  from 

fri-nt.  resembling  one  of  the  Grecian  orders  of  the  city.    York  possesses  many  other  churches, 

■"■'■' I i 'eel u re.     There  are  S  banks  with  a  capi-  numerous  schools,  an  ancient  (Jothic  guildhall 

'«!  of  $607,625,  a  private  banking  house,  4  and  large  mansion  house,  the  valuable  museum 

m.ti  f'lunderies,  i  machine  shops,  a  steam  flour-  of  the  Yorkshire  philosophical  society,  public 

"lit  mill,  a  sash  and  blind  factory,  a  pinning  baths,  a  castle  occupied  by  the  a*«ize  conrta 

■iiLll.a  manufactory  of  agricultural  implements,  and  the  county  prison,  a  large  modem  gaol,  a 

-  bri-weries,  4  tanneries,  4  newspaper  offices,  merchants'  hall,  handsome  assembly  rooms,  a 

"nd  IB  churches,  viz. :   1  Baptiirt,  1  Episcopal,  concert  room,  theatre,  lecture  hall,  numerous 

I  t.i-angelioal  Association,  1  Friends',  4  Lu-  charitable  institutions,  and  eitenwve  cavalry 

■nvrau,  i  German  Reformed,  2  Methodist,  1  harrocka.    The  manufactures  ore  not  very  im- 


618  YORK 

portant;  and  though  the  means  of  oommimi-  (born  Aug.  16, 1768,  died  Jan.  5,  1827),  wtr^ 
cation  afforded  both  by  water  and  railway  are  created  duke  of  York  and  Albany,  Nov.  29. 
very  extensive,  the  trade  of  the  town  is  mostly  1784.    He  had  previously,  Feb.  27,  1764.  at 
local. — The  archbishop  of  York  is  primate  of  the  age  of  one  year,  received  the  dignitj  of 
England.    His  ecclesiastical  province  includes  prince  bishop  of  Osnaburg,  that  bishopric  It- 
the  dioceses   of  Carlisle,  Ohester,    Durham,  ing  held  alternately  by  a  Catholic  and  a  fnn- 
Manchester,  Ripon,  Soder  and  Man,  and  York,  estant.    Of  this  possession  he  administered  tlie 
The  last  named  comprises  the  county  of  York,  actual  government  from  1782  till  1802,  wheb 
except  a  portion  which  is  in  the  diocese  of  it  was  secularized  and  became  a  part  of  the 
Ripon,  and  is  divided  into  the  archdeaconries  kingdom  of  Hanover.    He  retomed  to  £ng* 
of  York,  East  Riding,  and  Cleveland.     The  land  in  1787  from  the  continent,  where  be  bid 
city  returns  two  members  to  parliament. — In  gone  to  study  the  military  art,  especially  nndif 
the  year  70  the  Romans  made  Eboracum  the  Frederic  the  Great,  and  took  his  seat  in  tk 
capital  of  the  province  of  Maxima  Csssarien-  house  of  lords.    In  1789  he  fought  with  pi'^ 
sis.    Under  the  Saxon  heptarchy  it  was  the  tols  on  Wimbledon  common  a  duel  with  CoL 
capital  of  Northumbria,  and  afterward  of  Dei-  Lennox,  afterward  duke  of  RichmoDd.  vbf> 
ra.    The  citizens  joined  the  Scots  and  Danes  challenged  him  because  he  refused  to  retnit 
against  William  the  Conqueror,  who  after  their  or  explain  words  uttered  in  Uie  house:  tht 
defeat  razed  the  city  to  the  ground.    It  was  bullet  of  Col.  Lennox  grazed  liia  hair,  and  k 
partially  rebuilt,  but  destroyed  by  fire  in  1187.  then  fired  in  the  air.    In   1791  he  west  to 
Between  the  years  1849  and  1604  it  was  5  Prussia  again,  to  serve  with  the  Prussian  srniT 
times  severely  ravaged  by  the  plague.    Fairfax  in  event  of  a  war  with  Russia,  and  on  Dec.  29. 
captured  it  from  the  royalists  in  1644,  and  1791,marriedFrederica(died  Aug.  6, 1820},  eld- 
James  II.,  in  1688,  for  its  opposition  to  the  ar-  est  daughter  of  Frederic  WiUiam  II.,  from  whom 
bitrary  measures  of  the  crown,  took  away  its  he  separated  a  few  years  afterward.  When  the 
charter.                                                         ,  war  of  England  with  the  French  republic  brr>ke 
YORE,  a  ducal  title  formerly  conferred  on  the  out  in  1798,  he  was  appointed  to  commands 
second  sons  of  the  kings  of  England,  It  was  first  British  corps  in  the  JSetherlands  attached  t'> 
borne,  however,  by  Edmund  Plantaobkbt,  5th  the  army  of  the  prince  of  8axe-Coburg.   He 
son  of  Edward  III.,  who  was  created  duke  of  took  Valenciennes  July  26,   and   began  thr 
York  Aug.  6,  1885,  and  died  in  1402.    He  was  siege  of  Dunkirk  Aug.  22 ;  but  on  Sept  8  be 
the  founder  of  the  house  of  York  in  English  was  defeated  by  Bouchard  at  Hondschoot  trA 
history,  the  house  of  the  white  rose;  while  his  compelled  to  retreat  behind  tlie  Meuse,  andio 
elder  brother  John,  4th  son  of  Edward  III.,  1794  he  was  obliged  to  retire  to  We^baik 
created  duke  of  Lancaster  Nov.  18,  1362,  was  whence  with  the  relics  of  his  corps  he  return- 
the  founder  of  the  rival  house  of  the  red  rose ;  ed  to  England  in  April,  1795,  where  in  Febn- 
and  their  respective  claims  were  urged  for  ary  previous  he  had  been  made  field  mai^bid. 
nearly  half  a  century  in  the  so  called  wars  of  On  April  5,  1798,  he  became  commaoder-in- 
the  roses  (1462-'94).    The  1st  duke  of  York  chief  of  the  British  army.     In  1799  he  oom- 
was  succeeded  by  his  son  Edwabd,  who  fell  at  manded  an  expedition  in  Holland,  and  on  Sept. 
Agincourt  in  1415,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  19  was  defeated  by  Brune  near  Bergen,  and  od 
nephew  Riohabd,  son  of  Anne  Mortimer,  who  Oct.  6  near  Alkmaar,  where  on  Oct.  18  he  sigQ- 
was  grand  daughter  of  Lionel  duke  of  Clarence,  ed  a  convention,  by  which  the  British  agreed  to 
8d  son  of  Edward  HI.    It  was  by  virtue  of  surrender  8,000  prisoners  of  war  and  €va«i^« 
this  descent  from  the  duke  of  Clarence  that  the  territories  of  the  republic.    On  Jan.  2T, 
the  house  alleged  its  superior  right  over  that  1809,  he  was  brought  into  most  unenviable  oo- 
of  Lancaster,  which  was  descended  from  the  toriety  in  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  Jfrs. 
4th  son  of  Edward  III.    (See  England,  vol.  Mary  Anne  Clarke,  his  mistress,  who  revealed 
vii.  p.  168.)    The  title  was  subsequently  borne  to  Col.  Wardle  various  corrupt  transaction«  in 
byEdwardPlantagenet,  afterward  Edward  IV. ;  connection  with  the  army,  in  which  the  dale 
by  Richard  Planti^enet,  supposed  to  have  been  was  believed  to  be  implicated.    Col.  Wan^ 
murdered  in  1488  by  his  uncle  Richard  IH. ;  arraigned  the  duke  in  the  house  of  commons,  of 
by  Henry  Tudor,  afterward  Henry  VIH. ;  by  which  he  was  a  member.    A  committee  of  in* 
Charles  Stuart,  afterward  Charles  I. ;  by  James  vestigation  was  appointed,  before  which  VrN 
Stuart,  afterward  James  II. ;  and  was  conferred  Clarke  was  repeateidly  brought  to  testify,  ^ 
by  the  pretender,  James  III.,  on  his  second  son  the  affair  caused  enormous  scandal.    Itapp^; 
Henry  Benedict,  known  in  history  as  Cardinal  ed  that  Mrs.  Clarke  had  been  in  the  habit  ot 
York,  the  last  of  the  royal  family  of  the  Stuarts,  selling  promotions  in  the  army,  pensioDS,  &c^ 
— After  the  accession  of  the  house  of  Hanover  to  a  great  extent,  and  that  persons  who  paid 
to  the  British  throne,  George  L  created,  July  her  were  afterward  actually  promoted  or  pen* 
5,  1716,  his  brother  Ebnest  Augustus,  prince  sioned ;  but  as  the  evidence  did  not  absolotei^ 
bishop  of  Osnaburg,  duke  of  York  and  Al-  fix  upon  the  duke  a  share  in  the  corraptioo.  ut 
BANT.    He  died  in  1728,  and  Edward  Auous-  was  on  March  20,  1809,  acquitted  hjWj^ 
Tus,  the  2d  son  of  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales,  against  196.    The  same  day  he  redgo^^  ot^ 
received  in  1760  the  title,  but  died  childless  in  office  of  commander-in-chief,  to  which,  ho^- 
1767.    Next,  Erkdkbio,  2d  son  of  George  UI.  ever,  he  was  restored  by  the  priace  regsDi, 


614  YORKTOWN 

Hoor,  Botherham,  and  Bowling  are  upon  a  he  conoeiyed  the  desperate  plan  of  croesiDg  the 
very  large  scale  ;    and  the  manufacture  of  river  to  Gloucester  point  with  his  whole  trul- 
hardware,  cutlery,  and  plated  ware  is  carried  ahle  force,  and  pushing  northward  by  rapid 
on    most   extensively,   more    particularly    at  marches.    But  a  violent  storm  which  drore 
Sheffield.    The  manufactures  are  almost  wholly  his  boats  down  the  river  defeated  this  wfaeme, 
confined  to  a  district  of  about  40  by  20  m.  in  and  to  save  the  useless  shedding  of  blood  L<* 
the  West  Riding,  and  include  cotton,  woollen,  proposed  to  capitulate.     On  the  19th  teruA 
linen,  and  sUk.  The  central  line  of  railway  lead-  were  adjusted,  and  on  the  same  day  the  Britisti 
ing  from  London  to  Scotland  passes  through  army  to  the  number  of  about  7,000  snrrendeivd 
the  county,  and  numerous  other  lines  intersect  to  Washington  as  prisoners  of  war.    The  total 
it  in  different  directions.    Yorkshire  returns  British  loss  during  the  siege  amounted  to  55i». 
87  members  to  parliament,  viz.,  2  from  each  and  that  of  the  allies  to  about  300.    Amusp 
riding,  and  31  from  boroughs.  the  spoils  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  vic- 
YORKTOWN,  a  port  of  entry,  capital  of  tors  were  76  brass  and  160  iron  c&nnon,  ueariy 
York  CO.,  Ya.,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  8,000  stand  of  small  arms,  28  regimental  coIods, 
York  river,  11m.  from  its  mouth,  and  70  m.  E.  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  material  of  war. 
S.  E.  from  Richmond.    It  was  never  a  place  This  success  virtually  decided  the  struggle  for 
of  much  commercial  importance,  and  is  chiefly  independence  in  favor  of  the   revolationi^ 
noted  for  its  two  memorable  sieges  in  1781  and  Lord  George  Germain,  who  was  the  first  to 
1862. — On  Aug.  1,  1781,  Lord  Oornwallis,  in  announce  the  news  to  Lord  North,  upon  beioir 
obedience  to  orders  from  Sir  Henry  Clinton  to  asked  how  the  premier  took  it,  replied:  "A» 
occupy  a  strong  defensible  position  in  Virginia,  he  would  have  taken  a  ball  in  the  breast;  for 
established  himself  at  Yorktown  with  his  whole  he  opened  his  arms,  exclaiming  wildly  as  b« 
army  of  about  8,000  men,  supported  by  several  paced  up  and  down  the  apartment:  '0  God! 
frigates  and  smaller  vessels  which  were  an-  it  is  all  over !  *  '^ — The  second  siege  of  York- 
chored  in  the  York  river.    He  fortified  the  town  was  commenced  by  the  United  Sttiei 
place  by  7  redoubts  and  6  batteries  on  the  land  troops  under  Gen.  McOlellan  on  April  5, 1861 
side,  connected  by  a  line  of  intrenchments  ex-  For  many  months  previous  the  confederate 
tending  completely  around  the  town,  and  by  a  generals,  in  anticipation  of  an  attempt  to  ap- 
line  of  batteries  along  the  river.    The  town  was  proach  Richmond  along  the  peninsula  torwd 
further  defended  by  a  series  of  outworks,  with  by  the  York  and  James  rivers,  had  been  erect- 
redoubts  strengthened  by  abatis,  cmd  field  works  ing  formidable  works  around  Yorktown,  vdA 
mounted  with  cannon.    Gloucester  point,  on  had  carried  a  chain  of  redoubts  across  tb« 
the  other  side  of  the  river,  was  also  strongly  peninsula  to  the  mouth  of  the  Warwick  rirer, 
fortified.    In  the  latter  part  of  September  the  an  afiSuent  of  the  James.    Strong  works  wenr 
combined  American  and  French  armies  effected  at  the  same  time  erected  on  Gloucester  point 
a  junction  with  Lafayette  at  Williamsburg,  The  labors  of  the  besiegers  were  impeded  bj 
whence,  under  the  command  of  Washington,  frequent  rains,  and  by  a  harassing  fire  from  the 
they  marched  on  the  28th  to  the  investment  sharpshooters  of  the  enemy ;  but  the  panlJei!' 
of  Yorktown.     The   whole   besieging   force  made  steady  progress  toward  the  town,  npofi 
amounted  to  about  16,000  men,  of  whom  7,000  which  in  the  beginning  of  May  a  severe  fir« 
were  French  and  the  remainder  continentals  was  opened  from  several  batteries  of  beivj 
and  militia.    The  British  abandoned  their  out-  siege  guns.    Skirmishes  of  more  or  less  in- 
works  at  the  approach  of  the  allies,  and  on  the  portance  also  became  of  daily  occurrence,  va^ 
80th  the  investment  of  the  town  was  completed,  a  fleet  of  gun  boats  cooperated  with  the  besieg- 
On  Oct.  9  the  first  parallel  was  established,  iog  force.    On  the  night  of  May  3  the  oonfeder- 
and  several  heavy  batteries  opened  with  great  ates  quietly  abandoned  their  works  on  both  ade» 
efifect  upon  the  enemy,  dismounting  a  number  pf  the  York  river,  and  commenced  their  retreis 
of  their  guns  and  destroying  a  frigate  and  8  to  Richmond.    At  sunrise  on  the  4th,  sereral 
large  transports.    On  the  11th  the  2d  parallel  hours  after  the  departure  of  the  euemy,  t^ 
wasopenea;  but  as  the  working  parties  were  United  S^tes  troops  entered  the  deserted  work, 
greatly  annoyed  by  an  enfilading  fire  from  two  where  were  found  71  heavy  guns,  and  laij^ 
redoubts,  a  bold  and  successful  attack  was  amounts  of  tents,  ammunition,  and  other  mate- 
made  upon  them  on  the  night  of  the  14th  by  rial  of  war.    The  works  proved  to  be  of  ecien- 
two  detachments,  one  American,  commanded  tific  construction  and  great  strength,  and  cooJd 
by  Gen.  Lafayette,  and  one  French,  and  the  have  withstood  a  much  severer  cannonade  tbui 
captured  works  were  included  in  the  parallel,  was  brought  to  bear  against  them.   Thecoofed- 
The  position  of  Oornwallis  now  became  exceed-  erate  forces,  which  consisted  originally  of  a  di- 
ingly  critical.    Out  oflT  from  receiving  reSn-  vision  under  Gen.  Magruder,  were,  acoordiDg  to 
forcements,  or  from  escaping  by  sea,  by  the  ordinary  estimates,  increased  during  the  sieg« 
presence  of  the  French  fieet  in  Ohesapeake  to  upward  of  60,000  men.    McClellan's  troops 
bay,  and  knowing  that  his  fortifications  could  probably  numbered  between  85,000  and  90,000. 
not  long  withstand  the  fire  from  the  2d  paral-  A  pursuit  of  the  enemy  was  immediately  oom- 
lel,  he  determined  to  try  the  efiTect  of  a  sortie  menced,  and  on  the  5th  was  fought  the  action 
upon  the  most  advanced  batteries  of  the  be-  of  Williamsburg,  after  which  the  enemy  retired 
uegers.    This  having  proved  a  complete  failure,  unmolested  belund  Uie  lines  of  Richmond. 


YORUBA  Y0TJMAN8                     615 

rru^UBA,  a  conntry  of  central  Africa,  lying  rels,  and  of  antelopes,  apes,  and  monkeys,  and 

<»f  the  bi^ht  of  Benin  and  W.  of  the  Niger,  two  of  wild  hogs.    The  birds  are  very  numer- 

\voen  lat.  7°  and  9**  80' N.  and  long.  1**  50'  oos,  and   include  the   eagle,  vulture,  hawk, 

I  5*^  50'  E-  ;  area,  about  70,000  sq.  m. ;  pop.  crow,  heron,  crested  crane,  stork,  Guinea  fowl, 

Minted  at  8,000,000.    It  is  bounded  N.  by  quail,  partridge,  dove,  pigeon,  wild  duck,  king- 

r'»a   or  Borgoo,  E.  by  Nufe  or  Nupe,  S.  E.  fisher,  mocking  bird,  goatsucker,  parrot,  par- 

Bv.M\in,   S.   by  Ijebu,  Egba,  Iketu,  &c.,  and  oquet,  love  bird,   cockatoo,  hornbill,    oriole, 

.    l»y   Dahomey  and   Mahee.     The    princi-  creeper,  lark,   sparrow,   scarlet  weaver,  sun- 

l  towns  are  Ishabbeh,  Iganna,  Ishakki,  Igbo-  bird,  &c.    There  are  few  fishes,  porch,  trout, 

>,  Iki«^hi,  Horrin,  Offa,  Ogbomoshaw,  Ejigbo,  catfish,   and   torpedoes    being    the  principal. 

>  ti,   Ideh,   Ibadan,  ^aye,  Isehin,  Awaye,  and  Some  of  the  serpents,  such  as  the  python,  are 

wyaw,    the    capital  of   the    country.    Most  of  great  size.     The  termites  or  great  white  antSL 

these  towns  have  from  20,000  to  60,000  in-  with  their  hillocks  larger  than  a  native  hut,  and 

ii>itarita.     The  surface  is  undulating  and  ele-  two  species  of  the  driver  ant,  one  red  and  the 

ArvH\  about  1,000  feet  above  the  ocean;  in  the  other  black,  which  devour  every  kind  of  ver- 

•rciiern  portion  there  are  hills  rising  about  min,  are  among  the  most  remarkable  of  the 

^h^{)  feet  above  the  table  land  or  8,000  feet  insect  tribes.    Most  of  the  domestic  animals  of 

^ove  sea  level.    The  greater  part  of  the  coun-  Europe  and  America  are  reared  in  Yoruba. 

ry  is  prairie,  though  there  are  some  forests  The  sheep  is  covered  with  hair  instead  of  wool. 

^mv:  the  river  valleys.    It  is  drained  by  the  — The  natives  of  Yoruba  are  for  the  most  part 

>s>o(^n,  the  Ogoon,  the  A wyuQ,  and  some  small-  brown  or  black,  but  have  not  the  features  or 

r  streams  discharging  their  waters  into  the  hair  of  the  typical  negro,  though  there  are 

''.'Ut  of  Benin,  and  the  Assa  and  Moze,  tribu-  some  of  these  among  them,  evidently  of  a  dif- 

uies  of  the  Oya  or  upper  Niger.    The  rivers  ferent  race,  and  far  below  the  Yorubans  in  in- 

i:e  too  rapid  and  too  much  obstructed  by  falls  telligence.     The  latter  are  an  active  and  Intel- 

for  navii^ation,  but  are  not  subject  to  floods,  ligent  people,  industrious,  chaste,  and  of  mild 

riicre  are  two  seasons,  the  wet,  from  March  to  and  truthful  disposition,  but  fond  of  trading 

Novouiber,  and  the  dry,  from  November  to  and  avaricious.    They  learn  readily,  and  are 

>[  iieh.     The  quantity  of  rain,  even  during  the  remarkable  for  their  reverence  for  their  par- 

r  liny  season,  is  not  large.    The  average  heat  enta  and  superiors.     Their  language  is  pecu- 

•i  thi  dry  season  is  from  80°  to  82°  F.,  and  the  liar,  differing  from  that  of  the  nations  acyacent, 

'n.'hest  range  of  the  mercury  at  Ijaye  is  93°,  and  is  spoken  by  over  4,000,000  people.    They 

uid  at  Ogbomoshaw  97.5°.    The  heat,  though  are  idolaters,  but  their  religious  system  is  re- 

uot  excessive,  is  long  continued,  and  produces  markably  free  from  cruelty.    They  hold  some 

crreAt  lassitude.     The  harmattan  or  arcyeh  is  a  slaves,   perhaps  one  fifth  of  the  population. 

*Mol  and  very  dry  north  wind,  similar  to  the  These  are  mostly  prisoners  taken  in  war,  and 

uoriiiers  of  Texas  and  Mexico,  which  causes  are  seldom  treated  with  cruelty.    The  country 

the  mercury  to  sink  rapidly,  sometimes  as  low  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  culture  of  cotton, 

Ks  60^.    The  climate  is  not  sickly  for  the  na-  which  is  there  a  perennial  shrub  or  tree;  the 

tisroH,  but  Europeans  or  Americans  find  the  British  government  are  seeking  to  stimulate  its 

low  lands  very  insalubrious.     On  the  higher  production.    It  has  also  been  visited  by  the 

lanvU  tViere  is  less  to  predispose  to  sickness,  agents  of  the  African  ciWlization  society  of 

!•  u  whites  are  generally  subject  to  great  de-  the  United  States,  who  report  very  favorably 

hility  if  their  residence  is  protracted.     Iron  ex-  upon  it. 

ists  in  large  quantities,  and  there  is  said  to  be  YOSEMITE  FALLS.    See  California. 

?  ►rae  copper.     The  rocks  are  mostly  granitic.  YOU  ATT,  William,  an  English  veterinary 

Hie  f  )rests  are  composed  in   part  of   short  surgeon,  born  in  1777,  died  in  London,  Jan.  9, 

scrubby  trees,  and  in  part  of  those  of  gigantic  1847.     He  published  "The  Complete  Grazier'' 

Mze  and  height,  while  few  of  moderate  dimen-  (London,  new  ed.,  1850)  ;    "  Extent  and  Obli- 

»iou3  are  found;  the  African  teak,  the  sassa-  gation  of  Humanity  to  Brutes;"  "Treatise  on 

w«x>d  or  iroko^  and  ebony  are  the  most  valua-  Cattle  "  (new  ed.,  1851);  "Treatise  on  Sheep" 

l>lo  of  the  forest  trees.    Camwood  and  the  oil  (new  ed.,   1851);    "Treatise  on  the  Horse" 

palm  are  also  found  in  considerable  quantities,  (1848);    "Treatise  on  the  Pig"  (1847);  and 

a^  are  the  wine  palm,  the  fan  palm,  the  cocoa-  "  Treatise  on  the  Dog"  (1848);   and  was  the 

i^nt,  and  a  species  of  palmetto.     Among  the  owner  and  editor  of  "The  Veterinarian,"  es- 

oultivated  trees  are  several  species  of  fig,  none  tablished  in  London  in  1828,  the  first  periodical 

of  which  however  bear  valuable  fruit,  the  but-  devoted  to  that  class  of  subjects.    His  writings 

ter  tree,  and  the  African  locust,  whose  seeds  are  still  of  authority. 

are  used  in  palaver  sauce.    Among  the  plants  YOUMANS,  Edward  Livingston,  an  Amer- 

aini  Bhrubs  of  medicinal  value  are  the  cubebs,  ican  scientific  writer  and  lecturer,  born  in  Al- 

^arsaparilla  (said  to  be  superior  to  the  Hondu-  bany  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1821.     In  his  boyhood 

TiW),  aloes,  and  the  large  white  pond  lily.    The  he  contracted  a  malady  of  the  eyes  which  de- 

principal  animals  are  the  elephant,  rhinoceros,  prived  him  of  vision  for  several  years.     He 

J'ippopotamus,  lion,  leopard,  panther,  buffalo,  had  an  early  fondness  for  scientific  study,  and, 

2  or  3  kinds  of  wild  cats,  civet  cats,  the  hyasna,  with  the  help  of  a  sister  who  read  to  him  ana 

^Ud  dog,  cony,  rabbit,  several  species  of  squir-  assisted  in  experimenting,  he  devoted  himself  to 


616  YODNG 

ohemistry.    The  difficnlties  he  encountered  in  &nn ;  and  acoordinglj  at  the  end  of  hia  five 

study  f^om  the  loss  of  sight  drew  his  attention  years  he  paid  £100  to  another  to  take  his  ita^ 

forcibly  to  the  subject  of  ocular  illustration  in  off  his  hands.    He  now  pnbli^ed  his  '*  Six 

science,  and  led  to  the  publication  of  his  *^  Chem-  Months^  Tour  through  the  North  of  EDgkod  '^ 

ical  Chart  of  Colored  Diagrams"  (1851),  for  (4  vols.  8vo.,  1770),  the  fimit  of  a  joDmer 

class-room  use.    In  1852  he  published  a  "  Class  made  in  1768,  which  was  followed  hj  "The 

Book  of  Chemistry"  (12mo.,  New  York),  an  Farmer's  Tour  through  the  East  of  England " 

enlarged  and  revised  edition  of  which  appeared  (4  vols.  8vo.,  1770);  "The  Farmer's  Giudt" 

in  1862.    This  was  followed  by  the  "  Atlas  of  (2  vols.  8vo.,  1770) ;  "  The  Farmer's  Calendar" 

Chemistry"  (1854),  in  which  the  same  plan  of  (1771)  ;  "  Political  Essays  on  the  Present  Bute 

pictorial  illustration  was  carried  out,  and  ac-  of  the  British  Empire"  (1771)  ;  ^' Obserratk'&d 

companied  by  explanatory  text.    He  has  also  on  the  Present  State  of  Waste  Lands'"  (ITTl.-; 

published  "  Alcohol  and  the  Constitution  of  "  Rural   Economy"    (1772)  ;    and    "  Polirital 

Man"  (1855),  and  the  "  Hand  Book  of  House-  Arithmetic"  (1774).    In  1776-'6  he  visited  Irt- 

hold  Science"  (1857).    Mr.  Youmans  is  a  pop-  land,  studying  not  only  the   farming  of  tin 

ular  lecturer  on  scientific  subjects.    He  is  now  country,  but  other  matters  of  public  interesi. 

(Dec.  1862)  in  Europe  studying  the  various  and  there  spent  two  years  as  the  manager  of 

systems  of  primary  education  and  the  bearings  a   large   estate   near  Cork,   after  which  he 

of  science  upon  educational  progress.  published  his  ^*  Tour  in  Ireland  "  (2  vols.  Sto^ 

YOUNG,  a  new  N.  W.  co.  of  Texas,  inter-  1780).    In  1779  he  determined  to  emigrate  to 

sected  by  the  Brazos  river ;  area,  1,050  sq.  m. ;  America,  but  was  dissuaded  by  his  mother.  He 

pop.  in  1860,  592,  of  whom  92  were  slaves,  now  devoted  himself  to  practical  huBbandrj, 

The  surface  is  undulating  and  diversified  by  working  with  his  own  hands,  analyzing  eoik 

prairie  and  woodland,  and  the  soil  is  fertile,  making  experiments,  &c.    Catliarine  IL  scut 

Capital,  Belknap.  to  him  three  young  Russians  to  be  instracted 

YOUNG,  Alexander,  D.D.,  an  American  in  farming.    His  great  work,  the  ^'  Annals  of 

olergvman,  born  in  Boston  in  1800,  died  there,  Agriculture,"  began  in  1784,  and  was  oontinned 

March  15, 1854.    He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  through  45  8vo.  volumes;  to  this  George  III. 

college  in  1820,  studied  theology  at  Cambridge,  who  afterward  presented  him  with  a  merino 

and  in  1825  was  settled  as  pastor  of  the  New  ram,  contributed  under  the  name  of  Ra}?^ 

South  Congregational  church  in  Boston,  which  Robinson.    Engaging  in  a  warm  publio  discos- 

ofiSce  he  held  till  the  close  of  his  life.     In  sion  on  the  wool  bill,  in  the  interest  of  the 

1849  he  was  chosen  secretary  of  tiie  board  of  farmers,  he  was  burned  in  effigy  by  the  maoo- 

overseers  of  Harvard  college.    He  published  facturers  of  Norwich  in  1787.     Making  a  horse- 

"  Discourse  on  the  Life  and  Character  of  Na-  back  journey  in  France,  followed  by  repeated 

tibaniel  Bowditch"  (Boston,  1838) ;  "  C^ironicles  visits  to  the  continent,  he  next  pubKshed  b» 

of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  the  Colony  of  Ply-  "  Travels  in  France,  Spain,  and  Italy"  (2  vols. 

mouth"  (1 841) ;  "  Chronicles  of  the  First  Plant-  4to.,  1791),  and  about  the  same  time  printed  in 

ers  of  the  Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay"  (1846);  a  pamphlet  his  correspondence  with  Washin^- 

"  Library  of  Old  English  Prose  Writers"  (9  ton.    He  had  been  a  friend  of  liberal  ideas, 

vols.,  1831-4) ;  and  several  biographical  and  but  the  excesses  of  the  French  revoktion  djtv 

occasional  discourses.  from  him  a  pamphlet  entitled  '^  The  Sxample 

YOUNG,  AjiTHUB,  an  English  writer  on  ag-  of  France  a  Warning  to  Britain"  (1798).   Ap- 
riculture,  born  at  Bradfield,  Suffolk,  Sept.  7,  pointed  secretary  to  the  board  of  agricoltore  in 
1741,  died  there,  April  12,  1820.    The  son  of  1789,  with  a  salary  of  £400,  he  held  that  office 
the  rector  of  the  parish,  he  was  educated  at  till  nis  death.    In  1801  the  French  directoir 
Lavenham  school,  and  in  1768  was  apprenticed  ordered  his  agricultural  works  to  be  traiukteti. 
to  a  wine  merchant  at  Lynn ;  but  disliking  busi-  and  they  were  published  under  the  title  of  ^ 
ness,  he  wrote  a  political  pamphlet  which  he  eultwateur  Anglais  (20  vols.  Svo.,  Paris.)  He 
sold  to  a  bookseller,  began  a  periodical  called  received  countless  testimonials  from  agricDitoni 
the  "  Universal  Museum,"  and  stopped  it  by  the  societies  and  distinguished  persons,  and  has  QO 
advice  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  in  1760  began  to  doubt  exerted  a  greater  influence  upon  the  pro* 
write  on  agricultural  subjects.    In  1768  he  pub-  gress  of  agriculture  than  any  other  writer, 
lished  "  A  Six  Weeks'  Tour  through  the  South-        YOUNG,  Bbigham.    See  Mobhoss. 
em  Counties,"  which  at  once  became  popular,        YOUNG,  Edward,  an  English  poet,  boni  si 
on  account  of  its   shrewd  observations  and  Upham,  near  Winchester,  in  1684,  died  April  1^< 
lively,  imaginative  style ;  and  this  he  soon  fol-  1765.    He  was  educated  on  the  fonndation^ 
lowed  with  "  A  Course  of  Experimental  Agri-  Winchester  college,  and  subsequently  entend 
culture"  (2  vols.  4to.,  London,  1770),  which  All  Souls'  and  Corpus  Christi  colleges,  OiW, 
contained  **an  exact  register  of  the  course  of  at  the  former  of  which  he  received  in  170B& 
business  transacted  during  five  years  on  over  law  fellowship.    In  1714  he  took  the  degrees 
800  acres  of  various  soils,"  which  he  had  man-  LL.B.,  and  in  1719  that  of  LL.D.,  bnt  gave  no 
aged  at  Samford  Hall,  Essex.    While  thus  en-  attention  to  the  practice  of  the  law,  his  pro- 
gaged  in  farming,  he  was  also  a  parliament-  fession  being  rather  that  of  poet  and  coattj^- 
ary  reporter  to  the  "  Morning  Post"  of  London,  which  he  followed  until  his  80th  .v««''- ^^^'^ 
and  spent  only  Saturdays  and  Sundays  on  his  earliest  publication  was  a  poem  entitled  ^'i^ 


618  YOUNG  YRIARTE 

longitude,  and  after  its  dissolution  conducted  with  great  tortures.    IH.  Ookstaiitxne,  sod  of 

the  "  Nautic^  Almanac.^'     In  182T  he  was  the  preceding,  bom  in  Constantinople  alK^ut 

chosen,  in  place  of  Volta,  a  foreign  associate  1760,  died  in  Kiev  in  1816,  conspir^  to  tit^: 

of  the  academy  of  sciences  in  Paris.     His  Greece,  but  was  discoyered   and  fled.    His 

"  Miscellaneous  Works'*  have  been  collected  father  having  obtained  his  pardon,  be  retomt^ 

hj  Dean  Peacock  and  Mr.  John  Leitch  (4  vols,  and  became  interpreter  to  the  Porte,  and  \t 

Svo.,  London,  1855),  by  the  former  of  whom  1799  was  appointed  hospodar  of  Moldavia,  sb J 

his  **Life"  was  also  written  {8vo.,  1855).    The  shortly  afterward  of  Wallachia.    Dismi8?i<Jm 

work  on  which  he  was  engaged  at  the  time  of  1805,  he  entered  the  Russian  senrice  to  I'k 

his  death  was  published  posthumously,  entitled  against  Turkey,  but  after  the  peace  of  Til^h 

"  Rudiments  of  an  Egyptian  Dictionary"  (8vo.,  withdrew  to  Kiev,  where  he  lived  on  a  peM*-:^ 

London,  1830).  from  the  Russian  government    IV.  Aliia>- 

YOUNG,  Thomas  Johx,  an  American  cler-  deb,  son  of  the  preceding,  bom  in  Constaiti 

gyman,  born  in  Oharleston,  S.  0.,  Oct.  22,  nople,  Dec.  12,  1792,  died  in  Yienna,  Jan.  •!»!. 

1808,  died  there  in  Oct.  1852.    He  was  grad-  1828,  entered  the  Russian  service  in  1809  a.- »'i 

uated  at  Yale  college  in  1823,  was  tutor  in  officer  in  the  cavalry  of  the  guard,  became  ba- 

Charleston  college  for  one  year,  studied  at  the  jor  in  1812,  and  lost  his  right  hand  in  the  battle 

Episcopal  theological  seminary  in  New  York,  of  Dresden,  Aug.  27, 1813.  He  was  made  a  (H)k^ 

was  ordained  by  Bishop  Bowen  in  1827,  was  nel  and  a4jutant  of  Alexander  I.,  and  in  IS:' 

rector  of  several  country  parishes  in  South  became  a  m^jor-general.    In  1820  he  took  tU 

Carolina,  and  in  1847  became  assistant  rector  leadership  of  the  movement  projected  Ij  Cx 

of  St.  MichaeFs  church,  Oharleston,  which  of-  Hetffiria,  the   secret  society  formed  to  pr'- 

fice  he  retained  till  his  death.    He  was  a  zeal-  mote  the    independence  of  Greece,  and  tbt 

ous  and  kindly,  as  well  as  studious  man,  and  outbreak  began  in  the  Danubian  principalities 

an  efficacious  preacher,  and  devoted  himself  in  Feb.  1821 ;  but  the  fatal  issue  of  the  l)att!r 

especially  to  the  spiritual  welfare  of  the  negroes,  at  Dragashan,  June  19, 1821,  put  an  end  to  tbc 

YPRES  (Flemish,  Yperen  or  Ypern\  a  for-  project  for  the  time.  Ypsilanti  surrendtnu 
tilled  city  of  Belgium,  province  of  W.  Flanders,  himself  to  the  Austrians,  and  was  kept  a  pii- 
on  the  river  Yperl6,  30  m.  S.  W.  from  Bruges ;  oner  by  them  for  six  years ;  and  vhen  re- 
pop.  17,975.  It  is  situated  in  a  marshy  and  leased  in  1827,  through  the  interposition  of  tk 
unhealthy  region,  has  a  Gothic  cloth  hall,  begun  czar  Nicholas,  his  health  was  bopeles^^Ij  ^ 
in  1842,  now  used  as  a  council  house  and  for  stroyed.  V.  Demetbius,  brother  of  the  jrc- 
other  public  purposes ;  the  Gothic  church  of  ceding,  born  in  Constantinople,  Dec.  25, 17^^ 
St.  Martin,  where  Jansenius,  bishop  of  Ypres,  is  died  in  Vienna,  Jan.  31,  1832,  distiiiguUc«I 
buried,  and  other  churches;  2  colleges,  4  hos-  himself  in  the  Russian  service  in  1814,  join^ 
pitals,  &c.  Woollen,  cotton,  and  linen  goods,  the  insurrection  in  the  Morea  in  June,  1^2;< 
laces,  ribbons,  &c.,  are  manufactured,  and  salt  demanded  that  the  supreme  command  slioui<i 
is  made. — Ypres  was  first  surrounded  with  be  given  him,  and  on  its  refusal  quarrelldi 
walls  in  1888,  and  was  strongly  fortified  by  with  the  party  of  Mavrocordato,  bnt  took  eom- 
Louis  XI Y.  in  1688.  In  the  14th  century  it  had  mand  of  the  siege  of  Tripolitza,  which  he  c-ar- 
200,000  inhabitants  and  employed  4,000  looms,  ried  by  storm  in  October,  but  was  repul^  >ii 

YPSILANTI,  a  city  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Mich.,  December  at  Nauplia.    In  Jan.  1822,  he  v&« 

on  the  Huron  river  and  the  Michigan  central  chosen  president  of  the  national  assemhir,  tixi 

railroad,  80  m.  W.  by  S.  from  Detroit,  and  254  met  witn  varying  but  not  remarkaWe  fortciit 

from  Ohicago ;  pop.  in  1860, 3,955.    It  is  pleas-  as  a  military  leader  during  the  spring,  bat  iii 

antly  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  and  popu-  July  distinguished  himself  by  audaciou^Ij  hoid- 

lous  agricultural  district,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  ing  the  citadel  of  Argos  and  renderiDg  p'*^ 

atate  normal  school.    It  has  also  an  excellent  sible  the  total  destruction  of  the  enemr  ib  tbe 

union  school  with  4  ward  schools,  8  churches,  passes  between  that  place  and  Corinth.  lol^-'^ 

2    newspaper    offices,  and  several  mills  and  he  withdrew  from  public  affairs,  but  in  Jcst, 

manufactories  of  woollen  goods,  iron,  flour,  fur-  1826,  successfully  opposed  Ibrahim  Pasha  &t  t^^ 

nitnre,  leather,  paper,  &c.  mills  of  Lema,  and  in  1826  took  a  promiDeot 

YPSILANTI,  the  name  of  a  powerful  and  part  in  advocating  the  r^ection  of  the  pro- 
wealthy  Fanarlote  family,  originating  at  Trebi-  posed  English  protectorate.  When  Capo  dl>tni 
zond,  and  claiming  descent  from  the  Oomneni.  assumed  the  government  in  1828,1^511^^ 
I.  Ath  AN  ASICS,  in  the  beginning  of  the  18th  was  made  commander  of  the  troops  in/^^*? 
century,  was  a  favorite  of  the  sultan  at  Con-  Greece,  but  resigned  in  1830.  In  April,  1^ 
Btantinople.  II.  Alexandeb,  his  son  (put  to  after  the  assassination  of  Capo  d'Istria«  he  r&s 
death  in  1805),  was  interpreter  at  the  Sublime  chosen  one  of  the  7  members  of  the  execn^ve 
Porte,  became  hospodar  of  Wallachia  in  1774,  commission,  and  held  that  office  tillhu^de^a 
granted  religious  freedom  to  Lutherans  in  1780,  YRIARTE,  Juan  de,  a  Spanish  linguist,  bom 
resigned  in  1781,  was  appointed  to  the  same  at  Orotava,  in  the  island  of  Teneriffe,  ^\]h 
office  in  1790,  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Rus-  1702,  died  in  Madrid,  Aug.  28,  1771.  Ij  /'y 
sians  and  released  after  the  peace  of  Jassy  in  he  was  sent  to  school  at  Paris,  aftenrard  ^^^ 
1792,  was  suspected  by  the  Porte  of  treason-  ied  the  English  language  in  London,  rev7>:i^ 
able  relations  with  Russia,  and  was  executed  Teneriflfe  in  1724,  and  then  went  to  Madrid  aou 


YTTRIUM  YUCATAN                     61fl 

Tno  a  secretary  in  the  royal  printing  office,  symbol  is  Y.    Yttrium  is  not  oxidized  in  the  air 

T.irian  in  the  royal  library,  and  in  1740  at  red  heat^  nor  by  contact  with  steam;  but 

i.il  translator  to  the  principal  secretary  of  in  oxygen  gas  it  burns  brilliantly,  yielding  a 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  royal  white  protoxide,  or  yttria.    This,  however,  is 

^  my  in  1743,  and  devised  an  improved  sys-  best  secured  through  a  process  employed  to 

I  uf  orthography,  punctuation,  and  accentu-  separate  it  from  the  mineral  gadoliuite;  the 

:i  for  tlie  Spanish  language.    He  began  a  carbonate  is  thus  first  formed,  and  being  ignit- 

]>}i-Latin  dictionary,  but  never  weut  be-  ed,  yttria  remains.  Yttria  (YO)  is  a  white  pow- 

:  1  tho  letter  A    He  left  in  manuscript  His-  der,  without  odor  or  taste,  soluble  in  the  carbon- 

i  th  las  islas  de  Canaria^  and  PaUografia  ates  of  the  alkalies,  especially  that  of  ammonia. 

'■ja.     A  selection  of  his  works  was  publish-  Upon  precipitating  its  salts  from  an  aqueous 

u  1774(2  vols.  4to.,  Madrid). — Tomas  de,  solution,  it  takes  the  form  of  a  hydrate.     With 

"laiiish  author,  nephew  of  the  preceding,  phosphorus,  sulphur,  iodine,  &c.,  yttrium  forms 

•I  at  Orotava,  Teneritte,  Sept.  18,  1750,  died  colorless  and  more  or  less  crystalline  salts. 

Madrid,  Sept.  17,  1791.     He  received  his  The  chloride  is  obtained  upon  passing  chlorine 

■  at  ion  in  Madrid  under  the  auspices  of  his  over  a  mixture  of  yttria  and  charcoal,  in  a 

-.  :ind  at  the  age  of  18  produced  some  heated  porcelain  tube.  A  characteristic  of  solu- 

.  '•  itions  of  French  plays  which  were  per-  tions  of  yttria  is  their  yielding  a  white  precip- 

.1  mI  upon  the  Spanish  stage.    He  also  ac-  itate  with  ferrocyanide  of  potassium. 

-  m1  considerable  reputation  at  court  as  a  YUBA,  a  N.  co.  of  California,  bounded  W. 

-^i  ill  and  belles-lettres  scholar,  and  received  by  the  Feather  river  and  S.  by  Bear  river,  and 

.10  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state,  intersected  by  the  Yuba  river;  area  estimated 

ii  he  retained  until  the  close  of  his  life,  at  863  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  13,671.     The  £. 

>  I /erary  pursuits  were  much  interrupted  by  part  is  mountainous,  being  traversed  by  the 

-";ial  controversies  with  rivals,  and  in  1786  Sierra  Nevada  range,  and  the  W.  part  is  undu- 

u  as  summoned  before  the  inquisition  on  lating  or  level.    The  soil  is  highly  fertile.  The 

:•'.  ion  of  being  tainted  with  the  new  French  productions  in  1858  were  85,975  bushels  of 

"^ophy.     His  published  works,  apart  from  wheat,  153,765  of  barley,  8,700  of  oats,  3,750 

•  luritroversial  writings,  comprise  original  of  Indian  corn,  21,000  lbs.  of  wool,  and  2,895 
.  t  Translated  dramas,  didactic  poems,  and  fa-  tons  of  hay;   and  there  were  50,000    grape 

>.    The  best  of  his  poems  is  La  muska,  pub-  vines.     There  were  6  grist  mills,  27  saw  mills, 

d  in  1780,  which  has  passed  through  5  an  iron  foundery,  9  quartz  mills,  and  2  news- 

<>ns  and  been  translated  into  the  chief  £u-  paper  offices.    It  is  one  of  the  most  important 

.  MTi  lunirnages.     His  reputation  however  mining  counties  in  the  state.    The  county  is 

'^  upon  his  fables,  nearly  80  in  number,  and  intersected  by  the  San  Francisco  and  Marys- 

utn    in  npward  of  40  different    metres,  ville  and  the    central   railroads,    unfinished. 

'  Hot  ions  were  all  invented  by  himself,  in  Capital,  Marysville. 

.  h  re^spect  they  differ  from  similar  modern  If  UOATAN,  called  also  Mebida  and  Cam- 

' > In.tions,  and,  what  is  also  a  novelty,  they  peachy,  a  state  of  the  Mexican  confederation, 

''.'  re-^tricted  in  their  moral  purpose  to  the  comprising  the  peninsula  of  the  same  name, 

"rt^ction  of  the  faults  and  follies  of  men  of  bounded  K.  W.  and  N.  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico, 

"ni'i?.    "They  are  too  narrative  in  their  N.  E.  by  the  channel  or  strait  of  Yucatan, 

't  ire,''  says  Ticknor,  "  and  fail  somewhat  which  separates  it  from  Cuba,  E.  by  the  Carib- 

Jise  ponial  spirit  which  distinguishes  ^sop  bean  sea,  S.  by  Balize  and  Guatemala,  S.  W. 

'  i  La  Fontaine ;  but  their  influence  was  so  by  Tabasco,  and  W.  by  the  bay  of  Campeaohy. 

^  needed  in  the  age  of  bad  writing  in  It  lies  between  lat.  18^  and  21°  40'  N.,  long. 

■  li  they  appeared,  and  they  are  beside  so  87°  25'  and  90°  80'  W.;  length  from  N.  to  S. 
"^fiil  in  their  versification,  that  they  were  about  250  m.,  mean  breadth  200  m. ;  area,  47,263 

^  '>nly  received  with  great  favor  at  first,  but  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1857,  680,325.     The  coast  has 

«c  never  lost  it  since."     They  have  been  few  indentations.    In  the  S.  W.  there  is  an  ex- 

'fi>lati-d  into  English  by  George  H.  Deve-  tensive  lagoon  called    Laguna   di    Terniinos, 

''^  ("Literary  Fables  of  Yriarte,"  16mo.|  lying  partly  in  the  state  of  Tabasco.    On  the 

'  ;f''n,  I8i5).  8.  E.  are  3  small  bays,  the  Puerto  de  Calen- 

^  I  riilUM  (from  Ytterby,  in  Sweden,  where  turas,  Bahia  del  Espiritu  Santo,  and  Bahiade 

'"  minerals  containing  it  were  first  found),  a  la  Ascension.     The  rivers  are  few  and  small, 

'■•  metal,  first  obtained  pure  by  Wohler  in  and  when  rain  fails  the  interior  becomes  a  dry 

-\  the  oxide  of  which,  discovered  by  Gadolin  and  parched  desert,   where  springs  of  fresh 

^''H,  occurs  in  small  quantity  as  a  component  water  can  scarcely  be  found.     The  San  Fran- 

*  •'Vtral  minerals,  such  as gadolinite,tankelite,  cisco,  Champoton,  and  Honda  are  tho  largest 

■  'o-ccrite,  &c.    It  is  most  conveniently  obtain-  streams.    There  is  one  lake  of  considerable  size, 

■  '"""yn  its  chloride,  upon  heating  in  a  platinum  Lake  Ohichancanab.     The  interior  is  occupied 

•  le  a  stratified  mixture  of  this  salt  and  by   lofty  ridges,  which  are  dry  and  sterile. 

*  "*^mm.    The  chlorine  passes  to  the  latter.  Toward  the  coast  the  country  is  better  wa- 

nietal  yttrium  remaining  in  shining,  pulveru-  tered,  and  much  of  it  is  covered  with  heavy 

*  ^' ales,  of  iron -gray  color,  but  which  upon  forests  of  bay  wood,  redwood,  mahogany,  and 

'riiisliing  show  a  high  metallic  lustre.    Its  other  trees  of  large  size  and  great  value.    Con- 


620 


ZA0ATE0A8 


Bideraible  tracts  are  cultivated,  and  prodnce  schools  in  the  Jarger  town&c — ^Yucatan  wss  &• 

cotton,  maize,  rice,  pepper,  tobacco,  and  sugar  covered  in  1517  by  Francisco  Henumdez  C<r* 

cane.    Cattle  are  also  raised  in  large  numbers,  dova,  and  subjected  by  Cortes.    From  IkH. 

and  beef  salted  or  dried  and  salted  hides  form  when  the  Spanish  yoke  was  thrown  oC  it  r.- 

important  articles  of  export.    The  other  ex-  mained  independent  till  1824,  when  it  cnitrc 

ports  are  salt  fish,  dye  woods,  straw  hats,  hon-  with  the  Mexican  confederation.     In  lb4l>  i: 

ey  and  wax,  cocoanuts  and  other  fruits,  and  the  proclaimed  itself  again  an  independent  repiib- 

hemp  called  jenequen^  produced  from  the  fibres  lie,  and  in  1848,  having  secured  its  oirn  t«rsL< 

of  the  agave.    The  state  is  divided  into  5  de-  of  peace,  reentered  the  confederation.  It  tu 

pendencies   and   18   districts.     Its   principal  again  independent  from  1846  to  1852. 


towns  are  Merida,  the  capital,  Campeachy, 
Valladolid,  Izamal,  Bacalar,  and  Tekax.  Sisal 
the  port  of  Merida,  but  has  Uttle  trade. 


YUGYAKARTA.    See  Jokjokabia. 

YUPURA.     See  Japura. 

YUSUF.    See  Joussouf. 

Y VERDUN,  or  Yvebdow  (anc.  Ebroini^f^. 
a  town  of  the  canton  of  Vand,  Switzerl&nd  :^ 
m.  N.  from  Lausanne,  near  the  month  i(f  t:. 
Thiele,  on  the  lake  of  Nenfch&tel;  pop.  i: 
1850,  8,619.  It  has  an  old  castle  bnilt  in  llic 
by  Conrad,  duke  of  Zahringen,  in  vhich  h 


IS 

Campeachy  is  the  principal  seaport.  The  evi- 
dences of  a  higher  civilization  possessed  by  the 
race  who  originally  inhabited  Yucatan  are 
abundant  and  interesting.  The  ruins  of  Ux- 
mal,  Chichen,  Eabah,  Zayi,  &c.,  have  been  ex- 
plored by  Messrs.  Stephens  and  Catherwood, 

and  others.    Those  of  Uxmal,  the  most  remark-  talozzi  established  in  1806  his  educational  ici:i 

able,  are  situated  about  45  m.  S.  S.  W.  from  tute,  and  developed  the  principles  of  his  8T?te2 

Merida,  and  10  m.  from  those  of  Zayi.    They  of  education. 

comprise  numerous  massive  limestone  struc-  YYON,  Adolphb,  a  French  painter,  bom  t' 
tures  built  on  broad  terraced  platforms,  and  all  EschwiUer,  department  of  Moselle,  in  1^:T. 
highly  ornamented.  The  largest  single  build-  studied  under  Paul  Delaroche,  travelled  in  Hos- 
ing is  called  the  "house  of  the  governor,^'  sia  in  1848,  and  brought  back  with  him  a  ^rit^ 
which  has  a  front  of  822  feet,  and  contains  24  of  designs  which  were  exhibited  in  Fans  ii 
rooms.  The  most  beautifiil  structure  is  the  1847-8.  Beside  several  portraits,  he  has  pr- 
"  house  of  the  nuns,'^  composed  of  4  ranges  en-  duced  **  The  Remorse  of  Judas''  (1846).  "H? 
closing  a  large  courtyard,  with  88  apartments.  Battle  of  Kolikova"  (1850),  "The  First  Co-.- 
The  "house  of  the  dwarf,"  on  a  very  steep  sul  descending  the  Alps"  (1858),  "  Marshal  X^j 
mound  88  feet  high,  was  a  teocnlli  for  human  supporting  the  Rear  Guard  in  Russia^'  (I^^>> 
sacrifices.  About  |  of  the  population  of  Yuca-  and  "  The  Seven  Deadly  Sins,"  designed  after 
tan  are  of  pure  Indian  blood,  and  speak  the  Dante  (1855).  He  was  sent  to  the  Crimea  K^ 
Maya  language.  The  remainder  are  mostly  of  the  government,  and  painted  "The  Gaptm^^f 
mixed  race,  with  a  few  whites,  generally  of  the  Malakoff"  (1859),  &c.  He  is  an  artist  of  ir 
European  birth.  Education  is  aj;  a  low  ebb,  markable  power,  and  holds  a  promineDt  pket 
though  there  is  a  college  at  Campeachy,  and  among  the  living  historical  painters  of  Fmft- 


Z 


Z'  the  last  letter  of  the  Teutonic,  Romanic, 
\n  and  most  of  the  Slavic  alphabets,  the  6th 
of  the  Greek,  and  the  7th  of  the  Hebrew,  Phoe- 
nician, and  Arabic.  In  English,  French,  Por- 
tuguese, and  modern  Greek,  it  is  simply  a  linguo- 
dental  consonant,  forming  the  feeble  or  sonorous 
counterpart  of  the  sibilant  S,  the  difference  be- 
tween the  two  resulting  from  the  fact  that  in 
sounding  Z  the  vocal  chords  of  the  glottis  are 
used,  while  in  sounding  S  they  are  inactive.  In 
all  these  languages  the  regular  sound  of  Z  is  that 
heard  in  the  words  eons^  eebra,  zinc.  In  the  an- 
cient Greek  it  had  the  sound  of  <2a,  and  was  reck- 
oned metrically  as  a  double  consonant.  It  was 
introduced  into  the  Latin  in  the  time  of  Augus- 
tus, when  it  was  placed  at  the  end  of  the 
alphabet.  In  German  it  is  pronounced  as  te; 
in  Italian  as  ts  and  tg ;  in  Spanish  like  th  in 
think.  The  Russians  have  two  letters,  one  the 
8th  of  their  alphabet,  representing  our  simple 
Z,  the  other  the  28d,  equivalent  to  U, — As  a 
numeral  the  Greek  Z  signifies  7;  among  the 


Romans  Z  stood  for  2,000 ;  with  a  horiiostL 
line  over  it,  for  2,000,000. 

ZACAPA.    See  Saoapa. 

ZACATECAS,  a  central  state  of  the  Hexictf 
confederation,  bounded  N.  by  Durango,  CoaLw- 
la,  and  New  Leon,  E.  by  San  Luis  Potosi,  awJ 
S.  and  W.  by  Guadalajara ;  area,  26,883  «q.  m  : 
pop.  in  1867,  802,141.  It  nearly  encloees  [N 
little  state  of  Aguas  Calientes.  Zacatecas  ^ 
longs  to  the  central  table  lands  of  Meiico,  aic 
much  of  it  is  arid.  It  is  drained  by  the  afflneDts 
of  the  Santiago,  the  Santander,  and  the  »o 
Grande  del  Parras.  It  has  9  lakes,  all  hm 
impregnated  with  carbonate  of  soda.  *«* 
mountains  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  which  trsverw 
the  state,  contain  some  of  the  richest  slrer 
mines  on  the  continent  There  are  8  exten- 
sive veins,  upon  which  nearly  8,000  shaita  a« 
been  opened,  and  it  is  estimated  that  tD<^ 
mines  have  produced  silver  to  the  vaiM /^ 
$1,000,000,000.  The  most  celebrated  w^ 
are  those  of  Zacatecas  and  Sombrerete.  i^ 


622  ZALEUOUS  ZAMBESI 

appointment,  found  him  devoted  to  the  czar,  land.    In  1T48  it  was  placed  in  abotldu^ti 

and  came  to  hate  him  accordingly.    He  wrote  Warsaw  owned  by  the  two  brothers,  and  llic^ 

an  Histoire  de  la  retolutum  de  Pologne  en  1794  kept  for  the  use  of  the  public    In  1766,  at  iLt 

(Paris,  1797).  diet,  he  inveighed  so  violently  against  tbidi- 

ZALEUOUS,  the  lawgiver  of  the  Epizephy-  sidents,  protected  by  Russia,  that,  upon  tU 

rian  Locrians  in  southern  Italy.     lie  is  said  demand  of  the  Russian  ambaasador  Repiiis. 

to  have  been  originally  a  slave,  and  employed  he  was  taken  to  Kalooga,  and  there  coDk». 

as  a  shepherd,  but  Diodorus  describes  him  as  until  1778.    During    his  residence  then  U 

of  good  family.    So  much  disorder  and  dis-  wrote  from  memory  a  bibliographical  aecuici 

tress  prevailed  among  the  colonists,  that  they  in  a  kind  of  blank  verse,  of  the  books  in  hb 

applied  to  the  oracle  at  Delphi  for  a  remedy,  library  which  treated  of  Polish  history.  It«.> 

and  were  enjoined  to  make  laws  for  them-  published  in  1832  at  Cracow  nnder  tb«  n:  ^ 

selves.     These  they  received  from  Zaleucus,  oi  BtbUoteka  historyhdu)  poUhieK    Byhi^vii 

who  published  ordinances  which  he  professed  the  library  was  left  to  die  Polish  people.  I : 

to  have  received  from  the  goddess  Minerva  in  after  his  death  it  received  no  accessions,  ii: 

a  dream.    They  were  promulgated  in  664  B.O.,  on  the  third  partition  of  Poland  ia  1795  t&^ 

40  years  earlier  than  the  code  of  Draco,  and  carried  to  St.  Petersburg,  where  it  formed  :br 

were  therefore  the  first  collection  of  written  nucleus  of  the  present  imperial  library.  1* 

laws  possessed  by  the  Greeks.    There  is  noth-  though  it  had  diminished  rather  than  iiu'rvt^  ■ 

ing  certain  in  regard  to  them  except  their  ex-  when  taken  to  Russia,  it  numbered  then  261*4 

traordinary  rigor,  and   their  having  definite  volumes  and  about  25,000  engravings.  Mo$t  ' 

penalties   attached  to  their  violation.     They  the  books  were  in  the  Latin,  French,  and  Cnf- 

were  for  a  longtime  observed  by  the  Locrians;  man  languages;  4,368  were  in  £nglbh.4.*A 

and  so  great,  we  are  informed,  was  their  aver-  in  Polish,  and  25  in  Russian;  and  80,0i«M'v 

sion  to  any  change,  that  whoever  proposed  a  umes  were  on  the  subject  of  theologj.  I 

new  law  was  obliged  to  appear  in  public  with  luski  composed  an  autobiography  in  ver^e.  J> 

a  rope  around  his  neck,  and  if  his  proposition  a  Specimen  Hutorim  Polonia  Critiem  (D&nuv 

WAS  not  accepted  he  was  immediately  strangled.  1738),  and  wrote  several  bibliographical  workv 

The  penalty  for  adultery  was  the  loss  of  both  part  of  which  have  been  print^  His  wnt:L> 

eyes.    The  son  of  Zaleucus  was  convicted  of  though  marked  by  extraordinary  learning,  tn 

that  crime,  but  the  father,  refusing  to  grant  very  deficient  in  taste, 
the  prayers  of  the  people  to  remit  the  punish-        ZAMA,  Battle  of.    See  Hannibal. 
ment,  had  one  of  his  own  eyes  put  out  and  one        ZAMBECOARI,  Fbancbsco,  count  &d  ^^'^' 

of  his  son^s,  in  order  to  satisfy  the  demand  of  ian  aeronaut,  born  in  Bologna  in  1756,  IL 

the  law.     According  to  one  account,  Zaleucus  Sept  21,  1812.    He  was  of  a  noble  fainilv.<rL 

fell  fighting  for  his  country;  according  to  an-  tered  the  Spanish  naval  service,  fell  iotot^ 

other,  he  slew  himself  for  violating  one  of  his  hands  of  the  Turks,  and  was  put  in  the  ba^ ' 

own  laws.  at  Constantinople,  but  was  finally  libonii<«: 

ZALUSKI,  a  Polish  family,  of  whom  the  through  the  mediation  of  the  Spanish  aml^'^ 
following  are  the  most  distinguished  members:  sador.    Having  given  attention  to  the  sitjei' 
I.  Andrzej  OnRYZOBTOM,  an  orator  and  author,  of  aeronautics,  he  invented  an  apparatus  w 
born  about  1650,  died  in  1711.    He  was  bishop  steering  the  ballooiu  his  theory  of  mafiageir.ti: 
of  Ermeland  and  grand  chancellor  of  Poland  being  based  upon  Uie  difiference  In  the  dim- 
under  Augustus  II.,  and  wrote,  though  not  for  tion  of  the  air  currents  at  different  heigiis* 
publication,   EpiitoUB  Ifistorieo-Familiares  (4  By  increasing  or  diminishing  the  volume  vi 
vols.,  Braunsberg,   1709-*61),  which  contain  gas  in  his  balloon,  he  proposed  to  rise  or  dc- 
valuable  materials  for  the  history  of  the  gov-  scend  at  pleasure,  and  then  to  guide  his  ro^r!^ 
ernment  of  John  Sobieski.    II.  Jozef  Andkzej,  by  oars.    Attempting  to  carry  his  project  mu 
founder  of  one  of  the  greatest  libraries  of  east-  execution,  he  lost  his  life  by  ti^e  balloon  cat^^ 
em  Europe,  nephew  of  the  preceding,  bom  in  ing  in  a  tree  and  taking  fire. 
1701,  died  Jan.  9, 1774.    He  was  the  son  of  the        ZAMBESI,  Zambezi,  or  Skcher,  a  riter  c^ 
way  wode  of  Rawa,  and  became  canon  of  Plock  £.  Africa,  which  rises  in  Lake  Dilola  in  ^^^ 
and  grand  referendary  of  the  kingdom.  Uponthe  11**  80'  S.,  long.  23"  80'  E.    It  is  firstcali^ 
contest  for  tlie  succession,  which  sprang  up  after  the  Leeba,  and  flows  S.  S.  K  for  about  200  m- 
the  death  of  Augustus  II.,  between  his  son  An-  where  it  is  joined  from  the  N.  £.  by  the  Lee- 
gnstus  III.  and  Stanislas  Leszczynski,  he  em-  ambye,  which  is  believed  to  have  its  origin  is 
braced  the  cause  of  the  latter,  by  whom  he  was  Lake  Shuia,  and  may  be  the  main  stream.   It" 
sent  to  Rome  as  ambassador  to  Pope  Clement  next  course  is  S.  about  150  hl,  then  S.  E.  aboot 
XII.    There  he  remained  8  years,  and  when  200  m.,  when  it  receives  from  the  8.  V-  ^^^ 
Stanislas  repaired  to  Lorraine,  he  went  to  his  Ohobe,  a  very  large  rive*,  which  has  its  soQrc« 
court.  Obtaining  an  amnesty  from  Augustus,  he  in  the  direction  of  Bengnela  and  the  Daoiartf 
went  back  to  his  native  country  and  was  made  country.    About  40  m.  from  the  moath  of  tW 
bishop  of  Kiev.  With  the  assistance  of  his  broth-  Ohobe  are  the  Victoria  falls,  first  discovered 
er,  the  bishop  of  Oracow,  he  laid  the  foundations  and  fully  described  by  Dr.  Liviagstoue,  where 
of  a  vast  library,  collected  from  foreign  sources  the  river,  about  half  a  mile  wide,  rushes  orer  a 
and  the  monastic  and  scattered  libraries  of  Po-  precipice  100  feet  high,  and,  taming  almost  <t 


ZAMOJSEI  ZAMPIEBI                     623 

^';.'ht   ang-le,  flows  for  SO  m.  between  two  for  himself;  but  be  used  his  inflaence  in  faTor 
.1^  of  rock  in  a  channel  not  more  than  20  of  Sigismund  III.,  the  son  of  the  king  of  Swe- 
lls wide.     About  800  m.  below  the  falls  it  den,  defeated  the  army  of  the  opposing  claim- 
•  ives  from  the  left  the  Kafae,  another  large  ant,  the  archduke  Maximilian,  at  Cracow,  pur- 
'lont,  and  140  m.  further  down  the  Loangwa,  sued  him  into  Silesia,  and  took  him  and  his 
vin^  from  the  north.     Its  next  course  is  E.  forces  prisoners.    From  1590  to  1597  he  was 
<1  S.  E.  for  nearly  400  m.  more  to  its  delta,  engaged  in  a  constant  series  of  wars ;    and 
living   about  30  m.  above  the  apex  of  the  while  Sigismund,  with  whom  he  was  no  favor- 
m  the  Shire,   a  large  and  navigable  river  ite,  did  not  concern  himself  about  the  condi- 
gn tVie  N*.     Its  waters  are  discharged  by  sev-  tion  of  the  kingdom,  he  almost  alone  maintain- 
il  mouths,  the  delta  extending  75  or  80  m.,  ed  the  integrity  of  the  state,  fighting  success- 
\i  sand  bars  prevent  the  entrance  of  large  fully  against  the  Turks,  Tartars,  and  Cossacks, 
i|is.     Inside  the  bar  the  river  is  navigable  for  and  oftentimes  supporting  the  army  from  his 
'Mn.  to  the  falls,  and  above  them  for  nearly  private  fortune.    In  1597  he  was  engaged  in  a 
>>t  more.  Its  whole  course  from  Lake  Dilolo  is  successful  campaign  against  the  Swedes,  when 
t  )0  m.,  but  reckoning  from  the  source  of  the  increasing  infirmities  compelled  him  to  give  up 
'■'  unbye  it  is  probably  somewhat  longer.    It  the  command  and  retire  to  his  estates,  where  he 
'.iMe  to  inundations.  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits,  the  results 
ZAMOJSKI,  or  Zamotski,  an  ancient  family  of  which  were  published  under  the  title  of 
t  Poland,  of  which  the  following  have  been  Dialecta  Chrysippea,    In  1605  he  made  at  the 
.0  most  distinguished  members.     I.   Jan,  a  diet  a  violent  speech  against  the  king,  to  which 
ifosman  and  general,  bom  in  Skokow,  in  Sigismund  made  a  violent  reply,  menacingly 
e  pilatinate  of  Ohelm,  April  1,  1541,  died  putting  his  hand  upon  his  sword.     The  chan- 
ir  SIvokow,  July  3,  1605.    He  was  educated  cellor  cried  out:  "  Withdraw  your  hand  from 
t  Paris,  Strasbourg,  and  Padua,  at  which  last  your  sword,  prince;  do  not  oblige  history  to 
M'  e  he  published  in  1562  a  funeral  oration  on  record    that  we  were    Brutuses    and  you    a 
11<  >{)iii3,  and  in  1563  a  learned  treatise  on  the  Ciesar."    Zamojski  was  not  only  a  great  states- 
•n>titiition  of  the  Roman  senate.     In  1564  he  man  and  general,  but  a  munificent  patron  of 
v;ij«  elected  rector  of  the  university,  and  while  literature  and  the  sciences.    He  founded  New 
n  til  at  office  published  a  digest  of  the  privi-  Zamosc,  which  came  to  be  regarded  as  one  of 
•z^t^  of  the  institution,  and  a  dissertation  en-  the  strongest  fortresses  of  Poland,  and  estab- 
tied  De  Perfe4ifx>  Senatore  Syntagma.    In  1566  lished  there  an  academy  and  a  famous  printing 
e  returned  to  Poland,  and  from  1569  to  1572  press.     He  wrote  Teatamentum  JoannU  Zamari 
MIS  employed  in  arranging  the  documents  in  (Mentz,  1606),  and  many  letters  of  his  are  to 
10  public  archives.     He  was  made  starost  of  be  found  in  Lunig's  Litercs  Procerum  Europa, 
i'l^k,  and  upon  the  death  of  King  Sigismund  II.  Jan  II.,  a  general,  grandson  of  the  preced- 
A  i^nijtus  in  1572,  he  succeeded  in  so  organiz-  ing,  born  in  1626,  died  in  Warsaw,  April  2, 
'  J  the  equestrian  order,  that  in  the  diet  of  1665.     He  participated  under  John  Casimir  in 
".■iTS,  held  at  Warsaw,  Henry  of  Aiyou  (afler-  the  campaign  of  1651   against  the  Cossacks, 
•V ird  Henry  III.  of  France)  was  chosen  king  was  made  palatine  of  Sandomir,  and  was  very 
't  Poland.     He  was  sent  to  Paris  at  the  head  conspicuous  in  the  following  wars.     In  1659  he 
'^  the  embassy  commissioned  to  announce  to  was  at  the  head  of  the  army  which  acted  in 
'  le  monarch  his  election;  and  upon  Henry's  the  Ukraine  against  the  czar  of  RuSvSia.    III. 
.  rvptfuiee  of  the  crown,  Zamojski  was  ap-  Andrzej,  count,  a  statesman,  born  in  Biezun 
;  '  nted  j:rrand  chamberlain  and  starost  of  ICry-  in  1716,  died  in  Zamosc,  Feb.  10, 1792.    He  en- 
■^^n.     Upon  the  abandonment  of  Poland  by  tered  the  military  service  of  Saxony,  went 
'^-nry,  a  party  of  nobles  elected  Maximilian  II.  back  to  Poland  in  1754  with  the  rank  of  m^jor- 
"t*  Austria,  and  he  was  proclaimed  king  by  the  general,  and  was  made  marshal  of  the  palatinate 
:"irnate;    but  the  party  hostile  to  the   house  of  Smolensk.  In  1760  he  emancipated  his  serfs, 
"t  Austria  chose  Stephen  Bathori,  who  march-  araeasure  which  met  with  much  opposition  from 
'1  rapidly  to  Cracow,  and  was  there  crowned,  the  nobility.   On  the  accession  of  Stanislas  Au- 
^'t'noj>ki,  who  was  the  leader  of  this  move-  gustus  he  was  appointed  grand  chancellor;  but 
•nent,  was  made  grand  chancellor  of  the  king-  when,  in  1767,  at  the  demand  of  the  Russian 
'•fn.     In  1580,  during  the  war  with  Russia,  general  Repnin,  several  senators  and  bishops 
!^.t!iori    appointed    him    commander  of  the  were  taken  to  Kalooga,  he  indignantly  resigned 
irirnipal  army,  with  the  title  of  hetman;  and  his  office  and  retired  to  private  life.     In  1776, 
''»  loS2   he  negotiated  the  peace  by  which  at  the  request  of  the  diet,  he  undertook  to  draw 
I  vonia,  Esthonia,  and  Novgorod  were  ceded  up  a  code  of  laws,  which  he  comf»leted  in  two 
^"  Pol.md.    The  bitter  enmity  which  his  favor  years.    It  was  printed  under  the  title  of  Zbior 
wirfi  the  king,  whose  niece  he  married,  had  praw  s^idoitych  (3  vols.,  Warsaw,  1778).    The 
"ACited,  and  his  unpopularity  for  the  share  he  liberal  character  of  the  code,  especially  its  pro- 
'  il  in  the  execution  of  a  nobleman,  Samuel  vision  for  a  general  measure  of  emancipation. 


^^  15S6,  he  might  have  secured  the  orown        ZAMPIERL    See  Domsniohino, 


624                   ZAlinEBYILLE  ZANZIBAR 

ZANESVILLE,  a  city  and  the  capital  of  Zanzibar,  is  snlject  to  the  imam  of  Motett 

Muskingum  cc,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  left  bank  Rice,  sugar,  molasses,  dried  and  salted  iLh. 

of  the  Muskingum  river,  at  the  mouth  of  the  ivory,  gums,  and  shields  are  exported  to  An- 

Licking  river,  and  at  the  intersection  of  the  bia,  and  ivory,  gold,  cowries,  and  a  few  miccr 

central  Ohio  and  the  Cincinnati,  Wilmington,  articles  to  Bombay ;  and  the  principsl  imports 

and  Zanesville  railroads,  60  m.  £.  from  Oolum-  are  dates,  weapons,  and  Indian  and  British 

bus,  and  179  m.  £.  N.  E.  from  Cincinnati ;  manufactures.    A  few  Hindoo  mercbantB  &k 

pop.  in  1860,  12,000.    The  Muskingum  is  here  settled  at  Mombas. — The  Portuguese  planteti 

crossed  by  ati  iron  railroad  bridge  588  feet  colonies  here  in  the  16th  and  17th  centurki. 

long,  and  3  other  bridges.    The  city  is  well  but  afterward  abandoned  them;  and  the  Ai^ib!. 

built,  with  wide  regular  streets,  lighted  with  who  had  already  made  their  appearance  in  smsl! 

gas,  and  has  water  works,  15  churches,  free  numbers,  subsequently  became  masters  of  tht 

schools,  with  a  fund  of  nearly  $500,000  left  by  region  on  the  sea,  and  still  form  an  imporu^; 

John  Mclntire,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  the  element  of  the  population  of  the  large  towns. 

place,  for  the  education  of  poor  children,  5  ZANTA,  Lake.    See  Soutabi. 

newspaper  offices,  a  bank,  2  cotton  and  2  wool-  ZANTE  (anc  Zacynthtis),  one  of  the  hm 

len  factories,  2  glass  works,  5  iron  founderies,  islands,  situated  15  m.  W.  of  the  Morea  find  1^* 

a  sugar  and  cider  mill  factory,  a  paper  mill,  6  m.  S.  of  Cephalonia,  about  20  m.  loDg  ud  ^ 

flouring  mills  with  a  capacity  for  2,000  barrels  broad  ;  area,  165  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1861,  45.<b'^. 

daily,  a  brass  and  bell  foundery,  2  oil  mills,  8  It  is  the  third  in  extent,  but  the  first  m  ferJ- 

steam  engine  and  machine  manufactories,  a  ty  and  productiveness,  of  the  Ionian  ifles.  It 

rolling  mill  and  nail  factory,  an  iron  blast  fur-  consists  mainly  of  a  plain  covered  with  rbt- 

nace,  extensive  potteries,  and  manufactories  of  yards  of  the  small  grapes  which  when  dried  L*t 

furniture  and  wooden  ware.    The  rivers  afford  known  in  common  as  '*  Zante  currant^'*  cr 

great  water  power,  and  the  city  is  in  the  midst  "  raisins  of  Corinth."     They  are  pecnliir  tc 

of  large  fields  of  coal,  iron  ore,  fire  clay,  &c,  Zante  and  Cephalonia,  and  form  their  lei<iit£ 

Zanesville  was  settled  in  1799,  and  from  1810  article  of  export.    Olive  oil,  though  pn^dncd 

to  1812  was  the  capital  of  the  state.  in  considerable  quantity,  is  less  abundant  hm 

ZAKGUEBAR,  a  name  now  falling  into  dis-  than  in  Corfu.    A  moderate  quantity  of  gi:>o^ 

use,  but  formerly  given  by  the  Portuguese,  and  wine  is  made.    The  manufactures  consist  of 

after  them  by  other  Europeans,  to  a  tract  of  •  white  and  blue  cottonades  for  heavy  wear.  ^ 

country  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa.    Its  bounda-  stuffs,  handkerchiefs   and    scarfs,  horse  b^ 

ries  have  never  been  defined ;  it  is  laid  down  cloths,  soap,  bricks,  tiles,  &c.    AecordiBg  tr 

by  most  geographers  as  extending  from  the  Thucydides,  Zacynthus  was  originally  seitlt^ 

country  of  the  Somauli  or  Eesali,  about  lat.  4°  by  Achffians  from  Peloponnesus,  and  earl;  st- 

10'  N.,  to  the  N.  frontier  of  Mozambique,  near  tained  importance,  its  people  being  said  tobre 

Cape  Delgado,  lat.  10°  88'  S.    It  has  been  little  founded  8aguntum  in  Spain  200  years  Uk-K 

explored  except  near  the  sea.    There  are  sev-  the  Trojan  war.    It  was  generally  an  allj  cf 

eral  towns  on  the  coast,  the  principal  of  which  Athens  until  after  the  Peloponnesian  war.  wlec 

are  Magadoxo,  Jubb,  Mombas,  Melinda,  Baga-  it  seems  to  have  fallen  under  the  dominioD  of 

moyo,  Mhoamtgi,  and  Quiloa,  and  there  are  Sparta.    It  formed  part  of  the  possessioos  of 

some  excellent  harbors,  though  dangerous  reefs  PhUip  Y.  of  Macedon,  who  surrendered  it  to 

line  a  great  part  of  the  shore.    There  are  two  the  Romans  in  191  B.  C.    It  afterward  sh&red 

or  three  large  and  important  islands  a  little  the  fate  of  the  other  Ionian  islands,  Ilowb^ 

way  out  to  sea,  including  Pemba,  Zanzibar,  longing  to  Great  Britain. — Zante,  the  cflpit^. 

and  Monfeea.     The  principal  rivers  are  the  and  the  largest  town  of  the  Ionian  isles,  b  fit- 

Ji^bb,  Ozy,  Lindy,  and  Rowoona.    The  year  is  uated  on  theE.  coast;  pop. in  1861,20,000.  I*-* 

divided  into  the  wet  and  dry  seasons,  and  in  houses  are  mainly  in  the  Italian  style,  and  \i-i 

the  former  the  country  is  subject  to  great  in-  city  is  a  pleasant  resort  for  visitors  and  too:- 

undations.    The  soil  along  the  coast  is  fertile  ists.    The  harbor  is  large,  and  the  best  in  tl!« 

in  rice,  millet,  peas,  beans,  melons,  pumpkins,  island  group  except  that  of  Corfu.    It  is  P^ 

the  sugar  cane,  cocoanut,   banana,  plantain,  tected  by  a  mole,  at  the  extremity  of  which  s 

&c.,  and  the  forests  supply  the  caoutchouc  tree  a  lighthouse.    The  city  has  a  number  of  lusu* 

and  many  valuable  species  of  timber.    Cattle,  some  churches,  a  custom  house,  an  arseiul  s 

sheep,  and  fowls  are  abundant.    The  elephant,  theatre,  a  bank,  a  lazaretto,  and  a  citadel  I^ 

rhinoceros,  lion,  leopard,  several  kinds  of  ante-  a  marsh  about  12  m.  S.  are  extensive  petroleon 

lopes,  hippopotamus,  and  crocodile  are  found ;  wells,  which  have  been  known  since  the  tioe 

the  rivers  are  well  stocked  with  fish,  and  cow-  of  Herodotus.    They  yield  3  or  4  barrels  daily 

ries  are  collected  for  exportation.    The  inte.  of  a  thick  resinous  petroleum.    In  a  small  c&^£ 

rior  is  understood  to  be  well  watered  and  fer-  near  the  sea  shore  an  unctuous  matter  dnps 

tile ;  it  is  occupied  by  tribes  who  are  constant-  from  the  walls  (probably  a  more  liquid  w* 

ly  at  war  with  the  inhabitants  of  the  coast,  oil),  which,  running  into  the  water,  gives  tie 

the  latter  being  foreign  settlers.    The  princi-  cave  the  name  of  the  '*  tallow  weQ." 

Eal  native    tribes' are  the  Somaulis,   Gallas,  ZANZIBAR,  or  Uouj a,  an  island  on  the  l> 

Mwlas,  Wanyekas,  and  Sowhylis.     A  small  coast  of  Africa,  extending  from  lat.  6°  40*  to » 

part  of  the  coast,  together  with  the  island  of  SO'  S.;  extreme  length  52  m.,  breadth  18  ni.: 


626  •     ZEALAND  ZEBU 

time  daring  the  reign  of  Joseph  Bonaparte  was  The  best  known  and  the  handsomest  is  tk 

minister  of  the  interior  and  governor  of  Malaga,  common    zebra  (equus   eebra^  Lhm.),  nther 

On  the  expulsion  of  the  French  he  went  to  smaller  than  the  wild  horse,  which  name  k 

England,  whence  in  1814  he  embarked  for  bears  among  the  Dutch  colonists  at  the  Ci{>: 

South  America  and  joined  Bolivar,  who  was  of  Good  Hope ;  it  is  a  mountain  species,  iiiUt- 

then  about  to  march  against  the  Spaniards  of  iting  S.  Africa,  and  the  bands  exist  on  all  pn 

Yeneeuela.    He  was  made  commissary-general  of  t£e  body  and  limbs,  even  to  the  hoo&.  Tie 

of  the  army  of  the  republic,  and  at  the  meeting  zebras  are  very  wild,  living  together  in  htti^ 

of  the  congress  of  Venezuela  in  Feb.  1819,  was  going  with  great  rapidity  from  place  to  pUcc, 

elected  vice-president ;  but  in  August  he  re-  as  impelled  by  hunger  or  fear ;  they  seek  ite 

signed  this  office  on  account  of  his  health.    By  most  secluded  spots,  grazing  on  the  steep  LLi* 

a  commission  dated  Sept.  24,  1819,  he  was  ap-  sides,  posting  a  sentinel  at  whose  warDing  of 

pointed  envoy  extraordmary  and  minister  pleni-  danger  they  scamper  off  with  pricked  ear^  jind 

potentiary  to  all  courts  in  Europe  to  which  he  whisking  tails  to  inaccessible  retreats  h  ix 

might  choose  to  present  himself.    In  1820  he  mountains ;  the  senses  of  sight,  smell,  and  k&r- 

consequently  appeared  in  Europe,  and  after  ing  are  remarkably  acute,  and  their  gpetd  is 

having  in  vain  negotiated  with  the  Spanish  very  great;  when  attacked  by  man  or  beast  tlcj 

cortes  for  a  peace,  and  with  other  European  form  a  compact  body,  with  their  heads  in  \k 

powers  for  a  recognition  of  the  republic  of  centre  and  their  heels  toward  the  enemy,  bn^r 

Colombia,  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  from  Eng-  ly  defending  themselves  against  the  large  c^ 

lish  bankers  a  loan  to  the  amount  of  £2,000,000  nivora  by  their  showers  of  kicks.    Ther  hi^* 

in  March,  1822.    The  terms  of  the  loan  were  been  so  domesticated  as  to  be  used  as  beasts  ^f 

not  very  favorable  to  the  new  republic,  and  burden,  but,  having  been  subdued  bj  cruri 

were  censured  by  the  Colombian  congress ;  but  usage,  show  little  of  the  spirit  of  the  t^ 

aa  the  powers  of  the  ambassador  were  unlimit-  state ;  if  treated  with  gentleness  and  bsdn^i 

ed,  it  was  confirmed  and  recognized.  this  and  the  other  species  could  donbtla)  U 

ZEALAND,  or  Zeeland,  a  province  of  Hoi-  rendered  serviceable  to  man ;  the  flesh  is  €«M! 

land,  lying  in  and  around  the  delta  of  the  by  the  natives  and  hunters  in  South  AfH<j. 

Scheldt,  bounded  N.  by  the  province  of  South  and  is  said  to  be  exceedingly  good,  thoD^.i 

Holland,  E.  by  North  Brabant,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  coarse,  as  in  all  of  the  horse  family.— TLck  is 

Belgium,  and  W.  by  the  North  sea;  area,  642  another    species    (K  Burdielii^    Fisch.), '*!«< 

sq.  m.  ;    pop.  in  1859,  165,638.    Beside  the  dauw  of  the  Hottentots,  the  peeUi  or  }f^^* 

mainland  S.  of  the  W.  Scheldt,  Zealand  com-  of  the  more  northern  Africans,  and  the  Aipp- 

S rises  the  islands  of  ^  Walcheren,  N.  and  S.  tigris  of  the  ancients,  which  occurs  as  far  norii 

leveland,  Tholen,  Duiveland,  and  Schonwen.  as  Abyssinia;  this,  with  the  quagga, inbal> 

The  surface  is  very  little  above  the  level  of  the  the  plains,  and  like  it  has  no  black  band*  i-r 

sea,  and  is  protected  from  inundation  by  mas-  the  limbs ;  in  the  ears  and  tail,  and  the  spi'- 

sive  dikes.    The  soil  is  fertile,  and  large  quan-  metry  of  its  form,  it  resembles  the  horse  mort 

titles  of  grain,  clover,  rapeseed,  and  fruit  are  than  the  common  zebra  does ;   its  voice  is  i 

raised.    The  islands  also  afford  good  pasturage  -  shrill,  abrupt  neigh,  wholly  unlike  the  brsTuf 

to  cattle  and  sheep,  of  which  great  numbers  an  ilss.   This  is  the  species  subjected  uiLoDd^c 

are  raised  for  market.    Butter,  madder,  pota-  to  Mr.  Rarey^s  method  of  subjugation ;  likeiU 

toes,  hemp,  and  turnips  are  the  other  principal  others,  it  has  the  mane  short  and  erect— TL? 

products.    The  climate  is  moist,  windy,  and  common  zebra  will  cross  in  captivity  with  t^ 

unhealthy,  epidemic  fevers  prevailing,  though  ass  and  with  the  horse,  as  appears  from  tbe«i 

the  draining  and  filling  up  of  the  marshes  have  periments  of  Geoffrey  St.  Hilaire  and  F.  Ci»Tirr 

improved  its  salubrity.    The  principal  towns  in  vols,  vii.,  ix.,  and  xi.  of  the  Annalaia^i' 

are  Middelburg,  the  capital,  on  the  island  of  Beum  d'histoire  natureUe  (Paris,  1806-'8). 
Walcheren,  Flushing  or  Vlissingen,  St.  Goes,        ZEBU  (Jo« /Tkficwa,  Linn.),  the  Brahmin k'- 

and  Zierikzee.    The  manufactures  of  the  prov-  a  variety  of  the  domesticated  ox,  charactering 

ince  are  linen  goods,  gin,  ale,  and  tiles ;  salt  by  a  large  fatty  hump  on.the  shoulders.  I^  '^ 

refining  and  ship  building  are  extensively  pros-  found  in  India  and  its  archipelago.  Chini  Anr 

ecuted.    Since  1854  large  tracts  of  land  have  bia,  Persia,  and  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa.  Tl> 

been  reclaimed  from  the  sea.  variety  is  of  very  small  size,  sometimes  bc' 

ZE AliAND,  or  Zeeland  (Denmark).    See  exceeding  a  large  dog  in  height ;  the  ears  *« 

Sbeland.  long  and  pendulous,  and  the  horns  somednK* 

2XALAND,  New.    See  New  Zealand.  absent.    They  are  held  sacred  by  the  Hiiidot*^. 

ZEBRA,  the  common  name  of  the  striped  who  consider  it  a  sin  to  kill  them;  thev^ 

horse-like  animals  of  South  Africa,  of  which  tJlowed  great  liberties,  and  help  themselves  w 

one  has  been  described  under  Quaoga.    They  whatever  eatables  they  fancy  in  the  ^f^'^- 

come  nearer  the  ass  than  the  horse,  having  thd  markets,  and  courtyards ;  they  are  ma^if  t' 


color,  elegantly  striped  with  broad  black  bands,    out  of  the  country ;  but  a  female  broo^bt  tfi 


.iiiTica,  and  for  s  year  part  pnblicly  exhibited  after  7  weeka'  incarceration  waa  released  by 

I  jin^ton  (t661-'2),  had  a   male  calf  on  the  Gov.  Clinton,  and  labored  nntil  tlie  breaking 

.'";1L'>'.  which  is  also  in  good  condition  in  the  out  of  the  Indian  war  in  1755  among  the  Beta- 

'Ni'  [ilHce;  these  Bpecimens  have  small  horns;  wares  at  Sharookin  (Sunburj,  Penn.),  and  the 

>' k'Tiiiile  is  about  the  size  of  a  year-old  heifer,  Iroqnois  at  Onondaga.     In  the  time  of  the 

■  « iih  shorter  legs,  and  is  of  a  mixed  mouse  Pontioc  conspiracy,  he  assisted  in  ministering 
■  '1  liiiiiry  gray  color,  very  gentle,  and  with  re-  to  the  Christian  Indians  for  whom  the  gover- 
ii;Lii>ly  soft  hair;  the  male  is  brown,  with  nor  of  Pennsylvania  had  provided  a  refuge  in 
'i:--<T  Imir,  and  less  gentle.  The  cattle  of  the  the  barracks  at  Philadelphia.  Peace  having 
'  -I'ii  E:ist  Indian  colonists  are  mostly  of  this  been  concluded,  he  led  the  remnant  of  tbe^e 

.',  <it'  larger  aizc,  and  coniiiderabty  crossed  Indians  to  Wyulusing,  on  the  Susquehanna,  in 

•■<  iheHunda  ox  {botSondaiciu,S.  lift]!.).  Bradford  co.,  Penn,     In   1767  he  penetrated 

''.\'.]'A'  ISLAND.    See  Oebu.  through  the  wilderness  to  Goshgoshanic,  on 

/iirilARIAH,  or  Zachabiab,  the  eleventh  the  Alleghany,  in  Venango  co..and  established 

"rih'r  of  the  12  minor  prophels,  who  return-  a  church  among  the  Monseys.     Owing  to  the 

iVi'iii  liabylon  with  Zerubbabol,  and  began  auimosity  of  the  nnbclioving  portion  of  the 

:.r<>^ihesy  in  the  2d  year  of  Darius,  king  of  tribe,  he  removed  with  his  flock  in  I7T0  to  the 

"-iiii  (It.  p.  (>20),  two  months  after  Haggai.  Beaver  creek,  and  began  another  station,  called 

I"  bifiik  of  Zechariah  consists  of  4  general  Friedcnstodt,   in   what   is   now  Lawrence   co, 

-iiius :  1,  the  introduction  or  inaugural  dis-  Two  ;ears  later  he  explored  the  Muskingum 

sti  ich  i.  1-16);  2,  a  scries  of  9  visions,  ex-  region,  in  the  present  stata  of  Ohio,  and  laid  out 

■till;.' to  ch.rii.,  communicated  to  the  prophet  an  Indian  town,  Schoenbmnn,  on  the  Tnsca- 

'-'.!<:  :id  month  after  his  installation;  3,  a  col-  rawos,  about  10  m.  from  the  present  Canal 

'i"n  of  4  oracles  delivered  at  various  times  Dover,  in  Tuscarawas  co.    After  a  time  be  was 

''.IK  4th  year  of  Dorins,  with  regard  to  the  joined  by  ail  the  Moravian  Indians  of  Fennsyl- 

''  iiiiiiiie^  that  had  been  observed  on  account  vaitia,  n'hom  the  inarch  of  civiliiattoD  drove, 

'lie  overthrow  of  the  nation(ch.  vii.);  4,  the  westirard.     Two   more   towns   were   built,    a 

'■■wing  chapters  (vili.  to  liv.)  contain  a  vari-  number  of  other  missionaries  entered  the  field, 

iriprojiheties,  unfolding  the  fortunes  of  the  and  many  now  converts  were  added.     In  1781, 

'>;'l'-.aTi(t  the  fate  of  many  of  thesurrounding  at  the  instigation  of  the  commandant  of  the 

..'iti'.  Hadrach  (by  some  supposed  to  desig-  British  post  at  Detroit,  the  half  king  of  tho 

'.   I'l-rsia).   Damascus,  Tyre,   and   Philislia.  Wyandots,  with  a  largo  body  of  warriors,  fell 

.■  iiDok  concludes  with  a  vision  of  the  pros-  upon  the  settlement  of  the  Christian  Indians, 

-■'■•y  n(  Jernsalem,  the  theocratic  metropolis,  and  forced  tliem  to  remove  to  Sandusky.  Zeis- 

■  :iari;ih  ia  the  longest  and  most  oiacure  of  berger  and  his  assistants  were  seiied  and  gross- 
I'  rniiinr  prophets.     His  stylo  -i.i  broken  and  ly  maltreated,  and  06  Christian  Indians  of  his 

■  Tiiiected.  The  genuineness  of  the  latter  flock,  who  had  gone  from  Sandusky  to  tha 
'  ''"II  Iff  Zeehariah,  from  ch.  ix.  to  iv.,  has  Tuscarawas,  in  order  to  gather  their  com,  were 
■■!!  disputed  in  modern  times  by  Hitzig,  Kno-  massacred  by  a  party  of  colonial  militia.  This 
..'luhaPraSmith.  and  Davidson,  while  it  has  was  a  death  blow  to  the  Moravian  mission 
-■ii  defended  by  Koater,  Hengstenberg,  Klie-  among  the  Indiana.  Most  of  tlie  converts 
''I.  Itlayney.  and  Forborg.     Special  commen-  disjierscd;  with   a  small  remnant   Zeisborger 

'■i.'<  on'  Zechariah  have  been  written  by  For-  wont  to  the  Clinton  river,  and  built  an  Indian 

-'1x24i.Uoward(1834),Baumgarten(1860),  town,  in  what  is  now  tha  state  of  Michigan. 

'  KiiefLth  (lg(t2).  In  1T86,  at  the  head  of  his  little  band,  he  jonr- 

-Kl'Uflly.     See  Seqpin.  neyed  back  to  Ohio,  and  in  the  following  year 

i^^^l'I^KIAH.    See  UEanEws,  vol.  ii.  p.  35.  commenced  a  new  settlement,  which  he  called 

>'..KI!i.ANI).    See  Zealand.  New  Salem,  in  Huron  co.,  on  the  river  of  tho 

'^i.t:^i<EKG£R,    David,    a    Moravian    mis-  same  name,  one  mile  from  Lake  Erie.     Ue  and 

:  nry  among  the  American  Indians,  born  at  his  people  now  spent  4  yeara  of  rest,  and  the 

.  '  'iii-'iitlial,  in  Moravia,  April  11,  1721,  died  mission  again  began  to  thrive;  but  in  17!tl  the 

'  ii-i-hen,  Tuscarawas  CO.,  Ohio,  Nov.  17, 1S08,  hostility  of  other  Indians  obliged  them  to  emi- 

:-  [I'lrvDls  emigrated  to  America  during  his  grate  to  Canada,  whore  they  founded  Fairfield, 

:li,  Ii-aving  him  to  be  educated  by  the  Mora-  on  the  river  Thames.    In  1798,  the  U.  8.  con- 

■N-in  Saxony.  Having  completed  his  studies,  gross  having  granted  to  the  Moravian  Indians 

)|~i'ii>  to  Holland,  and  lived  in  a  Moravian  the  tract  of  land  in  Ohio  upon  which  thay  hud 

"■liiii'Dt  called  Nerrendjk.     Being  harshly  formerly  been  settled,  Zcisberger  returned  to 

.'■-il  liy  his  supteriors,  he  escaped  from  them,  that  country  with  some  of  his  converts,  and 

I  I'liind  his  way  to  England.    There  Gen.  near  the  ruins  of  their  once  flourishing  towns 

aliurjio  provided  for  his  wants,  and  enabled  established  anew  station,  to  which  he  gave  the 

'  '".i'lln  iiis  parents  in  Georgia.    In  lT40lie  name  of  Goshen.    There  he  preached  until  the 

*'_li>I'tnng)'lvania,and waaoneof thefound-  close  of  his  life.     His   published  works  are; 

-  ;'fti>e  townof  Bothlehera.    Soon  afterward  a  Delaware  and  English  spelling  book  (Phil- 

;;  H'liimi- a  missionary  to  the  Indiana,  and  in  adelpbia,  1776);    a  collection  of  hymns,  in 

'•  v,':is  arrested   as   a  spy   of  tha   French  Delaware  (Philadelphia,  1603);    "Sermons  to 

.'  ^Iiu  colonial  government  of  New  York,  but  Children,"  in  Delaware  (Philadelphia,  1603); 


628                        ZELLK  ZfiNDAYESTA 

8  ^*  Harmony  of  the  Four  Gospels,'*  in  Dela-  ZE10>,  the  name  nsnally  applied  to  the  las- 
ware  (New  York,  1821) ;  and  Verbal-BUgungen  goage  in  which  is  written  the  AtetitL,  the  Bibk 
der  Chippewayer  (onght  to  read  Delawares)  in  of  the  Zoroastrian  religion.  It  origimJlj  Sid 
Yater's  ATyaUhten  der  Sprttehhtinde  (Leipsic,  properly  means  the  translation  of  that  vori; 
1821).  Other  important  works  of  his  relating  into  the  Hnzvaresh  or  Pehleyi  language.  fNx 
to  the  Indian  languages  remain  in  manuscript ;  Persian  Languages  and  Litebatuxb,  andZEnr 
among  the  rest  a  Delaware  grammar  and  dio-  avbbta.) 

tionary,  deposited  in  the  library  of  Harvard  ZENDAYESTA,  the  scriptures  of  the  Zprt>- 

university,  and  an  Iroquois  dictionary,  deposit-  astrian  faith,  the  ancient  national  relipoii  &! 

ed  in  the  library  of  the  American  phUosophioal  Persia,  now  professed  only  by  the  sesntj  c^* 

society  at  Philadelphia.  munities  of  Parsees  settled  in  western  Indii  \i 

ZELLE.    See  Oelle.  and  about  Bombay,  and  by  a  few  fiBinilieg  ib 

ZELTER,  Kabl  Friedbioh,  a  German  com-  Yezd  and  Eerman.  As  generally  apprehendd 

poser,  bom  in  Berlin,  Dec.  11, 1758,  died  there,  the  title  is  an  unfortunate  misnomer.  Tb« 

mxj  15,  1882.    The  son  of  a  mason,  he  was  proper  name  of  the  Zoroastrian  writings,  c<ih 

bred  to  his  father's  trade,  and  was  forbidden  posed  in  the  ancient  Persian  language  of  Bonb- 

to  devote  his  leisure  to  music;  but  after  his  eastern    Iran,  is  simply  Avesta.,  whOe  ZrU 

apprenticeship  was  completed' in  1788,  he  left  means  the  translation  of  them  into  the  miifti 

masonry  altogether  to   study  harmony  and  and  half  Semitic  dialect  of  western  Iraiu  isdt 

composition.    In  1800  he  became  the  head  of  under  and  for  the  Sassanian  monarchs,  smt 

Fasch^s  academy  of  singing,  and  in  1809  the  centuries  after  the  Christian  era.    Zendflvesti 

king  of  Prussia  appointed  him  professor  of  however,  if  understood  to  mean  the  Zend  u^ 

music  in  the  Berlin  academy  of  the  arts  and  sci-  the  Avesta,  or  the  Avesta  and  its  Zeod«  is  a 

ences,  which  ofBce  he  held  till  his  death.    His  suitable  name  for  the  whole  ParKe  sarn^ 

compositions  are  mainly  songs   and  motets,  literature,  ancient  and  modem,  and  will  h 

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy  wka  one  of  his  pupils,  here  accepted  as  such.    The  Avesta  is  one  cf 

He  was  a  friend  of  Groethe,  his  correspondence  the  most  ancient  and  interesting  docnmeBtJ 

with  whom  was  published  after  his  death  (6  remaining  to  us  for  the  early  histoir  &Bd  reli- 

vols.,  Berlin,  1888-'4).  gion  of  the  Indo-European  family.   It  vss  tx^ 

ZEMINDAB,  a  farmer  of  imperial  rents  in  introduced  to  European  knowledge  bj  Asque- 

Hindostan.    The  Mohammedan  emperors  of  In-  til-Duperron,  who  in  1755  went  to  Iiidifi  acd 

dia  parcelled  out  the  provinces  that  were  gov-  ingratiated  himself  wilJi  the  Parsees  on  psr* 

emed  by  their  own  lieutenants,  or  nabobs,  into  x^se  to  obtain  possession  and  comprehension  cf 

districts  called  chaklas^  somewhat  resembling  their  literature,  and  on  his  return  published  s 

our  counties,  which  were  let  out  to  farmers,  who  French  version  of  the  whole  of  it,  with  Tarions 

paid  a  certain  fixed  sum  into  the  treasury  of  the  essays  and  a  history  of  his  travels  {Zthd-Atuts, 

district,  and  retained  the  balance  of  what  they  wttrage  dt  ZorooMtrey  &c.,  8  vols.  4to.,  PaHn 

could  collect  from  the  husbandmen.    Their  au-  1771).    This  translation,  however,  has  sio<^ 

thority  was  extended  from  year  to  year  during  been  shown  to  be  utterly  untrustworthy.  Tk 

the  monarch's  pleasure.  To  prevent  imposition  true  understanding  of  the  text  began  with  tbi 

on  the  poor,  a  register  was  kept  open  to  the  labors  of  Bumouf  (1829  et  9eq.\  ablj  seconded 

inspection  of  all,  in  which  the  rents  of  every  by  those  of  Bopp,  Lassen,  Benfey,  HoltiniflEiL 

village  and  farm  were  entered.  The  rents  paid  Roth,  Brockhaus,  Haug,  &c^  and  of  late  espr 

into  the  treasury  amounted  to  about  60  per  dally  continued  by  Westergaud  and  Spiep 

cent,  of  the  sum  collected  by  the  zemindar,  but  Westergaard  has  published  (Copenhagen,  IBpS- 

out  of  the  remainder  he  was  expected  to  build  '4)  a  complete  text  of  the  Avesta,  and  promi^ 

houses  for  the  husbandmen,  furnish  them  with  a  dictionary,  grammar,  translation,  critical  ib^^ 

implements  of  agriculture,  provide  reservoirs  historical  expositions,  ^c.    SpiegeVs  contriltQ- 

and  embankments,  and  in  short  to  make  all  ne-  tions  to  our  knowledge  of  the  Parsee  litentnre 

oessary  improvements  on  the  lands.    If  he  have  been  most  extensive  and  various;  of  bis 

exacted  a  heavier  tax  than  the  people  could  edition,  which  includes  both  the  Avesta  ud  i^ 

pay,  he  was  turned  out  of  office.    In  the  dis-  Zend,  two  volumes  out  of  three  (y^ndHy^ 

tricts  of  British  India  where  this  system  of  col-  1852-'8 ;  Vispered  and  Yapna,  1868-'9)  hare  ap- 

looting  the  revenue  is  still  continued,  the  zemin-  peared,  along  with  translations  into  Germ^ 

dars  have  received  permanent  grants  of  their  and  considerable    explanatory  matter.— Be 

lands,and  the  tenants  have  no  check  upon  their  Avesta  is  made  up  of  several  distinct  i^ 

rapacity  except  what  is  supplied  by  the  land-  First  in  importance  among  these  are  the  Tt^ 

lord's  knowledge  of  his  own  interests. — Beside  didad  and  the   Yapia.    The  former  is,  as  ^ 

the  general  fiuiners  of  districts,  there  was  an-  were,  the  Pentateuch  of  the  Zoroastrian  caDon. 

other  class  known  as  zemindars,  consisting  of  the  book  of  origins  andofthelaw.  ^^^.^^ 

those  who  possessed  estates,,  sometimes  for  life,  part  prescriptive,  a  moral  and  ceremooisl  coc^ 

and  sometimes  in  perpetuity,  f^ee  from  taxa-  teaching  the  means  of  avoiding  sin  ^^^^' 

tion,  by  virtue  of  imperial  grants.  rity,  or  of  expiating  them  when  comnutted  f^ 

ZEMLIN.    See  Skmlin.  incurred.    It  is  oast  chiefly  in  the  form  of  ci>i- 

ZENAIDA  DOVE.    See  PkosoN,  vol.  xiii.  loquies  between  the  supreme  divinity,  Ahm*- 

p.  819.  Mazda  (Ormuzd),  and  his  servant  and  propi)<^ 


632  ZEUGLODON  ZEUS 

amination  of  a  tooth  in  the  musenm  of  Gam-  illaries  long  and  slender,  and  the  lower  }p 
bridge,  England,  regarding  its  possessor  as  resembling  that  of  the  dolphms  and  spert 
nearlj  allied  to  the  seal  family ;  tliis  was  the  whales ;  the  occipital  condyles  are  2  is  .2 
very  specimen  figured  by  Scilla  in  1747,  in  his  manunals,  and  the  squamous  cranial  ecto^^ 
work  De  Corportbtis  MariniSj  and  was  ob-  and  bones  of  the  ear  as  in  cetaceans.  Ii^ 
tailed  from  the  miocene  of  Malta;  if  phoeodon  cervical  yertebraa  are  very  short;  the  dorsL* 
be  a  synonyme  of  zeuglodon^  the  former  has  a  elongated,  with  small  spinous  and  traibu>' 
priority  of  4  years  over  the  latter,  and  accord-  processes,  the  former  consolidated  to  the  cju- 
ing  to  the  rules  of  scientific  nomenclature  drical  bodies,  but  not  contigoons;  Uteircf^- 
should  be  adopted,  and  with  the  more  reason  physes  are  several  inches  thick,  whereas  is  ;br 
as  the  animal  m  question  bears  affinities  to  the  cetaceans  in  bones  of  equal  aize  tbej  fori 
seals  in  more  respects  than  in  the  form  of  the  plates  not  more  than  half  an  inch  thick;  u 
teeth.  In  1840  M.  Grateloup  described  the  bodies  of  the  caudal  veitebree  are  veiy  ku 
.fragment  of  an  upper  jaw  with  teeth  found  in  the  ribs  are  short,  of  a  aense  laminated  stn^^ 
the  eocene  of  France,  a  few  leagues  south  of  ture,  somewhat  thickened  at  the  lower esuts- 
Bordeaux,  which  he  believed  to  characterize  a  ity,  as  in  the  herbivorous  cetaceans;  bones u 
new  order  of  amphibious  reptiles,  carnivorous  arm  small,  the  distal  end  of  the  humerus  t^ 
and  marine,  perhaps  a  connecting  link  between  suddenly  contriu^ted,  and  having  the  articci^} 
the  lacertians  and  the  sharks,  and  for  which  he  ing  surface  of  a  hinge-like  joint.  The  fun 
proposed  the  name  of  squalodan.  In  1845  Dr.  was  probably  cetacean,  though  slender,  elut- 
K.  W.  Gibbes  described  some  teeth  which  he  gated,  and  more  snake-like,  with  small  anterhf 
referred  to  a  genus  which  he  called  dxyrudon^  limbs  in  the  shape  of  paddles,  and  no  pobtehf! 
now  recognized  as  belonging  to  the  zeuglodon.  extremities ;  from  the  long  chain  and  cluneicis 
The  materials  for  the  study  of  this  animal  of  the  vertebrsB,  and  the  shortness  of  the  hU 
have  been  extensively  collected,  though  its  as  figured  by  Pictet,  it  would  seem  that  tLc 
exact  position  in  the  scale  of  mammals  is  spinm  column  must  have  been  freely  loora^ir 
not  established  beyond  dispute.  In  1843  Mr.  in  its  several  parts,  presenting  no  anatomia 
Buckley  found  a  considerable  series  of  bones  impossibility  to  its  performing  the  part  of « 
of  zeuglodon  in  Clark  co.,  Ala.;  they  con-  tertiary  and  perhaps  modem  sea  serpent:  k: 
Slated  of  a  chain  of  40  veHebnn,  with  a  por-  the  relations  in  the  last  connection,  see  Su 
tion  of  the  skull  and  lower  jaw,  a  perfect  hu-  Bebpent.  The  dentition  is  peculiar;  in  uc 
merus,  and  a  few  other  bones,  measuring  in  largest  and  best  known  speoiea  (aet(yM«ft « 
total  length  about  70  feet ;  some  of  the  verte-  toide$^  Owen)  tlie  formula  is :  incisors  \:\,  1^ 
bra)  are  18  inches  long  and  12  in  diameter  on  normal  canines  ji|^,  and  molars  |l{  =  36;  tit: 
the  articulating  surfaces,  and  many  are  nearly  anterior  teeth  are  conical,  the  molars  heiM 
perfect ;  it  belongs  to  the  collection  of  the  compressed,  serrated  on  the  edges,  and  doabltr 
late  Dr.  J.  0.  Warren  of  Boston.  About  the  rooted;  the  interval  between  the  long  rooted 
same  time  Mr.  Koch,  a  German  collector,  ob-  the  molars  is  continued  by  a  marked  depressioo 
tained  from  the  marly  limestone  of  Alabama  a  on  the  sides  of  the  crown,  so  tliat  when  thtr 
considerable  quantity  of  these  bones,  which  teeth  are  much  worn  each  presents  2  bvtUx)& 
were  put  together  without  order,  embracing  united  by  a  thin  connecting  substance,  vbeoce 
parts  of  different  skeletons,  and  exhibited  in  the  name  given  by  Owen ;  the  prior  name  d 
most  of  the  northern  cities  as  the  hydrarehus  phoeodon  of  Agassiz  is  just  as  proper  on  l^ 
Sillimani^  or  great  marine  serpent ;  for  an  ex-  count  of  the  serrations  of  the  cutting  eddies, 
posure  of  the  deception  here  practised  see  like  those  seen  in  many  seals,  to  which  familj 
Prof.  J.  Wyman's  paper  in  the  ^^  Proceedings  some  authors  have  approximated  it.  The  den* 
of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,''  vol.  tition  of  the  zeuglodon  and  the  nasal  opeDingf 
ii.  (Nov.  1846) ;  this  collection,  which  made  an  prove  that  it  was  not  a  true  or  typical  cetacesa. 
animal  114  feet  long,  and  might  easily  have  and  the  molars  and  shape  of  the  head  also  re- 
been  made  300  by  a  little  more  search  after  bones,  move  it  from  the  dugong  and  manatee ;  yet  the 
was  carried  to  Dresden,  and  there  described  affinities  seem  nearer  to  these  aquatic  trpe* 
by  Cams  as  a  reptile,  though  Burmeister  and  than  to  any  other.  In  the  mode  of  completioo 
MQller  maintained  that  it  belonged  to  a  mam-  and  succession  of  the  teeth,  according  to  Oreo, 
mal.  In  1848  Mr.  Koch  returned  to  the  United  it  belongs  to  a  higher  type  than  that  of  anr  uf 
•States  and  mode  another  large  collection,  which  the  existing  carnivorous  cetaceans ;  he  there- 
was  exhibited  in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  fore  regards  it  as  an  interesting  link  betveen 
There  is  a  specimen  in  the  fioston  society  of  these  (sperm  whale,  dolphin,  &c.)  and  the  vr^ 
natural  history,  containing  86  vertebrsd,  and  26  noids  (dugong  and  manatee),  the  latter  beii^ 
fragments  of  ribs  and  9ther  bones.  From  all  more  nearly  related  to  the  pachydeim&'-For 
these  sources  it  is  known  that  the  cranium  was  fuller  details  and  plates,  beside  the  Torc» 
much  elongated,  and  narrowed  behind  the  quoted,  see  ^^  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Nato* 
frontal  bones ;  the  occipital  region  much  and  ral  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,**  2d  series,  vol  i* 
steeply  elevated,  as  in  the  hog;  frontals  very  (1847),  pp.  6-17,  including  papers  by  ^**"| 
wide  above  the  orbits ;  face  slender,  with  elon-  Gibbes  and  Tuomey.  Several  q)6cieB  of  uie 
gated  nasal  bones,  and  normal  nasal  openings  genus  are  described, 
unlike  those  of  the  true  cetaceans ;  intermax-       ZEUS.    See  Jupiteb. 


634                          ZUM  ZDOIERICANK 

fought  m  nearly  all  the  battles,  and  gained  and  oppressions  of  the  French  gOTensfli 
great  glory,  especially  at  Reichenberg,  Prague,  His  chief  works  on  these  snbjects  are  '*FnixY 
Kollin,  Leuthen,  Liegnitz,  and  Torgau.    No  and  the  Free  States  of  North  America''  (i:v:< 
other  generd  of  FrSieric  the  Great  served  and  "  Greneral  View  of  France  from  FraiKis  I. 
him  so  well,   or  was  so  much  the  object  of  to  Louis  XYI.^'    His  most  important  work  > 
his  favor.    Ziethen  married  for   the   second  his  **  Geographical  Pocket-Book,"  which  r- 
time  at  the  age  of  66,  and  had  a  son,  whom  peared  in  12  annual  numbers  (180d-US).  i. 
Frederic  made  a  cornet  while  yet  an  infant,  abridgment  of  it,  entitled  ^^  The  Earth  and  h; 
His  statue  by  Schadow  stands  in  the  Wilhelms-  Inhabitants"  (6  vols.),  appeared  in  1810-']: . 
platz  in    Berlin. — Hans  Ernst    Earl   von,  ZIMMERMANN,  Ernst,  a  German  tht4> 
count,  born  March  5,  1770,  died  at  Warm-  gian,  born  in  Darmstadt,  Sept.  18, 17S6j::Hi 
brunn,  Silesia,  May  8,  1848,  served  in  1806  in  a  June  24, 1882.   He  studied  philology  and  ibo 
Prussian  dragoon  regiment,  was  made  a  miyor-  ogy  in  Giessen,  and,  after  discharging  for  sri 
generd   in  1818  and  a  lieutenant-general  in  eral  years  the  duties  of  teacher  and  prearber 
1815,  fought  at  Ligny,  and  led  the  corps  whose  various  places,  was  in  1816  appoiBted  c«.r 
appearance  on  the  §eld  of  Waterloo  decided  preacher  at  Darmstadt.    In  theinterralsofL- 
the  action  and  put  the  French  to  flight.    After  official  labors,  which  included  the  edacati 
the  peace  of  Paris  he  commanded  the  Prussian  of  the  ducal  children,  he  devoted  himself  *• 
army  of  occupation  in  France,   was  made  a  variety  of  literary  undertakings,  and  in  18*2f- 
count,  and  in  1833,  on  retiring  from  active  ser-  founded  the  AUgemeine  Etrchenuitungin^  i 
vice,  was  created  a  field  marshal.  AUgemeine  Sehuheittmg,  which  were  »cc(xr 
ZILLI.    See  Gilly.  ed  by  the  THeologuehet  Literaturblati  aod  t 
ZIMMERMANN,  Clemens,  a  German  painter,  Pddagogiseh-philohgisehes  LiUraiufbhU.  Kt 
born  in  DQsseldorf,  Nov.  4, 1788.    He  wasedu-  pulpit  orator  he  was  one  of  the  meet  <ii*v 
cated  at  DQsseldorf  and  Munich,  and  first  at-  guished  in  Germany,  and  his  efforts  in  Uii- 
tracted  attention  by  a  picture  of  the  ^*  Sacrifice  of  education  and  church  reform  were  atte*.  i' 
of  Noah."    In  1815  he  became  director  of  the  with  important  practical  results  in  Darm>ti.'- 
gallery  at  Augsburg,  and  in  1825  professor  of  His  works  eomprise  Jieligionntortrdge  (8v«v. 
painting  at  the  academy  in  Munich.    He  was  1816-^20);  BdmHetuehes  Sandhiehjvrl'r' 
one  of  the  artists  employed  to  decorate  the  ger  (4  vols.,  1812-'22) ;  MonatukHft  fir  i"*  • 
Glyptothek,  the  Pinakothek,  and  other  public  digerwiuensehqften  (6  vols.,  1821-4) ;  Gfu^  ■" 
buildings,  and  had  charge  of  the  execution  in  Lttther'e  Schriften  (6  vols.,  1820-2^);  an*^- 
fresco  of  the  designs  of  Cornelius  in  the  cor-  tion  of  Eusebius,  &c.    His  life  has  beonwri-it' 
ridors  of  the  Pinakothek.    He  has  also  exe-  by  his  brother  Karl. — Karl,  a  German  divi:-^ 
cuted  for  the  dining  hall  of  the  royal  palace  a  brother  of  the  preceding,  bom  in  Darmst-' 
series  of  subjects  from  Anacreon,  after  a  pro-  in  1808.    He  was  educated  in  his  natire^  t . 
cess  invented  by  himself,  which  combines  en-  and,  after  being  employed   there  for  stvt:- 
caustic  with  oil  painting.    One  of  his  most  im-  years  in  teaching,  was  in  1829  appointed  ftN^-<- 
portant  single  works,  a  colossal  *^  Assumption  ant  preacher  at  the  cathedral  of  DamstJ ' 
of  the  Virgin,^'  is  in  a  church  in  Australia.  As  a  pulpit  orator  he  soon  became  conspicoo^; 
He  is  now  (1862)  director  of  the  central  gallery  and  in  1842  was  appointed  court  preackr.  ^ 
in  Munich.  which  capacity  he  took  charge  of  tiie  i^!t" 
ZIMMERMANN,  Eberharo  August  Wil-  tion  of  the  grand  duke's  children.    In  1*^1  tt 
HELM,  a  German  author,  born  in  Uebzar,  Han-  published  an  appeal  to  the  German  Prote^ta*? 
over,  Aug.  17,  1743,  died  Juno  4,  1815.    He  which,  after  several  general  conventions  <►'- 
was  educated  at  the  universities  of  Gottingen  representatives  of  that  body,  resulted  is  t.( 
and  Ley  den,  at  the  latter  of  which  he  conceiv-  establishment  upon  a  firm  basis  of  the  0-  •'*' 
ed  the  idea,  subsequently  kept  in  view  in  all  AdoIfi'Sti/fung  (society  of  Gust&ym  AM^hti 
his  writings,  of  dividing  the  animal  kingdom  with  branches  in  every  part  of  Gennaoy.  ^' 
with  reference  to  climates,  and  of  directing  his  a  special  organ,  the  Bote  dee  Gv^ot-M'v 
attention  to  the  migrations  and  ramifications  Vereine^  of  which  he  was  appointed  ediur 
of  races,  beginning  with  man  himself    In  1766  His  publications  comprise  several  conectij''^ 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  physics  at  the  of  sermons,  of  which  the  series  entide^  A ' 
Caroline  college  in  Brunswick,  and  in  1778-  LebenJeeu  (6  vols.,  1837-'9)  kdA  Die  jj^^"';' 
'83  appeared  his  Geographuche  Geechichte  dee  niese  und  Bilder  der  heiligen  SchriflO^^^^- 
Meneeheriy  &c.  (2  vols.).     Subsequently  he  visit-  1840-^51)  are   the  most  important.    He  j-^" 
ed  England,  Italy,  France,  Russia,  and  Sweden,  also  produced  a  historical  sketch  of  the  jock-J 
and  in  England  published  h  is  "  Political  Survey  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  a  life  of  his  brotlier  Wt. 
of  the  Present  State  of  Europe"  (1788).    At  and  numerous  theological  articles  ynbU^ '!; 
Paris,  where  he  arrived  at  the  outbreak  of  the  the  periodicals,  beside  oo^ly  editions  of  Luin^f- 
French  revolution,  he  projected  his  "  Geographi-  writings  and  letters  to  his  wife.                . 
cal  Annals,"  of  which  3  volumes  appeared.  He  ZIMMERMANN,  JoHAXNGKOBOToy. 8=^'^!;^ 
also  wrote  with  vigor  against  the  political  ideas  physician  and  author,  bom  in  BrngP-  ^^  ^* " 
evolved  by  the  revolution,  and  during  the  long  canton  of  Bern,  Dec.  8, 1728,  died  in  Hanovtr, 
period  of  French  ascendency  was  distinguished  Oct.  7,  1796.    He  was  educiUted  at  the  hd'^'^m 
by  his  bold  denunciations  of  the  usurpations  sity  of  GOttingen,  where,  under  the  direcuo 


686  ZINO 

fonnd  to  sastain  a  weight  of  25  lbs.  Its  fusing  minute  qnantities  of  sulphur  and  aneiuc.  Ttt 
point  according  to  Daniell  is  774°,  and  accord-  Belgian  zinc  is  better,  and  acme  ssmpks  of  r. 
ing  to  Guy  ton  de  Morveau  705^  At  a  bright  contain  no  arsenic.  By  carefol  selection  of  tbs 
red  heat  it  may  be  volatilized,  and  its  vapors  ig-  Belgian  ores,  avoiding  the  blende  and  its  ig- 
niting in  the  air  bum  with  a  brilliant  white  light,  ciated  minerals^  that  occur  with  the  purer  ts:- 
So  combustible  is  the  metal,  that  very  fine  bonates  and  sihcates  of  zinc,  a  spelter  miglt^t 
turnings  of  it  exposed  to  the  air  in  a  wire  has-  made  alpnost  absolntdy  pure.  Such  in  he:  -^ 
ket  may  be  ignited  with  a  match,  and  the  com-  now  the  case  with  the  ibnerican  zinc  m»k  V 
bustion  will  continue  till  the  whole  is  consumed.  Mr.  Joseph  Wharton  at  the  Lehigh  zinc  vu:i\ 
The  product  is  an  oxide  of  zinc,  which  is  an  im-  near  Bethlehem,  Penn.  The  ore  employed  i 
palpably  fine,  white,  flocculent  substance,  form-  these  works  is  a  hydrated  silicate  ot  :* 
ing  the  article  recently  introduced  as  a  paint  (electric  calamine),  of  great  purity.  The  hs- 
and  known  as  zinc  white.  It  is  the  nihil  aUnimj  lish  zinc  is  for  the  most  part  very  impure.  a£- 
*^  flowers  of  zinc,"  and  lana  phiUnophica  of  the  taining  much  lead  and  arsenic,  derived  fn. 
alchemists,  and  the  pompholyx  of  the  ancient  the  blende  which  is  in  common  use  at  theLr 
Boman  metallurgists.  When  zinc  is  volatil-  lish  zinc  works.  The  New  Jersey  red  oix 
ized  in  close  vei^sels,  the  fumes  conveyed  into  of  zinc  contains  distinct  traces  of  arsenic  vk.: 
water  are  condensed  and  reconverted  into  the  is  communicated  to  the  metal  made  frois " 
solid  state.  When  exposed  to  a  moist  atmos-  and  this  is  moreover  contaminated  vith  <^~ 
phere,  zioc  is  soon  covered  with  a  thin  film  of  phur,  carbon,  &c. — ^The  compoands  of  zisc . 
oxide,  which  adheres  dosely  to  it  and  protects  the  greatest  interest  are  the  oxide,  the  cdrh-s 
the  metal  from  further  change.  In  the  pres-  ate,  the  chloride,  sulphate,  and  acetate.  Thatf 
ence  of  air  water  is  decomposed  by  zinc,  hy-  of  these,  represented  by  the  formula  ZnO.  cc' 
drogen  gas  is  evolved,  and  oxide  of  zinc  is  pro-  sists  of  80  parts  by  weight  of  zinc  and  2^'  • 
duced.  The  water  is  much  more  rapidly  de-  oxygen.  It  is  a  white,  tasteless,  ioodo?.:- 
composed  if  sulphuric  or  hydrochloric  acid  be  powder,  introduced  of  late  into  the  arts  caC-' 
added.  Boiling  solutions  of  potash  are  also  the  name  of  zinc  white  as  a  paint,  the  man: 
decomposed  by  zinc,  with  liberation  of  hydro-  facture  and  properties  of  which  will  be  f::- 

fen  and  solution  of  the  oxide  of  the  metal,  ther    considered    below.    Its  chief  rise  k' 

^ure  zinc  is  much  more  slowly  acted  upon  than  heretofore  been  as  a  medicine,  its  property 

the  commercial  article  that  is  alloyed  with  being  tonic  and  anti-spasmodic.    It  has\Kx- 

iron,  an  effect  owing,  according  to  M.  De  la  given  in  epilepsy,   whooping    cough,  dicrex 

Eive,  to  the  galvanic  action  produced  by  the  and  various  spasmodic  affections.    ExtenaTj 

presence  of  different  metals.    Zinc  readily  com-  it  is  applied  in  the  form  of  an  ointment  or  bj 

bines  with  a  number  of  other  metals,  and  sev-  sprinkling  it  on  the  affected  part  as  an  es^icc^} 

eral  of  its  alloys,  as  brass,  German  silver,  &c,  The  precipitated  carbonate  of  zinc  is  used  1: 

are  of  great  value  in  the  arts.    When  melted  medicine  as  an  external  application,  beicg  ^ 

in  vessels  of  iron,  it  readily  takes  up  a  small  mild  astringent  and  exsiccant. ;  it  is  ugQally  t]- 

portion  of  this  metal,  and  the  product,  less  plied  in  very  fine  powder,  which  is  dostid  ci 

fusible  than  zinc,  crystallizes  in  large  plates  excoriated  surfaces  and  superficial  ulceratiup.^ 

on  cooling.    The  conmiercial  article  is  liable  Chloride  of  zinc,  called  also  butter  of  zil-' 

to  be  contaminated  by  the  presence  of  several  (ZnCl),  is  a  grayish  white,  sefni-transpArent. 

other  metals,  as  lead,  cadmium,  copper,  tin,  and  soft  substance  like  wax,  which  melts  at  a  t<rsi- 

arsenic,  as  well  as  of  carbon  and  sulphur.    The  perature  below  redness.    Exposed  to  the  air.  i: 

iron  and  lead  are  sometimes  in  appreciable  quan-  rapidly  attracts  moisture  and  deliquesces.  If* 

titles,  and  the  amount  of  lead  is  occasionally  taste  is  burning,  nauseous,  and  saline,  eren  nt 

found  to  exceed  1  per  cent.    The  presence  of  very  weak  solutions.    It  is  a  valuable  mediri- 

arsenic  seriously  interferes  with  one  very  im-  nal  agent,  employed  internally  as  an  alteranVe 

portant  use  of  the  metal,  viz.,  as  a  reagent  in  and  anti-spasmodic,  and  externally  as  a  cflo^oc 

the  process  of  detecting  arsenic  in  toxicologioal  or  escharotic,  and  is  considered  by  vmj  ^ 

investigations;  and  the  presence  of  other  im-  more  efficient  in  this  respect  than  nitrauc^ 

purities  affects  the  value  of  ^e  metal  in  another  silver.    In  over  doses  chloride  of  zinc  acts  tf  a 

of  its  important  applications,  which  is  for  gen-  corrorive  poison ;  its  best  antidotes  are  tbe 

crating  electricity  in  the  galvanic  battery.    A  carbonated  alkalies.    Its  concentrated  sc^^^ 

valuable  paper  upon  the  "  Impurities  of  Com-  known  as. Burnett's  disinfecting  fluid,  is  noticed 


Charles  W.  Eliot  and  Frank  H.  Storef  of  Bos-  salts  on  account  of  the  numerous  purposes  it 
ton,  May  29,  1860.  They  found  that  even  the  serves  both  in  the  arts  aq4  in  medicine.  It  ^ 
zinc  specially  prepared  and  labeUed  "  pure"  by    produced,  like  the  sulphates  of  copper  ma 


those  who  sell  chemicals  is  not  to  be  relied  iron,  from  a  natural  sulphuret  or  blen^^  j>7 
upon ;  and  it  is  only  by  testing  samples  pro-  calcining,  lixiviating,  and  crystaUizinp.  J^ 
cured  from  a  dealer  in  metals,  that  zinc  free    solution  is  produced  in  large  quantities  in  ^' 


from  arsenic  may  be  obtained.    The  Silesian    vanio  batteries  excited  by  the  action  of  dilate 
zino  generally  contains  lead  and  cadmium,  and    sulphuric  acid  upon  metallic  zinc.    It  c^^ 


638  ZINO 

an  idea  of  its  possible  value  in  converting  the  New  Jersey,  and  the  expense  of  the  proees 
I3a8er  metals  to  gold.    As  late  as  the  year  1617  was  so  great  as  to  discourage  for  a  long  tu&e 
it  appears  from  the  account  of  Loehneyss  to  have  afterward  fuij;her  attempts  to  reduce  this  ere. 
been  an  accidental  product  only  of  the  furnaces  The  more  recent  operations  connected  with  tk 
at  Goslar,  and  to  have  been  in  great  request  manufacture  of  zinc  in  the  United  States  tx 
among  the  alchemists.    According  to  his  ao-  be  noticed  below.    In  the  early  part  of  in 
count,  a  metal  called  zinc  or  eanter/ehty  re-  present  century  the  importations  of  Cbium 
sembling  tin,  but  harder  and  less  malleable,  zinc  or  tufemi^««  into  England  had  greatlj^th 
coUected  in  the  crevices  under  the  melting  fur-  en  off,  and  in  1620  spelter  was  largely  im\>ond 
nace  where  the  stones  were  not  well  plastered,  from  Silesia  to  be  sent  abroad  for  the  sa^'.j 
A  collection  of  it  made  at  any  time  might  reach  of  the  Asiatic  markets. — ^Four  varieties  of  m 
only  a  few  ounces,  or  at  most  a  couple  of  are  employed  in  the  production  of  this  m^ 
pounds.    According   to  Beokmann,  the  first  Two  of  these,  the  carbonate  or  calamiDe,  lU 
person  who  intentionally  manufactured  zinc  the  hydrous  silicate  or  electric  calamine,  h^- 
from  calamine  was  Henkel  in  the  year  1741,  been  described  in  the  article  Calamine,  sd ; 
which  other  authorities  probably  more  cor-  third  under  its  own  name  of  Blesdl  Tl^ 
rectly  give  as  1721.    Beckmann  himself  states  fourth  variety  is  the  red  oxide  of  zinc,  to  whi 
that  in  1787  Henkel  heard  Uiat  zinc  was  then  allusion  has  been  made  in  the  article  Feajelu 
manufactured  in  England  with  great  ad  van-  itb.   Thisoccursinlarge  veins  near  Sparta  ut! 
tage.    The  process  was  introduced  there  by  Franklin  in  X.  New  Jersey,  interspersed  throQC: 
Dr.  Isaac  Lawson,  a  Scotchman,  who,  as  stated  the  calcareous  spar  or  forming  the  matrix  b 
by  Pryce  in  his  Mineral.  Comub,,  "observ-  which  the  crystals  of  franklinite  are  thid^j 
ing  that  the  flowers  of  lapis  calaminaria  were  embedded.    Its  structure  is  granular  and  foli&' 
the  same  as  those  of  zinc,  and  that  its  effects  ted,  and  its  crystals  are  hexagonal  prisms;  bart- 
on copper  were  also  the  same  with  that  semi-  ness4  to  4.5 ;  specific  gravity  5.43  to  5.5i  b 
metal,  never  remitted  his  endeavors  till  he  color  is  deep  red  inclining  to  yellow,  doe  /) 
found  the  method  of  separating  pure  zinc  from  the  presence  of  a  small  amount  of  oxide  of 
that  ore."    In  1742  the  metal  was  distilled  from  manganese.    This  is  the  dbief  appreciable  im- 
calaminebyA.  von  Swab,  member  of  the  Swed-  purity,  though,  as  already  observed,  arsenic 
ish  council  of  mines ;  and  Margraaf  reinvented  sulphur,  and  carbon  are  detected  in  the  mei^ 
the  same  process  in  1746.    The  first  works  produced  from  it.    Free  from  impoiitiea,  'n 
established  in  England  for  this  manufacture  composition  is,  zinc  80.26,  oxygen  19.74  ^ 
were  at  Bristol  in  1748,  by  Mr.  John  Oham-  cent.    At  Stirling  Hill,  near  Franklin,  the  M 
pion,  to  whom  in  1758  a  patent  was  granted  oxide  of  zinc  has  been  mined  for  the  la^tli 
for  the  use  of  the  mineral  blende  in  the  man-  years  by  the  New  Jersey  zinc  compaoT.  m 
nfacture  of  the  metal.    The  process  he  intro-  workings  extending  to  more  than  250  fe^t  is 
duced  is  the  same  that  has  ever  since  been  depth.    The  ore  is  taken  out  in  large  bloeki 
in  operation  in  England.     Calamine  brass  had  always  considerably  mixed.      One  of  tk% 
been  made  in  Surrey  about  100  years  previous  weighing  16,400  lbs.,  was  carried  in  1851  u> 
to  this  time.    The  production  of  zinc  is  of  the  great  exhibition  in  London.    On  the  ^' 
much  older  date  in  the  East  Indies.    It  was  joining   property,  belonging   to  the  Passdk 
imported  into  Europe  by  the  Dutch  under  the  mining  and  manufacturing  company,  betretf 
names  of  Indian  tin,  spsautre,  &c. ;  and  a  cargo  80,000  and  40,000  tons  of  ore  have  been  taken 
of  it,  it  is  said,  was  taken  by  the  Dutch  from  from  the  vein  since  June,  1854.    At  the  deptii 
the  Portuguese  previous  to  the  year  1640.    It  of  178  feet  the  bed  yields  about  21  feet  is 
19  vaguely  referred  to  as  coming  from  China,  width  of  ore,  of  which  about  2^  feet  is  rich  red 
Bengal,  Malacca,  and  the  Malabar  coast.  In  the  oxide  and  franklinite,  and  tJie  remainder  cv^ 
latter  part  of  the  18th  century  it  had  already  sists  of  the  same  more  mixed  with  limestone. 
become  an  article  of  some  commercial  impor-  The  inferior  sorts  are  dressed  at  the  nuDes  be* 
tance,  the  Dutch  East  India  company,  accord-  fore  their  shipment  to  the  furnaces.— On  i^ 
ing  to  Raynal,  purchasing  annuaUy  at  Palem-  European  continent,  the  ore  most  worked  ior 
bang  1,500,000  lbs.  of  it.    The  process  of  ex-  zinc  is  the  carbonate  or  calamine.    Some  of 
tracting  it  from  its  ores  is  reported  to  have  the  most  important  mines  are  in  Silesia,  Cario- 
been  brought  to  Europe  by  an  Englishman  who  thia,  and  near  Lidge  in  Belgium,  partieow 
went  to  hidia  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  Vieille  Montague  mine  between  Bekiaa 
the  method  in  use  there.*    The  first  zinc  pro-  and  Prussia.    Large  bodies  of  this  ore  haTetlso 
duced  in  the  United  States  was  made  about  the  been  recently  discovered  and  are  now  work«i 
year  1888,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Hassler,  in  Biscay,  near  San tander,  in  the  Astnrias,  iou^^ 
by  Mr.  John  Hitz,  for  the  brass  designed  for  N.  W.  of  Spain,  and  also  in  Sweden  andinlr^ 
the  standard  weights  and  measures  ordered  by  land.    The  Belgian  mines  >are  fomoos  for  the 
congress.    Tlie  zinc  was  made  at  the  U.  S.  vast  amount  of  ore  they  have  prodaoed.  The 
arsenal  at  Washington  from  the  red  oxide  of  mine  ofVieille  Montague  or  Altenberg  in  the  tii- 

lage  of  Moresnet,  between  Aix  la  Chapdle  m 

^  An  eiaborot«  historical  ftcooant  of  sino  to  the  latter  part  the  town  of  Li6ge,  has  been  worked  since  1^' 

tLSi^fl"M?ffe  'ief zSStlto^'i^  '^^'vSiS'^  So^e  8iM«<f  «»d  oxide  of  zinc  »^Jf^^ 

gegen  anden  Kdrper,  Ae.  (Erftart,  1T88X  the  ore,  and  6  poorer  SOft  of  it,  whiCh  proaocw 


ZINO 


689 


W  about  83  per  cent,  of  metal,  is  stwned  red 

till  the  oxide  of  iron  it  contains.    The  white 

•ictiea  yield  about  46  per  cent.    The  princi- 

II  iniues  of  Silesia  are  in  the  magnesian  lime- 

:k'S  of  the  new  red  saadiitone  formation^  not 

.  •  iVoni  Ben  then,  and  are  connected  with  the 

i-ltinji:  works  near  KOnigshutte  by  railroads. 

le  ores  rarely  produce  35  per  cent,  of  metal, 

»  a*j  portions  of  them  not  over  12  percent. 

,  Lui^land  calamine,  according  to  the  state- 

. '  .t  of  Dr.  Percy,  is  met  with  in  the  devonian, 

I'OMiforous,  and  oolitic  fonnations,  in  veins, 

■i>,  and  large  deposits  or  pockets,  and  was 

■  'UK rly  obtained  in  large  quantities  in  Somer- 

•'-hire,  Derbyshire,  and  Cfumberland;  but  in 

"«J  the  official  records  represent  the  total 

'..nluct  of  calamine  in  the  United  Kingdom  as 

ly  24rS  tons  from  Cumberland  and  37  tons 

.  -ni  Ireland.     In  the  United  States  large  de- 

'•4ts  of  calamine  are  found  in  several  locali- 

^.    The  most  important  one  of  these  is  in 

t'  Saucon  valley,  Lehigh  co.,  Penn.,  K  of 

.  lioJensville.      Magnesian  limestones  of  the 

i.vor  sihirian  formation  constitute  the  geologi- 

4l  re[)ository  of  the  ore.    The  same  group, 

I  I.Alt  50  m.  to  the  N.  E.,  furnishes  tlie  red  ox- 

ie  of  zinc  of  ^.  New  Jersey;-  and  in  Columbia 

'.,  Penn.,  the  calamine  found  near  Lancaster. 

1  im  mines,  opened  in  1853,  are  worked  by  the 

L.'hiirh  zinc  company.    The  two  varieties  of 

laiinino  occur  together,  and  a  small  portion  of 

unde  is  interspersed  among  them.     The  sili- 

•e  is  also  obtained  comparatively  free  from 

lior  ores,  so  that  it  is  worked  by  itself  for  the 

'•'•••.]  not  ion  of  the  pure  zinc  already  referred  to 

..-  made  by  Mr.  Wharton  at  the  Lehigh  zinc 

■  -rks  near  Bethlehem.     The  workings,  which 

y\wuil  to  the  depth  of  about  50  feet,  penetrate 

'0  srcat  irregular  deposit  in  various  directions, 

'id  are  often  interrupted  by  huge  masses  of 

.111. stone.     About  100,000  tons  of  ore  have  al- 

r-'iily  been  taken  from  the  mine  of  the  Lehigh 

'  i:ie  company,  and  a  much  larger  quantity  is 

.  clicved  to  remain,  as  the  limits  of  the  deposit 

>  i»e  not  yet  been  found  either  laterally  or  in 

'•'i'tii,  though  borings  have  been  made  to  the 

1  inh  of   about  120  feet.     Another  locality 

"i  the  same  ore  is  near  Lancaster,  Penn.,  but 

t-ie  calamine  is  too  much  mixed  with  blende 

I'i'l  giilena  to  be  profitably  worked.    In  Ten- 

n»>^ee  large  deposits  are  found  on  Mossy  creek 

on  t!ie  East  Tennessee  and  Virginia  railroad, 

i^nnit  6  ra.  N.  E.  of  Knoxville,  and  again  on 

i'' 'Well's  river,  in  Campbell  co.,  about  40  m.  N. 

"f  Knoxville.    Here  also  the  ore  is  in  lower  si- 

*  iri^in  limestones.     Calamine,  locally  known  as 

'  dry  hone,"  also  occurs  at  most  of  the  western 

^':id  mines,  but  is  not  esteemed  of  value.    In 

Arkansas  very  pure  varieties  of  calamine  have 

'^' n  found  in  miignesian  limestones  in  Law- 

f'lw^e,   Marion,    and    Independence    counties, 

kindly  in  the  first  named.      Blende  is  not 

^^'tM  in  the  United  States,  although  it  is  a 

•^l-mrnon  ore  at  most  of  the  lead  mines.    In 

^-J^ope  its  use  has  largely  increased  of  late 

itars.    la  France,  where  no  zinc  was  produced 


in  1840,  there  were  recently  6  establishments 
making  the  metal  from  blende.  At  Swansea 
in  Wales  it  has  been  worked  for  a  number  of 
years.  In  1855  the  sales  of  this  ore  in  England 
were  reported  at  9,620  tons,  while  those  re- 
ported of  calamine  of  the  Alston  Moor  mines 
were  only  182  tons.  In  1859  about  13,000 
tons  were  raised  in  the  United  Kingdom,  Wales 
supplying  about  5,500  tons,  Laxey  in  the  Isle 
of  Man  2,500,  Cornwall  2,400,  and  Derbyshire 
1,500.  Devonshire  and  Ireland  made  up  the 
remainder.  Dr.  Percy  states  that  the  price  of 
blende  has  risen  enormously  of  late  in  England. 
"  A  few  years  ago  Laxey  blende  was  usually 
sold  at  from  23*.  to  26«.  per  ton ;  whereas  re- 
cently one  firm  has  paid  as  much  as,  if  not 
more  than,  £4  4«.  per  ton  for  this  ore."  Dr. 
Ure  in  his  dictionary  speaks  of  it  as  selling  at 
Holywell  for  £3  per  ton. — The  values  of  zinc 
ores  on  shipboard  at  Antwerp  are  as  follows : 


Metal  worth  50  fr&ncs  the  100 
kilugrammes. 


PvTcenta^ 

of  zinc 
by  ■.nal,>'ista. 


40 
45 
&0 
55 
60 
65 
70 


I  Value  of  loot) 
I  kiloKrauiiiie«, 
1         franc*. 


VctJil  worth  55 

fmncs  the  IW  fcllo- 

grarnmcK.     Value 

of  1,(,X»  kilo- 
gram mra,   fr&DCS. 


Metal  worth  60 

francs  the  lOO  kllo- 

grammc«.    Value 

of  1.000  kilo- 
grammes, francs. 


Cacdoicats  of  Zlno. 


80.00 
102.50 
125.00 
147.50 
170.00 
192.50 
215.00 


94.50 
119.50 
144.50 
169  50 
194.50 
219.50 
244.5t 


109.00 
1$6.50 
164.00 
191.50 
219.00 
246.50 
274.00 


SiLICATB  or  ZiNO. 


40 

45.00 

57.00 

69.00 

45* 

67.50 

82.00 

96.50 

50 

90.00 

107.00 

124.00 

55 

112.50 

182.00 

151.50 

60 

l&'i.OO 

157.00 

179.00 

G5 

157.50 

IS'2.00 

206.50 

70 

1SO.0O 

207.00 

2J14.00 

— ^Metallurgical  Treatment.  Beside  the  em- 
ployment of  zinc  ores  for  the  production  of  the 
metal,  they  are  also  used  in  the  United  States 
in  the  preparation  of  the  oxide  or  "  zinc  white," 
used  as  a  paint.  Two  distinct  operations  are 
therefore  to  be  described  under  this  head. 
The  reduction  process  varies  in  different  coun- 
tries, and  somewhat  also  with  the  nature  of  the 
ores,  the  blendes  and  their  mixtures  requiring 
the  most  thorough  calcination  to  prepare  them 
for  the  sublimhig  or  distilling,  to  which  all  the 
ores  are  subjected  in  order  to  eliminate  the 
metal.  The  three  principal  methods  of  re- 
duction are  the  Belgian,  Silesian,  and  Eng- 
lish. The  American  practice  will  be  noticed 
after  the  account  of  these.  Some  of  the  most 
important  zinc  smelting  works  of  Belgium  are 
at  Moresnet,  Angleur,  and  St.  Leonard.  At 
these  the  coarser  calamine,  in  pieces  not  ex- 
ceeding 6  inches  in  diimieter,  is  first  intro- 
duced into  the  calcining  furnaces,  resembling 
lime  kilns,  with  alternating  layers  of  non-cak- 
ing coal  of  inferior  quality.  These  furnaces 
are  about  17^  feet  high  and  9  feet  8  inches 
in  diameter  at  the  widest  part.  Near  the  bot- 
tom the  sides  are  drawn  in  like  the  boshes  of  a 
blast  furnace  to  5^  feet  in  diameter,  and  4  open- 
ings are  made  in  the  bottom,  through  which 


640  ZINO 

the  oaloined  ore  is^  discharged.    They  are  some-  contain  lead  alloyed  with  titie  zinc,  thoogji  kid 

times  provided  with  a  blast  which  is  driven  in  alone  is   not  voliitile.      The  retort  forntrirt 

through  tuyeres  at  the  bottom.    About  25  tons  are  bnilt  4  together  in  one  stack,  tbeir  ficn 

of  calcined  ore  are  taken  ont  in  24  hours  by  4  to  connecting  in  one  central  chimney.    Each  v^ 

6  discharges,  and  the  consumption  of  coal  is  from  occupies  an  arched  space  extending  from  the 

8  to  4  per  cent.    For  calcining  the  small  ore  front  to  the  back  wall,  which  is  about  8  feei 

large   reverberatory  furnaces  are   employed,  In  a  large  Airnace  of  the  capacity  of  78  retons, 

fiimished  with  two  beds,  one  above  the  other,  this  space  is  about  11  fee^  wide  and  9i  feet 

These,  partially  elliptical  in  shape,  are  about  high.    Its  front  is  divided  by  a  series  o^  o^ 

16^  feet  long  and  7  feet  wide.    After  being  iron  shelves  6  to  8  in  number,  laid  horizootilh 

dried  on  the  top  of  the  ftimoce,  the  calamine  is  from  one  side  to  the  other,  their  front  edf^ 

let  down  upon  the  upper  bed,  where  it  receives  ranging  vertically  with  that  of  the  front  tiL 

the  first  heat,  and  is  well  stirred  for  6  hours,  of  Qie  ftirnace.    The  compartments  thus  midc 

It  is  then  dropped  down  to  the  lower  bed,  upon  are  subdivided  by  fire  brick  slabs  set  on  ed^ 

which  the  process  is  repeated  at  a  higher  tem-  directed  toward  the  back  wall  \  their  distuHv 

perature,  and  continued  for  the  same  time,  apart  is  about  17  inches,  or  just  enough  to  ad- 

About  8  tons  are  calcined  in  24  hours.  Smaller  mit  two  retorts  placed  side  by  ade.    Tu 

calcining  furnaces  are  also  employed,  built  on  shelves  are  made  to  pitch  slightly  forward,  acd 

the  top  of  the  reduction  furnaces,  and  heated  on  the  continuation  of  their  slope  are  con^rcft- 

by  tl^e  waste  gases.    The  efilect  of  the  calcina-  ed  in  the  brickwork  of  the  back  wsll  i  Mrhn 

tion  is  to  drive  off  the  carbonic  acid  and  sul-  of  ledges  designed  as  supports  forthebfid[eo6 

phnr,  and  leave  the  ore  more  or  less  completely  of  the  retorts.    These,  when  pushed  in  fmc 

converted  into  the  oxide  of  zinc.    The  loss  of  the  front,  are  thus  supported  at  each  end  cjr^ 

weight  by  this  operation  is  from  20  to  25  per  independently  of  each  other,  and  their  miue 

cent.,  and  includes  a  small  proportion  of  zinc^  portions  are  exposed  to  the  fiaraes  that  are  (> 

which  is  consumed.    The  calcined  ore,  which  circulate  among  them  from  the  fire  below.  Tib 

should  now  contain  about  50  per  cent,  of  zinc,  is  arranged  upon  grate  bars  set  in  the  nan^ 

is  next  reduced  to  fine  powder  by  grinding  it  fire  chamber  between  the  front  and  ba(k  vi. 

under  large  crushing  rolls  of  cast  iron,  which  of  the  furnace,  to  which  access  is  had  froa  o 

weigh  about  8  tons  2  cwt.  each,  and  work  in  arched  opening  at  the  end  of  the  stack,  h 

pairs  over  a  bed  of  cast  iron.    The  same  rolls  front  of  each  furnace  under  the  fioor  a  pit  i? 

are  sometimes  used  to  grind  the  clay  employed  constructed  for  receiving  the  residues  from  tk 

in  constructing  the  retorts  used  for  distilling  retorts  when  these  are  cleaned  ont  after  tvh 

the  ores.    Each  pair  grinds  in  12  hours  ffom  15  charge.    The  retorts  are  set  inclining  forwtnl 

to  18  tons  of  either  the  calamine  or  clay.    The  to  facilitate  their  discharge,  and  to  cause  io  tit 

retorts  require  to  be  made  of  the  most  refracto-  pogress  of  the  operation  the  slag,  which  mi^l ' 

ry  kinds  of  fire  clay,  and  great  care  is  taken  in  injure  them  if  left  in  their  hottest  portions,  to 

selecting  the  difleront  sorts  of  this  and  pre-  move  more  freely  forward  into  their  wf 

paring  a  suitable  mixture  of  it  with  pieces  of  outer  ends.    In  order  that  they  may  not  » 

old  broken  pots.    When  thoroughly  mixed  and  overheated,  the  retorts  of  the  lowest  row  vt 

tempered,  the  clay  is  moulded  by  one  of  two  usually  made  thicker  than  the  rest,  and  are 

methods.    By  hand  it  is  shaped  into  retorts  at  allowed  to  remain  empty  and  unused.   C^  £^ 

the  rate  of  10  to  15  per  man  in  12  hours,  and  count  of  the  greater  heat  in  the  lower  portkis 

when  dried  they  cost  about  80  cts.  each.    By  of  the  oven,  the  charge  to  the  retort  is  nude 

the  other  method  the  clay  is  rammed  into  a  to  diminish  in  the  ascending  rows  from  aboi.'' 

cylindrical  mould  of  the  size  of  the  retort,  27^  lbs.  to  15  or  18  lbs.  in  the  uppermost  re- 

when  the  interior  is  bored  out  by  a  machine ;  torts ;  and  care  is  taken  to  introduce  into  tb« 

180  retorts  may  thus  be  made  to  each  ma-  upper  rows  only  those  ores  which  contain  mu'- 

chine  in  12  hours,  and  their  cost  when  dried  oxide  of  iron,  which  might  act  upon  the  retort^ 

and  burned  is  only  about  82  cts.  each.    The  at  a  high  temperature.    The  rich  prodorts  t< 

dimensions  of  the  retorts  are  usually  about  8^  previous  distillations,  which    easily  J^^^J^ 

feet  long,  8  inches  in  diameter  outside,  and  6  their  metal,  are  also  put  in  these  retort«.  T^ 

inches  inside.     Each  one  is  provided  with  a  calcined  ore,  after-  being  well  pnlyeriie^).  J 

nozzle,  also  moulded  in  clay,  which  fits  its  moistened  with  water  and  thorooghlj  mii^ 

mouth,  to  which  it  is  luted  when  the  retort  is  with  fine  bituminous  coal,  such  as  will  noteaie. 

set  in  the  furnace.    These  nozzles  project  be-  to  which  half  its  weight  of  cinders  or  coke  do^t 

yond  the  front  wall  of  the  furnace,  and  serve  may  be  advantageously  added.    Once  eTcr^ 

00  condensers  for  collecting  the  metallic  zinc,  morning,  and  again  at  night,  the  noEzl«  t^J^ 

Upon  their  open  outer  ends,  and  continuing  moved  from  each  retort,  its  interior  is  ^^^^ 

their  line,  are  attached  small  vessels  of  sheet  out,  and  the  charge  is  inserted  by  i'°^'^^| 

iron  slightly  conical  in  shape,  with  a  hole  of  long  spoon  or  charger  like  that  emplov^  ^ir 

less  than  an  inch  in  diameter  in  the  apex  or  filling  gas  retorts.    The  nozzle  is  then  ^r*^ 

outer  end,  intended  for  the  escape  of  the  un-  in  the  mouth  of  the  retort  and  well  ^°f^ 

condensed  vapors.    In  these  cones  portions  of  the  sheet  iron  receiver  is  fitted  to  it    ^  ^ 

metal  also  collect,  which  escape  condensation  pors  of  zinc  soon  appear,  and  in  6  honrf  moa 

in  the  clay  nozzles;  and  what  is  curionS)  these  of  the  nozzles  are  filled  with  melted  m^* 


642  ZINO 

the  elbow,  which  during  the  operation  is  closed  till  the  metal  falls  in  small  drops.  The  carbosk 

with  a  flat  piece  of  clay  luted  on.    This  is  re-  *  oxide  burns  at  the  open  end  of  the  discharge 

moved  whenever  necessary,  to  examine  and  pipe  with  a  bluish  flame  at  flrst ;  this  gradoilij 

clean  out  the  interior.    The  wider  end  of  the  mcreases  in  intensity  and  changes  to  greecisL 

nozzle  is  fitted  into  the  upper  side  of  the  mouth  white,  till  it  finally  disappears  as  the  zinc  be^ 

of  the  retort,  and  to  the  smaller  and  lower  end  to  drop.  The  process  requires  careful  attend  >o 

is  attached  a  short  pipe  of  cast  iron,  by  which  in  regulating  the  fires  and  watching  the  ix^r 

the  channel  of  discharge  is  extended  vertically  tion  of  the  retort ;  but,  while  it  is  going  od,  cat 

downward,  and  beneath  this  it  is  still  further  man  is  competent  to  attend  to  a  furnace  id 

extended  by  a  sheet  iron  pipe.    This  portion  all  its  retorts.    The  zinc  as  it  drops  collect*  i:^ 

of  the  apparatus  is  supported  by  a  flange  on  pieces  of  all  shapes,  which  are  afterward  gsii- 

the  cast  iron  pipe,  which  catches  upon  the  back  ered  up,  remelted  in  large  clay  cmcibleN  id 

edge  of  a  horizontal  plate  of  iron  forming  run  into  ingot  moulds.    It  is  sometrmes  eolcr- 

along  the  front  of  the  furnace  the  extension  ed  yellow  by  oxide  of  cadmium.    The  a{pi- 

of  the  hearth  upon  which  the  retorts  'are  set.  ratus  is  slightly  varied  at  some  of  the  worli. 

The  vertical  pipe  terminates  with  its  open  end  Flues  are  sometimes  constructed  under  ts 

a  little  above  the  floor  of  a  receptacle  con-  retorts ;  and  instead  of  the  crooked  dozzI' 

structed  in  the  front  of  the  furnace  under  straight  horizontal  condensers  of  elaj  b^v: 

the  iron  plate.    Trays  of  iron  are  placed  in  been  employed,  the  floor  of  which  bol^ 

these  recesses  to  collect  the  zinc  as  it  drops,  down  in  the  middle  forms  a  receptacle  for  tbt 

The  space  about  the  mouths  of  each  pair  of  re-  zinc,  from  which  it  is  ladled  out  from  time  v- 

torts  is  carefully  closed  with  pieces  of  fire  brick  time  and  turned  into  the  moulds.    \erj  c^.-e- 

set  in  fire  clay  and  well  plastered  over  with  ful  accounts  are  kept  of  the  expeoses  of  :!:< 

the  same ;  and  the  outer  space,  occupied  by  the  Silesian  works.    In  the  government  establiab- 

projecting  nozzle,  is  closed  by  a  sheet  iron  ment  they  were  rated  for  the  year  1856  at  4>.6i' 

door.    These  precautions  are  taken  to  prevent  francs  to  the  metrical  quintal  (220.47  Ibf^icf 

the  apparatus  from  chilling,  which  might  not  metal  produced,  and  in  1857  at  54.84  fr&nci. 

only  obstruct  the  flow  of  the  zinc,  but  also  They  consisted  in  the  latter  year  of  the  follov 

cause  tJie  retorts  to  crack,  and  thus  let  the  ing items:  ore, 26.84;  fuel,  14.80;  labor, 7.C»'- 

fumes  of  the  metal  escape  in  the  furnace.  This  materials,  8.70 ;  general  expenses,  3.00.  Oii 

still  happens  ^t  times,  and  when  discovered  a  is  charged  in  this  account  at  the  selling  rakif 

workman  immediately  gets  upon  the  top  of  7.8  francs  per  1,000  kilogrammes,  whOe  id  ii( 

the  furnace,  and,  through  holes  made  there  for  estimates  of  the  Silesian  company  it  is  charged 

the  purpose,  introduces  a  long-handled  mop,  at  the  actual  cost  of  5.61  francs.    WitL  thi? 

dipped  in  flre  clay  grout,  with  which  he  be-  and  other  sunilar  corrections,  the  cost  of  Ua 

smears  and  closes  the  crack  in  the  retort.   The  metal  is  found  to  be  37.81  francs,  which  is  i^ni.^ 

charge  of  each  retort  consists  of  about  55  lbs.  2  francs  more  than  that  of  the  Silesian  coiDf«- 

of  roasted  ore  of  the  size  of  wdnuts,  mixed  ny  for  the  flrst  half  of  the  year  1858,  as  appeal^ 

with  oxide  of  zinc  of  previous  operations,  the  from  the  following  table  of  items : 

skimmings  of  the  crucibles  used  in  remelting,  ErniuAxm  or  Con  or  Qituital  or  Zdc 

and  the  incrustations  collected  from  the  retorts,  "^j 

nozzles,  and  pipes.    To  these  are  added  about  ^6U.*.'.".".".*.'.'.'!!!!.".'.'.'!;!.'.'.'!.".*.*.*i;iI*I.\'.*.'.'.'.*!.*i.  ^ 

one  hatf  their  bulk  of  cinders  that  have  fallen    calamine  \  ■*  the'mine," ' '  'ioM  i ^ 

through  the  grate  bars.    Before  charging  the    Brick*,  day  aT^'^"**"'  ^^^ i« 

retorts,  which  is  done  every  morning,  the  fire  iron  materiaia . .  .'.'.".V.V.  1 !!!!  1 !!!  I !!!!!!!  1  *!!!!!.*!* •  •* 

is  allowed  to  partially  cool  down,  the  day    5®'**l3** lS 

door  under  the  nozzle  is  knocked  away,andthe      *"*    expenses ^ — 

contents  of  the  retort  are  drawn  out  with  a         Total ^* 

rabble  upon  the  iron  shelf.    The  nozzle  itself  The  total  production  of  the  furnaces  of  tbe 

is  also  cleaned  out  in  a  similar  manner.    The  company  for  the  year  1857  was  74,707  metrioi. 

retorts  are  then  filled  by  means  of  a  scoop,  the  quintals,  and  for  the  first  half  of  1858, 41,lt^ 

day  doors  are  again  luted  in  their  places,  and  The  daily  yield  per  furnace  was  1.15  metrieu 

as  soon  as  all  the  retorts  have  been  thus  treat-  quintals  in  1857  and  1.11  in  1858;  and  i^ 

ed  the  fire  is  gradually  increased,  till  in  10  average  yield  of  the  ore  in  these  years  wj^ 

hours  it  reaches  almost  a  white  beat.    It  is  im-  spectively  14.98  and  14.01  per  cent.   The  ^f 

portant  to  keep  this  up  as  nearly  uniform  as  sian  manufacture  is  fully  described  in  the  ^' 

possible.    If  it  becomes  so  high  that  the  metal  moire  tur  la  metallurgie  du  zine  dant  la  EivU- 

will  not  condense  in  the  nozzles,  these  must  Silesie,  by  M.  Julien  {Annalea  de$  mtMt^  1^^" 

be  cooled  by  opening  the  iron  doors  in  front.  The  Silesian  process  of  extracting  zinc  i>  ^^ 

If  it  falls  too  low,  the  metal  becomes  solid  in  operation  at  the  works  of  Messrs.  Dillvp  s&u 

the  nozzle,  and  must  be  melted  by  the  introduc-  co.  at  liansamlet,  near  Swansea,  in  ^^^ 

tion  of  a  heated  rod  of  iron  termed  the  nozzle  where  an  argentiferous  blende  is  rednced  bj  it, 

cleaner.    The  first  products  of  the  distillation  but  chiefly  for  the  sake  of  the  silver  it  oonttin^ 

are  aqueous  vapor  and  carbonic  oxide,  bringing  To  separate  the  silver,  it  is  found  neceasarr  \o 

over  with  them  a  little  oxide  and  metallic  zinc,  reduce  the  ore  to  very  fine  powder,  ^^^J| 

The  proportion  of  the  last  gradually  increases  through  a  screen  containing  225  holes  to  tii^ 


644  zmo 

of  prodnoing  ipelter  with  the  American  ores,    MatthiesBen  and  Hegeler,  two  Gennan  eheoiai 
days,  and  anthracite.    About  this  time  Mr.  Jo-    and  metallorgists,  at  Laaalle,  DL    Thej  tcr 
seph  Wharton,  the  general  manager  of  the  Le-    able  to  make  about  200,000  lbs.  of  zinc  p^' 
high  dno  company,  and  Mr.  Samuel  Wetherill    annum  if  supplied  continuously  with  ore,  U 
of  Bethlehem,  ooth  conceived  the  same  plan  of  the  difficulties  of  procuring  this  firom  the  sot- 
treating  zinc  ores  in  an  open  furnace,  and  lead-  tered  lead  mines,  and  of  obtaining  cheap  c^ 
ing  the  volatile  products  through  incandescent  and  skilled  and  patient  labor,  are  ^ost  ksi- 
coal,  in  order  to  reduce  the  oxide  so  formed,  mountable  at  the  West,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  l^ 
and  draw  only  metallic  and  carbonaceous  vapors  works  are  now  in  operation.    A  snudl  spclkr 
into  the  condensing  apparatus.    Mr.  Wharton  furnace  erected  at  Mineral  Point,  Wu.^  aUc 
constructed  his  furnace  in  Philadelphia,  and  8  years  ago,  it  is  believed,  has  been  abudoLrd 
Mr.  Wetherill  his  in  Bethlehem.    The  former,  — The  annual  production  of  zinc  throoghoatiiic 
having  completed  his  trials,  filed  a  caveat  for  world,  according  to  a  late  report  of  the  Yici^ 
the  process,  but  soon  after  abandoned  it  as  Montague  company,  is  estimated  at  67,00Ci  u-iln 
economically  impracticable.    The  latter  contin-  of  which  about  44,000  tons  are  converted  ktv 
ued  his  operations,  patented  the  method,  and  sheet  zinc,  and  applied  aa  follows :  for  rook; 
produced  some  zinc,  8  or  10  tons  of  which  were  aud  architecture  purposes,  23,000  tons;  shciil- 
sold  to  the  U.  S.  assay  office  in  New  York.  The  ing  of  ships,  8,500 ;  lining  packing  cases,  ii^ ; 
manufisoture  was  not  however  long  continued,  domestic  utensils,  12,000 ;  stamped  om^meLtv 
In  1858  Mr.  Wetherill  recommenced  the  pro-  1,500 ;  miscellaneous  uses,  1,500.   The  estun^ 
duction  of  zinc,  adopting  a  plan  of  upright  re-  is  probably  too  small  for  Europe  alone.  Ik 
torts,  somewhat  like  that  in  use  in  Carinthia,  product  of  England  has  rapidly  increased  wiu 
Austria,  and  that  of  the  English  patent  of  m  a  few  years  from  1,000  tons  of  spelter  fr: 
James  Graham.    Mr.  Wetherill  had  succeeded  annum  to  6,900  tons  in  1858.    The  Belgian  prv> 
in  getting  good  mixtures  of  fire  clays,  and  his  duct  is  given  at  29,000  tons,  and  the  Silesbn  u 
retorts  made  of  these,  and  holding  each  a  charge  81,480.    Poland,  on  the  border  of  Silesia,  pr- 
of 400  lbs.  of  ore,  proved  sufficiently  refractory  duces  about  4,000  tons;  Austria,  1,500  toss: 
for  the  operation.    Works  were  erected  under  Sweden, 40  tons;  and  the  Hartz,  10  tons.  Sfa:: 
his  charge  at  Bethlehem  in  1858-^9,  belong-  also  produces  some  zinc.    The  annual  prodcc: 
ing  to  a  company  of  which  he  was  a  member,  of  Europe  alone  at  the  present  time  proW  \} 
the  capacity  of  which  was   expected  to  be  amounts  therefore  to  75,000  tons.    The  coc- 
about  2  tons  of  spelter  a  day.    They  are  not  sumption  of  the  metal  for  roofing  and  arcliii«c> 
now  however  in  operation.    Mr.  Wharton,  af-  tural  purposes  has  increased  very  rapidlj  dcr- 
ter  abandoning  the  method  of  reduction  by  ing  the  last  15  years,  and  many  of  itsugiS^'t 
incandescent  coals,  continued  his  experiments  quite  new  within  this  period.     In  Genuafij 
on  different  plans,  and  finally  decided  on  the  and  Paris  it  is  the  common  roofing  material: 
Belgian  Ihirnace  as  the  best,  after  having  actu-  for  Mrhich  purpose  sheets  of  pure  metal  cartr 
ally  made  spelter  from  sihcate  of  zinc,  with  fully  laid,   with  sufficient  room  to  contract 
anthracite  in  muffles  of  American  clays,  at  a  and  expand,  and  fastened  only  with  zinc  Daii.% 
cost   below  its   market  value.     These   trials  are  very  durable.     Architectural  omamente 
were  made  in  the  zinc  oxide  works  of  the  Le-  on  the  facades  of  buildings  are  made  of  c^ 
high  zinc  company.    Their  success  encouraged  zinc  instead  of  cut  stone ;    also  the  c«ilici: 
him  to  construct  a  factory  at  Bethlehem  for  ornaments  of  rooms  are  frequently  made  ui 
reducing  zinc  ores,  which  he  accordingly  did  zinc  castings  instead  of  stucco.    Zinc  is  largtlr 
in  1860,  under  a  contract  with  the  Lehigh  zinc  employed  for  coating  iron  (see  Galtamzd) 
company.     The  daily  product  of  the  works  Ibon),  and  for  lining  baths  and  water  taiU 
aoon  exceeded  8  tons,  and  for  the  2  years  and  to  some  extent  for  sheathing  ships;  it  '^ 

S receding  the  middle  of  Oct.  1862,  the  furnaces  made  into  milk  pans  and  pails,  pipes  for  conrej- 

ave  been  run  steadily,  producing  at  the  rate  of  ing  liquids,  spikes,  nails,  wire,  &c.;  and  it  lii^ 

about  4,000,000  lbs.  per  annum.    Four  stacks  been  cast  into  statues  and  made  to  imitii< 

or  blocks  are  constructed,  each  containing  4  fur-  bronze.     Large  quantities  are  consumed  in 

naoes.  To  each  furnace  there  are  56  retorts,  mala-  making  brass  and  yellow  met^L    It  is  used  ic 

ing  in  all  896,  working  2  charges  in  24  hours,  chemical  operations  to  decompose  water  ▼i'-^ 

Mr.  Wharton  has  fully  established  the  fiict,  the  aid  of  sulphuric  acid,  and  thus  produt^ 

which  European  metallurgists  still  assert  to  be  hydrogen ;  but  upon  a  lar^  scale  iron  is  (ovd 

impracticable,  that  silicate  of  zinc  can  be  made  a  cheaper  though  less  efficient  agent  for  tLi^ 

to  yield  the  metal  f^'eely  and  profitably;  and  reaction. — Zinc  White.    The  use  of  whit«  ox- 

this  has  been  done  with  the  use  of  anthracite  ide  of  zinc  as  a  substitute  for  white  lead  «&' 

and  of  American  clays,  both  of  which  were  first  suggested  by  Courtois,  a  manofscturtr 

stoutly  affiirmed  to  be  entirely  unsuited  to  this  at  D^on,  and  was  recommended  on  accooot 

manufacture.    The  ores  he  employs  are  prin-  of  its  freedom  from  the  dangerous  properties 

cipaUy  silicate  of  zinc  with  a  slight  admixture  of  the  latter,  by  the  celebrated  Gajtoo  de 

of  the  carbonate. — ^Attempts  have  been  made  Morveau,  near  die  close  of  the  last  oeoturT 

witiiin  a  few  years  past  to  produce  spelter  from  M.  Leclaire,  a  house  painter  of  Paris,  a^ 

the  blende  of  the  western  lead  mines.  The  most  years   after   this   found  that  he  oooM  pro- 

promismg  of  these  are  the  works  of  Meears.  duce  the  oxide  of  zinc  as  cheaply  as  ^oiu 


646  ZING 

dow8  near  to  it  under  the  roof,  and  into  thia  zinc  white  is  made  np  of  many  itema,  Bone  of 
all  the  pipes  from  the  fornaces  discharge  them-  which,  aa  the  bags,  repairs,  and  general  expo- 
selves.    The  great  pipe  connects  with  a  square  ses,  can  only  be  correctly  rated  by  careful  om. 
tower  in  masonry,  m  which  a  sheet  of  water  is  nutation  extended  through  coneiderable  time. 
continually  falling.    From  this  the  oxide  of  No  estimate  of  this  kind  has  yet  been  nu^ 
2dnc  is  carried  along  through  8  other  large  public. — The  production  has  liurgely  increiicd 
pipes  to  a  second  tower  containing  8  compart-  since  the  early  operations  of  the  compamo. 
ments,  in  one  of  which  are  the  fans  that  create  The  demand  is  not  only  for  home  eonsimiiini^ 
the  draught.    The  current,  still  propelled  by  which  in  1860  had  amounted  to  6,000  or  7,UM0 
these,  is  carried  on  through  other  pipes  into  a  tons  beside  what  was  imported,  but  a  ooi»d- 
series  of  flannel  bags,  some  of  which  are  over  erable  export   business  has   aince  that  me 
4  feet  in  diameter,  and  extend  the  whole  length  sprung  up,  indicating  that  in  Europe  as  veO 
of  the  rooms,  which  are  120  feet  long,  and  fill  as  in  the  United  States  zinc  white  is  rapidly 
it  up  to  its  entire  width  of  64  feet.    They  are  gaining  in  favor  as  a  substitute  for  white  lead 
suspended  near  together,  and  fill  most  of  the  This  was  the  case  in  France  and  in  the  Unha 
space  from  the  roof  to  the  fioor.    Most  of  them  States  much  sooner  than  in  Great  Brim 
are  horizontal,  and  from  some  of  these  others  The  French   government   early  adopted  tk 
go  up  vertically  to  the  highest  part  of  the  roof,  paint  for  the  pubfic  buildings,  and  conferred 
AH  the  bags  contain  nearly  200,000  feet  of  upon  Leclaire  the  cross  of  the  legion  of  hcQi<r 
flannel,  and  8  persons  are  constantly  employed  for  his  inventions.    More  than  6,000  boiidmrr 
with  a  sewing  machine  in  making  and  repair-  had  been  painted  by  the  year  1849  with  li^ 
ing  them.  Their  object  is  to  filter  the  zinc  oxide  preparations.     They  gave  great  sati^^iik 
from  the  gaseous  matters  from  the  fires,  which  being  considered  more  solid  and  durable  tbs 
find  their  way  through  the  flannel.    Vertical  the  paints  before  used,  apd,  unlike  tboeevhicb 
pipes  of  cotton  cloth,  10  or  12  inches  in  diam-  contained  white  lead,  were  not  taniialied  bt 
eter,  hang  from  the  under  side  of  the  horizontal  solphuretted  hydrogen.     The  workmen  eo- 
bags,  and  are  called  the  teats.  The  oxide  of  zinc  ployed  by  Leclaire  were  entirely  free  from  t^ 
is  shaken  from  time  to  time  from  the  lower  painter^s  colic,  though  when  using  white  ltd 
portions  of  the  horizontal  bags,  and  falling  into  many  of  them  had  suffered  from  it  every  jeu. 
the  teats  is  discharged  on  untying  tJtie  strings  The  best  zinc  white  moreover  far  exceeded  is 
around  their  lower  ends  into  strong  canvas  bags,  purity  and  brilliancy  the  best  white  lead.   Tht 
It  is  a  flocculent  powder,  extremely  light  and  new  colors  mixed  with  the  prepared  oil  dried 
bulky,  owing  to  the  air  dispersed  through  it.  rapidly  without  the  use  of  the  dryers  reqoire^ 
To  expel  this,  the  bags  securely  tied  are  laid  for  white  lead ;  and  used  in  equal  weight  wvh 
upon  a  truck,  and  this  is  run  by  steam  power  lead,  the  zinc  was  found  to  cover  better,  and 
forward  and  back  under  a  roller,  which  presses  was  hence  cheaper  at  equal  prices  per  poiui 
upon  them  with  great  force.    The  oxide,  thus  Used  in  the  same  bulk  however  with  wLit^ 
rendered  dense  and  heavy,  is  ground  in  ordi-  lead,  it  did  not  go  so  far ;  and  the  English  ob- 
nary  paint  mills  with  bleached  linseed  oil,  and  jecting  to  this,  to  its  not  drying  so  readilj  s^ 
is  then  ready  to  be  packed  in  small  kegs,  in  lead  with  the  linseed  oil  in  common  use,  and  tc 
which  it  is  sent  to  market.    Beside  this  purer  the  transparency  of  the  zinc  white  (which  after 
article  obtained  from  the  flannel  bags,  an  in-  all  is  the  cause  of  its  brilliancy  by  reason  of  k* 
ferior  oxide  of  zinc  of  dark  color  is  collected  fleeting  instead  of  absorbing  Uie  light),  tlk 
in  the  iron  receivers  near  the  furnaces.    This  paint  Sowly  came  into  favor  in  Great  Britais. 
also  is  put  up  for  a  coarse  paint,  and  other  paints  In  March,  1860,  the  consumption  of  white  le«d. 
are  made  by  merely  pulverizing  the  zinc  ores,  according  to  tlie  letter  of  Messrs.  Coates  ain! 
These  preparations  are  found  to  be  admirably  co.  published  in  ^^  The  Lancet,"  was  nearlj  100 
adapted   for  protecting   metallic  surfaces  to  times  greater  than  that  of  white  jdnc.  The  im- 
which  l^ey  are  applied  from  rusting;  and  be-  portation  of  the  latter,  which  was  only  235  t(A« 
ing  moreover  of  tittle  cosf,  they  are  largely  in  1866,  had  increased  in  1860  to  1,000  top. 
used  for  painting  iron  surfaces,  especially  on  In  the  United  States  it  is  employed  as  a  paiat 
board  ships.    The  residuum  of  the  furnace  con-  not  only  alone,  but  mixed  witli  either  harrus 
sists  of  slaggy  matters  with  more  or  less  unsub-  or  white  lead,  or  with  both  of  them,  and  lu^ 
limed  zinc  ore  and  unconsumed  coal ;  and  in  the  quantities  are  thus  sold  under  the  name  of 
use  of  the  red  oxide  the  iron  of  the  franklinite  white  lead.    The  covering  quality  of  white  iffif 
associated  with  it  all  remains  with  this  portion,  is  found  to  vary  materially  according  to  w< 
Immense  quantities  of  these  matters  collected  manner  of  its  preparation ;  by  moistening  tb« 
about  the  works  of  the  New  Jersey  zinc  com-  light  flocculent  oxide  with  water  and  drying  it 
pany  were  applied,  in  1868,  by  Mr.  Detmold  for  by  artiflcial  heat,  it  acquires  a  greater  1^0^^^^ 
the  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel.    Mr.  £d-  the  same  substance  will  when  merely  prefised 
win  Post  had  in  the  previous  year  obtained  the  unmixed  with  oil.    This  treatment  caoaes  aor 
same  products  from  the  franklinite  at  Stanhope,  yellowish  or  greenish  tints  to  disappear,  m 
N.  J.    (See  Franklinite.)    The  working  of  the  article  may  be  put  up  for  the  nwrk^ 
the  slags  has  become  a  profltable  branch  of  the  in  cakes  of  convenient  size.    Oalcination^ 
business,  producing  about  2,000  tons  of  iron  fore  grinding  with  oil  also  improves  the  bo^ 
per  annum.    The  cost  of  the  manufacture  of  of  white  zinc.    Beside  its  use  as  a  paint.  <^ 


648                    ZINZENDORF  ZmOONIUM 

opinions,  it  was  an  important  object  with  him  England,  Ireland,  North  AinerlM, 
to  establish  a  union  among  them  in  the  fanda-  land. — Count  Zinzendorf  wrote  more  than  100 
mental  truths  of  the  Protestant  religion ;  and  books,  some  for  the  edification  of  ham  Bocktj, 
with  a  yiew  to  this,  he  formed  statutes  for  others  to  repel  attacks  on  himself  and  his  fol- 
their  goyernment  The  same  year  he  was  ap-  lowers,  and  others  giving  the  history  of  the 
pointed  one  of  the  wardens  of  the  congrega-  origin  and  organization  of  the  societT^  and  of 
tion ;  he  resigned  this  ofiice  in  1780,  but  re-  his  own  labors.  They  contain  much  that  '^ 
sumed  it  in  1788.  In  1734  he  went  under  an  unexceptionable  and  excellent,  though  ^uett 
assumed  name  to  Stralsund  in  Prussia,  passed  are  portions  of  them  that  would  by  most  read- 
an  examination  as  a  theological  candidate,  and  ers  be  deemed  extravagant. — ^His  aon,  Consi 
preached  for  the  first  time  in  the  city  church ;  Ohbibtian  Rsnatub,  was  educated  at  the  vni- 
and  the  same  year  he  received  holy  orders  at  versity  of  Jena,  and  in  1744  was  introdnced  by 
Tabingen.  He  then  travelled  into  dififerent  his  father  as  an  elder  of  the  single  bzethrcs. 
countries  to  extend  his  society,  but  was  not  He  wrote  many  practical  soliloquies  and  medi- 
every  where  favorably  received.  In  1786,  on  tations,  and  died  at  Westminster,  May  SS,  17fii. 
his  return  from  a  tour  in  Switzerland,  he  ZION,  Mouvr,  one  of  the  hills  on  which 
was  met  by  an  edict  forbidding  him  to  return  Jerusalem  is  built.  It  occupies  the  whole  6. 
to  his  native  country,  whereupon  he  repaired  W.  section  of  the  ancient  site  of  the  city,  r^o^ 
to  Berlin.  There,  under  the  sanction  of  the  abruptly  from  the  valley  of  Hinnom  on  the 
king  of  Prussia,  he  was  c(Hisecrated  bishop  of  W.  and  S.  to  a  height  of  about  150  feet,  and 
the  Moravian  congregation,  and  from  that  time  above  the  valley  of  Jehoshaphat  on  the  £. 
was  always  called  the  ordinary  of  tbe  Breth-  about  800  feet.  On  the  S.  E.  it  slopes  steeply 
ren.  The  order  of  banishment,  occasioned  by  in  a  series  of  cultivated  terraces  to  the  site  ot 
what  were  considered  his  dangerous  religious  the  ^^  king^s  gardens,"  the  whole  dedhity  be- 
innovations,  was  repealed  in  1747.  In  1789  he  ing  sown  with  grain  and  dotted  with  ohre 
published  a  kind  of  catechism  entitled  *^  The  trees.  On  the  £.,  overlooking  the  TyropoMo, 
Qood  Word  of  the  Lord,"  and  the  same  year  are  precipices  which  were  anciently  much 
made  a  voyage  to  the  islands  of  St.  Thomas  higher  than  tibey  are  now,  the  level  of  the 
and  St  Oroix,  where  the  Brethren  had  already  ground  at  their  base  having  been  considerably 
established  missions.  In  1741  he  laid  aside  his  raised.  To  the  N.  alone  was  the  site  anciently 
episcopal  function  in  consequence  of  having  unprotected  by  nature,  and  here  it  was  stroag- 
determined  to  make  a  visit  to  North  America,  ly  fortified  with  towers  by  the  Jebusites.  The 
where  he  believed  it  would  be  prejudicial  to  valley  of  the  Tyropoeon  ran  along  this  side 
his  intended  labors,  and  where  he  proposed  to  also,  separating  Zion  from  Akrah  on  the  K-» 
appear  mainly  as  a  Lutheran  divine.  He  ac-  as  it  did  from  Moriah  and  Ophel  on  the  £. 
cordingly  came  to  Pennsylvania  in  that  year,  Mount  Zion  was  the  first  spot  in  Jerasalem  oo- 
bringing  with  him  a  daughter,  Benigna,  16  cupied  by  buildings,  and  is  supposed  to  be  the 
years  old.  He  commenced  his  labors  by  preach-  Salem  of  Melchis^ek.  It  was  captured  from 
ing  at  Germantown  and  Bethlehem,  and  in  the  Jebusites  by  King  David,  who  made  it  the 
Feb.  1742,  he  ordained  at  Oly,  Penn.,  the  mis-  seat  of  his  court  and  the  depository  of  the  ark. 
sionaries  Ranch  and  RQttner.  At  Shekomeco  Hence  it  is  frequently  called  the  ^'  city  of  Da- 
he  established  the  first  Indian  Moravian  con-  vid*^  and  the  "holy  hill."  Josephns  calls  it 
gregation  in  America.  After  remaining  in  the  the  "  upper  city,'*  adding  that  it  was  known 
country  two  years,  during  which  he  was  very  also  in  his  day  as  the  *^  upper  market^'^  A 
diligently  and  successfully  employed,  he  re-  large  part  of  it  is  outside  the  modem  wall&  Dr, 
turned  to  Europe  in  1748,  and  made  a  journey  Smith  (^^  Student's  Manual  of  Ancient  Geogrs> 
to  Livonia;  but  the  Russian  government  would  phy,''  1861)  says:  "Whether  this  hiU  was 
not  allow  him  to  proceed  further.  He  then  identical  with  the  Zion  of  the  Old  Testament 
made  several  visits  to  Holland  and  England,  must  be  considered  doubtful ;  recent  researches 
where  he  spent  more  than  4  years,  and,  by  the  have  made  it  probable  that  the  ancient  Ziaa 
aid  of  Archbishop  Potter  and  some  others,  ob-  was  on  Moriah.'' 

tained  an  act  of  parliament  for  the  protection  ZIROONIUM,  a  rare  metal,  separated  by 
of  his  followers  throughout  the  British  domin-  Berzelius  in  1824,  an  oxide  of  which  combined 
ions.  Though  the  number  of  his  opponents  with  silica  forms  a  component  of  the  minerals 
constantly  increased,  the  number  of  his  follow-  zircon  and  hyacinth.  The  double  flaofide  of 
ers  increased  also,  and  new  missions  were  es-  potassium  and  zircon  being  heated  with  potas- 
tablished  in  the  East  Indies  and  other  remote  slum,  and  the  residue  when  cold  treated  with 
regions.  He  also  establi^ed  a  Moravian  acad*  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  the  metal  sircon  falls 
emy,  and  obtained  a  committee  of  investiga-  as  a  black  powder.  It  is  purified  by  washmg 
tion  into  their  principles,  which  commission  with  chloride  of  ammonium,  and  then  with 
declared  the  Moravian  community  true  adher-  alcohol.  Under  the  burnisher  it  tains  a  slight 
ents  to  the  Oonfession  of  Augsburg.  He  spent  metallic  lustre,  and  its  condooting  power  for 
his  latter  years  at  Herrnhut,  where  he  died  af-  electricity  is  very  low.  Its  symbcd  is  Zr;  its 
ter  an  illness  of  a  few  days.  His  remains  were  equivalent  probably  88.6.  Heated  ^eknr  red- 
borne  to  the  grave  by  82  preachers  and  mis-  ness  in  air  or  oxygen,  zircon  bums  with  in- 
aonaries,  whom  he  had  reared,  from  Holland,  tense  light,  the  product  being  liiiiriBii     Hus, 


860  ZISKA  ZNAYM 

plaoe,  and  this  fortress  has  been  considered  the  followers,  in  their  fdry  at  the  news  of  bis  deatl 

first  essay  in  the  modern  style  of  fortification,  stormed  the  town,  bnmed  all  the  direlli&c« 

From  the  name  of  this  moimtain  his  followers  and  killed  all  the  inhabitants.    2&ka  w&»  rx- 

were  called  Taborites,  while  the  more  moder-  tor  in  more  than  100  engagements,  and  vaa 

ate  Hussites  were  known  as  Galixtines.    The  15  pitched  battles.    Once  only,  at  Eremsirii 

firstexploitof  Ziska  was  the  conquest  of  Pragne,  Morayia,  he  sufiered  a  reverse,  and  even  tbt'j 

with  the  exception  of  the  castle ;  and  in  order  all  the  evil  consequences  were  warded  off  U 

to  defend  the  city  against  Sigismund,  who  was  the  skilful  manner  in  which  he  condocted  h 

approaching  at  the  head  of  80,000  men,  he  in-  retreat.    He  was  as  great  an  engineer  s>  W 

trenched  himself  on  the  hill  of  Wittkow,  and  was  a  general.    During  the  early  part  of  ti^ 

there  on  July  14,  1420,  with  a  force  of  only  war,  being  deficient  in  cavalry,  he  invent^^  i 

4,000  men,  repeatedly  drove  back  the  enemy  kind  of  bijlwark  made  of  baggage  cartA,  for  tit 

with  great  loss.  The  place  is  still  called  Ziska^s  protection  of  his  infantry.     The  great  5Ui: 

hill.    The  emperor,  who  was  sadly  in  need  of  upon  his  character  was  his  cmelty.    He  cz- 

money,  was  finally  obliged  to  conclude  a  tempo-  sidered  himself  the  chosen  instrument  of  rie 

rary  armistice  with  the  citizens  of  Prague,  and  Lord  to  visit  his  wrath  upon  the  nations,  sm  i 

purchased  the  barren  honor  of  being  crowned  fanaticism  which  asked  no  mercy  for  its  deiW- 

m  the  castle  by  granting  general  liberty  of  con-  ers  gave  none  to  its  opposers.    His  line  4 

science.  In  1421  Ziska  took  the  castle  of  Prague,  march  could  be  traced  through  a  countrr  Itic 

and  with  it  gained  possession  of  4  cannon,  the  waste  with  fire  and  sword,  and  over  the  nst 

first  that  were  introduced  into  Bohemia.    Sub-  of  plundered  towns.    One  of  the  dc^as  Iti 

sequent  to  this  cannon  and  guns  became  com-  by  his  followers  was,  "  that  when  all  the  cities 

mon  in  both  armies.    During  the  same  year  he  of  the  earth  should  be  burned  down  and  redicti 

lost  the  sight  of  his  remaining  eye  by  an  arrow,  to  the  number  of  five,  then  would  come  *U 

while  besieging  the  castle  of  Roby.    This  how-  new  kingdom  of  the  Lord ;  therefore  it  vh 

ever  did  not  interfere  with  his  activity  or  his  now  tbe  time  of  vengeance,  and  God  r^  i 

generalship.    He  was  carried  in  a  car  at  the  God  of  wrath."    The  cries  and  groans  of  ili 

head  of  his  troops,  and  was  enabled  to  give  monks  and  priests  whom  he  sent  to  the  suie 

orders  for  their  disposition  from  the  description  he  was  wont  to  call  the  bridal  song  of  bis  >^ 

of  the  ground  given  him  by  his  officers,  and  ter.    His  victories  were  generally  won  br  ii* 

from  his  own  minute  knowledge  of  the  conn-  decisive  charge  of  a  chosen  band  of  bisfoUo*- 

try.    In  1422  Sigismund  led  a  second  vast  ers  named  the  invincible  brethren.    Zisb  v&» 

army  into  Bohemia,  which  included  in  its  num-  buried  in  the  church  of  Ozaslau,  and  over  U 

bers  a  splendid  body  of  15,000  Hungarian  horse,  tomb  his  iron  battle  axe,  his  favorite  w€«{^'£> 

A  battle  took  place  at  Deutsch-Brc^  on  Jan.  18,  was  suspended.    In  1623  the  tomb  was  ov^r- 

in  which  the  imperial  army  was  totally  routed,  thrown  by  an  imperial  order,  and  the  bones  'f 

Followed  closely  by  Ziska  in  their  retreat  to  Ziska  removed.    A  common  story  tbst  be  cr- 

Moravia,  the  fleeing  troops,  in  crossing  the  dered  his  body  to  be  left  to  the  dogs  and  kites 

Iglawa  on  the  ice,  broke  through  and  2,000  were  and  that  his  skin  should  be  used  as  a  dras, 

drowned.    At  Aussig  in  Bohemia,  Ziska  en-  and  that  it  was  so  used  by  the  Hussites  in  tbti: 

countered  a  Saxon  army  under  the  electors  of  subsequent  wars,  is  a  fable. 
Saxony  and  Brandenburg.    The  Saxons  at  first       ZIZIM,  or  Djek,  a  Turkish  prince,  sop  of 

stood  their  ground  and  repelled  the  onset  of  Mohammed  U.  and  younger  brother  of  BiiJA^r*. 

the  Hussites,  and  the  latter,  who  had  never  H.,  bom  in  1459,  died  at  Terracina  in  Ui^ 

before  experienced  such  resistance,  were  so  He  first  saw  his  brother  after  their  f&tber$ 

amazed  as  to  be  incapable  of  action.    Hereupon  death  in  1481,  and  claimed  the  throne  on  t^ 

Ziska  said:  "  WeU,  my  brethren,  I  thank  you  ground  that  Bajazet  had  been  bom  while M<^ 

for  all  your  past  services ;  if  you  have  now  hammed  was  yet  a  private  man,  and  that  1^ 

done  your  utmost,  let  us  retire.''  The  fanatical  was  the  first  bom  after  his  father  hsd  beco&i 

warriors,  under  the  infiuenoe  of  this  rebuke,  sultan.    He   revolted,  was  defeated,  ^  ^' 

again  rushed  forward,  and  defeated  the  Saxons  Egypt,  and  sought  reftige  in  1482  with  TteK 

with  terrible  slaughter.    He  repeatedly  van-  d'Aubusson,  grand  master  at  Bhodes,  who  for> 

quished  the  citizens  of  Prague,  who  were  not  sum  of  money  had  agreed  with  Bigazetto^eep 

disposed  to  obey  his  orders,  and  the  uniform  him  imprisoned.    He  was  thence  transferred  a$ 

success  of  his  arms  at  last  convinced  Sigismund  a  prisoner  to  France,  was  surrendered  io  1^^- 

that  there  was  no  prospect  of  the  reduction  of  to  Pope  Innocent  YIII.,  and  in  1495  was  rr 

Bohemia.    The  emperor  therefore  made  pro-  turned  by  Alexander  VI.  to  Charles 'VTH^^ 

posals  to  the  blind  general,  offering  full  reli-  after  which  he  died,  as  has  always  been  t*- 

gious  liberty  to  the  Hussites,  and  Uie  post  of  lieved,  of  poison  administered  by  Aleiand^^- 
governor  of  Bohemia  to  himself,  with  numer-       ZNATM,  a  city  of  Moravia,  88  m.  N*  ^' 

ous  privileges.     Ziska,  who  saw  with  much  from  Vienna ;  pop.  6,600.    It  is  the  capita  ^ 

anxiety  the  dissensions  prevuiling  among  the  the  circle  of  the  same  name,  and  was  ^^^^^ 

Hussites,  was  not  averse  to  a  settlement;  but  capital  of  Moravia.    Marmont  here  defeated  ts^ 

before  negotiations  were  concluded   he  was  rear  guard  of  the  ardiduke  Charles,  JoiTl|' 

taken  sick  while  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Przi-  1809,  and  the  armistice  which  was  followed  i<5 

bisla  w  with  a  pestilential  disease,  and  died.   His  the  peace  of  Vienna  was  condnded  here  Jslj  ^^ 


652             ZODIAOAL  U6HT  ZOSGA 

the  report  of  that  expedition.  Humboldt  and  fotind.  Thirdly,  a  plane  paaaing  throng  t^ 
others  had  noticed  intermittent  yariations  in  centre  of  the  light  wonld  correspoDd  preov 
the  lustre  of  the  light,  not  in  the  nature  of  nearly  with  the  eoliptio.  Fonrthly,  it  cuoo; 
pulsations  so  much  as  of  a  rapid  fading  away,  be  a  reflection  from  onr  atmosphere,  ttJ^  m 
and  a  gradual  brightening  again.  Tliis  ap*  shape  from  that,  for  the  lentioolar  eloogstk 
pearance  is  confirmed  by  Mr.  Jones,  who  speaks  of  the  earth^s  atmosphere,  conseqiieiit  opoc 
of  a  swelling  out  laterally  and  upward  of  the  the  diurnal  rotation,  most  be  direcuy  orer  U:- 
pyramid,  widi  an  increase  of  brightness  in  the  earth's  equator ;  while  the  course  of  the  Zf> 
light  itself;  then  in  a  few  minutes  a  shrinking  diacal  light  shows  not  the  slightest  affisitj  U' 
back  of  the  boundaries  and  a  dinuning  of  the  this  line.  Fifthly,  it  must  be  something  cos- 
light,  Inmost  at  times  as  if  quite  dying  away ;  tinuous  and  unbroken,  not  from  a  dettded 
and  so  back  and  forth  for  about  three  quarters  periodic  body,  either  spherical  or  elongueii, 
of  an  hour.  The  light,  though  stronger  at  the  for  during  more  than  two  years*  unintempted 
central  parts,  does  not  shade  off  unuormly  to  obseryations,  he  neyer  fiuled  to  see  it  momiu 
the  borders,  but  has  two  distinct  degrees  of  or  eyening,  when  the  moon  or  doude  did  i^ 
lustre — a  triangle  within  a  triangle— two  dif-  interfere.  Sixthly,  it  cannot  be  frx>m  a  nebdc 
ferent  kinds  of  light  as  it  were,  as  if  the  matter  ring  lying  between  the  orbits  of  Veoos  ei 
was  more  condensed  at  its  central  parte  and  Mercury,  as  Laplace  coi^ectured,  for  &t  i# 
thinned  out  beyond.  The  inner  is  termed  by  night,  when  the  ecliptic  was  at  right  u^ 
Mr.  Jones  the  stronger  light,  and  the  outer  the  with  the  horizon,  he  saw  the  light  eimclii- 
diffiise  light.  These  are  not  bounded  by  sharp  neously  on  both  the  eastern  and  western  hon- 
lines,  but  melt  away  by  degrees;  still  there  is  zon;  and  at  eyening  and  morning  it  BonetiiDe| 
between  the  two  a  line  of  greater  suddenness  appeared  stretching  to  the  zenith  and  bejo&i 
of  transition,  while  the  experienced  eye  has  no  it.  Seyenthly,  it  cannot  be  from  a  Beboka 
difficulty  in  tracing  the  outer  boundary  of  the  body  of  lenticular  shape,  reaching  to  the  see 
diffuse  light.  The  stronger  he  found  to  be  and  lying  in  or  near  the  plane  of  the  ecIipQc 
approximately  60°  in  its  greatest  widUi,  and  as  Mairan  supposed.  Eighthly,  the  sobsUoM 
the  diffuse  90°.  The  data  furnished  by  these  of  the  light  cannot  be  yery  remote  from  tk 
obseryations  led  the  obseryer  to  the  following  earth,  inasmuch  as  its  outlines  were  cle&rljtt<i 
conclusions :  First,  he  neyer  at  any  one  time  decidedly  affected  by  the  obseryer'B  po^ 
saw  the  whole  actual  extent  of  the  zodiacal  and  eyen  by  his  change  of  position  iD  &t^ 
light.  In  support  of  this  deduction  he  con-  night.  Ninthly,  this  substance  seems  to  be 
aiders:  1,  when  his  position  was  N.  of  the  full  of  internal  commotions.  Tenthly,  tke 
ecliptic,  the  main  body  of  the  zodiacal  light  cause  of  the  phenomenon  is  a  nebulous  j^ 
was  on  the  N.  side  of  that  line;  2,  when  his  around  the  earth,  perhaps  of  a  sunilir  nttcn 
position  was  8.  of  the  ecliptic,  the  main  body  to  that  which  is  seen  to  surround  the  plicet 
of  the  zodiacal  light  was  on  the  8.  side  of  that  Batum. — Mr.  Jones  found  the  moon  to  gi^«  > 
line ;  8,  when  his  position  was  on  or  near  the  zodiacal  light,  similar  to  that  of  the  son,  thoogt* 
ediptic,  the  light  was  equally  diyided  by  the  usually  frmiter.  Bometimes,  howerer,  vbea 
ecliptic,  or  nearly  so ;  4,  when  by  the  earth's  the  moon  was  full,  he  saw  it  asstrongljnuf^^ 
rotation  on  its  axis  he  was  during  the  night  as  that  of  the  sun  eyer  is.  Its  greiiest  breadth 
carried  rapidly  to  or  from  the  ecliptic,  the  along  the  horizon  was  upward  of  60°,  azidia 
change  of  the  apex  and  of  the  direction  of  the  greatest  height  upward  of  80°.  Of  the  ^^ 
boundary  lines  was  equally  great,  and  corre-  lished  charts,  13  refer  to  the  zodiacal  ligiitoi 
sponded  to  his  change  of  place;  5,  as  the  the  moon. 

ecliptic  changed  its  position  as  respects  the  Z0£GA,  Georo,  a  Daniah  antiquary,  l)orDi& 

horizon,  the  entire  shape  of  the  light  became  Dahlen,  Jutland,  Dec.  20,  1765,  died  inBoiB& 

changed,  which  would  result  from  new  por-  Feb.  10, 1809.  He  was  the  son  of  the  l^^^*^ 

tions  of  the  nebulous  matter  coming  into  post-  clergyman  of  his  natiye  yiUage,  was  edaoted 

tion  for  giying  him  yisible  reflection,  while  atOottingen,  trayelled  inl762onaDaiiusQH^ 

gortions  lately  yisible  were  no  longer  giying  tour  in  Germany  and  Italy  at  the  ezpeose  <» 

im  such  a  reflection.    The  first  four  of  these  the  Danish  goyernment,  and  settled  in  B<^< 

results  were  not  absolutely  inyariable ;  but  the  was  i4)pointed  interfNreter  of  modem  ling^ 

exceptions  were  few,  and  may  haye  been  occa-  to  the  propaganda  ooUe^,  and  piiblisb<d  u 

sioned  by  the  nebulous  ring  not  lying  exactly  1787  his  Nummi  jEgffptk  Imperaimipr^ 

in  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic.    The  principle  in-  tes  in  Mtueo  Borgiano  Velitru  (4^  ^^ 

yolyed  in  this  deduction  may  be  familiarly  Pope  Pius  VI.  commissioned  him  to  expluA^ 

illustrated  by  the  rainbow ;  in  case  of  which  obelisks,  and  in  1800  appeared  his  grest  ^^^^ 

the  atmosphere  in  the  region  of  the  shower  is  De  Origine  et  Usu  (H>eli9canm^  bevisg  ui« 

filled  in  eyery  direction  with  the  yariously  date  of  1797.    In  1798  he  was  made  eooff^ 

colored  rays  reflected  by  the  rain  drops,  though  general  for  Denmark  in  the  P^mI  States,  va 

all  are  lost  to  the  eyes  of  the  obseryer  except  in  1802  was  appointed  professor  ^  JK^ 

those  forming  the  aroh  which  he  sees,  and  this  yersity  of  Kiel,  but  he  never  perfyrm^  ^ 

arch  is  new  with  eyery  change  of  his  position,  duties  of  this  office,  though  he  reoeiTe^  tD« 

If  this  deduction  is  correct,  it  is  obyious,  see-  salary.    After  thia  he  published  a  ^"^^.^ 

ondly,  that  the  parallax  of  the  light  cannot  be  the  Ooptio  manuscripts  in  the  library  »  ^' 


664 


ZONARAS 


ZOOLOGY 


1860,  8,708,482  cwt,  and  in  1858,  10,207,098 
owt.  At  the  same  time  the  importation  of  for- 
eign iron  and  iron  wares  increased  from  2,466,- 
000  cwt.  in  1860  to  6,687,000  cwt.  in  1868. 
The  following  table  shows  the  gross  receipts 
in  thalers  of  the  ZoUverein  for  duties  of  all 
descriptions  * 


Tean. 


1800. 

1851. 

1852. 

1858. 

1864. 

1S65 

185«. 

1857. 

1858. 

1859. 


Imports. 

Exports. 

28,082,786 

297,182 

28,81«,961 

264,989 

94,827,980 

829,920 

22,060,044 

295,281 

28.024,728 

240,481 

28,048,782 

214,068 

28,858,054 

227,086 

28,488.225 

198,618 

28,802,888 

242,848 

28,475,011 

251.001 

Trsoalt. 

687,160 
445.875 
867,165 
499,489 
416,617 
617,279 
880,266 
884,878 
880,604 
402,144 


ZONAEAS,  Joannes,  a  Byzantine  historian 
and  theologian,  bofn  in  Constantinople,  flour- 
ished in  the  12th  century,  and  under  Alexis  Com- 
nenus  was  commander  of  the  imperial  body 
gnard  and  first  private  secretary  to  the  em- 

Eeror.  During  the  reign  of  John  Comnenus 
e  entered  a  monastery  on  Mount  Athos,  and 
there  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  re- 
tirement and  study.  His  principal  works  are 
"  Annals'^  from  the  creation  of  the  world  to 
A.  D.  1118,  and  '*  An  Exposition  of  the  Sacred 
Oanons,  and  those  of  the  Apostles,  Councils, 
Synods,  and  Ecclesiastical  Fathers.^' 

ZONE  (Gr.  (coyi;,  a  belt  or  girdle),  in  the 
mathematical  sense,  the  circular  belt  or  portion 
of  the  surface  of  a  sphere  lying  between  any 
two  parallel  circles  of  the  latter,  or  the  convex 
surface  cut  off  to  one  side  by  a  circle  of  the 
sphere.  Since,  owing  to  the  inclination  of  the 
earth^s  equator  to  the  ecliptic  or  plane  of  the 
sun^s  path  at  an  angle  of  28^  28',  the  tropics 
have  respectively  this  distance  N.  and  S.  of  the 
equator,  and  since  when  the  snn  is  over  either 
tropic  its  rays  are  for  the  time  completely 
withdrawn  from  the  surface  within  a  like  dis- 
tance of  the  opposite  pole,  there  are  thus  nat- 
urally established  4  parallel  circles  of  the  earth, 
the  2  tropics  and  2  polar  circles,  which  with 
the  equator  itself  divide  the  entire  surface  into 
6  belts  or  portions,  corresponding  in  pairs  N. 
and  S.  of  the  equator.  As  within  these  sev- 
eral pairs  of  belts  the  relative  lengths  of  day 
and  night  follow  a  different  law,  while  the 
character  of  the  seasons  and  climate  generally 
also  differ,  these  portions  of  the  earth^s  surface 
have  been  designated  specifically  as  the  zones 
of  the  earth.  Of  these,  the  two  lying  on  both 
sides  of  the  equator,  and  bounded  N.  and  S.  re- 
spectively by  the  tropics,  are  termed  the  torrid 
or  burning  zones ;  these  have  continual  alterna- 
tion of  night  and  day,  and  over  any  point 
within  them  the  sun  is  vertical  twice  yearly. 
The  zones  lying  between  a  tropic  and  polar 
circle  on  either  side  of  the  former,  are  respec- 
tively the  northern  and  southern  temperate 
zones ;  these  also  have  continual  alternation  of 
night  and  day,  but  the  sun  is  never  vertical  to 
any  part  of  them.  The  portions  within  the 
polar  circles  respectively  are  the  northern  and 


Bonthem  frigid  or  frt>sen  zones;  fhrood^int 
these  zones  there  is  in  each  year  a  period  g^ei^ 
er  than  24  hours,  but  not  in  any  part  e^e«^. 
ing  6  months,  during  which  tne  son  does  m 
rise,  and  a  corresponding  period  daring  vlikh 
it  does  not  set.  The  names  of  the  torrid  ui 
frigid  zones  are  strictly  expressive  of  ^e  the- 
aoter  of  their  climates;  the  so  called  ta- 
perate  zones  are  characterized  in  ftct  br  &.- 
temation  of  hot  and  cold  seasons,  thonsh  u: 
in  either  direction  reaching  general?  the  re- 
spective extremes  presentNl  by  the  otbtn 
Further,  both  in  the  relative  lengths  of  daj is: 
night,  and  in  the  general  temperatore.  ts 
transition  from  any  zone  to  another  isgredci. 
BO  that  the  northern  temperate  zone,  for  euo 
pie,  presents  along  its  northern  and  HmtixR 
borders  nearly  the  excessive  cold  and  lieat  d 
the  zones  adjacent. 

ZOOLOGY  (Gr.  {w>p,  an  animal,  and  Xo^'m 
discourse),  the  science  whidi  treats  of  the  bs:^ 
ural  history  and  classification  of  tbe  aniisil 
kingdom.  Its  various  subdivisions,  from  Arfr* 
totle  to  Agassiz,  have  been  noticed  under  mcT 
heads,  the  principal  among  which  are  Airs- 
BiA,  Anikal,  AKiMALOULXfi,  Anniuda,  Asice- 
KiDA,  Abtioulata,  Orustaosa,  Emtomouvt. 
Entozoa,  Ethnology,  Hkbpbtoijogt,  Icbthto- 

LOOT,  InVKBTBBRATA,  MaLAOOLOOT,  IfAWfUJi- 

Obnitholoot,  Poltp,  Spibkb,  andVismsi- 
ta  ;  the  distinguishing  characters  will  be  fiff^ 
under  the  several  classes,  orders,  and  ijusii>& 
and  under  Bibds,  GoMPARATfTX  Ai^atoit 
Fishes,  Ixsects,  Mollusks,  and  Riptil2:- 
Cuvier^s  system  of  zoological  daisificatioo  mj 
be  found  in  the  article  Anoial.  For  coD?eniefi^ 
of  reference,  and  as  representing  the  ktt^ 
published  views  of  a  distinguished  natardH-^ 
may  be  well  to  introduce  here  the  system  pw- 
posed  by  Agassiz  in  his  '*  Essay  on  Ckss&&- 
tion."  He  adopts  the  4  branches  prop<^br 
Cuvier,  for  reasons  given  in  the  articles  hnt 
TEBBATA  and  Yertebeata,  as  follows:  l.B^^ 
ata;  with  the  classes:  1,  polypi^  inclQdiiuri^ 
orders  actinoids  and  halcyonoids,  as  limited  bj 
Dana ;  2,  aealepha^  with  the  orders  hjdroids 
(including  8iphonoph4>ra),  ducophffm^  and  (tf- 
nophorm;  8,  eehinodermata,  with  the  ordm 
crmoids,  asteroids,  ecbinoids,  and  holothariiL^ 
n.  Molluaca;  with  the  classes:  1,  atfp^^ 
with  the  orders  bry&goa  (including  the  r^^ 
edkB),  brachiopods,  tuni^ta^  and  umtU^f'*' 
ehiata  ;  2,  gatteropodu,  with  the  order*  j>^ 
poday  heteropodu^  and  gasteropoda  proper:  «< 
cephalopoda^  with  the  orders  tetrnhnndvifA 
and  dmanchiata.  III.  Artieulata;  with  w 
classes:  1,  termet  or  worms,  with  the  oidaj 
trematods  (including  cestods,  W'^^'^^^ 
leeches),  nematoids  (including  aeanthoeef^ 
and  gordiaeei)y  and  annelids;  2,  erw^ 
with  orders  rotifera,  entomoitraea  fmclMiflg 
cirripeds),  tetradeoapods,  and  decapods:  3.  »*j 
»eeta^  with  orders  myiiapods,  arachnids,  ^ 
insects  proper.  IV.  Vert^nUa  ;  with  cliSB^ 
1,  myzonta,  with  orders  myxiadds  and  crcJ|^ 
stomes;  2,  fishes  proper,  with  ordencteso^* 


666  ZOSmUB  aSOHOKXE 

ZOSDCUS^  a  Greek  historian,  flonriahed  in  with  yellow  braid,  'madder-<M>lai«d  Tmkift 

the  earlier  part  of  the  6th  centtuy.    He  wrote  trowBorS)  and  a  Fez  cap  of  the  same  edcr. 

a  history  of  the  Boman  empire,  in  6  books,  having  a  yellow  tassel  and  surroonded  br  i 

bringing  it  down  to  the  year  410.    This  work,  green  tnrban,  a  sky-bine  sash  of  wool,  IcgEfio;* 

which  is  still  extant,  is  mainly  an  abridgment  of  yellow  leather,  and  white   gaiten.  IV 

from  early  historians,  and  written  in  a  concise  zouaves  of  the  imperial  gnard  aredistiBgntebe<l 

and  pure  style.    Being  a  pagan,  Zosimus  was  from  the  others  by  a  wlute  tnrban.  Theoffieof 

rather  severe  in  his  strictures  on  the  Chris-  are  uniformed  as  hussars.  **ThezDQaTtt^''an 

tian  emperors,  but  he  cannot  justly  be  accused  Captain  (now  Mfi^r-General)  G.  B.  McQtJlfii 

of  a  deliberate  misrepresentation  of  facts  or  in  his  report  on  tihe  European  arraiefi  prq«r!d 

characters.    The  best  editions  of  Zosimus  are  for  the  war  department,  **  are  all  French :  tl^v 

by  Beitemeier  (Leipsic,    1784)    and   Bekker  are  selected  from  among  the  old  osmpaigmn 

(Bonn,  18S7).  for  their  fine  physique  and  tried  ooonife,  lad 

ZOUAVES  (Arab.  2kDawd)y  a  body  of  troops  have  certainly  proved  that  they  are  what  thtii 

in  the  French  service,  deriving  &eir  name  appearance  would  indicate,  the  most  r«ckk% 

from  a  tribe  of  Kabyles  living  among   the  self-reliant,  and  complete  in&ntiy  that  Esrcpt 

Jurjura   mount^ns   in  Algeria.    Previous  to  can  produce.    With  his  graoeful  drras,  soldk^ 

the  capture  of  Algiers  by  the  French  in  1880,  bearing,  and  vigilant  attitude,  the  zooave  stD 

the  inhabitants  of  this  region,  noted  through-  outpost  is  the  beau  ideal  of  a  soldier.   Tbe? 

out  northern  Africa  for  their  warlike  spirit  movements  are  the  most  light  and  gracefD  I 

and  skill  in  the  use  of  arms,  had  been  for  have  ever  seen ;  the  stride  is  long,  bnt  the  U< 

many  ages  employed  as  mercenaries  in  the  seems  scarcely  to  touch  the  ground,  aod  tit 

pay  of  different  Barbery  states ;  and  the  con-  march  is  apparently  made  without  effort  <? 

querors,  finding  a  body  of  these  troops  in  the  fatigue.     They  have,  combined  with  all  tb^ 

service  of  the  dey,  adopted  them  into  tiieir  own  energy  and  activity  of  other  French  troop& 

service  under  the  name  of  zouaves,  in  the  hope  that  splid  ensemble  and  reckless,  dare-devil  i^ 

of  reconciHng  the  antipathy  between  natives  dividuality  which  would  render  them  aiiki 

and  foreigners.     For  this  purpose  two  bat-  formidable  when  attacking  in  mass,  or  id  ^ 

talions  were'  organized,  in  w^hich  French  and  fending  a  position  in  the  most  desperate  bmi- 

native  soldiers  were  distributed  in  certain  pro-  to-hand  encounter.    Of  all  the  troops  tkt  I 

portions  among  all  the  companies,  and  which  have  ever  seen,  I  shoidd  esteem  it  the  grpit«3( 

were  recruited  by  voluntary  enlistments,  and  honor  to  assist  in  defeating  the  zouaves.'*-^^- 

armed  and  disciplined  in  the  European  fashion,  eral  of  the  volunteer  regiments  in  the  IM 

the  distinctive  Arab  dress  being  alone  retained.  States  service  have  adopted  the  drees  of  tJK 

The  experiment  not  proving  altogether  success-  zouaves,  and  many  othera  are  called  zouTe 

fill,  the  corps  was  reorganized  by  the  forma-  which  have  no  claim  to  the  name.    The  hr2- 

tion  of  distinct  companies  of  Frenchmen  and  liant  and  picturesque  unifonn  has  proved  a 

Arabs;  and  in  1887  it  was  divided  into  8  bat-  inducement  to  enhst,  as  well  as  an  mciteoeci 

talions,  under  the  command  of  Col.  (afterward  to  bravery ;    and  no  troops  have  beeo  more 

Gen.)  Lamorici^re.    To  the  exertions  of  this  frequently  commended  for  gallant  service  tins 

officer,  and  of  his  successor  in  command.  Gen.  those  zouave  regiments  whose  appearance  r^ 

Cavaignac,  is  to  be  attributed  the  great  effi-  sembles  most  closely  that  of  tiieir  Europetf 

oiency  displayed  by  the  zouaves  in  the  many  prototypes. 

bloody  conflicts  which  preceded  the  final  con-        ZBIN  Yl,  Mikl68,  count,  a  Hungarian  gesenl 

quest  of  Algeria.    Long  before  the  consumma-  born  in  1518,  killed  at  Szigeth  near  the  Dnn. 

tion  of  this  event  the  native  element  had  been  Sept.  7, 1566.  When  only  12  years  old,  Charles 

effectually  eliminated  from  their  ranks,  and  V.  gave  him  a  gold  chain  for  his  oondoct  doner 

subsequent  to  1840  they  were  to  all  intents  the  siege  of  Vienna.   He  afberwejxl  became  t« 

and  purposes  a  body  of  European  troops  uni-  of  Croatia,  and  at  the  siege  of  Szigeth  7^ 

formed  in  the  picturesque  garb  of  the  Arab  sol-  8,000  men  he  resisted  Solyman  the  llagnt^<^B< 

^ery.    In  the  Crimean  campaign  the  zouaves,  and  Mohammed  Sokolovich,  bis  grand  rineti^ 

by  their  reckless  bravery  and  admirable  dis-  the  head  of  65,000,  for  mcure  than  a  month.  Al^ 

oipline,   proved  themselves  the  Slite  of  the  the  Turks  had  taken  the  city,  Zrinji,  setoog  ^ 

French  infantry ;  and  during  the  Italian  cam-  on  fire,  threw  himself  into  the  castle,  and  th«tt 

pugn  of  1859,  at  Magenta  and  Solferino,  they  maintained  the  defence,  fighting  day  and  cip:^ 

fully  sustuned  their  reputation.    In  1852  they  and   refusing   to  surrender  though  ^^^^ 

were  reorganized  into  3  regiments  of  8  battel-  threatened  to  kill  his  son,  whom  he  pv^^"^ 

ions  each,  to  which  in  1855  a  4th  regiment  of  to  have  in  his  power.    Solyman  died  of  n^'f^ 

zouaves  of  the  imperial  guard  was  added ;  and  Sokolovich  kept  up  the  siege,  and  dariog  the 

they  now  number  about  15,000  men,  recruited  final  assault  the  defenders,  reduced  to  ptA>. 

from  the  rank  and  file  of  other  regiments,  al-  rushed  forth  and  fell  fighting.    In  thii  si^ 

though  officers  of  the  line  are  frequently  found  the  Turks  lost  more  than  20,000  men. 
serving  among  them  as  privates.    They  are        ZSCHOEEIE,  Johanh  HaiirBfCff  I^^'^J 

armed  with  carbines  having  sword  bayonets,  German  author,  born  in  Magdebui?*  ^^'^  p* 

and  their  dress  consists  of  a  loose  jacket  and  1771,  died  in  Biberstein,  Switzerland,  ^°^^' 

waistcoat   of  dark    blue   doth,    ornamented  1848.    fn  1788  he  joined  a  company  of  tf^ 


658                        ZUG  ZUNZ 

Italian  painter,  brother  of  the  preceding,  bom  lieutenant-colonel,  and  afterward  cdonel  of « 

in  S.  Angelo  in  1543,  died  in  1609.    He  was  regiment  of  the  line  in  Estrenuulnra  and  gor- 

instructed  in  painting  by  his  brother,  many  ernor  of  Ferrol.    His  royalist  leanings  iLduced 

of  whose  incomplete  works  he  finished,  and  the  supporters  of  the  infante  Don  CarW  u> 

whose  style  he  followed.    Having  executed  for  propose  to  him  to  declare  for  the  latter  dcr- 

the  cupola  of  the  cathedral  in  Florence  a  com-  mg  the  lifetime  of  Ferdinand  VII. ;  and  thiofL 

position  containing  more  than  300  figures  50  feet  Zumalacarreguy  refused  this  extreme  meas^ze, 

high,  and  which  according  to  Lanzi  was  remark-  he  promised  after  the  death  of  Ferdin&nil  to 

able  for  little  beside  its  size,  he  was  invited  by  recognize  no  one  else  than  Charles  Y.  as  kke. 

Gregory  XIII.  to  Home  to  paint  the  ceiling  of  For  this  speech  he  was  tried  by  a  court  martiL 

the  Oappella  Paolina  in  the  Vatican.    Being  but  acquitted.    In  1632,  when  the  armj  va.> 

obliged  in  consequence  of  feuds  with  the  papcd  purged  of  officers  friendly  to  Don  Carlos.  Lc 

courtiers  to  leave  Rome,  he  repaired  in  1674  to  received  his  dismission,  and  lived  in  retircme!:: 

Enffland,  and  painted  portraits  of  Queen  Eliza-  at  Pampeluna.    On  the  death  of  Ferdinacd  hi 

beth,  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  and  other  distin-  1883  he  refused  the  rank  of  brigadier-gecer^ 

guished  personages.    In  1586-^8  he  executed  tendered  to  him  provided  he  would  emlr&r«r 

some  important  works  for  Philip  II.  of  Spain  in  the  cause  of  the  queen.   In  Oct.  1833,  he  esctpc^i 

the  Escurial,  and  in  1595  he  founded  at  Rome  to  the  Basque  provinces,  where  the  inbabiUL:? 

the  academy  of  St.  Luke.    His  works  pleased  had  taken  up  arms  for  Don  Carlos,  oipuiizK 

the  popular  taste,  although  inferior  to  those  of  a  body  of  royalist  volunteers,  and  was  cho^eii 

the  masters  of  the  early  part  of  the  16th  cen-  as  the  military  leader  in  the  northern  province*, 

tury.    He  was  also  known  as  a  sculptor,  poet,  Under  him  the  affairs  of  the  Carlists  beg&c  ;.• 

and  architect,  and  wrote  a  work  on  art  entitled  assume  a  hopeful  aspect,  and  in  Jul  j,  1&^. :  ? 

Videa  di  pittori,  seultori  e  arehiUtti.  was  joined  by  Don  Carlos  himself.     On  Acg.  1, 

ZUG,  a  central  canton  of  Switzerland,  and  1834.  he  defeated  Gen.  Rodil  in  the  valltfj  J 

the  smallest  of  the  confederation,  bounded  N.  the  Amescoas,  on  Sept.  7  scattered  the  qcerrt ; 

by  the  canton  of  Zurich,  E.  and  8.  by  Schwytz,  forces  at  Viana,  was  victorious  in  October  ix 

and  W.  by  Lucerne  and  Aargau ;  area,  91  sq.  a  battle  fought  on  the  plains  of  Vittoria,  &liI 

m. ;  pop.  in  1860,  19,667,  nearly  all  Roman  in  the  spring  of  1835  gained  a  brilliant  vktcrr 

Catholics,  speaking  tlie  German  language.    The  over  Yaldes  after  a  4  days^  contest  in  the  vallt  j 

canton  lies  in  the  basin  of  the  Reuss.    The  N.  of  the  Amescoas,  the  scene  of  a  former  tricn  p 

part  of  the  lake  of  Zug,  a  fine  sheet  of  water  He  also  conquered  Iriarte  at  Guernica.    Br 

about  8  m.  long  and  from  1  to  2  m.  wide,  lies  was  in  a  career  of  triumph,  having  capto  i 

in  the  canton,  while  the  S.  part  is  in  Schwytz.  several  important  towns  and  fortres&^^s  oi 

In  the  S.  E.  is  the  little  lake  of  Egeri,  of  which  was  prosecuting  the  siege  of  Bilboa,  the  i  a^  h- 

the  outlet,  the  river  Lorze,  in  its  circuitous  of  Biscay,  when  on  June  15  he  receive  a  m^-r- 

course  drains  the  canton,  passing  through  the  tal  wound  from  a  musket  ball.     His  loss  ^ .  - 

lake  of  Zug  and  finally  discharging  its  waters  on  irreparable  blow  to  the  Carlist  canse.    T:.r 

into  the  Reuss.    There  are  spurs  of  the  moun-  name  by  which  he  was  commonly  called  iri> 

tains  of  Schwytz  on  the  E.  and  S.    The  canton  £1  tio  Tomas,  or   ^^  Uncle  Thomas."     C  F 

is  entirely  agricultural,  and  has  a  rich  fertile  Henningsen,  captain  of  lancers  in  the  s^rr^^ 

soil.    Great  quantities  of  fruit  are  raised,  some  of  Don  Carlos,  published  an  account  of  tli^ 

districts   being    almost  continuous   orchards,  campaign  under  the  title  of  "  The  most  stnkiu 

The  lakes  abound  with  fish.    Zug  was  the  6th  Events  of  a  ^  Twelve  Months^  Campugn  v  Ui 

«anton  admitted  into  the  confederation,  in  1352.  Zumalacarreguy  in  Navarre  and  the   Pas,:. 

— ^Zuo,  the  capital  (anc.  Tugium\  is  situated  Provinces^'  (2  vols.  12mo.,  London,  18S6j. 

on  the  E.  bank  of  the  lake  of  Zug,  at  the  foot  ZUMPT,  Karl  Gottlob,  a  German  classjisl 

of  the  Zugerberg;  pop.  in  1850,  3,302.    It  has  scholar,  born  in  Berlin,  March  20,  1792,  died  ic 

a  college  and  library,  and  is  surrounded  by  1858.    He  was  educated  at  Heidelberg,  ^rr: 

orchards  and  vineyards.    In  1455  two  of  the  was  appointed  teacher  in  the  gymnasium  <  f 

streets  fell  into  the  lake.  Werder  in  1812,  a  professor  in  the  JoachimstliAi 

ZUIDER  ZEE.    See  Zutder  Z&k.  gymnasium  in  1821,  and  professor  of  Rom^ 

ZUINGLIUS.    See  Zwroou.  literature  in  the  university  of  Berlin  in  1>-^ 

ZUMALACARREGUY,  Tomas,  a  Spanish  He  was  also  for  a  time  professor  of  histon  i:i 

feneral,  leader  of  the  array  of  the  pretender  the  royal  military  academy.     In  1831  he  uLde 

^on  Carlos,  born  in  the  province  of  Guipuzcoa  a  tour  in  Italy,  and  in  1835  another  in  Grets^. 

in  1789,  died  from  a  gun-shot  wound,  June  25,  Beside  his  Latin  grammar  (Berlin,  181S>.  I  y 

1835.    He  came  of  a  noble  family,  and  at  the  which  he  is  best  known,  and  which  has  bem 

time  ot  the  French  invasion  in  1808  was  study-  translated  into  English,  he  published  editions 

ing  law  in  Pampeluna,  but  immediately  left  the  of  Quintilian,  Cicero,  and  Quintus  Curtius.  acd 

university  and  entered  the  army.    Under  Mina  treatises  on  subjects  connected  with  the  m&B- 

he  served  as  captain  in  1813,  and  in  1822  com-  ners  and  usages  of  the  Romans, 

manded  two  battalions  in  the  division  of  Que-  ZUKlGA.    See  Ercilla  y  Zg!(ioa. 

sada  In  the  war  between  the  royalists  and  the  ZUNZ,  Leopold,  a  German  scholtt',  l>cm  &r 

constitutionalists.    In  1823,  upon  the  establish-  Detmold,  Aug.  10,  1794,  studied  philology  at 

ment  of  the  absolute  monarchy,  he  was  made  Berlin,  was  preacher  of  the  Berlin  synagogue 


660                        ZCBICH  ZUYDEB  ZEE 

church ;  St.  Peter^s  church,  noteworthy  for  its  de  la  corona  de  Aragon  (6  vols.  foL, 
fine  tower  and  clock ;  the  Watserhirehe^  to  1562-^80)  emhraces  the  period  extending  freta 
which  the  town  library  of  45,000  volumeB  is  the  rise  of  the  kingdom  after  the  Arabttn  eon- 
attached  ;  the  city  hall ;  the  orphan  asylum ;  quest  to  the  death  of  Ferdinand  the  Ca^otir. 
the  new  university  buildings;  the  Wellenberg  He  wrote  several  other  historical  works  reiati&f 
tower,  on  an  island  in  the  river,  one  of  the  to  Aragoxr. 

ancient  dungeons  where  state  prisoners  were  ZUBLO,  Giuseppe,  count,  an  Italian  staUd> 
confined ;  the  arsenal,  and  the  police  station  man,  born  in  Naples  in  1759,  died  there,  Nor. 
and  guard  house.  The  university  was  founded  10, 1828.  He  was  a  judge,  and  became  mime- 
in  1882-8,  and  has  about'  200  students.  The  ter  of  finance  in  1798,  was  overthrown  by  Af> 
city  has  also  an  institution  for  the  deaf  and  ton  in  1803,  in  1809  was  minister  of  tbe'int^ 
dumb  and  blind,  a  medical  school,  an  institute  rior  under  Murat,  accompanied  the  widow  ctf 
of  political  science,  the  polytechnic  school  of  the  latter  to  Trieste,  was  recalled  by  King  F^^ 
the  confederation,  a  museum  of  natural  history,  ^dinand  in  1818,  and  made  minister  of  the  in- 
and  an  excellent  botanic  garden.  The  library  terior  in  1820,  but  soon  afterwuil  resigned 
contains  the  best  collection  of  the  manuscripts  and  henceforth  lived  in  retirement, 
of  the  reformers  known.  The  manufactories  of  ZUTPHEN,  a  fortified  city  of  Holland,  id 
silk,  cottoD,  and  machinery  are  extensive,  and  the  province  of  Gelderland,  situated  on  t2» 
the  trade  flourishing. — Zurich  is  one  of  the  old-  Yssel  at  the  mouth  of  the  Berckel,  14  m.  froB 
est  towns  in  central  Europe.  In  1219  it  was  de-  Arnhem ;  pop.  11,600.  It  is  a  very  strong  fof^ 
dared  a  free  imperial  city.  It  was  admitted  into  tress;  the  ancient  ramparts  are  planted  with 
the  Helvetic  confederation  in  1851,  but  allied  trees,  and  form  a  fine  promenade.  The  princi- 
itself  to  Austria  in  1489,  and  did  not  return  to  pal  edifices  of  note  are  the  fine  Gothic  churrb 
the  confederation  till  1450.  From  1519  to  1581  of  St.  Walburga,  erected  in  1105,  which  cob- 
Ulric  Zwingli  preached  the  doctrines  of  the  tains  a  library  of  very  old  books ;  the  city  hall, 
reformation  in  the  cathedral.  It  bad  previously  with  5  facades ;  the  state  hall ;  and  the  pubSe 
furnished  a  secure  shelter  to  Arnold  of  Brescia,  weighing  house,  the  tower  of  which  has  s 
During  the  reign  of  Queen  Mary  it  was  a  place  chime  of  86  beUs.  The  town  is  of  great  as- 
of  refuge  for  many  English  Protestants,  and  tiqnity.  It  belonged  to  the  bishops  of  UtrecLt 
Miles  Coverdale  here  translated  and  carried  in  the  18th  century,  and  in  the  14th  joined  the 
through  the  press  in  1585  the  first  English  ver-  Hanseatic  league.  It  was  taken  by  the  son  <i 
sion  of  the  Scriptures  ever  printed.  In  1448  the  duke  of  idva  in  1572,  by^  Maurice  of  Na^ 
Z&rich  was  the  scene  of  a  desperate  battle  be-  sau  in  1586,  and  by  the  French  in  1G72.  h 
tween  the  Swiss  and  the  Austrians,  in  which  was  on  the  battle  field  of  Wamsfeld,  very  Utisr 
the  former  obtained  the  victory ;  and  in  Aug.  this  city,  that  Sir  Philip  Sidney  was  mortallv 
1799,  Mass^na  defeated  the  Russians  in  its  im-  wounded  in  1586. 
mediate  vicinity.  ZUYDEB  ZEE,  or  Zvidbb  Zeb  (Sooth  eeaV 

Zt3^RI0H,  Lake  of,  a  Swiss  lake,  situated  in  a  bay  or  gulf  on  the  coast  of  Holland,  eo  nazD€<i 

the  cantons  of  ZQrich,  St.  Gall,  and  Schwytz,  because  it  is  separated  by  the  islands  of  Texel 

about  25  m.  in  length  from  S.  E.  to  N.  W.,  from  Ylieland,  Ter  Schelling,  and  Ameland  from  tb^ 

1  to  2  m.  in  width,  and  about  600  feet  deep.  North  sea  or  German  ocean.    The  Znyder  Zfv 

Its  banks  are  lined  with  beautiful  and  thriving  lies  between  lat.  52°  15'  and  58°  80'  K.,  and 

villages,  and  the  hills  around  it  slope  gradually  long.  4°  15'  and  6°  E;,  and  is  bounded  N.  ^. 

to  the  lake  from  a  height  of  2,500  to  8,000  feet,  and  N.  by  the  islands  already  named,  K  by  the 

and  are  covered  with  farms,  gardens,  vineyards,  provinces  of  Friesland  and   Overyssel,  S.  £ 

and  orchards.    The  Limmat,  a  clear  and  rapid  by  Gelderland,  and  S.  and  W.  by  Utrecht  and 

stream,  issues  from  its  northern  extremity  and  North  Holland.    Its  area  is  about  12,000  eq. 

transmits  its  waters  to  the  Aar.    It  is  divided  m.    A  projecting  peninsula  partially  divides  it 

by  the  bridge  of  Rapperschwyl  into  two  parts,  near  the  middle,  and  below  this  it  expands  tea 

called  the  upper  and  lower  lakes.  width  of  25  to  86  m.    At  its  S.  W.  point  an 

ZURITA,  Gebontmo,  a  Spanish  historian,  estuary  called  the  Y  branches  off  and  extends 

born  in  Saragossa,  Deo.  14,  1512,  died  there,  nearly  15  m.  into  the  province  of  North  Hc^ 

Nov.  8,  1581.    He  was  the  son  of  the  favorite  land,  which  is  from  1  to  2  m.  wide,  and  na?}- 

physician  of  Eerdinand  the  Catholic,  was  edu-  gable  by  vessels  of  considerable  aize;  it  foms 

cated  at  the  university  of  Alcala,  became  chief  tiie  harbor  of  Amsterdam.    The  shores  <hi  the 

of  the  municipalities  of  Balbastro  and  Huesoa  E.  and  S.  E.  are  several  feet  above  the  sea  level 

in  1580,  subsequently  was  made  fiscal  of  Mar  but  those  on  the  W.  are  only  protected  from 

drid,  and  in  1548  was  admitted  as  a  member  of  inundation  by  strong  dikes.    The  sea  is  gener 

the  supreme  council  of  Oastile,  and  was  sent  on  ally  deep  enough  for  vessels  drawing  not  over 

a  diplomatic  mission  to  Germany.    In  1548  he  15  or  18  feet,  but  there  are  ahoala  near  the 

was  elected  by  the  cortes  of  Aragon  historiog-  Texel  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Y. — In  the  tine 

rapher  of  that  country.    He  obtained  from  the  of  Julius  Osssar  the  Zuyder  Zee  was  a  low 

government  an  order  authorizing  him  to  examine  swampy  lake  called  Flevo,  and  oommunicated 

all  public  archives  and  libraries,  and  armed  with  the  North  sea  by  the  Yssel,  which  was  not 

with  this  commission  he  not  only  traversed  then  an  affluent  of  the  Rhine,  but  a  river  50  m. 

Spain,  but  also  Sicily  and  Italy.    His  AnTwioi  long.    In  1219  a  severe  inundation  took  pbee 


662  ZWINGLI 

the  year  of  grace  1516,  that  is,  at  a  time  when  ed,"  said  he,  '^as  apoetatee  or  aa  rebda,  Ut 

the  name  of  Lnther  had  never  been  heard  flattered  with  high  titles/'    In  Mardi,  1521 

among  these  countries.    It  was  not  from  Lu-  the  ontward  church  service  was  comidenUT 

ther  that  I  learned  the  doctrine  of  Christ ;  it  altered,  and  some  ceremonies  were  dropped, 

was  from  G^^s  word.     If  Luther  preadies  The  bishop  stoutly  resisted  the  change,  app^ 

Ohrist,  he  does  as  I  do;  that  is  all."  A  worthy  ing  to  the  council  to  preserve  the  eeremoiuts 

priest  on  one  occasion  said  to  him :  *^  Master  of  the  church ;  but  Zwingli  triumphed  in  a  db- 

Ulric,  they  tell  me  you  have  gone  into  the  new  cussion  before  the  council.   Combinations  were 

error,  and  that  you  are  a  follower  of  Luther."  formed  against  him,  and  a  plot  was  even  laid 

*^  I  am  no  Lutiieran,''  said  Zwingli,  *^for  I  un-  to  take  his  life  by  poison.    He  was  made  se> 

derstood  Greek  before  I  had  heard  the  name  quainted  with  the  fact,  and  warned  not  to  etf 

of  Luther ;"  intimating  thereby  that  the  study  any  thing  offered  him  ezoept  what  his  oir 

of  the  Greek  Testament  had  taught  him  the  cook  prepared.    The  council  of  Z&rich  pk(«c 

necessity  of  a  reformation.    D' Aubign6  has  cor-  a  guard  around  his  house  every  night.    In  Julj 

rectly  said :  *^  Zwingli  did  not  communicate  with  of  the  same  year  he  had  even  a  more  decided 

LufJ^er.    Doubtless  there  was  a  bond  of  commu-  victory  in  a  discussion  with  the  priests  bef&n 

nion  between  both  these  men ;  but  we  must  seek  the  council ;  as  a  result  evangelical  {ireachini. 

it  above  this  earth.    Their  communion  was  in  which  had  only  been  allowed,  was  now  e&- 

God." — ^In  1518  the  cathedral  church  in  Zurich  joined.    In  July,  1622,  Zwingli  drew  op  a  pc- 

became  vacant,  and  on  Dec.  11  Zwingli  was  tition  to  the  bi^op,  signed  by  himself  and  11= 

elected  to  it,  and  henceforth  ZQrich  became  the  friends  of  ZQrich  and  Einsiedeln,  asking  ^ha 

oentreof  power  for  the  reformation  of  Switzer-  freeway  be  opened  through  the  cantons  for 

land.    On  New  Year's  day,  1519,  he  entered  the  the  gospel,  and  that  the  law  imposiiig  celibscy 

pulpit  the  first  time,  with  an  immense  crowd  be-  upon  the  priests  be  abolished.     This  Idndled  a 

fore  him.  ^^  To  Christ,"  cried  he,  ^*  to  Christ  will  fire.    Myconius,  who  favored  it,  was  bani:^ 

I  lead  you — to  the  source  of  salvation.  His  word  by  the  diet  from  the  country.     At  Locerat 

is  the  only  food  I  wish  to  furnish  to  your  hearts  Zwingli   was   burned    in   effigy.      With  Ux 

and  lives."    He  went  on  to  expound  the  60s-  hope  of  allaying  the  growing  tronbles,  tL< 

pel  according  to  St.  Matthew,  chapter  by  chap-  council   appointed   another  religious   cosier- 

ter,  and  later  the  other  Gospels,  the  Acts,  and  ence  in  Feb.  1628,  at  which  pastors,  curate 

all  the  epistles  in  the  same  way.    "  The  liife  of  and  preachers  were  invited  to  take  an  uiin 

Christ,"  he  said,  ^^  has  been  too  long  hidden  part.    Zwingli  presented  67  thesea  for  confer* 

from  the  people."     He  attacked  with  equal  ation.    The  discussion  ended  in  the  compWu 

firmness  the  vices  of  all  ranks  and  stations,  triumph   of  the   reformer  and    his    frieod& 

On  every  Friday  he  explained  the  Psalms  for  Zwingli  contracted  marriage,  April  2,  loii 

the  peasants  who  came  in  to  market  on  that  with  Anna  Reinhard,  widow  of  a  distinguisbe^ 

day.    Here,  as  before  at  Glarus,  next  to  his  magistrate,  who  proved  to  him  a  pious  uii 

love  for  the  gospel  was  his  patriotic  love  for  affectionate  wife.    A  new  troul^e  now  aro«& 

the  fatherland.    He  reproved  all  those  who  for  The  Anabaptists  desired  Zwingli  to  establish  % 

flattery  and  money  lent  themselves  as  tools  to  community  of  only  true  believers,  demanded  the 

foreign  powers.    He  charged  them  with  selling  abolition  of  tithes,  and  insisted  upon  all  ki&<i> 

their  own  flesh  and  blood.    *^  The  cardinal  of  of  freedom  of  the  flesh  under  doak  of  freetloa 

Sitten,"  he  exclaimed,  *^  who  recruits  for  the  of  the  spirit.    They  ran  into  such  riot  of  ^ 

pope,  with  right  wears  a  red  hat  and  cloak ;  natical  excesses  and  crimes  that  they  became 

you  need  only  wring  them  and  you  will  behold  dangerous  to  the  state,  and  had  to  be  detlt 

the  blood  of  your  nearest  kinsmen  flowing  with  by  the  civil  authorities.    Zwingli  wroft 

from  them  I"    Beside  his  love  of  country,  the  his  "Tract  on  Baptism,"  against  their  uateis. 

necessity  of  constantly  opposing  this  mercenary  A  public  discussion  was  held  with  them ;  Ui 

tendency  among  the  Swiss  may  explain  the  the  movement  was  wild,  and  continued  for  t 

large  element  of  patriotism  which  everywhere  long  time  to  harass  both  church  and  state.    Li 

manifested  itself  in  Zwingli^s  life  and  acts.  1528  Zwingli  was  called  to  take  part  in  tU 

Piety  and  patriotism  were  one  life  in  him.    His  disputation  at  Bern,  where  Ilaller  was  laboriag 

numerous  labors  at  Zurich  injuring  his  health,  in  the  cause  of  the  reformation.     He  went  a- 

he  repaired  to  the  baths  of  Pfeffers ;  but  hearing  companied  by  several  Grerman  and  Swiss  tb«o> 

that  the  plague  had  broken  out  in  Ztlrich,  he  logians,  and  an  escort  of  800  men.    The  di^* 

hastened  back  to  his  flock.    He  was  soon  him-  tation  continued  through  18  sesmona.    At  the 

self  seized  by  the  plague,  and  given  up  to  die.  dose  10  articles  favoring  the  reformation,  dravu 

During  his  sickness  ho  composed  three  beauti-  up  by  Haller,  were  subscribed  by  the  miyoritj 

ful  hymns,  full  of  poetry  and  faith.    He  recov-  of  the  clergy.    In  4  months  that  entire  caatoa 

ered,  inspired  with  new  devotion  to  his  work,  was  fratemidly  united  with  Zurich.    Bi^I  fol* 

Flattery  and  indirect  bribes,  as  several  times  lowed  in  Jan.  1529 ;  psalms  in  German  begaa 

before,  were  plied  to  divert  him  from  his  pur-  to  resound  in  the  churches ;   and  on  April  1 

■poses.     A  cardinal  and  several  nuncios  pro-  public  worship  was  arranged  after  the  example 

posed  to  raise  his  pension  from  50  to  100  flo-  of  Zurich.     St.  Gall  and  Schaffhansen  vere 

rins,  on  condition  that  he  should  preach  no  also  greatly  moved.    To  this  part  of  Zwingli'^ 

more  against  the  pope.   ^^  We  are  not  reproach-  life  belongs  the  well  known  difierence  between 


664                       ZWINGU  ZWIRNEB 

Zwinglil   that  rascal!   that  tcaitorl*'     Then  of  him,  the  latest  of  whioh  \b  Ruldrekh Zm- 

raising  his  sword,  he  struck  the  dying  reformer  gWs  Leben  und  auserwehlts  8ehrifte%  hj  K. 

on  the  throat,  exclaiming  in  a  violent  passion :  Ghristoffel  (Elberfeld,  1847),  one  of  the  serie 

*'  Die,  obstinate  heretic 7"     The  body  lay  on  of  the  lives  and  writings  of  the  fathers  of  the 

the  field  over  night.    In  the  morning,  at  the  Reformed  church. 

demand  of  a  mob,  it  was  tried,  formally  con-  ZWLKNER,  Ebnbt  Friedbich,  a  Genoii: 
demned  to  be  quartered  for  treason  against  the  architect,  born  at  Jacobswald,  Silesia,  Feb.  it 
confederation,  and  then  burned  for  heresy.  1802,  died  in  Cologne,  Sept.  22,  1861.  fie 
Ilie  sentence  was  carried  out  by  the  execu-  was  a  pupil  of  the  school  of  architectoK  st 
tioner  of  Lucerne.  The  ashes  were  mingled  Bresiau,  and  afterward  attended  the  coarse  cf 
with  the  ashes  of  swine,  and  the  furious  multi-  lectures  at  the  royal  academy  of  architeetore 
tude,  rushing  upon  the  remains,  flung  them  to  and  at  the  university  of  Berlin.  He  continacd 
the  winds  of  heaven. — Zwingli  has  been  cen-  there  4  years,  was  enrolled  among  the  anxiliiry 
snred  for  his  confidence  in  the  virtue  of  the  members  of  the  superior  administratioD  c: 
civil  arm.  He  believed  that  the  fatherland  be-  architecture  in  1828,  and  executed  severi}  bsh 
longed  to  Christ  and  the  church,  and  must  be  portant  works,  mostly  after  the  plans  of  Sdmi- 
defended  for  their  sake ;  and  that  Switzerland  kel.  In  1838  he  was  appointed  architect  of 
could  only  give  itself  to  Christ  so  far  and  so  the  cathedral  of  Cologne,  and  from  the  time  of 
long  as  it  was  free.  He  was  a  man  of  fine  ap-  his  appointment  resolved  to  attempt  its  ckbih 
pearance,  prepossessing  manners,  polite  address,  pletion.  The  cathedral  had  been  commeiiced 
pleasing  conversation,  extensive  and  sound  600  years  before,  but  while  it  had  oocaaooiDj 
learning,  and  brilliant  genius.  He  has  been  made  some  progress,  there  was  so  mnch  yet  u 
represented  as  having  been,  more  than  any  other  be  done,  and  at  a  cost  so  enonnoos,  tlut  i:» 
of  the  reformers,  radioed  and  revolutionary  in  completion  during  the  lifetime  of  the  preses^ 
his  reformatory  movements ;  but  Dr.  Ebrard  in  generation  was  generally  deemed  impotsil^ 
his  work  on  ^*  The  History  of  the  Doctrine  of  Zwirner  drew  his  plans,  made  the  neee^arj 
the  Lord^s  Supper,"  shows  that  this  charge  '*  is  estimates,  and  then  appealed  to  GemuDj  &r 
no  better  than  a  pure  fiction  of  fancy,  or  theo-  assistance.  The  means  were  provided.  Fred- 
logical  pr^udice;"  that  Zwingli  was  fully  as  ericWilliamlY.  of  Prussia  contributed  annually 
oonservative  as  Luther,  and  much  more  so  than  the  sum  of  $87,520,  and  in  1854  set  with  sc^ 
Oalvin,  in  the  matter  of  doctrine  and  worship,  emn  services  the  key  stone  on  the  ardi  of  ^ 
Among  all  his  writings,  Zwingli  has  left  no  north  entrance.  The  cathedral  as  adTsncfd 
symbol  of  faith,  no  system  of  positive  theology,  toward  completion  by  Zwirner  is  oonadere^ 
His  67  theses,  like  all  his  writings,  are  prevail'  the  finest  representative  in  Europe  of  the  Gothk 
ingly  polemicaL  Attempts  have  however  been  cathedrals  of  the  middle  ages.  He  desigced 
made  to  elaborate  and  systematize  his  divinity  and  in  several  cases  superintended  the  erectioB 
from  his  works.  See  Dr.  Eduard  Zeller,  Das  of  numerous  churches  and  castle  along  tbe 
theologmhe  System  ZwingWs  darfestellt  (Td-  banks  of  the  Rhine.  *  At  the  time  of  his  deatii 
bingen,  1868).  A  complete  collection  of  Zwin-  *  he  was  president  of  the  councO  of  architecture 
gli's  writings  has  been  published  in  8  vols.  (Za-  of  the  province  of  Cologne,  and  a  privy  coqb- 
rich,  1828).    There  are  numerous  biographies  cillor  of  t^e  Prusaian  goyemment. 


THl    IKD. 


NEW 

AMEEICAN    CTCLOPJIDIA. 


SUPPLEMENT: 

OONTAININQ    KEW   AND   QUITTED   TITLES. 


X 


THE 


NEW  AMERICAN  CTCLOPJIDIA. 


SUPPLEMENT: 

OOKTAININQ   KEW  AND   OMITTED   TITLES. 


A 


ABERCBOMBIE  ALPES-MABITIMES 

VBERCBOMBIE,  John  Joseph,  brigadier-  a  subsequent  yisit  to  Washington  he  found 

general  of  yolanteers  in  the  TJ.  S.  army,  much  employment  among  public  men,  nnmber- 

i>orii  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1802.  His  father,  ing  among  his  sitters  Jadge  McLean,  Edward 

cou!«m  of  the  British  general  Sir  Ralph  Aber-  Everett,  Gerrit  Smith,  and  Oen.  Houston.    In 

rumby,  emigrated  to  this  country  from  Scotiandy  Jan.  1866,  he  sailed  again  for  Europe,  and  dur- 

^erved  as  a  volunteer  during  the  revolutionary  ing  a  residence  of  8  years  in  Rome  produced  a 

war,  and  settled  in  Tennessee.  The  son  was  gra-  number  of  portrait  busts  and  statues  and  ideal 

dilated  at  West  Point  in  1822,  became  2d  lieu-  compositions,  comprising  his  most  characteristic 

'  <  iiuat  in  the  1st  infantry,  was  promoted  to  be  works.    In  the  latter  class  may  be  mentioned  a 

Ut  lieutenant  in  1828  and  captain  in  1836,  and  model  of  *^  Una  and  the  Lion,"  a  statue  of  St. 

roceived  the  brevets  of  migor  in  1844  "  for  gal-  Elizabeth  of  Hungary  (of  which  8  repetitions  in 

Kiiit  and  meritorious  service  in  Florida,"  to  rank  marble  were  executed),  the  ^*  Dead  Pearl  Di- 

irom  Deo.  26, 1887,  and  of  lieutenant-colonel  ver,"  exhibited  in  the  United  States,  and  an 

in  1847  ^^  for  gallant  and  meritorious  service  in  ideal  head  of  Milton,  his  last  and  by  many 

tlie  several  conflicts  of  Monterey,"  on  the  first  considered  his  best  production  in  Rome.    The 

<hy  of  which,  Sept.  23, 1846,  he  was  wounded,  last  two  works  are  elaborately  described  in 

He  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  2d  Hawthorne's  novel,  "The  Marble  Faun."    He 

infantry  in  1862,  and  colonel  of  the  7th  Feb.  26,  returned  to  America  in  impaired  health,  and  in 

lSt)l.    In  May,  1861,  he  was  assigned  a  brigade  1869  revisited  Rome,  where  he  made  a  small 

under  Gen.  Patterson,  commanding  the  depart-  clay  model  of  a  statue  of  Oommodore  Matthew 

iiK'ut  of  Pennsylvania.     He  was  appointed  0.  Perry  for  the  central  park,  Kew  York. 

brigadier-general  of  volunteers  Aug.  81,  1861,  Upon  returning  to  America  in  1860,  he  estab- 

>'ind  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Fair  lished  himself  first  in  Portland  and  subsequently 

Oaks,  May  81  and  June  1, 1862,  where  he  was  in  Philadelphia,  but  owing  to  rapidly  declining 

wounded.  health  was  unable  to  devote  much  time  to  the 

AK£RS,BEKJAMDr  Paul,  an  American  sculp-  practice  of  his  art.    He  died  of  consumption. 

tor,  born  in  Saccarappa,  near  Portland,  Me.,  His  original  works  include  about  40  portrait 

'^uly  10,  1826,  died  in  Philadelphia,  May  21,  busts  and  statues,  remarkable  for  the  fidelity 

1B62.    At  the  age  of  18  he  went  to  Portland  in  of  their  likenesses ;  and  he  also  executed  some 

search  of  employment.    Ait^r  being  employed  marble  copies  from  the  antique. 
for  some  time  as  a  compositor  in  a  printing       ALPES-MARTTIMES,  a  department  in  the 

otfioe,  be  was  induced,  by  the  sight  of  Chan-  S.  E.  of  France,  formed  from  the  cireendario 

trey's  statue  of  Washington  in  the  state  house  of  Nice,  ceded  to  France  by  Sardinia  in  1860, 

at  Boston,  to  study  sculpture.    In  1849  he  open-  and  tiie  arrondissement  of  Grasse,  formerly  be- 

^i  a  studio  in  Portland,  and  during  the  next  longing  to  the  department  of  Var ;  area,  1,620 

J\^  0  years  modelled  busts  of  Henry  W.  Longfel-  sq.  m. ;  pop.  in  1862, 194,678.    It  lies  between 

^'^v,\  Samuel  Appleton  of  Boston,  0.  S.  Daveis,  the  Mediterranean  and  the  mountains  firom 

^i^<l  others.    In  1661-*2  he  visited  Italy,  and  which  it  takes  its  name,  and  ia  watered  by  the 

y<m  returning  to  Portland  modelled  a  statue  of  Var,  Paillon,  B6vdre,  Roja,  V^sube,  Esteron, 

"Benjamin  in  Egypt,"  which  was  exhibited  at  and  Tinea.    The  surface  is  mountainous  and 

the  New  York  crystal  palace  in  1868.    During  crossed  by  numerous  valleys.    The  climate  is 


668                      ALYORD  ANDEB80N 

the  finest  in  France.    The  oonntry  near  the  in  Jnly,  1848,  and  a  captain  in  Mardu  1^. 

coast  is  well  cultivated,  and  elsewhere  there  He  resigned  his  commission  March  8, 1861,  led 

are  valuable  forests  and  various  mineral  pro-  was  appointed  a  colonel  in  the  service  ofSuoth 

ductions.    The  principal  towns  are  Nice,  Villa-  Carolina ;  took  command  at  Charleston,  MaySS: 

franca,  Grasse,  and  Cannes.  was  made  a  brigadier-general  in  theproTisofii 

ALYORD,  Benjamin,  brigadier-general  of  confederate  army,  after  an  attack  on  8anu£(« 

volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Rutland,  island,  opposite  Pensacola,  Oct.  9 ;  andinSeT'C 

Vt.,  Aug.  18, 1818.    He  was  graduated  at  West  1862,  was  promoted  to  be  a  nuuor-generd  Br 

Point  in  1883,  and  assigned  to  the  4th  regiment  commanded  the  6th  division  of  the  amiTTiuci 

of  infantry.    In  1885  he  was  appointed  assistant  invaded  Tennessee  under  Gen.  Bragg  in  18^1 

commissary  of  subsistence,  and  in  1886  was  pro-  ANDERSON,  Robebt,  a  brigadier-genenl  ia 

moted  to  be  1st  lieutenant.    He  was  assistant  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  at  *^  Soldiers^  Setra; 

professor  of  mathematics  at  the  military  aoad-  near  Louisville,  Ky.,  June  14, 1805.    His  M« 

emy  the  next  year,  but  soon  exchanged  that  was  a  colonel  of  the  rcTolutionary  imiT.  eA 

office  for  an  assistant  professorship  of  natural  his  mother  a  cousin  of  Chief  Justice  Mariluli. 

and  experimental  philosophy,  which  he  retained  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1^  ot 

until  1889.    During  the  Mexican  war  he  won  brevettea  a  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2darUlkiT.i^ 

promotion  to  be  captain  and  brevet  mijor  by  soon  after  promoted  to  be  a  2d  lientensntintk 

his  gallantry  at  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  8d  artillery.    During  the  "  Black  Hawk  yv 

and  several  other  engagements.   In  1854  he  was  of  1882  he  acted  as  assistant  inspector-geo^' 

appointed  paymaster  with  the  rank  of  ms^or,  of  Illinois  volunteers,  and  in  1888  be  wasp^>^ 

and  on  Apnl  15, 1862,  was  commissioned  bnga-  moted  to  a  1st  lieutenancy.    In  1885-7  k?* 

dier-general  of  volunteers,  and  placed  in  com-  instructor  of  artillery  at  West  Point,  on  A^ 

mand  of  the  district  of  Oregon,  where  he  is  2, 1888,  was  brevetted  a  captain  for  ^'galkntrj 

still  stationed.  and  successful  conduct  in  the  war  against  i^ 

AMMEN,  Jacob,  brigadier-general  of  volun-  Florida  Indians,"  and  in  May  became  a  wm- 

teers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Virginia.    He  ber  of  the  military  family  of  Gen.  Scott  E( 

was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1881,  and  served  on  the  staff  as  assistant  a4Jutant-gieoenl 

assigned  to  the  1st  artillery.    From  1881  to  with  the  brevet  rank  of  captain,  until  the  Uot* 

1882,  and  from  1884  to  1886,  he  was  acting  part  of  1841,  when  he  resigned  Ids  ^ff  tp- 

assistant  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  mili-  pointment  on  his  promotion  to  a  capuioe?. 

tary  academy,  in  1882  assistant  instructor  of  He  accompanied  Gen.  Scott  to  Mexico  in  M- 

infantry  tactics,  and  in  1887  assistant  professor  participated  in  the  redaction  of  VeraCnu.10^ 

of  natural  and  experimental  philosophy.    He  was  brevetted  mijor  Sept.  8,  for  **  gallant  d 

was  promoted  to  be  1st  lieutenant  in  1886,  meritorious  conduct"  in  tiie  battle  of  Muliz« 

resigned  his  commission  in  Nov.  1887,  and  del  Rey,  where,  though  severely  wonnded  (tfi? 

was  then  professor  of  mathematics  successively  in  the  day,  he  headed  the  small  force  vhidt 

in  Bacon  college,  Georgetown,  Ky.,  Jefferson  first  entered  UieMolino,  and  kept  the  field  cutil 

college.  Miss.,  the  universfty  of  Indiana,  and  the  capture  of  the  enemy's  works.   In  l^'^ 

Jefferson  college  again.    In  1861  he  became  he  was  governor  of  the  branch  military  asrlsE 

colonel  of  the  24th  Ohio  volunteers,  and  on  at  Harrodsburg,Ky.,  an  institution  of  which  ix 

July  16,  1862,  was  promoted  to  be  brigadier-  was  the  founder.    He  was  promoted  to  be  imt- 

general  of  volunteers.  jor  in  tiie  Ist  artillery  in  1867.    In  1860  W »» 

ANDERSON,  Geobgb  B.,  a  general  in  the  a  member  of  the  mixed  commission  appoint^ 

service  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Wil-  in  compliance  with  a  resolution  of  congress  u^ 

mington,  N.  0.,  about  1884,  ^ed  in  Raleigh,  N.  examine  into  the  organization,  &c,  of  tbembi' 

0.,  Oct.  16,  1862.    He  was  graduated  at  West  tary  academy  at  West  Point.    In  the  tsti^ 

Point  in  1852  and  appointed  a  brevet  2d  lieuten*  of  that  year  he  was  assigned  to  dotj  in  CbaH^ 

ant  in  the  2d  dragoons,  and  became  a  1st  lieuten-  ton  harbor,  S.  0.,  where  he  assumed  ^^omiuw 

ant  in  Dec.  1856,  and  adjutant  of  his  regiment  Nov.  20.    On  the  night  of  Dec  26, 1S60.  m 

in  Aug.  1858.    He  resigned  his  commission  ingassured  that  theauthoritieflof  thest^^" 

April  25,  1861,  and  took  up  arms  against  the  South  Carolina,  which  had  recently  ytseed  tf 

United  States.    Appointed  a  brigadier-general  ordinance  of  secession,  would  attempt  to  uv 

in  the  provisional  confederate  army,  he  com*  possession  of  Fort  Moultrie,  he  remorfd  ^ 

manded  the  North  Carolina  coast  defences  in  small  garrison  to  the  less  exposed  posticow 

Nov.  1861,  and  led  a  brigade  at  the  battle  of  Fort  Sumter,  about  2  miles  distant,  ^^^r^ 

Antietam,  where  he  received  a  wound  in  the  ing  the  next  8i  months  he  was  doaelybe^cp 

foot  which  ultimately  caused  his  death.  by  the  army  of  the  seceded  states.   Oo  JsoM 

ANDERSON,  Riohabd  Hbnbt,  a  general  in  he  refused  to  treat  with  the  comnussioiiert  f«i 

the  service  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  by  the  governor  of  South  CaroUoa  "^^^ 

South  Carolina  about  1822,  was  graduated  at  the  delivery  of  Fort  Sumter  to  the  <^o^^ 

West  Point  in  1842  and  appointed  a  2d  lieu-  authorities  of  that  state  f  and  on  Am  ^^ 

tenant  in  the  1st  dragoons ;  was  transferred  to  refused  a  demand  to  evacuate  upon  the  t^ 

the  2d  dragoons  in  July,  1844;  was  brevetted  proposed  by  Gen.  Beauregard,  ^^^^^^^L 

a  Ist  Heutenant  for  gallantry  at  San  Augustin,  were  granted  to  him  on  the  afteroooD  ^J°^ 

Mexico,  Aug.  20, 1847 ;  became  a  Ist  lieutenant  18th  after  a  bombardment  of  nearly  86  0/^ 


670  ANTIETAM  OREEK 

treated  daring  the  16th  azid  16th  behind  Antie-  soon  after  carried  from  the  fidd.    At  thi«fl». 
tarn  creek  to  the  neighborhood  of  Bharpsburg.  ment  8unmer*B  corps  oame  np,  and  Bedgvick't 
On  the  evening  of  Tuesday,  the  16th,  the  com-  division  was  ordered  to  support  Crawford  iLt 
bined  Union  forces  under  the  command  of  Mo-  Gordon,  while  the  divisions  of  SichardsoQ  i:^ 
Olellan  appeared  in  front  of  the  confederate  French  were  advanced  to  the  left   Large  ittc- 
position,  a  rugged  and  wooded  plateau  of  some  federate  reinforcements  had  meanwhile  readed 
extent,  descending  to  the  banks  of  the  Antie-  the  field,  and  Sedgwick,  while  advancing  acr»i 
tam,  which  is  here  a  deep  stream,  fordable  in  the  corn  field  in  line  of  battle,  was  assailed  ct 
few  places,  and  crossed  by  8  bridges.    Gen.  his  left  by  a  terrible  fire  of  musketrr,  mde: 
Hooker  was  at  once  directed  to  lead  his  corps  which  that  part  of  his  line  was  thvSwn  Ji'^ 
across  the  bridge  on  the  right,  and  make  a  confusion.    Crawford  was  at  the  same  tier 
demonstration  against  the  enemy^s  left  wing,  driven  out  of  the  woods,  and  his  troops.  iCx 
His  passage  was  undisputed,  but  heavy  skir-  back  upon  and  breaking  through  8edgwirt« 
mishing  occurred  before  he  had  secured  a  fa-  front  line,  threw  the  whole  division  into  ^ 
vorable  position,  and  at  nightfall  the  hostile  order.    Gen.  Sumner  and  other  officen  kboK 
armies  bivouacked  within  musket  shot  of  each  strenuously  to  reform  the  men,  but  so  5cT&*r 
other.    The  plan  of  battle  adopted  by  McClel-  was  the  fire  of  the  enemy  that  ^e  ^TiaoiiTi» 
Ian  was  for  Hooker,  supported  by  Sumner,  obliged  to  be  withdrawn  to  the  ground  whers 
fVanklin,  and  Mansfield,  to  force  the  confederate  Hooker  had  bivouacked  on  the  preceding  ni^*- 
left,  while  Burnside  simultaneously  crossed  the  leaving  the  corn  field  once  more  in  the  ptms- 
lowest  of  the  8  bridges  and  attacked  their  right,  sion  of  the  confederates.    It  was  nov  1  o  dod 
The  commander-in-chief  himself  occupied  a  in  the  afternoon,  and  though  the  Unioii  ts^s 
ridge  in  the  centre,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  held  their  ground  successfully,  the  centre  t^- 
Antietam,  where  the  troops  of  Porter  and  for  the  present  too  much  disorganixed  to  r^ 
Sykes  were  stationed  as  a  reserve.    At  dawn  sume  the  oflPensive,  if  indeed  able  to  mtrm 
of  the  iTth  a  portion  of  Hooker^s  troops  be-  its  position.    On  the  other  hand,  the  cM- 
came  engaged  with  the  enemy,  and  within  erates,  through  exhaustion  or  lack  of  aioEC- 
half  an  hour  a  general  battle  raged  along  the  nition,  neglected  to  pursue  their  adraiita^ 
whole  of  that  part  of  the  field.    Soon  afterward  At  this  crisis  Franklin  arrived  upon  the  ^ 
the  enemy^s  line  began  to  waver  and  finally  re-  with  fi*esh  troops,  and  while  one  of  his  dirisicc^ 
treated  up  a  sloping  field  of  ploughed  land,  en-  under  Slocum  was  sent  forward  on  the  leit  ts 
closed  by  woods,  and  entered  by  a  corn  field  the  support  of  French  and  Richardson,  anotie: 
in  the  rear  on  the  crest  of  the  hill.    The  Union  under  Smith  advanced  at  a  run  over  the  tcr, 
forces,  pressing  on  with  ardor,  drove  the  con-  field,  and  attacked  the  enemy  with  »icb  la- 
federates  over  the  hill  and  through  the  corn  petuosity  that  within  10  minutes  this  hoiy 
field  into  the  woods  beyond.    Here,  however,  contested  ground  and  the  adjoining  woods  wert 
the  former  were  met  by  a  flresh  force,  and  push-  again  in  the  possession  of  the  Union  troof^ 
ed  back  in  confbsion  over  half  the  ground  they  llie  confederates  made  no  further  attempt  v 
had  won.    Hooker,  finding  his  centre  in  dan-  dislodge  them,  and  in  this  part  of  the  field  t^^ 
ger  of  being  pierced,  sent  for  a  brigade  from  battle  was  practically  ended,  althocgh  the  ir- 
Gen.  Doubleday,  who  held  a  strong  position  on  tillery  on  both  sides  maintained  a  fire  for  m^c^ 
a  hill  to  the  right.    The  troops  marched  steadily  time,  the  advantage,  after  various  mntatiow  o* 
up  the  ploughed  field,  and  reaching  the  crest  fortune,  remaining  with  the  Union  tawps.^^ 
of  the  hill  maintained  their  position  for  half  an  had  gained  a  mile  of  ground  since  monopi 
hour  with  a  stubborn  tenacity  which  effectually  Franklin,  however,  was  unable  to  advance^^" 
checked  the  advance  of  the  confederates,  who  ther  from  the  want  of  an  efficient  reserve,  Sjb- 
were  finally  compelled  to  take  refage  again  in  ner's  corps  being  still  too  much  demoraM^' 
the  woods,  leaving  the  com  field  for  the  second  act  in  that  capacity.    Meanwhile  Bumside  tsi 
time  in  the  hands  of  the  Union  forces,  whose  been  engaged  on  the  extreme  left  of  the  Uici 
loss  had  been  very  severe.    On  Hooker^s  left  position  in  seyeral  attempts  to  ctobs  the  \(f^ 
Gen.  Jticketts,  aided  by  a  body  of  troops  under  bridge,  a  stone  structure  stron^y  ^^^^^^^^ 
Gen.  Mansfield,  which  had  just  come  up,  made  artillery  and  infantry.    After  two  unsncfe^^ 
a  bold  but  ineffectual  attempt  to  advance.   The  attacks  he  led  the  assault  in  person,  m  ^ 
enemy,  under  shelter  of  the  woods,  poured  in  tween  2  and  8  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the  fif 
so  destructive  a  fire  that  the  national  forces  federates  were  driven  back  to  a  range  of  hilfe? 
were  compelled  to  fall  back,  Mansfield  him-  the  rear,  whence  their  batteries  pl»y«d  ^. 
self  being  killed  while  endeavoring  to  rally  considerable  effect  upon  the  Unionist*.  ^^ 
his  troops.    But  as  Ricketts  assur^  Hooker  o'clock  orders  came  ftora  McClellan  toBfiJ^ 
of  his  ability  to  hold  his  position,  the  latter  side  to  carry  these  batteries  at  aD  li^ 
determined  to  advance  his  centre  again,  and  That  on  the  nearest  hill  was  ^P^^^{}\\ 
two  fresh  brigades  of  Mansfield's  troops  under  but  the  new  poidtion  was  commanded  vr 
Crawford  and  Gordon  were  ordered  to  occupy  higher  eminence  beyond,  and  akeadr  ^^ 
a  piece  of  woods  to  the  right  of  the  com  field,  masses  of  the  enemy  were  seen  app^ofl<^^"'^J 
which  was  considered  the  key  of  the  position,  the  left  to  recover  the  lost  ground.   ^^^ 
Riding  in  front  of  the  troops  to  reconnoitre,  held   the   hill  until,  through  fear  <>^  jjfj 
Hooker  was  struck  in  the  foot  by  a  bullet,  and  flanked,  he  was  compelled  to  retire  toirard  »>^ 


672                       ARNOLD  ATKINSON 

upon-Tyne,  Nov.  26,  1810.  His  father  was  an  of  various  important  hydraulic  works  in  tbt 
alderman  of  that  city,  and  intended  the  son  for  Banat.  He  early  attached  himself  to  the  Hb- 
the  legal  profession ;  bnt  his  inclination  to  me-  eral  opposition  party  in  his  country,  and  on  tb^ 
chanical  pursuits  was  so  strong  that  he  soon  outbreak  of  the  war  of  1848-^9  entered  th^ 
abandoned  his  law  studies.  He  gained  a  con-  Hungarian  army,  took  part  in  the  battks  of 
siderable  reputation  by  the  invention  of  im-  Tomasov^,  Kipolna,  and  Nagy  Sarl6  (haTin^ 
proved  hydraulic  machinery,  and  its  applica-  in  the  night  preceding  the  signal  victory  at  tbrf 
tion  to  lifting-cranes  and  other  purposes,  and  latter  place  constructed  at  a  few  hours'  notk^ 
after  a  time  became  a  partner  in  the  Elswick  the  bridge  across  the  Gran  on  which  GorgcT> 
works  near  his  native  town.  A  hydro-electric  army  crossed  that  river),  and  at  the  dose  of 
machine  was  his  next  invention.  In  1846  his  the  struggle  was  a^utant-general  of  the  aicj 
attention  was  turned  to  the  subject  of  rifled  at  the  seat  of  the  government.  He  accomp- 
ordnance,  and  in  1854  he  presented  to  the  duke  nied  Kossuth  to  Turkey,  shared  his  confineoKs: 
of  Newcastle,  then  at  the  head  of  the  war  at  Kutaieh,  and  on  his  and  his  companions'  re- 
ofl3ce,  his  plans  for  rifled  breech-loading  can-  lease  in  the  autumn  of  1851  came  on  boci^l 
non.  In  1858  these  guns  were  introduced  the  frigate  Mississippi  to  the  United  States,  o: 
into  the  artillery  service  of  the  British  army,  which  in  due  time  he  became  a  citizen.  Bar- 
and  though  there  have  been  some  complaints  ing  here  alternately  pursued  the  occnpati<%< 
in  regard  to  the  projectile  thrown  by  them,  and  of  farmer,  eng^eer,  and  manufacturer  of  g&I- 
the  liability  of  the  guns  themselves  to  get  out  vano-plastio  and  electro-metallic  articles,  he  rs 
of  order,  they  have  attained  a  high  reputation,  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  the  spring  ci 
(See  Replb.)  He  was  knighted  Id  1859.  The  1861  offered  his  services  to  the  govemmtnt 
construction  of  iron-clad  ships  of  war  led  him  and  in  July  went  with  Mf^or-Gen.  iVemcmt  a? 
to  make  in  1861-2  numerous  experiments  on  chief  of  his  staff,  to  Miraouri.  By  genenl 
the  penetrability  of  iron  plates ;  in  the  course  order  of  Sept.  26  he  was  appointed  brigadkr- 
of  these  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that  shot  general,  and  in  Fremont^ s  western  camp&ip 
fired  at  moderate  distances,  from  muzzle-load-  commanded  the  4th  division.  Under  G«^. 
ing,  smooth-bored  cannoi\  of  large  caliber,  pos-  Hunter  he  with  G^n.  Sigel  advanced  frcm 
sess  greater  power  of  penetrating  and  crush-  Springfield,  and  then  with  his  division  fonsed 
ing  iron  plates  than  the  projectiles  of  the  the  rear  guard  on  the  retreat  to  Bella.  H« 
breech-loading  rifled  ordnance.  This  result  soon  after  took  an  active  part  in  Gen.  Curd^'s 
has  excited  much  comment  from  eminent  ar-  winter  campaign  in  Arkansas,  occupied  Ben- 
till  ery  officers  in  England  and  elsewhere.  Sir  tonville  and  Fayetteville,  and  was  prominent 
William  Armstrong  has  been  since  1858  engi-  in  the  8  days^  battle  of  Pea  Bidge,  in  which  h€ 
neer  of  the  war  department,  and  superintendent  was  severely  wounded.  He  was  anhsequectlT 
of  the  manufacture  of  cannon  at  the  govern*  transferred  to  the  army  of  the  MismssippI,  th«n 
ment  foundery  at  Woolwich,  and  also  manu-  advancing  against  Corinth,  and  in  Oct.  1661 
factures  a  large  number  at  his  own  works  at  was  detuled  to  the  command  of  Gen.  Wrigli 
Elswick.  He  is  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society,  in  the  department  of  the  Ohio, 
and  a  member  of  the  council  of  the  institute  ASHBY,  TrsNEB,  a  brigadier-general  in  the 
of  civil  engineers  in  London.  service  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  at  Rose 

ABNOIJ),  Lewis  G.,  brigadier-general  of  Hill,  Fauquier  co.,Va.,  about  1824,  killed  nesr 

volunteers  in  the  U,  8.  army,  born  in  New  Harrisonburg,  Va.,  June  6, 1862.    Hewasedi}- 

Jersey.    He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  cated  at  home,  engaged  for  a  time  in  saemD' 

183T,  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  1st  tile  pursuits  at  Markham,  Va.,  and  afterward 

artillery.    He  was  promoted  to  be  1st  lieutenant  occupied  himself  successively  in  farming  aiid 

in  1888,  and  won  two  brevets  in  Mexico  by  his  politics.    When  the  civil  war  broke  oat  ht 

gallantry  at  Oontreras  and  Ghurubusco,  where  raised  a  regiment  of  cavalry,  and  being  a  dssli- 

he  commanded  his  company,  and  at  Ohapul-  ing  and  accomplished  horseman  soon  bec&mr 

tepee.    He  afterward  achieved  distinction  in  one  of  the  mos^  celebrated  officers  of  that  snr^ 

Florida,  commanding  a  detachment  in  a  conflict  in  either  the  national  or  confederate  eerriee. 

with  a  large  force  of  Seminoles  at  Big  Oypress,  He  was  with  Gen.  T.  J.  Jackson,  covering  tie 

April  7,  1856.    In  May,  1861,  he  was  commis-  retreat  of  his  army  before  the  advance  of  Qtn. 

sioned  migor  in  the  1st  artillery,  and  on  Jan.  Banks,  and  subsequently  of  Gen.  Fremont  cp 

24, 1862,  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.    He  the  Shenandoah  valley,  and  daily  akinnishixu: 

is  now  (Oct.  1862)  with  Gen.  Butler's  army  with  the  Union  vanguard.    In  May,  1861  ht 

at  New  Orleans.  was  appointed  brigadiei^ general  in  Uie  conftd- 

ASB6TH,  Alsxandbb  (SIndor),  brigadier-  erate  provisional  army.    He  fell  in  one  of  tlie 

general  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  lesser  engagements  which  preceded  the  battW 

in  Keszthely,  in  the  county  of  Zala,  Hungary,  of  Gross  Keys. 

Dec.  18,  1811.     He  studied  at  Oedenburg,  ATKINSON,  Thomas  Wm.Aii,  an  EngUsb 

served  for  some  time  in  an  Austrian  cuirassier  artist  and  traveller,  bom  in  Yorkshire,  March 

regiment,  subsequently  went  through  a  course  6,  1799,  died  at  Lower  Walmer,  Kent,  Aug.  IS. 

of  legal  studies  at  Presburg,  after  the  termi-  1861.    He  served  ^  apprenticeship  loan  ar- 

nation  of  which  he  devoted  himself  to  engi-  chitect,  and  gained  distinction  by  his  ardiitcctn- 

neering,  and  was  employed  in  the  execution  ral  designs,  but  afterward  devoted  himself  witb 


AUGUR  BAILEY  673 


,t 


«' 


success  to  landscape  painting.    In  1&46  he  was  for  a  short  time  commandant  of  cadets  at 

to  Knssia,  and,  haTiug  secured  the  approval  West  Point.    On  Nov.  12  he  was  commissioned 

czar  and  the  acquaintance  and  protection  hrigadier-geueral  of  volunteers.    He  was  first 

_  >veriiment  officials,  he  set  out  on  a  journey  assigned  a  command  in  Gen.  McDoweirs  corps, 

wj:  the  wandering  tribes  of  Siberia  and  the  and  in  Jnlj,  1862,  was  appointed  to  a  division  in 

'.«.-^o  dependencies.    In  these  wild  regions  the  army  corps  of  Gen.  Banks.  He  was  wounded 

'ciit  7  years,  exploring  alone  districts  never  at  the  battle  of  Cedar  mountain,  Aug.  9,  1862. 

>  re  visited  by  a  European,  acquiring  an  inti-  In  October  he  was  a  member  of  the  court  of 

■'  knowledge  of  the  country  and  the  people,  inquiry  assembled  under  the  jiresidency  of  Gen. 

•  ting  with  many  adventures  and  narrow  es-  Hunter  to  investigate  the  circumstances  of  the 
,  V  H.   and  making  an   immense  number  of  surrender  of  Harper^s  Ferry  and  other  mat- 

•  -r-color  sketches.  He  returned  to  England  ters;  and  at  the  close  of  the  investigation  in 
^54,  and  in  1858  published  "  Oriental  and  November  he  was  ordered  to  report  to  Gen. 
-'cm  Siberia,  a  Narrative  of  Seven  Years'  Banks  for  service  in  the  southern  expedition 
:  '•rations  and  Adventures  in  Siberia,  Mon-  then  fitting  out  under  his  orders.  He  was  pro- 
'a,  tlu-  Kirghis  Steppes,  Chinese  Tartary,  and  moted  to  be  mmor-general  Nov,  15. 

•  ot  Central  Asia,"  and  in  1860  **  Travels  AVERELL,  William  W.,  brigadier-general 
the    Regions  of   the    Upper  and    Lower  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bom  in  the 

•  ■<»r."  both  profusely  illustrated  from  his  state  of  New  York,  was  graduated  at  West 

'1  (ksiirns.  Point  in  1855,  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieu- 

A' (rLR.   Christopheb  Colon,  major-gen-  tenant  of  mounted  rifles  (now  the  8d  cavalry). 

.   of   volunteers   in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  Being  ordered  to  New  Mexico,  he  distinguished 

N\  w  York.     He  was  appointed  to  the  U.  8.  himself  by  surprising  and  capturing  a  party  of 

/.'irv  academy  from  Michigan,  was  gradu-  Kioway  Indians  in  Dec.  1857,  and  was  engaged 

1  in  1843,  and  in  1847  became  1st  lieutenant  with  great  credit  in  several  conflicts  with  the 

•Jie  4th  infantry.    During  the  Mexican  war  Navajoes  in  the  following  autumn.     He  was 

•  was  aide-de-camp  to  Brig.  Gen.  Hopping  promoted  to  be  1st  lieutenant  in  May,  1861,  and 

^  iT  i,  and  after  the  death  of  that  officer  re-  received  leave  of  absence  in  order  to  take  com- 

v>(l  a  similar  appointment  on  the  staff  of  mand  of  the  3d  Pennsylvania  volunteer  cavalry. 

-'.  Gen.  Caleb  Gushing  (1848).    He  was  pro-  In  the  autumn  of  1862  he  was  promoted  to  be 

•  d  to  be  captain  in  1852,  and  having  been  captain  in  the  8d  (regular)  cavalry,  and  briga- 
iored  to  the  West  was  distinguished  in  sev-  dier-general  of  volunteers,  and  with  a  bri^de 
•!  contiicts  with  the  Indians  in  Oregon  in  composed  mainly  of  cavalry  reinforced  Gen. 

'^    In  May,  1861,  he  was  appointed  major  Pleasonton  in  the  advance  of  the  army  into 

.  lie  13  th  in^ELntry,  and  returning  to  the  East  Virginia  after  the  battle  of  Antietanu 


B 

>  VBC0CK,RnFTT8,D.D.,  an  American  clergy-  Fuller"  (1830);  "  Memoir  of  Rev.  George  Leon- 

>  ni.in,  bom  in  North  Colebrook,  Conn.,  Sept.  ard  "  (1832) ;  "  History  of  Waterville  College'' 
".  1  Ti»H.  Ue  was  graduated  at  Brown  univer-  (1886) ;  "  Tales  of  Truth  for  the  Young"  (1837) ; 
' '  in  1821,  was  for  two  years  tutor  in  Colum-  memoirs  of  the  life  and  writings  of  Abraham 

''-  college,  D.  C,  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Booth  and  Isaac  Backus,  prefixed  to  an  edition 

•l^t  church  at  Poughkeepsie,N.  Y.,  in  1823,  of  their  works  (1839);    "Personal  Recollec- 

"i  in  1826  became  pastor  of  the  first  Baptist  tions  of  Rev.  John  M.  Peck,  D.D."  (1S58); 

•'^h  in  Salem,  Mass.    In  1833  he  was  elected  "The  Emigrant's  Mother"   (1859);    and  "A 

"•lent  of  Waterville  college.  Me.,  and  in  1836,  Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Rev.  John 

-  nialth  failing,  he  resigned,  and  accepted  M.  Peck,  D.D."  (1862). 

'    la^torate  of   the   Spruce   street  Baptist  BAILEY,  Tiieodorus,  an  officer  of  the  IT.  S. 

'"".h,  Philadelphia,  where  he  remained  3^  navy,  bom  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  1803. 

•"^.    Ho  then  returned  to  his  former  church  He  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman  in  1818, 

l^'Miirhkeepsie.    He  was  twice  secretary  of  and  was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant  in  1827. 

American  and  foreign  Bible  society,  and  From  1838  to  1841  he  was  stationed  at  the 

'"  Mmj  been  secretary  of  the  American  Sun-  Brooklyn  navy  yard,  then  cruised  in  the  East 

'■  -chool  union  and  the  Pennsylvania  coloni-  Indies,  was  promoted  to    be  commander  in 

n  society,  and  ia  now  pastor  of  a  Baptist  1849  and  captain  in  1855,  and  in  the  latter  part 

"-^  in  Paterson,  N.  J.     He  founded  and  of  1861  was  ordered  to  the  steam  frigate  Colo- 

'  •"»  ye.ys  edited  the  "  Baptist  MemoritU,"  and  rado,  then  on  the  blockade  oflf  Pensacola.     He 

1' j'l.Mished  "Claims  of  Education  Societies  remained  here  long  enough  to  participate  in 

•'e  Young  Men  of  our  Country"  (Boston,  the  bombardment  of  the  enemy*s  works  near 

'-'*>:  "  Review  of  Beckwith's  Dissuasive  from  Pensacola,  and  was  then  sent  to  the  passes  of 

'/r.,versy  on   Baptism"  (1829);    "Making  the  Mississippi.    In  the  capture  of  the  Missis- 

t  ^'-  of  Christ"  (1830) ;  "  Memoir  of  Andrew  sippi  forta  by  the  squadron  of  Flag  Officer  Far- 

voL.  xn, — 43 


674          BAKER  BALUS  BLUFF 

ngat  (April,  1862),  he  commanded  the  second  whose  candidate  for  congress  he  was  in  1  §5^ 

diTision  of  the   attacking   force;    afterward  hut  was  defeated.    When  Senator  Broderirk 

eame  home  as  hearer  of  despatches,  and  was  was  killed  in  a  dnel  in  1859,  CoL  Baker,  vb-t 

appointed  commander  of  the  Sackett's  Ilarhor  had  heen  his  warm  personal  friend,  delir^rc^i  & 

navy  yard.    On  the  reorganization  of  the  navy  funeral  oration  over  his  hody  in  the  pi:M 

in  the  summer  of  that  year  he  was  promoted  square  at  San  Francisco,  and  aoon  after*  rd 

to  he  commodore,  and  on  Nov.  4  succeeded  removed  to  Oregon,  where  in  1860,  by  a  cot..- 

acting  Rear  Admiral  Lardner  in  command  of  tion  hetween  the  republicans  and  Douglas  deci- 

the  eastern  gulf  blockading  squadron.  ocrats  in  the  legislature,  he  was  elected  m  ±* 

BAIRD,  Absalom,  brigadier-general  of  vol-  IT.  S.  senate,  and  took  his  seat  in  the  last  se!«i>ii 

nnteers  in  the  U.  6.  army,  bom  in  Washington,  of  the  congress  which  ended  with  the  admb-- 

Penn.,  Aug.  20,  1824.    He  was  graduated  at  tration  of  Mr.  Buchanan.    On  the  breakinf  • .: 

Washington  college  in  1841,  and  after  studying  of  the  civil  war  in  1861,  he  raised  a  regimtn*  h 

law  several  years,  entered  the  military  academy  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  and,  dedlinisf  *^ 

at  West  Point  in  1846.    Upon  completing  the  be  appointed  a  general,  went  into  the  ^thl  z' 

course  in  1849,  he  was  brevetted  a  2d  lieutenant  its  head.    At  the  battle  of  Ball^s  bluff  he  c  t^  - 

in  the  2d  artillery,  and  for  several  years  was  manded  a  brigade,  and  fell  in  adTance  of  tit 

stationed  at  different  posts  on  the  Atlantic  sea-  line  as  he  was  quietly  and  coolly  giving  dirr  • 

board.  Between  1863  and  1869  he  held  the  post  tions  to  his  men.    He  was  a  gifted  orator.  ui< 

of  assistant  instructor  and  subsequently  of  as-  possessed  the  most  genial  and  manly  qualir.; 

sistant  professor  of  mathematics  at  West  Point.  BALL^S  BLUFF,  Battle  of,  an  eDgagtnjtrr' 

In  March,  1861,  he  was  ordered  to  Washiugton  fought  Oct.  21,  1861,  on  the  Virginia  side  <: 

to  take  command  of  Magruder's  battery  of  light  the  Potomac  near  Harrison's  island,  and  aiK'ut  i 

artillery,  and  in  the  succeeding  May  he  was  ap-  m.  S.  of  Conrad's  ferry,  between  a  U.  S.  for- 

pointed  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  a^utant-gen-  under  Col.  £.  D.  Baker  and  a  superior  confrd^ 

eral's  office,  with  the  rank  of  captain.     He  rate  force  led  by  Gen.  Evans.    On  the  day  ^^r^ 

accompanied  the  army  on  its  march  upon  Ma-  vious  Gen.  Stone,  commanding  the  army  of  <  V 

nassas  in  July  as  chief  of  staff  to  Gen.  Tyler,  servation  on  the  Maryland  side  of  the  PotoIIi^ 

and  participated  in  the  battle  of  Bull   run.  ordered  Col.  Devens  of  the  16th  Maasacbosi.  tt* 

Snbsequently  he  was  appointed  assistant  in-  to  make  a  reconnoissance  in  force  toward  L^t^ 

apector-general,  with  the  rank  of  migor,  and  burg.    Col.  Devens  crossed  above  Edirftrd-? 

in  March,  1862,  was  assigned  as  chief  of  staff  ferry,  and  Col.  £.  D.  Baker  was  ^recteti  t 

and  inspector-general  to  the  4th  army  corps  hold  himself  in  readiness  to  cross  if  the  re(<>-i- 

oommanded  by  Gen.  Keyes,  in  which  capacity  noitring  force  was  attacked,  and  in  sucb  r.w 

he  was  i»'esent  at  the  siege  of  Vorktown  and  to  take  command  of  all  the  troops  on  the  Vr- 

the  battle  of  Williamsburg.    In  May  he  was  ginia  side.    The  troops  under  him  consi<:te^ « : 

commissioned  a  brigadier-general  of  volun-  a  part  of  the  16th  ana  20th  Massachusetts  nci- 

teers,  and  placed  in  command  of  a  brigade  un-  ments,  the  New  York  Tammany  regiment  s£-- 

der  Gen.  Morgan  at  Cumberland  Ford,  Ky.  a  part  of  his  own  so  called  California  regin^rn* 

BAKER,  Edward  Diokinson,  an  American  (chiefly  of  Pennsylvania  volunteers),  tc^t:.': 

senator,  born  in  London,  Feb.  24,  1811,  killed  with  the  1st  U.  S.  artillery  and  the  Rhode  W- 

in  the  battle  of  Ball's  bluff,  Oct.  21, 1861.    His  and  battery,  in  all  about  2,000,  with  6  caBDoo 

family  removed  to  the  United  States  about  Col.  Devens,  having  met  the  enemy  in  superior 

1816,  and  settled  in  Philadelphia,  whence  in  force,  had  retired  to  the  heights  above  the  Vrl. 

1826  they  removed  to  Belleville,  111.,  where  his  and  on  the  morning  of  the  21st  formed  his  ic^:^ 

father  established  an  academy.    The  son  stud-  in  a  natural  opening  or  clearing,  so  that  ther  hui 

ied  law  in  Greene  co..  111.,  was  admitted  to  before  them  and  on  both  flanks  a  growth  m 

practice,  removed  to  Springfield,  and  in  1887  young  trees.  The  confederate  troops  were  p*  si- 

was  elected  a  member  of  the  legislature,  and  in  ed  beyond  the  wood,  and  commenced  firing  t  i:- 

1840  of  the  state  senate,  which  office  he  filled  ly  in  the  day.   Col.  Baker^s  force  began  tliev*rh 

till  1844,  when  he  was  chosen  a  representative  of  crossing  at  7  A.  M.,  but  finding  no  meAos  «f 

in  congress,  and  remained  such  till  the  break-  transportation  save  two  scows,  one  holdinsr  -t>\ 

ing  out  of  the  Mexican  war  in  1846,  when  he  the  other  60  men,  Ihe  last  of  the  troops  vcre 

became  colonel  of  a  regiment  of  Illinois  volun-  not  landed  until  about  4  P.  M.     Daring  the  e".- 

teers,  and  resigned  his  seat.    He  shared  in  the  tire  day,  but  especially  after  10  A.  M.,  ^hrizi 

siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  commanded  with  great  had  been  going  on,  the  confederates  being meac* 

gallantry  a  brigade  at  Cerro  Gordo,  and  after  time  reinforced   until  they  numbered  aK^^: 

the  conclusion  of  the  war  removed  to  Galena,  6,000  men.    Col.  Baker  quickly  got  4  pieces  of 

HI.,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  bringing  artillery  into  position,  and  formed  his  troops 

Gen.  Taylor  before  the  country  as  a  candidate  the  Califomia  battalion  being  on  the  left  the 

for  the  presidency.    In  1848  he  was  again  Tammany  and  Massachusetts  16th  on  the  rigtt. 

elected  to  congress,  but,  becoming  connected  and  the  Massachusetts  20th  near  the  centre. 

with  the  Panama  railroad  company,  declined  a  Skirmishing  companies  were  sent  out  od  the 

reflection,  and  in  1862  settled  in  California,  rights  but  as  these  advanced  the  enemy  rc^ 

practising  law  with  success,  and  connecting  from  their  concealment  in  the  edge  of  the  wood«. 

nimself  with  the  republican  party  in  politics,  firing  a  volley  into  the  Union  troops,  and  rt- 


676  BA8G0M  BA8&  BALL 

a  ^ard  at  Lewiston.  He  was  appointed  2d  oopal  charch,  Bontb,  was  agreed  upon,  and 
lieutenant  in  the  2d  artillery,  July  7,  1838 ;  in  the  author  of  the  report  which  went  for^  ircaa 
the  same  year  assisted  Mig.  Ringgold  in  organ-  that  body  on  that  subject.  In  1846  be  was»  &p^ 
izing  the  first  battery  of  light  artillery  Intro-  pointed  editor  of  the  *'  Sonthem  Method^< 
doced  into  the  U.  S.  army;  in  1839  rendered  Quarterly  Review/*  He  was  also  chairman  tf 
a  similar  service  with  Col.  Duncan ;  was  order-  the  board  of  commissioners  of  the  Metlio<ll< 
ed  to  Rhode  Island  during  the  Dorr  rebellion ;  Episcopal  church,  South,  to  settle  tlie  contr*.* 
in  1842  was  promoted  to  be  Ist  lieutenant ;  versy  between  the  northern  and  sootbem  de- 
served in  Mexico  throughout  the  war,  landing  visions  of  the  church.  In  1850  he  was  elected 
with  the  first  troops  at  Tampico,  and  being  ap-  bishop.  His  published  writings  consist  cif  j, 
pointed  assistant  adjutant-general  of  Patter-  volume  of  sermons  (1850),  '^Leotoree  on  Ixk^ 
son^s  division  (1847),  and  aide-de-camp  to  delity,**  '^Lectures  and  I^ys  on  Moral  S^- 
M^jor-Gen.  Worth  (1848) ;  was  promoted  to  ence,^^  and  sermons  and  sketches.  His  life  h^ 
the  rank  of  captain  in  1852 ;  and  in  that  and  been  written  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Henkle,  and  a 
the  following  year  served  in  Florida  against  collection  of  his  ^^  Posthumous  Works*'  was 
the  Seminoles.  From  1858  to  1856  he  com-  edited  by  the  Rev.  T.  N.  Ralstoon  (2  toLs.  8v«i^ 
manded  the  military  post  of  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  Nashville,  1855). 

and  in  1857  served  against  the  Sioux  and  Chip-        BASE  BALL,  an  athletic  game  mndi  i^yai 

pewas  in  Minnesota.    During  the  troubles  of  in  certain  parts  of  the  United  States,  whei^  i: 

1858  he  was  employed  in  Kansas,  and  in  1859  has  of  late  years  attained  a  prominence  equ^ 

he  accompanied  Gen.  Harney  toward  Utah,  to  that  ei^oyed  by  cricket  in  England.    It  is 

In  April,  1861,  he  reinforced   Fort  Pickens  derived  from  the  English  game  of '^  ronndei^" 

with  a  company  of  flying  artillery,  and  the  next  which  is  played  with  a  bat  or  stick,  aomevh^ 

month  was  appointed  a  msgor  of  the  5th  (new)  in  the  form  of  a  policemau^s  daK  and  a  b^. 

regiment  of  artillery.    Ordered  to  Washington  and  the  essential  feature  of  which  conaisu  b 

in  July,  he  joined  Gen.  McDowell  at  Fairfax  obliging  the  batsman,  after  hitting  the  htL 

Court  House,  and  participated  in  the  battle  of  pitched  to  him  by  one  of  the  playena,  to  no. 

Bull  run,  after  which  he  was  ordered  (July  23)  successively  to  a  number  of  stations  or  ptot» 

to  take  charge  of  the  field  artillery  of  the  army  placed  at  equal  distances  around  bim,  and  re- 

for  the  purpose  of  reorganization.    On  Aug.  turn  to  the  place  from  which  he  started,  wLc& 

20  he  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  vol-  he  is  entitled  to  score  one.    In  the  earli^:aS 

imteers,  and  assigned  to  duty  on  the  staff  of  American  modification  ofthis  game,  the  statioDs 

M^'or-Gen.  McClellan,  as  chief  of  artillery  of  or  bases,  as  they  were  caUed,  were  placed  at  iLe 

the  army  of  the  Potomac,  in  which  capacity  he  4  angles  of  a  square,  the  sides  of  which  varied 

shared  in  the  various  operations  of  the  army  at  from  40  to  60  feet  in  length,  and  the  baUnun 

Torktown  and  before  Richmond.  stood  at  one  of  the  angles  or  in  the  middle  of 

BASCOM,  Hbnbt  Bidlemak,  D.D.,  bishop  one  of  the  sides.    The  pitcher  or  thrower  uf 

of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church.  South,  born  the  ball  was  placed  inmi^ately  in  front  of  him. 

in  Hancock,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  May  27,  another  player,  called  the  catcher,  atood  behind 

1796^  died  Sept.  8, 1850.    He  entered  the  min-  him,  and  at  each  of  the  bases  was  8tAtion€d  i 

istry  in  1813,  and  after  having  filled  several  player  who  performed  fielding  or  soonting  du- 

appointments  in  the  Ohio,  Tennessee,  and  Ken-  ties.    The  batsman  upon  hitting  the  ball  was 

tucky  conferences,  was  through  the  influence  obliged  to  run  to  the  first  base  on  his  ri^t 

of  Henry  Clay  elected  chaplain  to  congress,  hand,  thence  to  the  next  base,  and  so  on  until 

In  1827  he  was  elected  president  of  Madison  he  reached  the  starting  place;  and  if  struck  bj 

college,  Uniontown,  Penn.,  but  resigned  that  the  ball,  thrown  by  a  player,  while  runnix^ 

office  in  1829,  and  became  agent  of  the  Amer-  the  bases,  he  was  out.    He  was  also  out  if  th^ 

loan  colonization   society.     In  1882  he  was  ball  from  the  stroke  of  his  bat  was  caught  l>j 

elected  professor  of  moral  science  and  belles-^  any  player  on  the  opposite  side,  or  if,  after 

lettres  in  Augusta  college,  Ky.,  where  he  re-*  striking  at  the  ball  delivered  to  bim  by  the 

mained  10  years.    The  degree  of  D.D.  was  pitcher  and  missing  it,  it  was  caught  by  the 

conferred  upon  him  by  the  Wesleyan  universi-  catcher  behind  him.    But  though  the  gamv 

ty,  Middletown,  Conn.,  in  1838.    In  1889  he  was  popular  with  American  youth,  it  was  for 

was  elected  to  the  presidency  of  Louisiana  col-  many  years  after  its  introduction  governed  bj 

lege,  and  about  the  same  time  the  presidency  no  fixed  rules,  the  practice  of  one  locality  beiBg 

of  the  Missouri  university  was  tendered  to  him,  no  guide  for  the  players  of  another.    SubMr^ 

both  of  which  however  he  declined.    Subse-  quent  to  1845  base  ball,  until  then  a  purelr 

quently  he  became  president  of  the  Transyl-  juvenile  amusement,  began  to  find  favor  amucg 

vania  university,  Ey.    In  the  general  confer-  grown  persons,  and    clubs  of  players  wen.- 

ence  of  1844,  when  the  separation  between  the  formed  in  the  large  cities  by  whom  the  original 

Methodist  churches  North  and  South  occurred,  game  was  modified  and  greatly  improved.  lUiU 

he  drew  up  the  protest  of  the  southern  mem-  regular  rules  for  playing  it  adopted.    As  tLv 

bers  against  the  action  of  the  conference  in  the  latter,  however,  varied  in  some  essential  pa^ 

matter  of  slaveholding,  and  the  next  year  was  ticulars  in  different  clubs,  a  convention  of  bjbe 

a  member  of  the  convention  at  Louisville  by  ball  players  was  held  in  New  York  in  1857  for 

which  the  organization  of  the  Methodist  Epis-  the  purpose  of  determining  upon  an  authoriu- 


678  BASK  BALL 


•Toidiiut  the  bail  in  the  hands  of  a&  adTenarj,  be  shall  be    ehnsetts  game,  and  whieh  18  generally  plartid 

^'S^lnrpWer,  who  sbaU  IntentionanT  nrevent  an  adrer-     i^  New  England.     In  die  latter  the  betfi^ 
sary  from  catching  or  fielding  the  ball,  shall  be  deolared  oat.     stands  in  the  middle  of  one  of  the  Sldee  uf  A 


intentional 


»Dlayerl»  prevented  item  n»klng  a  base  by  the     gquaje  of  60  feet, 
obstruction  of  an  adverBary,  he  shall  be  entiUed     ■H""**'  ^     V  .T  i! 

s  and  not  be  pat  out  markea  by  4  stakef 


?i«^„^H^fty,rJf«J?^;!;^,^™^  square  of  60  feet,  the  4  angles  of  whieh  .r^ 


to  that  base,  and  not  be  pat  out  marked  by  4  stakes  representinff  the  baae«,  tht 

88.  If  an  adversary  stops  the  ball  with  his  hat  <w  oap,  or  jgt  base  being  On  his  right  and  the  4th  W  boM 

takes  it  fVom  the  hands  of  a  party  not  engaged  in  the  game,  v^„^    ^-,    i,;a    l^^A       TU^   v«n    i^    ^\^^.u^m.^     «  , 

no  player  can  be  put  ontnnlSs  the  ball  sKa  first  have  been  DSSe    on   his   left.      The   baU   18    thrown,   B*-l 

aetued  in  the  hands  of  the  pitcher.  pitched  or  tossed  by  the  thrower,  who  sta&^ 

88.  If  a  ball  from  the  stroke  of  a  Ut  is  beld  undw  any  gg  f^^  j^  f^^j^^  ^f  ^^  batsman,  and  a  player  ii 

other  circumstances  than  as  enumerated  in  section  88,  and  •"'*'^*'. '""/'"  J*    „  JT       7^!^*  ««*  •  pwj«  w 

without  having  touched  the  ground  more  than  onoe,  the  pnt  OUt  II  the  bail  &om  the  etrOKe  of  AIS  vwX  s 

■'^•L*?**"^    J        1     ^      *       1  .    V        *  caught  without  having  first  tondied  the  groBiai 

94.  If  two  hands  are  already  out,  no  play  er  running  home  at  ^^  a^^u^? ^« ii ^   <» ^-vT^ »   ii  ^.   ^v ^  ^ ^  9?  v .    - 

thetimeaballlsstruckcanmakeanaceifCbestrikerrsputout  Or  teohmcally   speakmg   "on  the  fly/    by:* 

86.  An  inninip  must  be  concluded  at  the  time  the  third  adversary,  if  8  balls  are  stmck  at  and  mi!«i4 
^•&*  T??  «me  shall  consist  of  »  inning,  to  em^h  side,  «ad  caught  each  time  by  the  catcher  or  rf 

when,  sboura  the  number  of  runs  be  equal,  the  plav  shall  be  while  running  the  bases  he  is  struck  by  the  bsS 

oontinued  until  »  m^ortty  of  runs,  upon  an  equal  number  thrown  by  an  adversary.    The  puttlllff  a  plav«r 
oflnnings,  shall  be  declared,  which  shall  conclude  the  game.  .   ,        /•!_•        i.*  '^v   ^i.      i.   n      v  iT^* 

87.  In  pleylnKaU  matchea,  9  players  ftom  each  dub  shall  OUt  by  StnJung  him  With  the  ball,  Whwfa  was 
constitute  a  tuU  field,  and  they  must  have  been  regular  the  practice  in  the  original  game  of  base  ^1^- 
membersof  the  club  which  they  represent,  and  of  no  other  ____  j;-,«„-.j-.-i  ;„  «aw4o;»,«  ♦i,^  V^^m,^  'V^.v 

Sub,  for  80  days  prior  to  the  mitchT  No  bhange  or  subeti-  ^^  discarded  m  revising  the  New  York  gaBt 

tuUon  shall  be  made  after  the  same  has  been  commenced,  on  aCCOUnt  of  the  severe  accidents  whldl  MMB^ 

unless  for  reswn  of  illness  or  fnjury.    Position  of  players  ti^^gg  resulted.     Both  games,   when   prmerW 

and  choice  of  innings  shall  be  determined  by  captains  pre-  •'""*'««         ^  \.     ^  f'^T^' . 

viousiy  appointed  for  that  purpoee  by  the  respective  dubs,  played,  require  Close  attention,  courage,  aad 

88.  The  umpire  shall  take  care  that  the  regulations  re-  activity,  and  are  admirably  adapted  to  iBT2«- 
specting  balls,  bats,  bases,  and  the  pitcher's  snd  striker's  ^rntA  Aa  frAniA  m  waII  as  tn  «i^m1  *n  •trrm^ 
podtions,  are  strictiy  observed.  He  shall  keep  a  record  of  ^f  *^  "\®  irame  as  weu  as  U)  anOTQ  an  agm- 
the  game,  in  a  book  prepared  ibr  the  purpose;  he  shall  be  able  and  manly  pastime  to  boys  or  mtti*  Tbev 
the  judge  of  Wr  and  unAlr  play,  and  shaU  aetermine  aU  dis-  f^  not  less  skilfully  oonstructed  than  cricktr;. 
putesanddiiferences  which  may  occur  daring  the  game;  he  ,•  i.  i.  i  v  'j  j  ^v  _I  ^^ 
shall  take  especial  care  to  declare  all  foul  balls  and  balks,  Whlch  has  long  been  considered  the  most  SOes- 
Immediately  upon  their  ooeurrence,  unasked,  and  in  a  dis-  tifio  of  all  games  played  with  the  bat  and  ball 

*»  "'S'iSJlSrtl^-  ™pi«  d..ii  b.  «i.ct«i  by  the  and  by  many  »e  oondderwl  to  haye  «  «1t«- 

eaptains  of  the  respective  sides,  and  shall  perform  all  the  tage  OVer  the  latter  m  respect  to  the  grratfr 

duties  enumerated  !n  section  88,  «<»P*  "^-^'^JfR  th«  p^^^  rapidity  with  which  the  innings  alternate^  az^ 

which  shall  be  done  by  two  scorers,  one  of  whom  shall  be  ,, »  _x«i,:  •        iv  i_-j^ 

•ppointed  by  each  ofthe  contending  clubs.  the  opportumties  enjoyed  by  eaeh  side  M  I 

wK  No  person  engaged  in  a  match,  either  as  umpire,  temporary  rest  from  the  labors  of  fieldlBf. — 

soorer,or  player,  shall  be,  either  dircctlv  or  indlrcctiy,  inter-  xUft'^-p««  ^f  a  hmiA  ball  nlAVfir  ahnnU  ^^^ 
ested  In  any  bet  upon  the  game.    Neither  umpire,  scorer,      ^f^f,  **«^®»  <>*  *  »>»f®   »'«"  piayer  anODKl  C01lsi«^ 

nor  pkyer  shall  be  changed  during  a  match,  unless  with  the  of  light  flannel  shirt  and  trowsers.,  a  flailBe)  np 

»nt  of  both  parties  (except  for  a  vioiatio^^^^^  ^^^  ^  projecting  visor  of  white  enam«fi«d 

jpt  OS  provided  in  section  87,  and  then  the  umpire  may  ,     ^,  *^  i*^  ®     v  -a.^       •!_  j       ^ 

diss  any  transgressor.  leather,  and  canvas  shoes  with  spiked  aolea. 


consent 

excel 

dismiss  any  transgressor. 

81.  The  umi ' 
shall  be  susi 

shall  be  dec! ,  «  , ,  ^ 

have  been  played,'and  the  party  having  the  greatest  number     a  U.   S.  force  of  4,000   men  under  Gen.  Wii- 
of  runs  shall  be  declared  the  winner. 

88. 
beyond 


umpire  in  any  match  shall  determine  when  plav  BATON  ROUGE,    Battle    OF,  an 

ipemled ;  and  if  the  eamo  cannot  be  concluded,  it     «,«^4.  ^-uj^v   4«.^i-  «,i«*«.    a*.«   jc    loisa 
elded  by  the  last  even  Innings,  provided  S  innings     ment  which  tOOk  place  Aug.  6,  1862, 


as  snail  ne  declared  tne  winner.  lisms,  and  an  attacking  confederate  annv  «4" 

Clubs  may  adopt  such  rules  respecting  balls  knocked  **«*"*»?  j    ^^/v^/wT  rTt  *r^        .«^     \V     .  ,    •      ], 

nd  or  outside  of  the  bounds  of  the  field,  as  the  drcum-  upward  01 10^000,  led  by  Gcns.  Breckinridge  sad 

stances  of  the  around  may  demand;  and  these  rules  shall  Lovell.     News  of  the  approach  of  tlie  eoeaiv 

S^T™"d»rnl£?k-XVVvoTpUye^^  ""^^^  ^  beep  T^^^'^^  d«™K  t^e  week  preriowbV 

previous  to  the  commencement  ofthe  game.  GrCn.  Williams,  and  at  8^  A.  M.  on  the  5tb  t^ 

JSih.^'SiSS.^^JlJSJ^iJr^  orrr^inV^r.^  ^^Son  troops  Were  drawn  ™  m  fin.  of  b«ilc 

termpt  or  interfere  during  the  progress  of  tne  game,  unless  abOUt  a  mile  OUt  01  the  tOWn,  the  right  being  9Dp- 

by  special  request  of  the  umpire.  ported  by  Nim's  battery,  the  left  by  EverHt  s. 

84.  No  person  shall  be  permitted  to  act  as  umpire  or     *1  .  i    -l      -  av      Lt^^ a.        ^  av      t-   • 

seorer  in  any  match,  unless  he  shaU  be  a  member  of  abase  At    an    early  hour  the   pickets   Of  the    tUHSS 

ball  club  governed  by  these  rules.  force  were  driven  in.    About  this  time  ikf 

86i  Whenever  a  match  shall  have  been  determined  upon  _:„i.4.  „.:«-   -araa  AnfM<»A«1    K-^  *1ia   AnAn>w    «».} 

between  two  clubN  play  shall  be  called  at  the  exact  h^r  "ght  Wing   waS  engaged    by  the   enemy,  SDb 

appointed  ;  and  should  either  partv  fall  to  produce  their  SOOn  after  the  left  Still  more  severely,  the  figbt 

likyern  wltiiin  16  minutes  thereafter,  Uie  party  so  failing  g^^^  becoming  general  along  the  whole   lint- 

shall  admit  a  defeat  axis t  xi.     tt   o   x  i  v       j        j      ^v     j- 

8&  No  person  who  shall  be  in  arrears  to  any  other  club,  or  At  nrst  the  U .  b.  troops  labored  under  the  Qi'*- 

wbo  shaUat  anv  time  receive  compensation  for  his  services  advantages  both  of  being  in  the  Open  KTOOad 

"wteu*''.  .yS^'SKH  «;.'"St'tlSr.oTSdWng  .*  whUe  the  enemy  were  under  cover  of  tb*  wood^ 

good  balls  repeatedly  pitched  to  him,  for  the  apparent  pur-  and  of  being  obliged  to  aim  toward  the  ea£^  ii. 

jr,°iSra,*';iSS"4' h.Si'Sjar^SrTn'^^^^  ^Wch  the  «.«  wasruing.    The  tn>op^  how- 

he  persists  in  such  action,  8  and  8  strikes.    When  8  strikes  ever,   valiantly  StOOd    their    grOUnd  ;    the  ^h 

are  called,  he  shall  be  aubject  to  the  same  rules  ss  if  he  had  Michigan  regiment  On  the  right  early  repnl5«^ 

*  88.  Every  ^tch  hereafter  made  shall  be  decided  by  a  their  assailants;  and  though  the  enemy  fowed 

single  game,  unless  otherwise  mntually  agreed  upon  by  the  their  way  into  the  camps  of  the  21  st  f"^**"* 

contesting  clubs.  ^^^  20th  Maine  volunteers,  they  were  in  tara 

— The   game  above   described  is   commonly  obliged  by  the  fire  of  these  troops  to  retreat 

known  as  the  New  York  game,  and  diifers  in  precipitately.    At  one  time  they  had  etfttore^ 

eeverid  particulars  from  tluit  called  the  Massa-  two  guns  of  Nim^a  battery,  but  by  tiie  well 


680  BELMONT  BENJAMIN 

BELMONT,  a  small  i>OBt  town  of  Mississippi  U^t^w  die  Monatsnamm  nn4g^  aken  Tolk\ 

CO.,  Mo.,  on  the  Mississippi  river,  opnosite  Co-  (Berlin,  1886) ;  GTieehwih€8  WunelUxihm  \ 

Iambus,  Ky.,  where  a  battle  was  fought  Nov.  7,  vols.,  Berlin,  1889-42),  for  which  he  receire 

1861.    On  the  evening  of  Nov.  6  Gens.  Grant  the  Volnej  prize  from  the  French  in8titat«:  tij 

and  McClernand  left  Oairo  with  a  Union  force  elaborate  article  Jndien  in  £r8ch  and  Grubtr' 

of  2,850  men,  and  moved  down  the  river  to-  cyclopaadia;   Ueber  dca  Verhaltnin  dtr  otj^j 

ward  Columbus  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  tischen  Spraehe  eum  aemititehen  Spraekttcr.i 

the  confederates  from  sending  reinforcements  (Leipsio,  1844);  Die  peniichen  JSTeuinKhrijt'^ 

to  Price^s  army  in  Missouri.  As  Columbus  was  mit  UeberseUung  und  Glosgar  (Leipsic,  184T 

Imown  to  be  strongly  garrisoned,  demonstra-  Die  Hymnen  dee  SamcL-  Veda^  also  with  a  trani 

tions  were  ordered  against  it  from  two  direc-  lation  and  glossary  (Leipsic,  1848) ;  Eeitm 

tions,  for  the  purpose  of  distracting  the  atten-  turErJcldrung  dee  Zend  (Gdttingen,  1853):  m 

tion  of  the  enemy ;  the  Union  force  also  made  Handbueh  der  Sanehritipraehe  (2  vols.,  G*:; 

a  feint  of  landing  on  the  Kentucky  side  in  the  tingen,  1852-4),  comprising  a  grammar,  rhrt^ 

night  of  the  6th.    On  the  morning  of  the  7th  tomathy,  and  glossary,  of  which  he  has  pal' 

the  expedition  landed  on  the  Missouri  shore,  2i  lished  an  abridgment  for  beginners, 
m.  above  Belmont,  and  marched  to  attack  the        BENJAMIN,  JudahPxtbb,  secretary  of  st&u 

enemy,  who  had  an  important  camp  there.    The  in  the  government  of  the  confederate  stales^ 

confederate  force,  under  Gen.  B.  F.  Cheatham,  bom  in  1812  in. St.  Domingo,  where  his  pr^ 

numbering  about  4,000,  offered  battle  between  ents,  both  Hebrews  from  Jamaica,  were  thdi 

their  camp  and  the  point  where  tlie  Union  residing.     In  1816  the  family  emigrated  t< 

troops  landed ;  they  were  driven  back,  step  by  Savannah,  Ga.,  whence  in  1826,  just  sft^r  Lt 

step,  to  their  camp,  where  they  had  strengtli-  was  18  years  old,  the  son  was  entered  at  T^^- 

ened  their  position  by  felling  the  timber  around  college,  but  left  without  graduating  ia  l^^r. 

them ;  the  Union  troops  charged  through  this,  about  which  time  his  father  died.     In  ls>' 

and  drove  the  enemy  to  the  bank  of  the  river  he  went  to  New  Orleans  to  study  law,  asd 

and  to  their  transports.    Inasmuch  as  the  guns  it  is  said  reached  that  place  with  $25  as  hs 

of  Columbus  conmianded  the  position  at  Bel-  total  fortune.    He  entered  a  notary's  office,  aod 

mont,  it  was  impossible  to  hold  the  captured  at  the  same  time  obtained  a  situation  aa  teaclie: 

camp ;  accordingly,  an  order  was  given  to  de-  in  a  school ;  giving  8  hours  a  day  to  his  M^ 

stroy  the  property,  which  was  done  at  once,  as  teacher  and  8  to  rest  and  recreatios,  he  d^ 

While  this  was  going  on  the  confederates  cross-  voted  the  remainder  to  legal  studies.    AmoB^ 

ed  from  Columbus,  above  the  Belmont  camp,  his  pupils  at  this  period  was  Miss  St  Martb,  tii« 

joined  the  troops  who  had  fled  in  that  direc-  lady  whom  he  i^erward  married.    Admitted 

tion,  and  formed  in   the  rear  of  the  Union  to  the  bar  in  1834,  he  soon  rose  to  the  becd  of 

forces  with  the  design  of  cutting  them  off  his  profession  in  New  Orleans.    Attached  U> 

from  their  transports.    Gen.  McClernand  di-  the  whig  party  in  politics,  he  was  in  1^^  ' 

rected  the   Are  of  his   artillery  against  this  member  of  the  convention  held  to  revbe  the 

body  of  the  enemy,  and  then  moved  briskly  constitution  of  the  state,  and  advocated  in  ihsi 

with  his  whole  force  through  the  ranks  of  the  body  the  addition  of  an  article  reqniriog  tbc 

confederates  thus  broken ;  then  ensued  severe  governor  of  the  state  to  be  always  a  citizec 

fighting,  till  the  Union  troops  reached  their  bom  in  the  United  States.  It  is  said  ihet  Id  1^9 

transports,  the  enemy's  forces  being  increased  President  Taylor  offered  him  the  office  of  &t- 

by  reSnforcements  to  nearly  7,000.    After  the  torney-general  of  the  United  States,  and  thtt 

embarkation  had  been  successfully  accomplish-  he  declined  it.    Always  disposed  to  en^ge  ^ 

ed,  the  confederates  showed  themselves  in  some  speculations,  he  embarked  in  sugar  planting.  ^ 

force  near  the  shore,  but  were  opened  upon  by  which  subject  he  published  several  pauipWe*' 

the  gunboats  with  such  spirit  as  to  prevent  them  but  never  made  money  by  his  operations  in  ^^ 

from  impeding  the  retreat,  while  they  suffered  line.     In  1852,  owing  to  his  popularitj  moH 

severely  from  this  well  directed  fire.    The  loss  the  whig  leaders  in  the  state,  he  was  ctm^^^ 

on  the  Union  side  was  84  killed,  150  wounded,  succeed  the  Hon.  Solomon  N.  Downs  in  tw 

and  about  150  missing.    The  confederate  loss,  U.  8.  senate,  his  official  tenn  ending  Harrhi 

according  to  their  own  statement,  was  600  kill-  1859.    In  the  senate  he  distingoisbed  himsdi 

ed  and  wounded.    The  object  of  the  expedition  and  having  been  gradually  led  by  the  pr<^ 

was  effected  by  the  destruction  of  the  enemy's  ress  of  the  controversy  respecting  ^^^y^JJ  ^ 

camp  equipage  and  their  means  of  transporta-  ally  himself  with  the  democrats,  he  attained  to 

tion,  and  about  4,000  blankets  and  two  pieces  prominence  in  the  southern  wing  of  the  denw* 

of  artillery  were  captured  and  two  destroyed.  cratic  party.    This,  however,  did  not  prevent « 

BENFEY,  Theodor,  a  German  orientalist,  sharp  personal  controversy  between  him  »nc 

bom  at  Norten,  near  GOttingen,  Jan.  28,  1809.  Mr.  Jefferson  Davis,  which  was  about  to  (jn^t 

He  studied  philology  at  Gottingen  under  Ott-  a  duel  when  Mr.  Davis  apologised  on  the  boo 

fried    Mailer  and   Dissen,  at   Munich  under  of  tJie  senate  for  the  harsh  lan^Bf^  ^»% 

Thiersch  and  Ast,  and  also  at  Frankfort  and  used,  a  ioo  great  facility  in  which  he  9^^ 

Heidelberg ;  and  in  1884  he  became  professor  uted  to  his  military  education.    Mr.  Benj*^ 

of  the  Sanscrit  language  and  comparative  gram-  advocated  the  Kansas-Nebraska  hill  ot^ 

mar  at  Gottingen.    His  principal  works  are :  Douglas  in  1854,  but  subsequently  insisteo  ib» 


682  BIDDLS  BIENVILLE 

months.    At  the  conclusion  of  peace  he  was  times,  in  the  Pacific,  upon  the  coast  of  Sor/ 

Released  and  returned  to  America,  arriving  at  America,  and  in  the   West  Indies,  and  ct 

Philadelphia  in  Sept.  1805.    From  this  period  squadron  in  the  Mediteranean  from  18:^0  i 

until  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  with  Great  1832.    While  upon  the  last  named  servicf  b 

Britain  in  1812,  he  was  employed  in.yarious  was  employed  as  a  commissioner  to  negotih! 

situations,  and  was  for  a  short  time  in  the  a  treaty  with  the  Ottoman  government 
merchant  service,  in  which  he  made  a  voyage        BIENYILLE,  Jean  Baftistk  Lkmoine,  ^w 

to  China.    In  Feb.  1807,  he  was  promoted  to  de,  the  2d  colonial  governor  of  Louisiana,  bor. 

be  lieutenant.    On  Oct.  18,   1812,  he  sailed  Montreal,  Feb.  23, 1680,  died  in  France  in  17*^ 

from  Philadelphia  in  the  sloop  of  war  Wasp,  He  was  the  son  of  Charles  Lemoine  (see  h 

Capt.  Jacob  Jones,  which  when  6  days  out  voinb,  in  this  supplement),  and  with  his  Ir 

captured  the  British  sloop  of  war  Frolic,  Capt.  ther  Iberville  early  entered  the  naval  sen .  < 

Whinyates.    Lieut.  Biddie  distinguished  him-  of  France,  and  served  under  him  during  7t" 

self  highly  in  this  action,  heading  the  boarding  ages.    He  was  severely  wounded  in  the  bead  i. 

party.    He  was  placed  in  command  of  the  a  conflict  off  the  coast  of  New  England  betwnrr 

prize,  but  both  ships  were  soon  taken  by  the  the  French  ship  Pelican,  42,  commandeii  l>; 

Poictiers  (74),  and  carried  into  Bermuda.    In  Iberville,  and  three  English  men  of  war,  oDt 

March,   1818,  upon  being  exchanged,  Lieut.  52  and  the  others  carrying  42  guns  eacL  ;] 

Biddie  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  master  which  the  Pelican  was  victorious.    It  'n  s^.. 

commandant,  and  appointed  to  command   a  that  he  was  afterward  for  a  time  governor  ' 

flotilla  of  gunboats  upon  the  Delaware.    He  Detroit,  but  this  seems  hardly  probable  cor  ^ . 

was  soon  afterward  transferred  to  the  Hornet  ering  his  extreme  youth  at  the  time.    ^ : : 

(18),  attached  to  the  squadron  of  Commodore  Iberville  set  out  from  France  in  1698  on  hisr. 

Stephen  Decatur,  jr.,  and  was  for  many  months  pedition  to  found  a  colony  at  the  month  of  tcr 

blockaded  in  the  harbor  of  New  London.    He  Mississippi,  he  took  with  him  bis  two  brother^. 

fimdly  obtained  permission  to  attempt  to  es-  Sauvolle  and  Bienville.     The  first  settieici'. 

cape,  in  which  he  was  succesc^l,  and  joined  a  being  established  at  Biloxi,  and  Sauvolle  U::: 

force  in  New  York,  commanded  by  Decatur,  left  in  command,  Iberville  returned  .to  Eun  jt 

destined  to  cruise  in  the  East  Indies.    On  Jan.  while  Bienville  was  engaged  in  exploratmy  <>; 

28, 1815,  he  sailed  from  New  York  in  company  the  suiTOunding  country.    In  1699,  whiie  de 

with  the  Peacock,  Capt.  Warrington,  and  Tom  scending  the  Mississippi  in  a  small  boat.  Lo 

Bowline,  a  store  vessel.    Com.  Decatur  had  met,  at  a  point  still  called  English  Town,  bnu 

sailed  in  the  President  (44)  a  day  or  two  be-  below  the  site  of  New  Orleans,  an  EDgii^t 

fore.    On  March  23,  off  the  island  of  Tristan  armed  vessel  going  up  the  river  m  search  <>*  * 

d^Acunha,  Capt  Biddie  captured,  after  a  sharp  place  to  found  a  colony ;  but  on  Bienville'^ 

action,  the  British  vessel  Penguin,  Capt.  Dickin-  representation  that  the  region  was  alreiidT  v^ 

eon,  mounting  16  82-lb.  carronades  and  two  cupied  by  the  French,  the  EngliBbmaii  f>n{ 

long  12a,  with  a  total  complement  of  132  men.  about  and  abandoned  the  enterprise.    IbentKt 

Her  loss  was  14  killed,  including  her  command-  returned,  Dec.  7,  with  a  commission  for  S«d- 

er,  and  28  wounded.    The  Hornet  was  rather  voile  as  governor  of  Louisiana;  and  on  .^as. 

superior  in  force,  mounting  18  82-lb  carronades  17,  1700,  Bienville  assisted  in  constrnctis?  & 

and  two  long  12s.  Her  loss  was  but  1  killed  and  fort  on  the  river  54  m.  above  its  mouth,  wt^'f 

10  wounded,  including  Capt.  Biddie,  severely,  he  was  left  in  command  on  Iberville^s  ^<  ['' 

Soon  after  this  en^a^ement  the  Hornet  was  return  to  France.    On  the  death  of  SsQ^*^!-'* 

joined  at  Tristan  d'Acunha  by  the  Peacock,  July  22,  1701,  Bienville  succeeded  him  in  ti)< 

and  both  ships  sailed  for  the  cape  of  Good  direction  of  the  colony,  whose  principal  ^ 

Hope.    On  April  27  a  British  74-gun  ship  was  was  now  transferred  to  Mobile.    In  17W  1« 

discovered,  which  chased  the  Hornet  36  hours,  was  joined  by  his  younger  brother  Gh4twcg«J 

firing  upon  her  several  times,  at  a  distance  of  with  a  band  of  17  settlers  from  Canada,  wk' 

not  over  t  of  a  mile.    Capt.  Biddie,  still  feeble  were  followed  by  another  ship  bringing  frijn; 

from  his  wounds,  saved  his  ship,  though  with  France  ^^  20  girls  sent  by  his  migestr  to  bt: 

the  loss  of  his  guns  and  equipments,  which  married  to  the  Canadians  and  the  other  IdIia^' 

were  thrown  overboard  to  lighten  her.    This  tants  of  Mobile  in  order  to  consoWdaie  the 

rendered  it  necessary  to  make  for  a  neutral  colony" — an  addition  which  led  to  tronW*  it 

port,  and  lie  put  into  San  Salvador.    On  his  1708,  when  these  women  revolted  at  the  ne- 

arrival  there,  learning  that  peace  had  been  cessity  of  living  on  maize.    Bienville  had  otAer 

condnded  between  the  United  States  and  Eng-  difficulties  in  abundance — ^pestilenoe,  and  qaa^ 

land,  he  sailed  for  New  York,  where  he  ar-  relswith  La  Salle,  the  royal  commisaarr.vho  on 

rived  July  80.    For  his  action  with  the  Pen-  Dec.  7,  1706,  charged  Bienville  and  hi*  brothers 

guin  congress  voted  Capt.  Biddie  a  gold  medal,  with  "  every  sort  of  malfeasances  and  d"*F^* 

Philadelphia  presented  him  with  a  service  of  tions;"  and  on  Iberville's  death  he  wasthim- 

plate,  and  other  honors  were  bestowed  upon  ened  with  Indian  hostilities.    Finall;,  on  JoiJ 

him.    In  Feb.  1816,  he  was  promoted  to  the  18,  1707,  he  was  dismissed  from  his  office  ^ 

rank  of  captain.    He  participated  largely  in  governor,  but  as  his  successor  died  on  hts  i*"*. 

active  service  after  the  war  of  1812,  holding  from  France  he  still  retained  the  office.  ^ 

special  and  important  commands  at  various  1708,  the  attempt  to  cultivate  the  lands  of  tn 


684  BISGHOF  BLAKE 

a  new  term  of  service.    In  Dec  1861,  he  wbb  800  mounted  militia,  who  had  shot  the  bean  I 

appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and  of  a  flag  of  trnce  sent  by  the  chief  to  m^  I 

placed  in  command  of  a  brigade  which  was  dis-  them,  and  who  were  pot  to  flight  in  the  e:i 

tinguished  at  Torktown,  WUliamsburg,  and  the  connter  which  followed.    Black  Hawk*$  hh  \ 

baUles  before  Richmond,  and  especially  in  the  were  now  divided  into  sqnads  and  bntchfr^  I 

second  battle  of  Bull  mn,  Ang.  29, 1862.  the  settlers  at  every  opportanitj,  and  geser.  I 

BISOHOF,  Karl  Gustav,  a  German  geol-  alarm  prevailed  throughout  Illinois  and  Wu, 

ogist  and  chemist,  bom  in  a  suburb  of  Knrem-  cousin.    Troops  were  sent  thither  from  t'  i 

berg,  Jan.  18, 1792.    He  studied  at  Erlangen,  eastern  states,  and  Gen.  8cott  took  commai) . ; 

devoting   himself  especially  to  mathematics  but  the  cholera  breaking  out  among  the  ^'  1 

and  astronomy,  and  subsequently  to  chenustry,  diers,  interfered  greatly  with  their  operat)(»?>i 

physics,  and  geology,  succeeded  his  teacher.  Finally  the  Indians  were  driyen  to  the  Wisev-^ 

Prof.  Hildebrand,  in  the  chair  of  chemistry  at  sin  river,  and  defeated  there  on  July  SI  ^  ^ 

the  university  of  Erlangen,  and  in  1822  was  Gen.  Dodge,  some  40  of  their  braves  \^'ri^ 

called  to  a  similar  position  in  that  of  Bonn,  killed  in  the  battle,  and  again  at  tiie  river  Rv: 

which  he  still  holds  (1862).     His  works  are  axe  by  Gen.  Atkinson  on  Aug.  2.     Black  H;:^  •: 

numerous  and  highly  esteemed.    The  most  im-  escaped,  but  was  taken  by  a  conple  of  Wm^^ 

portant  are :  Bntmchelung  der  Pftamenntbitanz  bagoes  and  delivered  to  Gen.  Scott  at  Fr^ 

(Erlangen,  1819) ;  Lehrhueh  der  reinen  Ckemie  du  Chien,  Aug.  27,  1882.    A  new  treatj  ws* 

2(onn,  1824);  Die  vulkanisehen  Mineralquellen  made  at  Rock  island,  Sept.  21  ^  bj  which  tU 

eutschlandB  und  Franhreicht  (Bonn,  1826);  lands  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  W.  of  the  Mi*^:- 

Die  Wdrmelekre  de$  Innem  umers  Brdhorpen  sippi  were  sold,  and  the  tribes,  BOme  S.lV*!'  -. 

(Leipsic,  1887) ;  and  Lehrhueh  der  eJiemitlchen  number,  removed  to  the  region  about  Fort  I*^ 

und  physikalischen  Geologie  (Bonn,  1847  et  Moines.    Black  Hawk  with  his  two  sods  srvi 

seq.) ;  beside  "  Lectures"  (1848)  and  "  Popular  seven  others  of  the  principal  warriors  wtrr 

Letters  to  a  Lady"  (1848-^9)  on  natural  science,  detained  as  hostages,  were  seen  by  the  enriflc* 

BLAOE  HAWK,  a  chief  of  the  Sacs  and  in  passing  through  the  principal  cities  of  tht 

Foxes,  born  about  1768  at  the  principal  Sao  eastern  states,  and  were  conmied  in  Foit7v«* 

village  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  Mississippi,  at  Monroe  until  June  5,  18S3,  when  they  "^rt^re 

the  mouth  of  the  Rock  river,  died  at  the  village  released  and  returned  to  their  tribe, 
of  his  tribe  on  the  Des  Moines  river,  Iowa,  Oct.        BLAIR,  Montoomsrt,  an  AmeriGan  stste^ 

3,  1888.    About  1788  he  succeeded  his  father,  man,  born  in  Franklin  co.,  Ey.,  May  10. 1813. 

who  had  been  killed  by  a  Cherokee,  as  head  was  graduated  at  West  Point  military  acsdeioT 

chief  of  the  Sacs.    In  1804,  by  a  treaty  made  in  1835,  and  was  appointed  a  2d  Keuteniiot  is 

with  Gen.  Harrison  at  St.  Louis,  the  Sacs  and  the  2d  artillery,  in  which  capacity  he  served  is 

Foxes  sold  to  the  United  States  their  lands,  the  Florida  war.    He  resigned  on  May  SO  J  83^. 

extending  some  700  miles  along  the  Mississippi,  studied  law,  and  began  the  practice  of  tL&t 

for  $1,000  a  year.    Black  Hawk  maiutained  profession  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  1887.    Heva9 

that  the  chiefs  who  signed  this  treaty  were  appointed  U.  8.  district  attorney  for  MissoJiri 

drunk  at  the  time,  but  it  was  ratified  by  another  in  1839,  and  held  that  office  till  1843,  whea  be 

treaty  in  1816,  after  the  close  of  the  war  of  became  a  Judge  of  the  court  of  coromou  pless. 

1812,  in  which  Black  Hawk  with  some  of  the  in  which  post  he  remained  till  1649,  wbeo  h« 

Sacs  took  part  on  the  side  of  England;  and  resigned  it.    In  1842  he  was  also  mayor  of  ^ 

again  by  a  third  treaty  at  St.  Louis  in  1816,  Louis.  In  1852  he  removed  to  Maryland,  where 

which  was  signed  by  Black  Hawk  himself.    In  he  resided  until  his  appointment  as  postmaster- 

1828,  in  compliance  with  these  treaties,  the  general  in  the  cabinet  of  Prend^t  Lincoln  io 

greater  part  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  led  by  a  March,  1861.  Previous  to  the  repeal  of  tb«lf-^ 

chief  named  Keokuk,  removed  across  the  Mis-  souri  compromise  he  had  been  a  denocrtt  btit 

eissippi,  but  Black  Hawk  and  his  followers  re-  after  the  consummation  of  that  measure  he  ti- 

mained  behind.    In  1829  the  land  occupied  by  tached  himself  to  the  republican  party,  vnd  wu 

the  Sac  village  was  sold  to  white  settlers,  and  removed  accordingly  by  Preeident  BachaMJ 

in  the  spring  of  1881  the  com  which  the  In-  from  the  office  of  solicitor  to  the  court  w 

dians  planted  was  ploughed  up.    Black  Hawk  claims,  to  whic^  he  had  been  appointed  vj 

threatened  retaliation.    Governor  Reynolds  of  President  Pierce ;  and  in  1860  he  presided  over 

Illinois  called  out  the  militia.  Gen.  Gaines  took  the  republican  state  convention  of  Mvyitso, 

possession  of  the  viUage,  and  Black  Hawk  re-  and  was  a  candidate  for  presidential  ^^^^f?^ 

treated  across  the  Mississippi,  and  made  a  new  the  republican  ticket    In  the  famoQi  I^ 

treaty  agreeing  not  to  return  into  Illinois  with-  Scott  case  he  was  counsel  for  tiie  plaintd^ 
out  permission.     Nevertheless,  having  been       BLAKE,  George  Smith,  an  Amerioan  Dt^ 

informed  that  several  other  tribes  would  assist  officer,  bom  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  in  1^-  Jv 

him,  and  believing  that  the  British,  to  whom  entered  the  navy  as  a  mid^ipman  in  1^^' 

he  had  always  been  friendly,  would  give  him  and  his  early  services  were  in  (Ae  Inde^w* 

aid,  he  recrossed  the  Mississippi  with  his  people  ence  and  Columbus,  Oonmiodore  Willisni  p^' 

in  the  spring  of  1882,  and  ascended  the  Rock  bridge,  and   the  Alligator,   lient  Oomdt.  iv. 

river  to  a  Winnebago  village.    Here  a  band  of  F.  Stockton,  returning  to  the  United  SttW* 

50  of  his  warriors  was  attacked  by  a  force  of  from  the  African  station  in  18S1  is  <  ^^' 


686  BOGGS  BOOTH 

was  graduated  at  the  Btarling  medical  college,  ley  under  Qen.  SigeL    He  covered  the  retrest 
Oolmnbns,  in  1849,  practised  his  profession  in  of  the  army  of  Virginia  across  the  BH>pahan- 
Dark  co.,  Ohio,  until  1866,  and  then  settled  nook,  and  fell  while  directing  the  movement 
in  Anderson  co.,  Kansas,  as  a  physician  and  of  his  brigade  in  a  skirmish  near  that  riTcr. 
farmer.    He  was  a  prominent  leader  of  the  free       BONHAM,  Millbdgb  L.,  a  general  in  the 
state  party  daring  the  straggles  of  1856-^7,  and  service  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Soatli 
a  member  of  the  convention  which  framed  the  Carolina  about  1816,  was  graduated  at  the  South 
present  constitution  of  the  state.  In  July,  1861,  Carolina  college  in  1884,  studied  law,  was  fed- 
he  took  the  field  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  mitted  to  the  bar  at  Columbia  in  1837,  and 
3d  Kansas  volunteers.     He  commanded  the  settled  at  Edgfield  Court  House;  was  solicit 
cavalry  of  Gen.  James  Lane's  brigade,  and  on  tor  for  the  southern  circuit  of  the  state  frrm 
April  8,  1862,  was  appointed  brigadier-general  1848  to  1860;  was  elected  a  representative  in 
of  volunteers,  and  assigned  to  the  command  of  congress  from  the  4th  district  in  1866,  and  was 
the  department  of  Kansas.    On  Oct.  22,  1862,  re&lected  in  1868,  and  served  as  such  until  th« 
he  engaged  a  confederate  force  at  Maysville,  withdrawal  of  the  members  from  8outh  Can»> 
near  the  K  W.  corner  of  Arkansas,  and  totally  Una,  Dec.  24, 1860,  after  the  secession  of  thai 
routed  it  after  an  action  of  one  hour.  state,  when  he  went  out  with  the  others^  »a  te 

BOGGS,  Chablss  Stuast,  an  officer  of  the  had  long  before  proclaimed  he  ahonld  do.    He 

n.  S.  navy,  bom  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  was  appointed  mi^Jor-general  of  the  troops  of 

Jan.  28,  1811.    He  is  a  nephew  of  Capt.  James  South  Carolina,  and  afterward  brigadier-gen- 

Lawrence,  of  the  frigate  Chesapeake,  who  fell  eral  in  the  confederate  army,  took  part  in  the 

in  the  action  with  &e  Shannon.    He  entered  battles  of  Blackbum^s  ford  and  Bull  run,  asd 

the  navy  in  1826,  and  made  his  first  cruise  in  was  honorably  mentioned  in  the  report  of  tiie 

the  sloop  of  war  Warren,,  Capt.  Kearney,  on  commanding  generaL    Being  elected  a  mem- 

the  Meaiterranean  station.     Subsequently  he  ber  of  the  confederate  congress,  he  withdrew 

served  in  the  West  Indies  and  the  gulf  of  Mez-  from  military  life. 

ico,  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  and  in  the  Pacific;        BOONE Vn.L£,  a  town  of  Cooper  co.,  Mo., 
was  attached  during  the  Mexican  war  to  the  on  the  Missouri  river.    (See  Boonsvills,  toL 
steamer  Princeton,  of  Commodore  Conner's  iii.)    A  battle  was  fought  here,  June  17,  1861. 
squadron,  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico ;  and  in  1861  between  a  Union  force  of  2,000  men,  eoin- 
was  ordered  to  the  Brooklyn  navy  yard  as  1st  manded  by  Gen.  Lyon,  and  4,000  eonfederat^ 
lieutenant     He  was   promoted  to  be  com-  under  Gov.  Jackson.   Gen.  Lyon  In  pursuit  left 
mander  in  1855,  and  assigned  by  the  secretary  Jefferson  City  on  the  16th,  by  the  river,  and  dis- 
of  the  navy  to  the  XJ.  S.  mdl  steamer  Illinois,  embarked  his  men  at  7  o'clock  the  foUowii^r 
which  he  commanded  for  8  years.     He  was  morning,  at  a  point  about  4  m.  below  Booik- 
then  appointed  lighthouse  inspector  for  the  ville.   The  confederate  force,  consisting  of  Uii- 
coast  of  California,  Oregon,  and  Washington  ^uri  militia,  over  whom  a  Mr.  Little  had  been 
territory.     When  the  civil  war  broke  out  in  placed  in  command  by  the  governor,  was  pbst- 
1861,  he  was  ordered  home  and  placed  in  com-  ed  along  the  summit  of  a  hill  between  Boone* 
mand  of   the  gunboat  Yaruna,  belonging  to  ville  and  the  Union  troops  just  landed.    The 
Flag  Officer  Farragut's  gulf  squadron.    In  the  attack  by  Lyon^s  army  was  made  with  shelb 
attack  of  the  squadron  upon  the  Mississippi  and  musketry,  and  for  a  short  time  sharply  re- 
forts,  April  18-24,  1862,  he  destroyed  6  of  the  turned.    The  confederates,  however,  in  a  few 
confederate  gunboats,  but  finally  lost  his  own  minutes  retired,  forming  again  in  a  field  of 
vessel,  after  driving  his  antagonist  ashore  in  wheat,  and  firing  from  this  and  from  a  grove 
flames.    When  he  found  the  Varuna  sinking,  he  upon  their  right.    In  about  20  minutes  thej 
ran  her  ashore,  tied  her  to  the  trees,  and  fought  again  retreated  before  Lyon's  advance,  rallving 
his  guns  until  the  water  was  over  the  gun  tracks,  once  more  at  the  distance  of  a  mile ;  but  beio^ 
He  returned  to  Washington  as  bearer  of  de-  at  the  same  time  fired  upon  from  some  of  the 
spatches,  was  ordered  to  the  command  of  the  steamers  which  followed,  at  the  end  of  an  hoar 
new  sloop  of  war  Juniata,  and  soon  afterward  they  threw  down  their  arms,  many  being  takai 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain.  prisoners,  and  others  fleeing  through  the  towa 

BOHLEN,  Henkt,  brigadier-general  of  vol-  The  national  force  took  two  cannon,  and  a  con- 

unteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Germany,  siderable  quantity  of  small  arms  and  storea 

killed  in  Virginia,  Aug.  28,  1862.    He  came  to  The  loss  of  the  confederates  in  killed  was  esd- 

America  while  a  young  man,  and  settled  as  a  mated  at  from  20  to  50 ;  the  Union  loss  was  S 

wine  and    liquor  merchant  in  Philadelphia,  killed,  8  missing,  and  a  few  wounded, 
where  he  amassed  a  fortune.    In  1861  he  en-        BOOTH,  Edwin,  an  American  actor,  second 

tered  the  army  as  colonel  of  the  TSth  (German)  surviving  son  of  Junius  Brutus  Booth,  bom 

regiment  of  Pennsylvania  volunteers,  and  was  on  his  father's  farm  near  Baltimore,  Md^  is 

attached  to  Gen.  Blenker's  command.    He  was  1888.    He  was  educated  for  &e  stage,  trsr- 

commissioned  brigadier- general  of  volunteers  elling  with  his  father  on  his  starring  enga^ 

April  28,  1862,  served  under  Fremont  in  west-  mento,  occasionally  playing  small  parts,  sad 

em  Virginia,  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  making  his  first  regular  appearance  on  the 

of  Gross  Keys  (June  8),  and  was  specially  com-  stage  in  1849  as  Tyrrell  in  Richard  ID.    la 

mended  for  his  services  in  the  Shenandoah  val-  1861,  on  ocoasion  of  his  father's  illneBi^  id 


688  BBAGG  BBIGGS 

llcly  advocated  the  policy  of  coercing  the  se-  of  Antietam,  Sept.  17, 1862.  He  waa  a  eon  of 
ceding  states.  In  Nov.  1861,  he  was  com-  Gov.  John  Branch,  who  was  President  Jack- 
missioned  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  son^s  first  secretary  of  the  navy.  He  was  gr^^d- 
and  placed  in  command  of  a  brigi^e  raised  by  nated  in  Princeton  college  in  1838,  studied  ihv, 
himself.  After  wintering  with  his  command  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  settled  at  Ralci^L, 
in  southern  Tennessee,  he  joined  the  army  was  elected  as  a  democrat  a  representative  in 
under  Bnell  in  Feb.  1862,  and  participated  in  congress  in  1854,  and  was  reelected  in  ISoO. 
the  battle  of  Shiloh  in  tne  succeeding  April.  He  voted  in  congress  for  the  measures  of  tLc 
He  was  soon  aiter  appointed  to  the  command  democratic  party,  including  the  bill  adiuittii.^ 
of  the  military  district  of  Kentucky,  and  on  Kansas  under  the  Lecompton  constitution  in 
Nov.  17  was  placed  over  the  newly  created  dis-  1868.  Together  with  other  representatives  ♦  f 
trict  of  western  Kentucky,  in  the  department  North  Carolina,  he  retcdned  his  seat  in  c  :.- 
of  the  Ohio,  under  Gen.  Wright.  gress  until  the  inauguration  of  President  Li  .- 

BRAGG,  Bbaxtov,  a  general  in  the  confed-  coin,  March  4, 1861.    After  the  secess^ion  ^f 
erate  service,  born  in  Warren  co.,  N.  C,  about  that  state.  May  21,  he  entered  it«  military  <^r- 
1815,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1887  and  vice,  and  was  afterward  attached  to  the'  pn- 
appointed  a  2d  lieutenant  in  the  8d  artillery,  visional  confederate  army,  in  which  he  attakel 
In  Nov.  1887,  he  became  an  assistant  commis-  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.    He  commanded 
sary  of  subsistence ;  in  December  was  adjutant  the  confederate  forces  at  Newbern  when  it  w^.^ 
of  his  regiment ;  in  July,  1888,  was  made  a  1st  captured  by  Gen.  Burnside. 
lieutenant ;  distinguished  himself  in  the  defence        BRANNAN^  John  Mutton,  brigadier-genenL 
of  Fort  Brown,  opposite  Matamora^,  May  9,  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  thi 
1846,  for  which  he.  was  brevetted  a  captain,  Districtof  Columbia  about  1821,  was  gradu^itcii 
which  rank  he  attained  in  full  in  Jxme;  fought  at  West  Point  in  1841  and  appointed  a  brevet 
gallantly  at  Monterey  in  September,  and  was  2d  lieutenant  in  the  Ist  artillery ;  became  a  \< 
brevetted  a  mc^or;  and  again  at  Buena  Vista,  lieutenant  in  March,  1847;  distinguished  bim- 
Feb.  23,  1847,  and  was  brevetted  a  lieutenant-  self  in  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo ;  was  "brevetted 
colonel ;  was  appointed  mcgor  of  the  1st  cav-  a  captain  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Charu* 
airy,  March  8,  1855,  but  declined,  and  resigned  busco;  was  severely  wounded  in  the  attack  <>£ 
from  the  service,  Jan.  8,  1856.    Henceforth  he  the  Belen  gate  of  Mexico,  Sept.  13,  1847;  ?«- 
lived  on  his  extensive  plantation  at  Thibodeaux,  came  a  captain  in  Nov.  1854 ;  was  appointed  t 
La.,  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  in  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  Sept.  28,  H?**.!. 
1861,  when  he  was  appointed  a  brigadler-gener-  and  has  since  served  in  the  department  of  tlr 
al,  and  took  command  of  the  forces  at  Pensacola  South,  having  for  a  time  had  command  of 
destined  to  reduce  Fort  Pickens.    He  remained  southern  Florida.    Transferred  to  South  Can- 
there  until  Feb.  1862,  when  he  was  promoted  lina,  he  commanded,  Oct.  22,  1862,  a  moxc- 
to  be  a  m^jor-general,  ordered  to  join    the  ment  from  Hilton  Head  to  reconnoitre  tLe 
army  of  the  Mississippi,  and,  at  the  head  of  a  Broad  river  and  its  tributaries,  in  the  course  of 
powerful  body  of  troops  drawn  from  Pensacola  which  he  engaged  a  considerable  force  of  the 
and  Mobile,  took  up  his  head-quarters  at  Jack-  confederates  and  drove  them  across  the  Puoo- 
Bon,  Tenn.,  March  10.    He  bore  an  important  taligo  river,  with  severe  loss  on  both  sides, 
partinthebattleof  Shiloh,  was  promoted  to  the        BRAYMAN,  Mason,   brigadier- general   of 
rank  of  general  in  place  of  Gen.  A.  S.  John-  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Buffalo, 
ston  killed  in  that  battle,  and  after  the  with-  N.  Y.,  May  23,  1818.    His  early  life  was  s{>est 
drawal  of  Gen.  Beauregard  from  the  command  on  a  farm.    He  began  the  trade  of  a  printer  in 
of  the  department  in  May  succeeded  him  in  the  office  of  the  *^  Buffalo  Journal/'  at  the  agv 
that  post.    In  August  he  left  his  encampment  of  22  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1S37  ne- 
at Chattanooga,  successfully  turned  Gen.  BuelPs  moved  to  the  West,  and  became  editor  of  tLe 
left  flank,  and  passing  through  eastern  Ten-  Louisville  (KyO  "Advertiser."     In  1842  b* 
nessee,  entered  Kentucky  at  the  head  of  a  opened  a  law  office  at  Springfield,  HI. ;  in  1S45 
large  army.    But  Buell,  leaving  his  posts  in  revised  the  statutes  of  Illinois ;  and  the  ntit 
Alabama,  and  marching  on  a  much  shorter  line,  year  was  appointed  a  special  commissioner  and 
succeeded  in  reaching  Louisville  before  him,  and  attorney  to  prosecute  offenders  and  restore  tie 
Bragg  was  compelled  to  retire,  having  fought  peace  of  that  portion  of  the  state  disturbed  bj 
the  battle  of  Perryville,  Oct.  9,  with  a  part  of  the  Mormon  difficulties.    He  was  anbaequentlr 
BuelPs  army  under  M^or-Gen.  McOook.    He  actively  engaged  in  railroad  enterprises  nstU 
carried  away  a  vast  amount  of  supplies  from  1861,  when  he  became  miyor  of  the  2dth  IHi- 
Kentucky,  and  many  recruits  for  the  confeder-  nois  volunteers,  of  which  regiment  he  was  pro- 
ate  service.    He  was  removed  from  his  com-  moted  to  be  colonel  in  April,  1862.    He  b&d 
mand,  and  placed  under  arrest  in  Richmond,  meanwhile  been  chief  of  staff  and  assistant 
but  soon  restored,  and  now  (Nov.  1862)  com-  acyutant-general  to  Gen.  McClemand,  and  par- 
mands  the  confederate  army  opposed  to  Gen.  tidpated  in  the  battles  of  Belmont,  Fort  Don- 
Bosecrans.  elson,  and  Shiloh.    He  was  appointed  brigadie> 

BRANCH,  Lawbencb  O'Brien,  a  general  in  general  of  volunteers  Sept.  25, 1862. 
the  service  of  the  confederate  states,  born  in        BRIGGS,  Henbt   Shaw,  brigadier-geoeral 

Halifax  oo.,  N.  0.,  in  1820,  killed  at  the  battle  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  at  Lane^- 


690 


BKOWNLOW 


BUCKINGHAM 


goyemment  to  its  very  foundation.    I  expect  to  Beside  the  above  mentioned  work,  he  bas>  p'si- 

liye  to  see  that  daj,  and  not  to  be  an  old  nian  lished  several  others,  the  principal  of  wLirb  is 

at  that.    The  tariff  question  now  threatens  the^  *^The  Iron  Wheel  Examined,   and   it^   Fai^ 

overthrow  of  the  government,  but  the  slavery  Spokes  Extracted"  (12mo.,  NashTille),  a  k\*'j 

question  is  one  to  be  dreaded.    While  I  shall  to  certain  attacks  upon  the  Methodist  chnrcl . 
advocate   the  owning  of  *men,  women,  and        BRUCE,  Abchibald,  M.D.,  an  American  plj- 

children,'  as  you  say  our  '  Disciplhie^  styles  sician  and  mineralogist,  bom  in  New  York, 

slaves,  I  shall,  if  I  am  living  when  the  battle  where  his  father  was  surgeon-general  of  th? 

comes,  stand  by  my  government  and  the  Union  British  army,  in  Feb.  1777,  died  there,  Fel.  2Z. 

formed  by  our  fathers,  as  Mr.  Wesley  stood  by  1818.    He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  coU^^rr 

the  British  government,  of  which  he  was  a  in  1796,  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Ho^sek 

loyal  subject."    Mr.  Brownlow  commenced  hb  spent  5  years  in  Europe,  obtained  his  medinL 

political  career  in  Tennessee  in  1828  as  an  ad-  degree  at  Edinburgh  (1800),  and  retnm^  t> 

vocate  of  the  election  of  John  Quincy  Adams  to  New  York  in  1808.    In  1807  he  was  appointcv 

the  presidency,  having  always  been,  as  he  says,  professor  of  materia  medica  and  minenda^  ix 

'^  a  federal  whig  of  the  Washington  and  Alex-  the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons  of  S'r  v 

ander  Hamilton  school.^'    About  1887  he  be-  York,  which  chair  he  filled  till  1811,  when  tit 

came  editor  of  the  ^^Knoxville  (Tenn.)  Whig,''  college  was  reorganized,  and  he  with  sHfTe'^. 

a  political  newspaper,  which  attained  a  large  of  the  other  professors  were  superseded  ar- 

circulation ;  and  from  the  vigorous  and  defiant  formed  a  new  medical  faculty.     In   1810  L- 

style  of  his  articles  in  this  and  of  his  public  commenced  the  publication  of  a  jonmaJ  «f 

speeches  he  obtained  a   national  reputation  American  mineralogy,  the  first  purely  eciennf  - 

under  the  sobriquet  of  the  '^  fighting  parson.''  journal  published  in  this  country,  but  istotvj 

In  1858  he  held  a  public  debate  at  Philadd-  only  one  volume. 

phia,  with  the  Rev.  A.  Pryne  of  New  York,  on       BUCHANAN,  Fraitklik,  an  ofiScer  of  ibc 

slavery,  which  was  afterward  published  in  a  navy  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  BsL-t^ 

volume  entitled  *^  Ought  American  Slavery  to  more,  Md.,  entered  the  U.  S.  navy  in  ]>>i'- 

be   Perpetuated  ?"  (12mo.,  Philadelphia),  Mr.  He  was  the  first  superintendent  of  the  U.  ^ 

Brownlow  maintaining  the  affirmative.    From  naval  academy  (1845-7),  became  captain  li 

the   commencement  of  the  secession   move-  1855,  and  was  afterward  employed  on  t^l:  r. 

ment  in  1860,  he  boldly  maintained  in  his  Jour-  duty  of  various  kinds   nntU  1861,  wheo  }  c 

nid  the  principle  of  unconditional  adherence  was    commandant  of  the  Washington    ha^} 

to  the  Union,  for  the  reason,  among  others,  yard.    On  April  19,  the  day  when  the  Has^ 

that  it  was  the  best  safeguard  of  southern  in-  chusetts  volunteers  were  attacked  in  the  ttrn'^ 

stitutions.    This  course  subjected  him  to  much  of  Baltimore,  he  sent  in  his  resignatioji  &:  o 

persecution  after  the  secession  of  Tennessee,  hastened  to  his  farm  on  the  eastern  shore  *•( 

On  Oct.  24,  1861,  he  published  the  last  num-  Maryland ;  but  finding  that  his  native  $t:it- 

ber  of  the  "Whig,"  and  after  remaining  for  did  not  secede,  he  petitioned  to  be  resturec 

some  time  in  concealment  he  was  induced  by  a  His  request  being  refused,  he  entered  the  eie^ 

promise  of  passports  and  a  military  escort  out  vice  of  the  confederate  states,  and  was  emplov- 

of  the  state  to  report  himself  to  the  confederate  ed  to  superintend  the  fitting, out  of  the  fti^te 

general  commanding  at  Knoxville,  when  he  Merrimac.    He  commanded  this  vessel  is  Ltr 

was  arrested  (Deo.  6)  on  a  civil  process  for  attack  upon  the  federal  fieet  in  Hamptoa  road^ 

treason,  and  thrown  into  gaol.    Here  he  was  and  was  wounded  by  a  musket  ball  dunnir  ttv 

detiuned,  expecting  the  punishment  of  death,  first  day's  engagement  so  severely  that  he  tl* 

and  suffering  from  severe  illness,  till  the  dose  obliged  to  relinquish  his  command.    Ressiriq; 

of  the  month,  when  he  was  released  upon  the  his  post  when  the  vessel  was  repaired  after  h^r 

civil  process,  but  immediately  rearrested  under  connict  with  the  Monitor,  he  was  in  commftrnl 

military  authority,  and  kept  under  guard  in  his  at  the  time  of  the  occupation  of  Norfolk  h} 

own  house  till  March  8,  1862.    He  was  then  Gen.  Wool,  and  blew  up  his  vessel  to  uTebrr 

released  and  forwarded  with  an  escort  toward  from  capture.    His  conduct  was  investi^tted 

the  Union  lines  at  Nashville,  which  he  finally  by  a  court  martial,  which  resulted  in  his  ftror. 
entered  on  the  15th,  having  been  detained  10        BUCKINGHAM,  Cathabikts  Pttnam.  l»n^'- 

days  by  the  guerilla  force  of  Col.  Morgan.    He  adier-general  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  annj. 

afterward  made  a  tour  of  the  northern  states,  bom  at  Putnam  on  the  Muskingum  river,  Ohio, 

delivering  speeches  to  large    crowds  in  the  March  12,  1808.    He  was  graduated  at  We$t 

principal  cities,  was  joined  by  his  family,  who  Point  in  1829,  became  2d  lieutenant  in  the  Sd 

had  also  been  expelled  from  Knoxville,  and  artillery,  and  was  assistant  professor  of  natnral 

published  a  work  entitled  "Sketches  of  the  and  experimental  philosophy  in  the  mHitan 

Rise,  Progress,  and  Decline  of  Secession,  with  academy  from  Oct.  1830,  to  Aug.  1831.   He 

a  Narrative   of  Personal   Adventures  among  resigned  his  commission  in  Sept.  l&l,  and  from 

the  Bebels"  (12mo.,  Philadelphia,  1862).    Mr.  1888  to  1886  was  professor  of  mathematics  sDd 

Brownlow  is  now  (Nov.  1862)  residing  with  his  natural  philosophy  in  Kenyon  eollege,  Ohia 

family  in  Oincinnati.    He  has  expressed  decid-  He  then  established  iron  works  at  Mount  Tcr- 

ed  approbation  of  the  emancipation  proclama-  non,  0.    On  the  outbreak  of  the  dvil  wtr  in 

tion  of  President  Lincoln  as  a  war  measure.  1861  he  was  appointed  a^utant-genenl  of 


BUOKNER  BUELL                       691 

s  io,  aad  retained  that  office  until  July,  1862,  eral,  with  the  rank  of  captain,  in  Jan,  1848,  re- 
I  :eii   he  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  linquished  his  rank  in  the  line  in  March,  1851, 
volunteers  and  appointed  assistant  adjutant-  was  employed  in  the  duties  of  his  office  in  va- 
•it-ral  of  the  United  States.  rious  parts  of  the  country,  and  after  the  cora- 
ls L' C  KNER,  Simon  Bolivak,  a  general  in  the  mencement  of  hostilities   in  1861  assisted  in 
Tifeilorate  servic-e,  born  in  Kentucky  about  organizing  the  army  at  Washington,    In  August 

•  J-lr,  -was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1844,  be-  he  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volun- 

•  Miing  a  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  infan-  teers,  and  assigned  to  a  division  in  the  army  of 

V  ;    from  Aug.  1845,  to  May,  1846,  was  acting  the  Potomac,  which  soon  became  distinguished 
. -i>t  ant  professor  of  ethics  at  West  Point;  was  for  thorough  discipline;  and  in  November  he 

"  :iched  to  the  6th  infantry,  and  brevetted  as  superseded  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman  in  command  of 

t    lieutenant  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  the  department  of  the  Cumberland,  which  was 

riiinibusco,  where  he  was  wounded,  and  as  reorganized  as  that  of  the  Ohio,  his  head-quar- 

i;»tain  for  gallantry  at  Molino  del  Key;  be-  tors  being  at  Louisville,  Ky.    OnDec.  17  a  por- 

mo  assistant  instructor  in  infantry  tactics  at  tion  of  his  forces  gained  a  victory  at  Munfords- 

V  v*=^t  Point  in  Aug.  1848,  and  commissary  of  ville,  Ky. ;  and  in  Feb.  1862,  after  the  capture 
- '  .^istence  in  Nov.  1852;  and  resigned  March  of  Fort  Henry,  his  advance  under  Gen.  Mitchel 
"►,  1855.     After  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  marched  upon  the  confederate  stronghold  at 

v  ar  in  1861,  he  was  appointed  commander  of  Bowling  Green,  which  was  hastily  evacuated. 

•vj  state  guard  of  Kentucky,  and  as  such  took  On  March  21  Gen.  Buell  was  promoted  to  be 

li  oath  to  observe  and  maintain  its  constitution  major-general  of  volunteers,  and  on  the  same 

•id   laws.     lie  also  visited  Washington,  pro-  day  his  department  was  incorporated  with  that 

-•^ing  himself  loyal  to  the  government  of  the  of  the  Mississippi  under  Gen.  Halleck.     He  ap- 

nitod  States;  but  within  a  few  months  ho  peared  with  a  part  of  one  division  on  the  battle 

.  •nntiliy  embraced  the  confederate  cause,  and  field  of  Shiloh  near  the  close  of  the  first  day's 

n   Sept.  12,  1861,  issued  from  Russellville  an  action,  April  6,  in  time  to  succor  the  hard- 

•  Mressto  the  people  of  Kentucky  calling  on  pressed  army  of  Gen.  Grant.    Three  of  his  divi- 
VitMH  to  take  up  arms  against  the  usurpations  sions  having  come  up  on  the  following  day,  the 

f  Abraham  Lincoln;  after  which  he  removed  confederates  were  driven  back  toward  their  in- 

•j  Bowling  Green,  and  thence  on  Sept.  18  is-  trenchments  at  Corinth.     By  order  of  Gen.  Hal- 

•tvhI  a  proclamation  stiting  that  he  occupied  leek,  dated  June  12,  he  took  command  of  the  new 

•  .it   point  as  a  defensive  position.    After  the  district  of  Ohio,  comprising  the  states  of  Ken- 
i:»tnreof  Fort  Henry  he  evacuated  Bowling  tucky  and  Tennessee  east  of  the  Tennessee  river, 

•  »reen,  withdrawing  to  Fort  Donelson,  where  and  so  much  of  northern  Alabama  and  Georgia 
J  I'  <ommandcd  a  brigade  in  the  battles  of  Feb.  as  might  be  held  by  the  national  troops;  and 
'.  :i.  14,  and  15;  and,  after  the  escape  of  Pillow  he  occupied  and  fortified  posts  extending  E. 
itid  Floyd,  he  surrendered  the  fort  on  Feb.  16  and  W.  from  luka,  Miss.,  to  Bridgeport,  Ala., 
'  • »  Gen.  Grant,  with  16,000  prisoners  and  vast  about  150  m.  (a  line  which  had  previously  been 
-•^r»res.    He  was  carried  to  Boston  as  a  prisoner  secured  by  a  portion  of  his  forces  under  Gen. 

*  .f  war,  and  held  in  Fort  Warren  until  the  gen-  Mitchel),  and  N.  and  S.  from  Nashville,  Tenn., 
T.d  exchange  of  prisoners  in  August     The  au-  to  Decatur,  Ala.,  nearly  the  same  distance,  with 

" .  lorities  and  people  of  Kentucky  insisted  on  his  his  head-quarters  at  Stevenson  or  at  Huntsville, 

M-ins  retained  as  specially  guilty  of  treason,  for  Ala.   The  confederates  under  Gen.  Bragg  antici- 

wijich  crime  he  had  been  indicted  in  that  state;  pated  Gen.  Buell's  intended  seizure  of  Chat- 

'lut  the  general  government  declined  to  make  tanooga,  Tenn.,  about  50  m.  from  Stevenson, 

in  exception  of  him,  and  exchanged  him  with  which  they  occupied  in  strong  force,  and  whence 

<-r}iers.    Though  greatly  blamed  in  the  South  they  threw  large  bodies  into  East  Tennessee. 

t*»r  surrendering  Fort  Donelson,  he  escaped  the  In  the  latter  part  of  August  Bragg,  masking  his 

»rlicial  disgrace  inflicted  on  Floyd  and  Pillow,  movements,  evacuated  Chattanooga  and  march- 

Ti'td  after  his  release  commanded  the  Ist  division  ed  northward  with  his  main  force.    .Meantime 

.  ^t"  Geu.  Uardee's  corps  in  Bragg's  army  in  Ten-  Murfreesborough,  Tenn.,  30  m.  from  Nashville, 

n.'^see.    Later  he  was  promoted  to  be  a  major-  was  captured  on  July  12  by  the  confederates, 

jreneral  in  the  confederate  army,  and  assigned  who  made  prisoners  of  most  of  the  troops  and 

t«»  the  3d  grand  division.  of  Gen.  T.  T.  Crittenden  and  other  officers  sta- 

BUELL,  Don  Carlos,  major-general  of  vol-  tioned  there.     On  the  22d  they  attacked  Flor- 

MTit^^^ers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Ohio  about  ence,  Ala.,  capturing  a  Union  detachment  and 

lsl8,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1841,  and  destroying  an  immense  quantity  of  army  stores 

.i[>pointed  a  2d  lieutenant  in  the  8d  infantry,  and  other  property;   which  operations  they 

III'  was  promoted  to  be  1st  lieutenant  in  June,  continued  with  equal  success  at  several  other 

l<4«),  accompanied  his  regiment  to  Mexico,  and  points.     On  Aug.  21  they  captured  700  Union 

«>n  Sept.  23  was  brevetted  captain  for  gallantry  soldiers  at  Gallatin,  Tenn.,  with  Gen.  Johnson, 

at  Monterey.     His  regiment  having  joined  the  their  commander ;  and  on  the  29th  they  inflicted 

irmy  under  Gen.  Scott,  he  distinguished  himself  a  severe  defeat  on  a  force  under  Gens.  Manson 

fit  Contreras  and  Ohurubusco,   was  severely  and  Nelson,  near  Richmond,  Ky.,  compelling  the 

Wounded  in  the  latter  action,  and  was  brevet-  abandonment  of  Lexington  and  Frankfort,  and 

t^d  mt\jor.    He  became  assistant  adjutant-gen-  the  removal  of  the  state  archives  to  Louisville. 


BUFORD  BULL  RUN 

The  adyanoe  of  Gen.  Bragg,  luider  Qen.  £.  1858,  re^meDtal  qnartennaster  in  Mmj^  185&. 
Eirby  Smithi  had  before  tMs  time  penetrated  and  captain  in  March,  1859;  served  in  l^eUui^ 
into  Kentocky,  and  now  threat^ed  Lonisyille  expedition;  waa  made  an inspector-geaeral  wilh 
and  Cincinnati.    Tennessee  and  Kentucky  were  the  rank  of  mi^or^  Nov.  13, 1861 ;  was  attaeked 
also  overrun  with  confederate  gaerillas,  who  to  tibie  staff  of  Gen.  Pope  on  his  AMmiwinp  eocD- 
inflicted  great  snffering  upon  the  Unionists,  mand  of  the  army  of  Virginia,  June  S^  19&± : 
On  Au^.  28  Gen.  BaelPs  troops  commenced  and  on  July  27  was  appointed  by  the  preadeii* 
evacuatmg  their  posts  to  follow  Bragg  on  a  a  brigadier-general  of  volnoteers  and  aomgnni 
shorter  line  of  march.    On  Sept.  14  his  advance  to  Gen.  Banks's  command.    He  is  now  (bttr 
division  occupied  Bowling  Green,  Ey.,  while  1862)  chief  of  cavalry  under  Gen.  Boraaide. 
Bragg  was  encamped  at  Glasgow,  80  m.  east.        BUFORD,  Napoleon  Bonapaktk,  bt%adi«rr- 
On  the  same  day  the  Union  troops  at  Munfords-  general  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  armj,  baj 
ville,  40  N.  from  Bowling  Green,  were  attacked  brother  of  the  preceding,  bom  in  W<KMif«H 
by  the  confederates;  and  the  attack  being  re-  co.,  Ey.,  Jan.  18,  1807.    He  was  gradaatcU 
newed  with  augmented  force  on  the  16th,  the  at  West  Point  in  1827,  entering  the  3d  ar- 
place  was  captured  with  over  4,000  prisoners.  It  tillery,*  and  soon  afterward,  at   the   reqti^^ 
was  reoocupied  on  the  21st,  and  at  midnight  of  of  the  governor  of  Eentucky,  waa  detailed  t*- 
the  24th  Gen.  Buell  entered  Louisville,  which  make  the  first  surveys  of  the  Eentncky  nrer. 
had  been  for  some  time  held  by  a  hastily  col-  which  led  to  its  being  converted  into  a  citn^i 
lected  force  under  Gen.  Nelson,  and  where  in-  by  a  system  of  locks  and  dams.    He  was  uer. 
tense  excitement  had  existed  lest  Bragg  should  employed  in  making  a  survey  of  the  Des  Moice^ 
reach  it  first.    On  Sept.  30,  by  order  from  Wash-  and  Rock  Island  rapids  of  the  Mkmsaoppi  river, 
ington,  Gen.  Buell  turned  over  his  command  to  In  1880  he  joined  his  regiment  at  Eastjtort. 
Gen.  Thomas;  but  on  the  same  day,  at  the  nr-  Me.,  and  employed  his  leisure  in  studying  lav. 
gent  reqnest  of  the  latter,  and  of  other  gen-  The  year  following  he  was  granted  leave  oi 
erals,  he  was  restored,  and  on  Oct.  1  com-  absence,  that  he  might  enter  the  law  school  of 
menced  the  pursuit  of  the  confederates,  then  Harvard  university.    In  1838  he  was  appoint- 
somewhat  scattered,  but  chiefly  encamped  at  ed .  an  assistant  professor  of  natural  and  ei- 
Bardstown,  40  m.  S.,  while  most  of  their  gen-  perimental  philosophy  at  West  Point.    In  18^ 
erals  were  engaged  at  Frankfort  in  inaugurating  he  resigned  his  commission,  and  was  enga^ 
a  provisional  confederate  state  government,  in  the  public  improvements  of  Eentacky  untU 
On  the  8th,  the  confederates  having  retreated  to  1842.    During  most  of  this  time  he  was  tiie 
Perryville,  a  severe  but  undecisive  battle  was  resident  engineer  of  the  Licking  river  ilftck 
fought  with  them  there  by  a  portion  of  Buell's  water  navigation  company.     In  1848  he  n^ 
army.    On  the  18th  Lexington,  which  had  been  moved  from  Cincinnati  to  Rock  Island,  IlL,  hi$ 
reocoupied,  was  again  captured  by  1,000  confed-  present  residence,  where  he  engaged  in  bus- 
erate  cavalry,  but  immediately  abandoned.    On  ness  successively  as  a  merdiant,  iron  fonndtf. 
the  22d  Gen.  Bragg,  by  slow  marches,  had  and  banker.    He  was  commissioned  colood 
reached  Cumberland  gap,  lately  evacuated  by  of  the  27th  Illinois  volunteers  in  Aug.  1861. 
the  Union  force  under  Gen.  Morgan  that  had  at  the  request  of  Flag  OflSoer  Foote  was  gives 
held  it  for  many  months,  and  Gen.  Buell  had  command  of  the  troops  that  aooompanied  \ht 
ceased  his  pursuit.    On  the  24th  the  latter  was  gunboat  flotilla  to  Columbus  and  Idand  >'a 
ordered  to  transfer  his  command  to  Gen.  Rose-  Ten,  captured  Union  City,  March  30, 186S.  snd 
crans,  and  to  report  himself  at  Indianapolis,  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
which  he  did  on  the  80th ;  and  a  court  of  in-  April  16.    He  was  subsequently  ordered  to  tht 
quiry  to  investigate  his  operations  in  Eentucky  East,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  July  succeed 
assembled  at  Cincinnati  early  in  December,  and  Gen.  Hatch  in  command  of  a  cavalry  brigade 
after  two  days^  session  adjourned  to  Nashville,  under  Gen.  Banks.  *  In  November  he  was  ap- 

BUFORD,  Abraham,  a  general  in  the  ser-  pointed  a  member  of  the  court  martial  for  tbe 

vice  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Een-  trial  of  Gen.  Fitz  John  Porter, 
tucky,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1841,        BULL  RUN,  a  small  stream  in  N.  E  Vir- 

assigned  to  the  1st  dragoons,  promoted  to  be  ginia,  which  flows  into  the  Oocoqnan  creek,  sn 

1st  lieutenant  in  1846,  and  brevetted  captain  for  affluent  of  the  Potomac,  about  20  m.  S.  W. 

gallantry  at  Buena  Vista.    He  was  secretary  from  Washington,  and  gives  the  name  to  two 

and  treasurer  of  the  military  asylum  at  Har-  severe  battles  fought  between  the  United  States 

rodsbnrg,  Ey.,  from  May,  1868,  to  April,  1854.  and  confederate  forces,  on  July  21,  1861,  lod 

In  July,  1858,  he  became  captain,  and  in  Oct  Aug.  29  and  80,  1862.— -On  July  16, 1861,  Uie 

1864,  he  resigned  his  commission.    Entering  Union  forces  under  Gen.  McDowell  statiooed 

the  service  of  the  confederate  states  in  1861,  in  front  of  Washington  took  up  the  line  of 

he  was  appointed  brigadier-generaL  march  for  Manassas  Junction,  on  the  Aleiaadria 

BUFORD,  Jomir,  brigadier-general  of  volun-  and  Orange  railroad,  about  25  m.  W.  6.  W,  from 

teers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Eentucky  about  Washington,  where  the  confederate  troops  had 

1829.    He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  concentrated  in  force  in  a  position  of  great  nabu^ 

1848,  and  appointed  a  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  al  strength,  protected  by  lieavyearthworia,  tod, 

the  1st  dragoons,  a  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  dra-  on  account  of  the  broken  and  wooded  ohaneter 

goons  in  Feb.  1849,  1st  lieutenant  in  July,  of  the  surrounding  country,  difficult  of  approaeh. 


694  BULL  RUN 

between  11  and  12  o'clock.    Thus  the  head  of  Thej  had  done  much  severe  fighting.    S>j^ 

the  flanking  column  did  not  reach  the  field  of  the  regiments  which  had  been  drlTen  fm 

until  seyer^  hours  after  the  time  fixed  upon,  the  hill  in  the  first  two  attempts  of  the  eiti 

and  the  complete  junction   of  Hunter  and  to  take  possession  of  it  had  become  sLai 

Heintzelman  was  not  effected  until  after  mid-  were  unsteady,  and  had  many  men  out  of 

daj.    While  Bumside's  brigade  was  engaged  ranks.''    At  this  moment,  when  yictorjr  se*: 

with  the  enemy  in  front,  the  other  brigade  of  to  rest  with  the  Union  army,  they  were  ais^ 

Hunter's  diyision,  under  Ool.  Andrew  Porter,  on  their  right  fiank  by  a  heavy  fire  of  il» 

came  up  and  took  position  on  the  right,  soon  ketry  from  a  body  of  3,000  fresh  troops  of  Get 

after  which  the  action  became  general,  the  Johnston's  army  of  the  Shenandoah,  jofi  ff-, 

enemy  at  this  time  being  extended  along  the  riyed  by  railroad  from  l?inchester,  wLtrs^J 

Warrenton  turnpike  from  a  house  near  the  they  had  departed    under  the   yery  eve  4 

stone  bridge  to  a  house  and  haystack  about  a  Gen.    Patterson,    who   had    orders    to  pn^ 

mile  distant.    The  Union  line  advanced  stead-  vent   their  junction  with    Beauregard.   V.i 

ily  towfljid  tiie  Warrenton  road,  and  Bumside,  effect  upon  the  tired  Union  troops  was  diisr 

aided  by  a  battdion  of  regulars  from  Porter's  trous.    Regiment  after  regiment  broke  and  r^ 

brigade  and  other  troops,  drove  the  confederate  tired  in  disorder  down  the  hillside,  dehrinc  tb< 

right  back  far  enough  to  permit  the  brigades  efforts  of  their  officers  to  rally  them,  even  vies 

of  Sherman  and  Keyes  of  Tyler^s  division,  which  beyond  the  reach  of  the  enemy's   fire,  aliI 

had  been  all  this  time  in  position  in  front  of  swarming  in  a  hurried  and  confused  mass  &<\*>i 

the  stone  bridge,  to  cross  Bull  run  a  short  dis-  the  Warrenton  turnpike  toward  the  fordi  v^tf 

tance  above  that  structure  and  support  the  at-  had  crossed  in  the  morning,  the  passage  of  tic 

tacking  column,  now,  in  consequence  of  Hunter  stone  bridge  being  menaced  by  the  conftdentr 

being  disabled  by  a  wound,  under  the  conunand  artillery.    The  battalion  of  regulars  alone  pr^- 

of  Ck)l.  Porter.    Gradually  the  whole  eonfeder-  served  order,  and  afforded  some  degree  of  piv- 

ate  line  retreated  across  the  Warrenton  turnpike  tection  to  the  fugitives.    On  the  other  adi  o' 

and  up  the  slopes  on  the  other  side  toward  a  Bull  run  the  confusion,  far  from  decreasing  >» 

hill  with  a  farm  house  on  it,  from  which  sev-  the  troops  approached  the  reserves  at  CtLtrr- 

eral  batteries  played  with  effect  upon  the  ad-  ville,  was  heightened  by  the  precipitascv  li:: 

vancing   columns.    The   latter,    now  further  which  the  teamsters  and  stragglers  songb:  :<• 

strengthened  by  the  arrival  of  Heintzelman's  make  good  their  escape.    Even  Eeyes^s  hnstit, 

divlBion,  were  at  once  directed  against   this  which  had  recrossea  the  stream  in  good  order. 

hill,  the  contest  for  the  possession  of  which  was  and  Howard's,  which  was  the  last  of  HeinUrr 

the  hottest  of  the  day.    Ricketts's  and  Griffin's  man's  division  to  arrive  upon  the  fidd  aod  tJ 

batteries  of  the  regular  army  soon  became  the  preserved  its  formation,  became  infected  t(  :tL 

objects  of  the  special  attention  of  the  enemy,  the   general   alarm.    In   the  words  of  ('ti 

and  the  former,  after  reaching  the  top  of  the  McDowell,  "  the  retreat  soon  became  a  ro"- 

hill,  was  8  times  taken  by  the  confederates,  the  and  this  soon  degenerated  still  farther  into  a 

horses  being  all  killed  or  disabled,  and  as  often  panic."  Fortunately  for  the  retreating  anaj.  th 

retaken  by  the  Union  troops.    At  the  8d  recap-  enemy,  exhausted  and  broken  by  the  long  col- 

turethe  confederates  were  driven  so  far  beyond  fiict,  were  in  no  condition  to  pnrsae  'mi'Tw- 

the  hill  as  not  to  be  in  sight,  having  been  pushed  The  few  squadrons  of  cavalry  and  pieces  of  t*- 

a  mile  and  a  half  beyond  their  original  position,  tillery  which  harassed  the  rear  of  the  rDK'> 

The  Warrenton  turnpike  westward  from  the  ists  cofatributed  so  powerfully  toward  the  dr 

stone  bridge  was  thus  left  in  the  possession  of  moralization  already  commenced,  that  an  eBtfr- 

the  Union  forces.    The  brigade  of  Keyes  had  getic  pursuit  must  have  resulted  in  the  toti 

meanwhile  conducted  a  successful  fiank  move-  destruction  of  the  greater  part  of  McPoFtLs 

ment  upon  the  confederate  right,  and  the  en-  troops.    The  brigades  of  Schenck  and  Ricli* 

gineers  were  just  completing  the  removal  of  the  ardson,  which  had  never  crossed  Boll  run,  trc 

abatis  in  front  of  the  stone  bridge  in  order  to  the  ^^  apparent  firmness,"  as  Gren.  Johnston  ci^* 

allow  the  remaining   brigade  (Schenck's)  of  it,  of  the  Union  reserve  under  Col.  Milt^  ^ 

Tyler's  division  to  cross  the  stream  and  take  Oentreville,  proved  sufficient  to  deter  t)ie  (-^^ 

part  in  the  battle.    It  was  now  about  8^  P.  M.,  my  from  any  systematic  advance,  and  cbecfc^ 

and  the  Union  troops,  though  victorious  in  pursuit.    At  nightfall  the  army  had  takeD  m- 

every  part  of  the  field,  were  exhausted  by  long  uge  within  the  Hues  of  Gentreville,  and  Berem 

marching,  long  fasting,  and  hard  fighting.  ^^The  regiments  returned  to  their  previous  eaiopiQ^ 

men  had  been  up,"  says  Gen.  McDowell  in  his  grounds,  though  a  steady  stream  of  fagiu^^ 

official  report,  ^^  since  2  o'clock  in  the  morning,  pressed  on  toward  Washington,  many  sanyj 

and  had  made  what  to  those  unused  to  such  stopping  for  rest  until  they  reached  that  cn.^* 

things  seemed  a  long  march  before  coming  into  After  a  few  hours'  repose  the  retreat  was  c(>DtiO' 

action,  though  the  longest  distance  gone  over  ued,  and  by  the  evening  of  the  2Sd  the  fort^f^ 

was  not  more  than  9^  miles ;  and  though  they  tions  of  Washington  protected  the  arzor  vMc 

had  8  days'  provisions  served  out  to  them  the  but  a  week  previous  had  so  proudly  and  co^^ 

day  before,  many,  no  doubt,  either  did  not  eat  dently  marched  forth  from  tnem.    The  eoeiQ. 

them,  or  threw  them  away  on  the  march  or  dur-  followed  on  its  traces,  and  established  their p'^*^^ 

ing  the  battle,  and  were  Uierefore  without  food,  ets  within  a  few  miles  of  the  city.  The  fort^ 


696  BULL  RUN 

appeared,  was  intended  to  mask  a  movement  fare  g^)  with  refinforcementa  for  Jackaoc  r: 
by  Gen.  Jackson  in  great  force  toward  Thor-  compelled  to  fall  back  to  the  W.  side  of  t 
ougbfare  gap  in  the  Bull  Knn  mountains,  and  Bull  Run  mountains.    The  position  of  Jack- 
thence  to  Manassas  Junction  in  the  rear  of  the  becoming  somewhat  critical,  lie  eTacuated  V 
Union  armj..  On  the  night  of  the  22d,  while  nassas  Junction  on  the  morning  of  the  i* 
Jackson  in  his  march  to  Thoroughfare  gap  was  and  passing  through  Centre ville  took  the  ^  .j 
encamped  12  m.  N.  of  Warrenton,  a  body  of  renton  turnpike  U)ward  Gain^ville  to  r«:  | 
his  cavalry  under  the  command  of  Gen.  Stuart  the  neighborhood  of  his  supports.     P<»pe  'z\ 
made  a  bold  dasli  across  the  country,  in  the  mediately  pushed  on  to  Manassas  and  CtrL:^^ 
midst  of  a  terrific  thunder  storm,  to  Oatlett^s  ville  with  the  troops  of  Hooker,  R<fSo.  .  | 
station  in  Pope^s  immediate  rear,  and  plunder-  Kearny,  sending  orders  to  iltz  John  Porttr  { 
ed  a  valuable  train,  gaining  possession  among  hasten  up  from  Broad  run,  where  he  had  rt  i 
other  things  of  Gen.  Pope^s  private  papers  and  ped.    On  the  same  day  McDowell,  learbp  -  i 
baggage.    On  the  succeeding  day  the  first  de-  division  of  Ricketts  to  watch  the  enemj  I 
tachment  of  McClellan^s  army  under  Heintzel-  Thoroughfare  gap,  marched  with  the  c^q'-  I 
man  reached  Warrenton  Junction,  where  on  Sigel  and  King^s  division  along  the  Y^bttk^l:  i 
the  evening  of  the  26th  it  was  joined  by  Gen.  turnpike  toward  Centreville,  near  which  y.  \ 
Fitz  John  Porter^s  corps,  also  of  McGlellan^s  his  advance  under  Gen.  Gibbon  enconcti-  I 
army.  Pope  having  in  the  mean  time  fallen  back  the  retreating  army  of  Jackson.      A  ^I  - 
upon  Warrenton.     Jackson  proceeded  north-  skirmish  ensued,  which  was  terminated  by  t 
ward  without  obstruction  on  the  24th  and  25th,  approach  of  night.    At  dawn  of  the  29*1. 
and  passing  through  Thoroughfare  gap  marched  accordance  with  Gren.  Pope^s  instraction.«.  H. 
directly  for  Centreville.    On  the  26lli  his  cav-  tzelman,  commanding  the  divisions  of  Hih  I 
airy  under  Ool.  Fitz  Hugh  Lee  fell  suddenly  and  Kearny,  with  Reno,  moved  npon  Jati^ 
upon  the  small  Union  force  at  Manassas  June-  from  the  direction  of  Centreville,  while  Si:r 
tion,  capturing  a  battery  and  a  large  amount  and  McDowell  attacked  him  on  the  west.  J .. 
of  stores,  and  the  works  were  immediately  oc-  John  Porter  was  at  the  same  time  ordered  ' 
cupied  by  the  confederates  in  force.    A  brig-  march  at  daylight  from  Manassas  Junctioo  '^':- 
ade   of  New  Jersey  troops  from   McClellan^s  his  own  corps  and  with  King^s  divisioi)  •'/ 
army,  under  Gen.  Taylor,  which  arrived  there  McDowelFs  corps  (which  had  for  some  rta.^  ^ 
from  Alexandria  by  railroad  on  the  succeeding  fallen  back  upon  that  point  from  the  Wara 
day,  approached  the  junction  unsuspicious  of  ton  turnpike),  along  the  Manassas  Gap  mJnW 
the  presence  of  the  enemy,  and  were  driven  toward  Gainesville,  until  he  should  be  in  c\<< 
back  with  heavy  loss  beyond  Centreville.  Gen.  communication  with  the  forces  of  McDowiH 
Pope  has  stated  in  his  ofBcial  report  that  this  and  Sigel.    At  a  comparatively  early  hour  d-: 
flanking  march  of  Jackson  was  well  known  to  action  became  general  along  the  line  of  tU 
liim,  and  that  he  had  relied  confidently  upon  Warrenton  road,  and  Pope,  seeing  that  tLe  vot- 
the  presence  at  Manassas  of  a  large  force  which  federate  forces  were  vigorously  pushed  bj  th^ 
he  had  been  assured  would  be  sent  there  from  troops  of  Sigel,  Heintzelman,  and  Reno.  s<r\ 
Alexandria.   It  was  not  until  he  found  his  com-  orders  to  McDowell  to  advance  rapidly  on  r:c 
munications  with  Washington  interrupted  tiiat  Union  left  and  turn  their  right  flank,  and  to  Ti\i 
he  was  undeceived.  Upon  ascertaining  that  the  John  Porter  to  close  up  on  McDowell's  left  &c^ 
enemy  were  in  his  rear.  Pope  decided  that  the  attack  the  enemy  in  flank  and  rear.    Th^  ^^' 
upper  Rappahannock  was  no  longer  tenable,  the  of  McDowell  and  Porter  would  liins  bare  Nrc& 
Union  army  being  too  small  to  c^mit  of  a  force  at  right  angles  with  the  main  line  of  battle  of 
being  detached  to  watch  Jackson  while  the  main  the  Ihiion  army.  These  directions  were  obeyed 
body  confronted  Lee.  Accordingly,  on  the  27th  by  McDowell,  but  Porter,  as  he  informed  P«'I'«? 
he  evacuated  Warrenton  and  Warrenton  June-  by  note  late  in  the  afternoon,  met  the  entmj 
tion,  directing  McDowell,  with  his  own  corps  in  flank  in  the  direction  of  Gainesville  (frc« 
and  SigeFs  and  the  division  of  Reynolds,  to  which  place  early  in  the  morning  Ricketts  l»^ 
march  rapidly  northward  upon  Gainesville,  so  been  compelled  to  fall  back  before  the  U^ 
as  to  intercept  any  reinforcements  coming  to  force  advancing  to  support  Jackson),  v^d  rt- 
Jackson  through  Thoroughfare  gap,  and  in-  tired  on  Manassas  Junction  without  enpp^ 
structing  Reno  with  his  command,  and  Kearny,  or  rendering  assistance  to  the  UDion  ^rces; 
commanding  a  division  of  Heintzelman^s  corps,  although,  according  to  Gen.  Pope,  daring  the 
to  march  on  Greenwich,  in  the  rear  of  Gaines-  whole  afternoon  and  part  of  the  evening  of  li^^ 
ville,  for  the  purpose  of  supporting  McDowell,  day  troops  were  passing  in  plain  vieir  ana 
He  himself  with  Fitz  John  Porter's  corps  and  within  2ni.  of  him  to  reinforce  Jackson.  One 
Hooker's  division  marched  back  to  Manassas  of  his  brigades  under  Gen.  Griffin  gotironnd 
Junction.    Near  Kettle  run,  on  the  afternoon  to  Centreville,  where  it  remained  dnring  the 
of  the  27th,  Hooker  came  upon  the  confederate  29th  and  30th,  taking  no  part  in  the  eap^ 
advance  under  Gen.  Ewell,  and  after  a  sharp  ment  of  either  day.    The  battle  rsg^  '^^ 
engagement  drove  him  back  with  loss  upon  fury  until  dark,  at  which  time  the  enerov.  vbo 
Manassas  Junction ;  while  McDowell  presented  stood  strictly  on  tiie  defensive  throJighoni  t^t 
so  threatening  a  front  at  Gainesville  that  Gen.  day,  had  been  forced  back  some  distance tora^ 
Longstreet,  who  had  passed  through  Thorough-  the  Bull  Run  mountains,  leaving  their  desa 


698  BUBNSIDE  BUBTON 

Aug.  1850,  became  the  quartermaster  of  his  convoyed  by  a  fleet  of  gunboats  under  Flq 

regunent  in  Nov.  1856,  was  appointed  an  as-  Officer  Goldsborough.    After  encoDnt^ric;:  J 

sistant  commissary  of  subsistence  in  Nov.  1858,  violent  storm,  the  vessels  entered  Croatan  soc:^  j 

and  in  Jan.  1859,  relinquished  his  rank  in  the  in  February,  and  on  the  8th  the  island  v^.v 

line  of  the  army,  being  made  a  captain  in  the  taken  by  a  combined  land  and  naval  attack,  t 

subsistence  department.    In  Sept.  1861,  he  was  ward  of  2,000  of  the  defenders  being  U^en  pr> 

appointed  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  oners.    Upon  receiving  intelligence  of  the  ^  '.■ 

has  served  with  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  was  tory,  the  legislature  of  Rhode  Island  To:<r . 

wounded  in  one  of  the  battles  before  Rich-  Gen.  Bumside  a  sword,  and  on  March  l^f  l- 

mond,  and  on  Nov.  2,  1862,  took  command  of  was  promoted  to  be  a  migor-general  of  rol:: 

a  division  in  the  army  corps  of  Gen.  Willcox.  teers.    From  Roanoke  island  he  at  once  t  -.- 

BURNSIDE,  Ambbose  Evbbbtt,  m^or-gen-  pared  an  attack  upon  Newbem.     On  liarcL : 

eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  he  landed  his  troops  on  the  Neuse  river,  ISi. 

Liberty,  Union  co.,  Ind.,  May  28,  1824.    His  below  that  city,  and  having  marched  to  wi:2 

grandparents  emigrated  from  Scotland  toward  a  short  distance  of  the  town  attacked  the  r:r- 
tibe  close  of  the  last  century,  and  settled  in  .  my^s  works  the  next  morning,  and  after  a  o.-^.- 

South  Carolina,  where  his  father  was  born,  test  of  4  hours  carried  them  by  the  bsjoiit. 

The  son  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1847,  The  town  of  Beaufort  was  next  occupied  U^ 

and  commissioned  2d  lieutenant  in  the  dd  artil-  detachment  of  his  army,  and    Fort   K&c'^. 

lery.    He  was  immediately  ordered  to  Mexico,  which  commands  the  approach  to  that  placf 

but  the  war  was  virtually  at  an  end  before  he  sea,  was  invested.    It  held  out  until  April  i' • 

reached  the  scene  of  action.    He  was  then  sta-  On  the  retreat  of  Gen.  McClellan   from  :: 

tioned  at  Fort  Adams,  Newport,  R.  I.,  and  in  Ghickahominy  to  the  James  river  (July,  Ufi 

1849  was  ordered  to  New  Mexico  to  join  Bragg's  Gen.  Burnside  was  ordered  to  reenforce  h± 

battery ;  but  the  country  proving  unsuitable  for  with  the  greater  part  of  his  army.     He.acccri! 

artillery,  the  command  was   reorganized  as  ingly  proceeded  to  Newport  News,  and  ^or.j 

cavalry,  and  Bumside  put  in  charge  of  a  squad-  before  the  withdrawal  of  the  army  of  the  ?ot.>- 

ron,  with  which  he  highly  distinguished  him-  mac  from  the  peninsula  occupied  Frederic^Vj::: 

self  in  a  conflict  with  the  Apaches.  In  1850-'51  where  he  remained  until  compelled  by  thedeitii 

he  filled  the  office  of  quartermaster  in  the  of  Gen.  Pope  to  fall  back  toward  WasbiDgM- 

Mexican  boundary  commission,  then  in  charge  "When  the  confederates  invaded  Maryland  L> 

of  Mr.  John  R.  Bartlett.    From  the  copper  command  was  largely  increased,  ^d  with  (^l 

mines  of  New  Mexico  he  was  sent  as  bearer  of  McOlellan  he  pushed  forward  to  meet  tLtpi. 

despatches  to  Washington ;  and  in  Dec.  1851,  he  defeating  them  in  the  battle  of  South  mocBtji^ 

was  promoted  to  be  1st  lieutenant.    Returning  near  Boonsborough,  Md.,  Sept.   14.    At  (i< 

to  Rhode  Island,  he  resigned  his  commission  in  battle  of  Antietam,  Sept.  17,   he  comm&c^^c;' 

1868,  and  built  an  establishment  for  the  manu-  the  left  wing,  and  was  highly  d\stJDgui*ht'~. 

facture  of  the  breech-loading  rifle  which  bears  The  several  army  corps  being  reorganizicHl  il 

his  name,  and  the  invention  of  which  had  oc-  that  month,  he  was  assigned  to  the  9tli.  aiC 

curred  to  him  during  his  service  in  Mexico,  on  Oct.  26  crossed  the  Potomac  at  Berlin  ccir 

The  business  proving  unprofitable,  he  removed  Harper's    Ferry,    and  occupied   Lovettsvillt. 

to  Chicago,  and  became  cashier  in  the  land  About  the  same  time  he  was  placed  in  d-iD- 

office  of  the  Illinois  central   railroad.  Gen.  mand  of  one  of  the  8  grand  armies  into  wbitli 

McClellan  being  then  in  the  employ  of  the  the  army  of  the  Potomac  was  dlTided  K^ 

same  company.    Burnside  soon  became  treas-  force  consisting  of  the  corps  of  Gens.  Covd- 

urer  of  the  company,  and  transferred  his  office  Willcox,  and  Slocum.    On  Nov.  7  he  sui>eRc 

to  New  York  city,  where  he  was  still  residing  ded  Gen.  McClellan  in  command  of  the  vb«  !< 

in  1861.    He  was  then  appointed  colonel  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac 
1st  Rhode  Island  volunteers,  and  4  days  after       BURTON,   Riohabd    Fbancis,    a   Briti-li 

the  call  of  the  president  for  troops,  the  first  traveller  and  author,  born  in  Tuam,  Galvs^. 

detachment  of  his  regiment,  consisting  of  150  in  1821.    He  was  educated  partly  in  Eogltf*^ 

men  and  a  light  battery  of  6  guns,  started  for  and  partly  in  France,  entered  the  sertice  d 

Washington.    At  the  battle  of  Bull  run,  July  the  East  India  company,  and  soon  obt«ioe^  < 

21,  he  commanded  a  brigade  inHunter^s  divi-  commission  as  lieutenant  in  the  Indian  aim}- 

sion,  and  won  the  highest  commendations  from  While  stationed  in  the  presidency  of  Bomb^J* 

Gen.  McDowell  by  his  bravery  and  coolness,  he  spent  some  time  in  exploring  the  ^eilgi^^'' 

He  was  immediately  afterward  appointed  brig-  ries  or  Blue  hills.    He  next  served  for  5  j^ 

adier-general  of  volunteers,  Aug.  6,  and  sum-  in  Sinde  under  Sir  Charles  J.  Napier.   £j^^ 

moned  to  Washington  to  assist  Gen.  McClellan  prising  and  fond  of  adventure,  Lieut  Barton 

in  reorganizing  the  army.    Toward  the  close  published  the  results  of  his  obserratioDS  m 

of  the  year  he  was  intrusted  with  the  com-  "  Sinde,  or  the  Unhappy  Valley"  (2  rofe.  ^^;' 

mand  of  an  expedition  for  the  capture  of  Roan-  1860),  "Falconry  in  the  Valley  of  the  M^* 

oke  island,  in  the  waters  of  North  Carolina,  (1850),  and  "Sinde  and  the  Races  that  isbi^" 

and  after  spending  two  months  in  the  neces-  the  Valley  of  the  Indus"  (1851).    Soon  «^* 

sary  preparations  at  New  York,  sailed  from  ward  he  published  "  Goa  and  the  Blue  Kogs* 

Hampton  roads  in  Jan.  1862,  with  15,000  men,  tains."    He  had  by  this  time  acquired  suiiJ  ^^ 


700  OABWALADBB  OAMSBOK 


C 


CADWALADEB,  Gbosok,  nu^'or-generftl  of  of  the  former  exista    Oasshim  takes  its  u^i 

Yolunteers  in  the  U.  8.  arnij,  bom  in  Phila-  from  the  color  of  its  characteristic  line  in  r'l 

delphia,  studied  and  practised  law  there,  and  on  spectrum.    Its  equivalent  ia  128.4;  its  sjtlI  i 

the  brewing  out  of  the  Mexican  war  was  ap-  C3s.     Such  is  the  avidity  of  this  metal  for  i.i^ 

pointed  a  brigadier-general,  March  8,  1847,  by  gen,  that  even  in  the  condition  of  amateua  j 

President  Polk.    He  distinguished  himself  in  oxidixes  in  the  air,  and  decomposes  cold  V^tri 

the  battle  of  Molino  del  Rey,  and  was  brevetted  Its  entire  separation  as  an  element  mu^t  i 

a  nu^or-general  for  gallantry  in  the  battle  of  correspondingly  difficult,  and  appears  &(^  vi 

Ohapultepec.    On  the  reduction  of  the  army  to  have  been  effected.     In  agreement  ▼i:l 

after  the  termination  of  the  war,  he  left  the  facts  just  stated,  however,   caesimn  pofse^H 

service.     When  the  civil  war  broke  out  in  also  the  peculiar  interest  of  being  now  (L^:| 

1861  he  promptly  declared  himself  in  favor  of  the  most  electro-positive  element  l^own.  ris&ii 

sustaining  the  government  of  the  United  Sates,  ing  in  this  respect  before  not  only  pau^fia^ 

and  was  appointed  by  the  governor  of  Penn-  but  also  rubidjum.     Its  hydrate  (ObO.B()- 

sylvania  a  mijor-general  of  the  volunteer  force  HO)  is  extremely  caustic.    Its  carbonate,  l-  \ 

raised  by  that  state  under  the  call  of  the  ores-  highly  caustic,  forms  indistinct  cryBtais,  tUtiy 

ident.    He  had  command  at  Baltimore  in  May,  deliquescent    Its  bicarbonate  appears  inp?: 

1861,  and  was  second  in  command  in  the  force  manent,  glassy,  prismatic  crystals.    like  pt^i- 

which  moved  upon  Winchester  under  Mid.  Gen.  sium  and  several  other  metallio  element?. 

Patterson  in  June.     He  was  honorably  dis-  forms  an  alum,  which  is  cryataUine.    Its  <^ 

charged  on  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  ser-  phate  and  nitrate  have  been  obtained;  sd:> 

vice,  and  on  April  25, 1862,  was  appointed  by  chloride  crystallixes  in  cubes,  which  deliqoe^tt 

the  president  a  m^or-general  of  volunteers,  in  air.     

In  Sept.  1862,  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  a        OALDWELL,  Jobk  GrBxia,  brigadier^ ec- 
court  of  inquiry  convened  at  Washington  under  eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  azmy,  bonih 
the  presidency  of  Maj.  Gen.  Hunter,  to  examine  Vermont  in  1881.    He  was  graduated  it  Ab- 
into  the  conduct  of  various  prominent  officers;  herst  college  in  1856,  removed  to  Kaine,^ 
and  he  was  afterward  made  president  of  the  took  charge  of  Machiaa  academy.    From  tli> 
court  of  inquiry  ordered  in  the  case  of  Gen.  position  he  was  appointed  ccdonel  of  the  J I  ^^ 
McDowell.  Maine  volunteers,  Sept  21,  1661,  and  (m  Jok 
C/ESIUM  (Lat.  ecmns,  bluish  gray),  an  alka*  10,  1862,  was  made  brigadier^general  of  volira- 
line  metal   recently  discovered,  through  ap>  teers,  his  oonmiission  dating  tiiom  April  2S.  B^ 
plication  of  the  method  described  under  Spec-  commands  a  brigade  under  Gen.  Hancock  in 
TRUM  Analysis  in  this  supplement,  by  Professors  Couch's  army  corps  in  the  anny  of  the  Potonac- 
Eirchhoff  and  Bunsen.    In  examining  the  spec-  He  was  slightly  wounded  in  the  battle  (^Fred- 
trum  afforded  by  the  familiar  alkalies  obtained  ericsburg,  Dec.  18,  1862. 
from  certain  mineral  waters,  Bunsen  detected        OAMEBON,  SnioN,  an  American  statesn^ 
the  presence  of  two  bright  blue  lines,  or  a  born  in  Lancaster  co.,  Penn.,  in  17S9.  I^^ 
double  blue  line,  situated  near  the  strontium  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  9  years,  witbovt  re- 
line  d,  and  which  had  not  before  been  ob-  sources  or  friends  except  sucli  as  becaine  ic^^ 
served.     Thus  led  to  infer  the  existence  in  ested  in  his  destitute  state  and  energetic  iowr 
the  compounds  employed  of  a  new  alkaline  tion,  he  found  employment  as  an  office  boj  Q 
metal,  he  subsequently  confirmed  this  antici-  a  printing  establiwment,  and  thus  Ittini^  "^ 
pation   by  chemical   analysis.     Precipitating  trade  of  a  printer.    He  labored  in  this  occiipi| 
from  the  Dflrkheimer  water  by  bichloride  of  tion  at  Harrisburg  and  Washington,  P.C..J«f 
platinum  the  potash  salts  and  associated  com-  ously  devoting  his  leisure  hours  to  the  acqin^ 
pounds  contamed  in  it,  he  then  separated  as  tion  of  learning.    In  1820  he  became  editors 
much  as  possible  of  the  precipitate  by  boiling  a  newspaper  at   Doylestown,  Penit,  «»«  ® 
with  water;  and  converting  the  solid  chlorides  1822  removed  to  Harrisburg  and  settled  th«i« 
remaining  into  carbonates,  he  dissolved  out  as  the  editor  of  a  journal,  in  whidi  be  m^ 
from  these  by  action  of  absolute  alcohol  the  cated  the  election  of  Gen.  Jackson  to  tbepns- 
carbonate  of  the  new  metal,  using  other  pre-  dency,  and  defended  the  policy  of  the  «efflj>- 
cautions  to  insure  its  purity.  From  the  carbon-  cratic  party  in  general.    He  prospewd  n»w 
ate  the  new  metal  was  obtained  as  an  amalgam,  in  his  personal  as  well  as  hia  politleal  Qotf^ 
t.  e.y  in  union  with  mercury.    OsBsium  appeared  takings,  and  in  1882  waa  at  (lie  bead  of  tw 
constantly  to  accompany,  and  in  less  quantity,  Middletown  bank  of  Pennsylvania.   H*  ^^ 
the  metal  rubidium  (see  Rubidium,  in  this  sup-  devoted  himself  especially  to  railroad  ew^ 
piemen t);  in  10  kilogrammes  of  the  DQrkheimer  prises,  and  became  president  of  two  m*?^ 
water*  less  than  2  milligrammes  of  the  chloride  companies ;  at  the  same  time  he  ini0  appo^^ 


702  CAMPBELL  OARNIFEX  FERRY 

buried  by  the  Union  soldiers,  and  many  more  governing  oonndl  of  the  nniveraty,  and  ucd^ 

were  carried  from  the  field.  the  last  three  chancellors  private  secrtur^ 

OAMPBELL,  William  B.,  brigadier-general  He  publbhed  "  The  Two  Liturgies  of  Edw  jj 

of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  born  in  Sumner  VL  Compared  "  (8vo.,  1840)  ;  "  The  DocuEeri 

ca,  Tenn.,  Feb.  1, 1807.    He  studied  law,  com-  tary  Annals  of  the  Reformed  Church  of  he 

menced  practice  at  Carthage,  Tenn.,  in  1880,  land"  (2  vols.  8vo.,  1847) ;  ^^  History  of  CWt : 

was  elected  district  attorney  of  the  4th  district  ences  and  other  Proceedings  connertai«.! 

in  1831,  and  became  a  member  of  the  legisla-  the  Revision  of  the  Book  of  Common  Pniv  - 

ture  in  1886.    He  served  as  captain  of  a  volun-  (1842) ;  **  Synodalia,  a  Collection  of  Articlc^  J 

teer  company  during  the  Creek  and  Florida  Religion,  Canons,  and  Proceedings  of  Coov'  <  .-^ 

wars ;  was  elected  to  congress  in  1827, 1829,  tion,  in  the  Province   of  Canterbnrr,  t'r  i 

and  1841 ;  was  colonel  of  the  Ist  Tennessee  1647  to  1717"  (2  vols.  8vo.,1842);  **Refon:2 

volunteers  during  the  Mexican  war;  became  tio  Legum  Ecclesiasticarum,  or  the  Refonn&ti' 

judge  of  the  4th  circuit  of  Tennessee  immedi-  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Laws  for  the  Church  •. 

ately  after  his  return;  and  in  1861  was  elected  England,  as  proposed  by  tJie  Chief  EeiKri- 

governor  of  the  state,  having  throughout  the  ers  and  attempted  to  be  carried  out  id  - 

canvass  advocated  the  compromise  measures  of  Reigns  of  Henry  YHI.,  Edward  VI.,  and  E  > 

1860.    Refusing  to  be  a  candidate  for  re€lec-  abeth"  (1860)  ;  and  an  edition  of  BLshdp  dit- 

tion,  he  retired  to  private  life  at  the  close  of  son's  Synodus  Anglieana  (1854),  beside  &ii  ci:- 

his  term  of  office.    Cn  the  breaking  out  of  the  tion  of  Aristotle's  ^^  Ethics,"  **  Lectures  on  u. 

civil  war  in  1861  he  canvassed  his  state  in  op-  Coinage  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,*'  an  t^i;i : 

position  to  the  disunionists,  and  on  June  80,  of  the  Greek  Testament  with  tariorvm  roc 

1862,  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  vol-  ings,  a  marginal  harmony,  notes,  &&.  asd  r 

unteers,  but  on  account  of  feeble  health  has  annotated  edition  of  Josephus's  ^'Historj .' 

not  yet  been  assigned  to  active  duty.  the  Jewish  War,"  with  the  original  t€it  r. 

CANBY,  Edward  Rich  Sprioo,  brigadier-  vols.,  Oxford,  1888). 
general  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bom        CARLETON,  James  Henbt,  brigadier-get- 
in  Kentucky  about  1817,  was  graduated  at  eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  arroj,  Ion  > 
West  Point  in  1889  and  appointed  2d  lieuten-  Maine.    In  Eeb.  1889,  during  what  was  die- 
ant  in  the  2d  infantry;  became  assistant  com-  the  Aroostook  campaign,  arising  out  of  bom  c- 
missary  of  subsistence  in  Oct.  1889,  1st  lieu-  ary  disputes  between  the  United  States  ^ ' 
tenant  in  June,  1846,  and  assistant  adjutant-  Great  Britain,  he  became  captain  of  a  compi:* 
general  in  March,  1847;  distinguished  himself  of  Maine  riflemen,  and  on  the  settlement  oiji 
at  Cerro  Gordo ;  was  brevetted  migor  for  gal-  dispute  was  appointed  2d  lientenaot  in  thv  ts 
lantry  at  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20,  IT.  8.  dragoons.    He  became  Ist  lientenaDt  i: 
and  lieutenant-colonel  for  gallantry  at  the  Be-  March,  1846 ;  served  on  Gren.  "Wool's  sUf  'i 
len  gate  of  Mexico,  Sept.  18 ;  became  captain  Mexico ;  was  promoted  to  be  captein  Id  f*^!^ 
in  the  2d  infantry  in  June,  1861,  and  migor  of  1847,  and  brevetted  migor  for  gall&ntrT  ^ 
the  10th  infantry  in  March,  1866.  He  served  in  Buena  Vista ;  and  after  tibe  war  seired  on  th<? 
the  Utah  expedition  under  Gen.  A*  S.  Johnston,  western  frontier  and  in  California  and  Tuu 
and  in  1869-'60  had  command  of  Fort  Bridger  When  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  was  ordert'v 
in  Utah.    When  the  civil  war  broke  out  in  by  Gen.  Sumner  to  southern  California,  i^ 
1861  he  was  in  New  Mexico,  and  exhibited  Sept.  1861,  he  was  promoted  to  be  maF- 
great  energy  and  skill  in  defending  the  terri-  the  6th  cavalry.     The  following  spnR^  |^^ 
tory  against  the  attacks  of  the  confederates,  raised  a  body  of  volunteers,  known  u  u^ 
for   a  detailed  ,  account  of  which  see   Fort  "  column  from  California,"  and  inarched  vil 
Craio,  in  this  supplement.    On  May  14, 1861,  them  across  the  Yuma  and  Gila  deserts,  throe-' 
he  was  promoted  to  be  colonel  of  the  19th  Arizona  to  Mesilla  on  the  Rio  Gninde.  He  *s^ 
infantry,  and  on  March  81,  1862,  he  was  made  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  3[>ni 
a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.    In  Sept.  28,  1862,  and  ordered  to  relieve  Gen.  Cif>  5 
1862,  he  was  relieved  from  duty  in  New  Mex-  in  command  of  the  department  of  New  Mti^^^ 
ico,  and  on  Nov.  6  he  was  ordered  to  Pitts-  Gen.  Carleton  is  the  author  of  a  "HUtt>ni' 
burg  to  take  command  of  the  drafted  men  col-  the  Battle  of  Buena  Vista,  and  of  the  Oy^^' 
lected  there  from  western  Pennsylvania.  tions    of  the  Army  of  Occupation  for  ^ 

CARDWELL,  Edwabd,  D.D.,  an   English  Month"  (12mo.,  New  York,  1848). 
clergyman,  born  at  Blackburn,  Lancashire,  in        CARNIFEX  FERRY,  a  point  upon  the  UC; 

178T,  died  in  Oxford,  May  28,  1861.    He  was  ley  river,  near  Summerville,  the  <»P'jr  f, 

gi'aduated  at  Brasenose  college,  Oxford,  became  Nicholas  co.,  Va.,  where  a  battle  "^^  ''^i^' 

a  fellow  of  his  college  in  1809,  was  for  several  between  the  U.  8.  troops  and  confederate  ^P: 

years  tutor  and  lecturer,  and  in  1814  was  ap-  10,  1861.    Gen.  Floyd  had  intrenched  him^ 

pointed  one  of  the  university  examiners.    In  in  a  strong  position  on  the  top  of  a  ^^"'^^^ 

1826  he  was  elected  Camden  professor  of  an-  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  river,  having  under  j 

cient  history,  and  in  1831  succeeded  Archbishop  command  6,000  men,  with  abont  16  P'^^\ 

Whately  as  principal  of  St.  Alban's  hall:    He  artillery.    His  rear  and  the  «t»*°!® /.^ 

held  for  some  years  the  college  living  of  Stoke-  flanks  were  inaccessible ;  in  front  his  ^^^,] 

Bruerue,  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  consisted  of  a  parapet  battery  flaoked  hjof^ 


CARNIFEX  FERRY  CARTER  703 


\\'( 


»rks  of  logs,  and  on  the  left  of  his  centre,  OARR,    Eugene    A,,    brigadier-general  of 

•-.here  he  was  comparatively  open  to  attack,  a  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  born  in  Erie  co., 

''•)iiblo    breastwork  was  erected;    his  whole  N.  Y.,  March  20,  1830.    He  was  graduated  at 

-out  was  masked  by  forests  and  a  close  thicket.  West  Point  in  1850,  receiving  a  conmiission  in 

I  liiis  by  natural  position  and  by  the  artificial  the  mounted  rifles,  and  for  several  years  was 
i^'tV noes  thrown  up,  the  place  was  of  most  for-  engaged  in  Indian  warfare  in  New  Mexico, 

II  id  able  strength.     On  Sept.  10  Gen.  Rosecrans,  Texas,  and  the  far  west.     In  a  skirmish  near 

with  a  brigade  of  Ohio  troops,  and  having  un-  Diablo    mountain   in  1854  he  was    severely 

k  r  him  Gen.  Benham,  marched  17  miles,  pass-  wounded,  and  for  his  gallantry  on  this  occa- 

'\i^  through  Summerville,  with  the  design  of  sion  was  promoted  to  be  1st  lieutenant  in  the 

'•  ruling  and  attacking  Gen.  Floyd,  of  whose  ex-  Ist  cavalry.    In  1857  Lieut.  Carr  was  ordered 
ut  position  he  was  ignorant,  though  he  knew  to  Kansas,  and  during  the  troubles  there  was 
ie  wiis  in  the  vicinity  of  Gauley  river.     Gen.  aid  to  Gov.  Robert  J.  Walker.  In  1858  he  serv- 
tCoseerans  himself  made  a  reconnoissance,  and,  ed  under  Col.  Edwin  V.  Sumner  in  the  Utah 
uiviiig  observed  the  strength  and  obscurity  of  expedition,  and  in  June  of  that  year  was  made 
i  loyd's  position,  directed  Gen.  Benham  to  ad-  captain.    In  1861  he  received  permission  to  ac- 
.  :\nce  cautiously,  the  purpose  being  not  to  cept  the  command  of  the  3d  Illinois  volunteer 
*» ring  on  a  general  engagement,  but  to  discover  cavalry.     In  the  battle  of  Pea  ridge  he  had 
'fiore  definitely  where  the  enemy  lay.     When  command  of  a  division,  and  was  severely  wound- 
•  tio  oolumn  had  reached  a  point  but  a  fewhun-  ed.    For  his  gallantry  on  this  occasion  he  was 
i  red  yards  from  the  confederate  works,  it  was  made  brigadier-general   of  volunteers,  dating 
'►poned  upon  with  a  severe  fire,  and  was  com-  from  March  7,  and  assigned  a  command  under 
I  ulled  to  withdraw  a  short  distance;  then  halt-  Gen.  Curtis  in  Arkansas.    On  July  17, 1862,  he 
iitr.  Gen.  Benham  ordered  up  his  artillery  and  was  promoted  to  be  major  in  the  5th  cavalry, 
rhrew  a  hot  fire  of  shells  into  the  intrench-  CARR,  Joseph  B.,  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
^iionts.    It  appeared  that  the  weak  point  of  the  unteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  born  in  Albany,  N. 
:H)>ition  was  the  right  flank,  and  thither  two  Y.,  about  1824.     He  was  apprenticed  to  a  to- 
r-.jjriraents  were  ordered  to  proceed.     One  of  bacconist  at  Troy,  entered  the  volunteer  militia, 
'  luse  did  so,  but  the  other  failed  to  join  in  thne,  in  which,  he  rose  to  be  colonel,  and  in  April, 
and  the  consequence  was  that  the  first  regi-  1861,  was  chosen  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  2d 
Tnent,  unsupported,  was  able  to  do  no  more  New  York  volunteers.     A  few  weeks  later  he 
rUan  make  a  reconnoissance  of  the  position,  was  promoted  to  be  colonel,  and  was  ordered 
1  )uring  this  time  two  separate  advances  were  with  his  regiment  to  Newport  News.    During 
TTiade  by  single  regiments  against  the  left  of  the  campaign  of  the  Chickahominy  he  was  at- 
( ren.   Floyd,    but   they   were  repulsed    by   a  tached  to  Gen.  Hooker's  command.    He  was 
heavy  fire,  Col.  Lowe,  of  the  12th  Ohio  regi-  nominated  brigadier-general  in  Sept,  1862. 
nunt,  falling  dead  at  the  head  of  his  men.    The  CARRICK'S  FORD,  a  ford  on  the  Cheat 
iction,  which  had  increased  from  a  reconnois-  river,  in  Tucker  co.,  Va.,  27  m.  from  Laurel 
^'M\ce  to  a  battle,  had  thus  far  been  fought  in  a  hill,  the  scene  of  a  battle  fought  July  14,  1861, 
«l»>Miltory  manner  by  single  regiments.     Gen.  by  the  national  forces  under  Brig.  Gen.  Morris, 
Kosecrans  at  first  decided  to  make  a  final  as-  Indiana  volunteers,  and  the  confederates  under 
i<nnlt  upon  the  intrenchments  and  attempt  to  Brig.  Gen.  R.  S.  Garnett,  of  Vir^nia.    After 
carry  the  works  by  storm ;  but  in  the  midst  of  the  defeat  of  the  confederate   forces  at  Rich 
the  movement  the  order  was  countermanded,  mountain  and  the  surrender  of  Col.  Pegram, 
it  being  thought  imprudent  to  make  the  assault  Gen.  Garnett,  who  had  been  for  a  week  at 
without  a  more  thorough  reconnoissance.     It  laurel  hill,  attempted  to  retreat  in  the  direc- 
was  now  quite  dark,  the  fight  having  continued  tion  of  St.  George,  but  was  overtaken  at  Car- 
I'r.  >in  3  P.  M.,  and  the  national  troops  lay  on  rick's  ford  by  the  advance  of  Gen.  Morris's 
their  arms  all  night,  being  well  posted  for  re-  column,  consisting  of  the  14th  Ohio  volunteers, 
^Timing  the  attack  in  the  morning.     When  the  and  the  7th  and  9th  Indiana,  with   a  section 
day  broke,  however,  it  was  discovered  that  of  Col.  Barnett's  battery,  all  under  command 
den.  Floyd,  startled  by  the  furious  attacks  of  Oapt.  Benham  of  Gen.  Morris's  st^tif.    Gar- 
ni)<)n  all  vulnerable  points  of  his  position,  and  nett  had  a  strong  position  on  a  bluflT  com- 
learing    that  his    retreat    toward   Lewisburg  manding  the  ford,  but  it  was  turned  by  6  com- 
would  be  cut  oflf,  had  fled  during  the  night,  panics  of  the  7th  Indiana,  and  his  force,  con- 
loaving  large  quantities  of  arms,  ammunition,  sisting  of  the  23d  and  37th  Virginia  regiments, 
<MTnp  stores,  and  equipage  behind  him.     He  a  Georgia  regiment,  a  battalion  of  infantry,  4 
had  fTossed  the  Gauley  river,  breaking  down  companies  of  cavalry,  and  a  company  of  Vir- 
the  bridge  behind  him,  and  destroying  the  ginia  artillery,  were  routed,  but  only  pursued 
ferry  boat.     There  were  no  means  by  which  for  a  mile,  the  attacking  party  being  exhausted 
t)ie  national  troops  could  cross  the  river,  and  by  a  long  march  in  the  rain  and  mud,  without 
thoy  were  moreover  too  much  fatigued  to  pur-  food.     Gen.  Garnett  was  killed. 
sut\    The  Union  loss  in  this  action  was  about  20  CARTER,    Samuel  Powhatan,    brigadier- 
killed  and  100  wounded;  that  of  the  confeder-  general  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8,  army,  born 
ates  was  not  ascertained.    The  force  under  Gen.  in  Elizabethton,  Carter  co.,  Tenn.,  Aug.  6, 1819. 
K'^M^crans  did  not  exceed  4,000  men.  He  was  educated  at  Nassau  Hall,  K.  J.,  and  in 


704  0ABTHA6E  OASKT 

Feb.  1840,  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in  the  enemy;  his  purpose  was  to  press  on  to  8cr 

navy.    From  1851  to  1858  he  was  assistant  in-  coxie,  since  his  ammunition  was  beginnhif  t« 

stmctor  of  infantry  tactics  at  the  naval  acade-  give  ont,  and  to  connect  with  other  bodlies  u 

my.    In  1855  he  was  promoted  to  be  lien-  national  troops.    The  road  by  Oarthage  feo  igar- 

tenant.    He  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Vera  cozie  being  covered  within  a  mOe  of  t^  fanu^ 

Ornz,  serving  on  board  the  Ohio ;  and  he  was  place  by  a  forest,  Sigel  was  anxiona  to  gain  thb 

also  engaged  in  the  capture  of  the  Barrier  point,  whither  the  enemy^s  cavalry  coaM  zk*: 

forts,  near  Canton,  China,  in  1856,  and  was  follow  him.     It  was  late  In  the   aAerocior. 

complimented  for  gallantry  on  that  occasion  by  when  this  part  of  the  road  was  reached,  asd 

his  commander.    He  was  ordered  again  to  the  there  the  state  troops  made  a  last  stand.  tLr 

Annapolis  naval  school  as  assistant  instructor  most  desperate  of  the  day,  hoping  to  prer^s: 

of  seamanship  (1858-^9).     In  July,  1861,  he  the  national  forces  from  gaining  the  ocrrer  of  ti« 

was  temporarily  transferred  from  the  navy  to  woods.    After  two  hours^  fighting  the  enemr 

the  war  department  for  the  special  duty  of  or-  were  forced  to  retire,  and  Sigel  continued  L^ 

ganizing  troops  from  East  Tennessee.    He  was  march  to  Sarcozie,  reaching  that  plaoe  on  thf 

appointed  colonel  of  the  2d  Tennessee  volun-  morning  of  the  6th.  and  thence  faliing  back  u* 

teers,  and  in  Sept.  1861,  was  placed  in  com-  Mount  Yernon.    The  Union  loss  was  38  lulkrJ 

mand  of  the  East  Tennessee  brigade  at  Camp  and  about  60  wounded ;  that  of  the  enemy  war 

Dick  Robinson.    He  was  acting  brigadier  at  estimated  incomparably  larger,  the  fight  hesss 

the  battle  of  Mill  Spring,  and  received  the  condnctedmainly  by  artillery,  and  the  fire  of  ti4 

commission  of  brigadier-general  May  1, 1862.  Union  forces  being  accurate,  while  that  of  thr 

He  was  afterward  stationed  at  Cumberland  gap.  enemy  was  badly  directed  and  early  sOenoed. 

CARTHAGE,  the  capital  of  Jasper  co..  Mo.,  A  guard  of  100  men,  however,  left  by  Sigel  ^: 

situated  on  Spring  river,  220  m.  S.  W.  from  Keosho,  was  captured  by  Ben  McCnUoeh. 
Jefferson  City.    It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle        CASEY,  Silas,  brigadier-genend  of  vcdun- 

fought  July  5, 1861,  between  the  national  forces  teers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  East  Greenwich 

under  Col.  (now  Mig.  Gen.)  Sigel,  numbering  R.  I.,  July  12, 1807.   He  was  graduated  at  Weec 

about  1,200,  and  the  Missouri  state  troops,  num-  Point  in  1826,  received  a  commission  in  tiH- 

bering  about  5,000,  under  Gens.  Parsons  and  7th  infantry,  was  in  active  service  In  Flor^ 

Rains.    On  the  morning  of  July  5,  soon  after  9  through  the  whole  of  the  Seminole  war,  be- 

oVlock,  Col.  Sigel,  advancing  to  intercept  the  came  1st  lieutenant  in  the  2d  infantry  in  18S$. 

state  troops  on  their  march  S.  to  join  the  Ar-  and  was  promoted  to  be  captain  in  18S9.    At 

kansas  troops  under  Ben  McCuIloch,  met  them  the  commencement  of  the  Mexican  war  he  w^i^ 

on  a  prairie  about  8  m.  N.  of  Carthage,  near  Dry  in  command  of  the  post  at  Mackinaw,  whence 

Fork  creek.    The  forces  of  the  enemy  consisted  he  was  ordered  to  join  his  regiment,  the  ink 

chiefly  of  cavalry,  with  some  artillery,  which  infantry,  at  Vera  0ru2.    He  was  in  the  chief 

however  was  badly  managed  throughout  the  battles  of  the  war,  and  was  brevetted  nugorfor 

battle.    After  about  two  hours'  flghting,  con-  his  services  at  Contreras  and  Churnbnsco,  and 

ducted  on  the  Union  side  by  artillery,  the  hos-  lieutenant-colonel  for  his  gallantly  at  Ch^ol- 

tile  guns  were  silenced,  and  the  enemy  broke  tepee,  where  he  was  wounded  while  leadii^  a 

their  ranks.    At  this  juncture  their  cavalry,  in  storming  party,  his  life  being  saved  by  the  bsll 

number  about  1,500,  attempted  to  cut  off  SigePs  striking  the  plate  on  his  sword  belt.    In  184ir 

transportation  train.    He  at  once  ordered  a  re-  he  was  ordered  to  California,  and  remuned  S 

treat,  calling  toward  him  at  the  same  time  his  years  at  Benicia.    Thrice  since  that  time  ht 

menaced  baggage,  then  8  m.  in  his  rear;  by  has  been  sent  to  the  coast  of  the  Padfic^  acd 

skilful  manoeuvring  with  his  infantry  and  ar-  distinguished  himself  in  conflicts  with  the  lo- 

tillery  he  retarded  the  progress  of  the  enemy's  dians  on  Pnget's  sound.    He  was  promoted  tv 

cavalry,  and  effected  this  movement  with  com-  be  lieutenant-colonel  in  1855,  and  at  the  brak- 

plete  success.    The  state  troops  then  endeav-  ing  out  of  the  civil  war  was  in  conunand  at  Fort 

ored  to  surround  the  national  forces,  and  actu-  Steilacoom,  Washington  territory.     From  this 

ally  cut  off  the  only  road  leading  to  Carthage,  post  he  was  ordered  to  Washington,  appoiotec 

Upon  this,  Sigel  placed  his  baggage  in  the  cen-  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  Aug.  91, 1861. 

tre  of  his  column,  where  Hildas  well  protected,  and  colonel  of  the  4th  infantry,  Oct.  9,  and  wis 

and  moved  forward  for  the  purpose  of  clearing  charged  with  organizing  and  disciplining  U» 

the  obstructed  road.    By  a  feint  the  enemy  volunteers  in  and  near  the  capital.    He  was  af- 

were  led  to  believe  that  the  national  troops  terward  assigned  to  a  division  in  Gen.  Kej&i 

sought  to  open  a  new  way ;  they  therefore  corps  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and,  occo- 

withdrew  from  their  position  in  order  to  meet  pying  with  it  the  extreme  advance  before  Rich- 

this  supposed  design,  and  received  a  terrible  mond,  received  the  first  attack  of  the  enemy  it 

flank  fire  of  artillery,  while  the  national  in-  Seven  Pines,  May  81,  1862,  his  division  suffer- 

fantry  advanced  at  double  quick  step  along  ing  severely.    In  September  he  took  the  feu- 

the  road,  and  in  a  few  minutes  the  enemy  were  eral  command  of  the  newly  organized  np- 

fiying  in  confusion,  leaving  behind  a  number  ments  arriving  at  Washington,  which  post  bo 

of  prisoners  and  riderless  horses.    Col.  Sigel  still  holds.    He  is  author  of  the  ^*  System  of 

continued  to  retire  toward  Carthage,  being  Infantry  Tactics"  (2  vols.,  New  York,  1861)  now 

slightly  harassed  on  the  way  by  squMls  of  the  in  use  in  the  U.  S.  army. 


706  CHEATHAM  CHIOAMACOiaOO 

ed  when  night  fell.    On  the  morning  of  the  generally  somewhat  drooping  when  ripe.  U' 

18th  the  force  from  the  camp  on  Oheat  earn-  species  most  known  in  Great  Britain  are  t^ 

mit,  800  in  nnmber,  first  met  the  confederates,  A  ereetua,  straight,  2  to  8  feet  hi^ ;  B.  ciy* 

engaging  them  with  such  effect  that  they  broke  4  to  5  feet  in  height;  Ji.  gterilu^  1  to  2  fctt 

and  fled  in  confusion,  leaving  large  quantities  and  B.  diandrtu,  rarely  met.    Of  the  B.  mt- 

of  dotJbting  and  equipments  on  the  ground.  The  Unugj  or  chess  proper,  specific  characters  ire: 

detachment  from  the  other  camp  was  unable  to  a  spreading  panicle,  dightly  drooping;  sfMii^ 

find  the  enemy,  and  passed  on  by  an  unobstruct-  ovate,  smooUi,  of  a  yeUowish  green  tinge,  hk- 

ed  road  to  the  summit.    While  this  was  going  ing  6  to  10  rather  distinct  flowers.    The  ^^.3^ 

on.  Gen.  Lee,  with  the  remaining  4,000  or  6,000  are  erect,  smooth,  round,  2  to  8  feet  in  htizLi 

of  his  force,  made  an  attack  on  Elkwater ;  but  bearing  4  or  6  leaves  with  etxiated  eLod* 

he  shortly  withdrew  under  a  severe  fire  of  ar-  joints  6,  slightly  hairy ;  leaves  flat,  soft,  lisd* 

tiUery.    On  the  14th  the  confederates  concen-  their  points  and  margins  rough  to  the  tcsc 

trated  at  a  distance  of  10  miles  from  Elkwater,  This  plant  is  annual^  fiowering  in  June  a:.. 

and  on  the  15th  once  more  threatened  Oheat  July;  but  in  some  cases  in  which  it  iscntsiXEr: 

summit ;   they  were  repulsed,  however,  and  or  otherwise  fails  to  produce  seed,  it  sarriTe* 

finally  retired.    The  Union  loss  was  9  killed,  and  matures  the  second  year.  Chess  is  a  so^ 

15  wounded,  and  about  60  prisoners ;  that  of  of  annoyance  particalarly  in  grain  fieick,  m^-^ 

the  confederates  was  about  100  killed  and  20  of  all  in  those  of  wheat,  since  it  is  diiScokt 

prisoners ;  among  their  killed  was  Col.  John  A.  separate  its  seed,  having  nearly  the  stze  \r 

Washington,  of  Gen.  Lee^s  staff.  without  the  plumpness  of  barley,  from  the  c^- 

CHEATHAM,  Benjamin  Fbakklin,  a  gen-  tivated  grains.    The  notion  of  manj  fa^If^ 

eral  in  the  service  of  the  confederate  states,  that  wheat  which  has  been  iiyured  by  to  x 

bom  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  of  a  family  of  much  the  autumn  or  otherwise  arrested  in  itsgnrt: 

distinctibn  and  influence,  entered  the  IJ.  8.  ser-  is  liable  to  turn  to  chess,  and  that  of  others  *^' 

vice  in  May,  1846,  as  a  captain  in  Oampbell^s  the  chess  grains  themselves  never  grow,  area 

regiment  of  12  months'  volunteers  raised  for  course  wholly  without  foundation.   Someve«> 

the  Mexican  war,  distinguished  himself  under  since  the  cultivation  of  diess  as  a  valuable  ^sni>- 

Col.  Harney  at  Medelin,  and  was  honorably  for  cattle,  like  millet,  lucerne,  &c.,  was  i^oc: 

discharged  in  May,  1847,  at  the  expiration  of  mended  by  many  persons  in  this  countrr,  prv<> 

the  term  for  which  the  regiment  had  enlisted,  ably  in  ignorance  of  its  really  worthless  qt&l-? 

He  now  returned  to  Tennessee,  and  in  Oct.  1847,  and  high  prices  were  charged  for  the  scc^ 

was  agdn  mustered  ifito  the  XT.  8.  service  as  whence  doubtless  arose  its  present  wide  difv 

colonel  of  the  8d  Tennessee  volunteers,  enlisted  sion.    It  has  been  supposed  that  by  manj  «-< 

for  the  duration  of  the  war,  which  served  till  thus  disseminated  the  plant  it  was  mi^tsku 

July,  1848.    He  was  one  of  the  first  Tennessee-  for  the  B,  arvenns^  the  only  species  of  brop- 

ans  to  enlist  in  the  civil  war  against  the  U.  8.  grass  at  idl  suitable  for  cultivation,  but  vbki 

government  in  1861,  and  was  early  appointed  is  itself  now  wholly  displaced  by  more<i«^ 

a  brigadier-general  in  the  confederate  army,  ble  sorts  of  grasses.    In  experiments  that  h\i 

He  conmianded  at  Mayfield,  Ky.,  in  Sept.  1861,  been  tried  with  the  chess^  cattle  have  \^ 

led  the  confederates  in  the  battle  of  Belmont,  found  to  prefer  to  it  almost  every  sort  of  fodder. 

served  afterward  at  Columbus,  Ey.,  and  com-  save  oat  straw  and  com  stalks.   It  is  the  Una- 

manded  the  4th  division  of  the  army  which  er^s  true  interest,  indeed,  to  keep  his  fields  ^' 

entered  Kentucky  in  Sept.  1862,  under  Gen.  clear  as  possible  of  all  the  species  of  bronie 

Bragg,  with  which  he  took  part  in  the  battle  grass.    Ajnong  the  other  species  known  in  tbc 

of  Perryville.    He  is  now  a  migor-general.  IFnited  States  are  the  upright  chess  {B.  fw**^  * 

CHESS,  and  Bbomb  Gbass,  common  names  «tM), the  soft  chess {B.mollii),  declar^  bTt^ii^' 

of  several  species  of  the  genus  bromus,  belong-  autiiorities  to  be  poisonous,  the  wild  cheN«(i> 

ing  to  the  natural  order  graminea^  or  grasses,  Kdlmii)^  the  fringed  brome  mss  {B.  cifkiy'^ 

and  tribe  festucem  (fescue  grass,  &c.).    In  the  the  meadow  brome  grass  (B,  ffiUMul  ^ 

wheat-raising  districts  of  the  United  States  the  the  field  brome  grass  (JB,  arveniU).   Frosi  m 

name  chess  is  given  particularly  to  the  species  last  the  B.  Mcalinia  is  distinguiahed  by  vit 

WomuB  $eealinua^  which  is  also  called  cheat,  spikelets  of  the  former  having  fewer  florets.  <Qb 

and,  from  its  introducer  into  this  country  as  its  outer  palea  being  rounded  at  the  BonuD'^ 
a  grass  of  supposed  value,  Willard's  bromus.        CHICAMACOMICO,  N.  C,  a  point  on  m 

Among  the  characteristics  of  the  genus  are:  narrow  island  beach  separating  Pamlico  soai» 

spikelets  with  6  to  many  fiowers,  panided,  from  the  Atlantic  ocean,  which  was  the  s(^ 

glumes  not  quite  equal,  slforter  than  the  fiow-  of  an  engagement  between  a  party  of  couied«r- 

ers,  mostly  keeled,  the  lower  with  1  to  6,  the  up-  ate  troops  and  the  U.  S.  vessel  MonticeDo,  Otf. 

per  with  8  to  9  nerves ;  the  fiowers  lanceolate,  6, 1861.    The  20th  Indiana  repeat  had  m^ 

compressed ;  the  palesd  herbaceous,  the  lower  camp  at  the  point  named,  about  30  m.  ^ 

keeled,  6-9-nerved,  awned  or  bristle-pointed  Fort  Hatteras.    A  confederate  fleet,  con^^ 

from  below  the  tip ;  the  upper  palea  finally  of  6  steamers,  towing  schooners  and  ^^j^^^' 

adherent  to  the  gram ;  stiunens  8,  styles  attach-  all  loaded  with  troops,  came  oat  <^  y^ 

ed  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary.    The  grasses  sound  on  the  morning  of  Oct  4,  and  UdjI 

of  this  genus  are  coarse,  with  large  spikelets,  1,600  men  above  the  Sidiana  camp;  thejv^^ 


708  GHIGEAHOMINY 

a  movement  up  the  James  river,  which  would  quarters.    The  confederates  offering  but  fUeht 

have  enabled  the  army  to  attalik  Richmond  on  resistance  at  Bottom^s  bridge  or  the  nSbim^l 

the  N*.  or  S.  side  at  its  pleasure,  and  to  receive  bridge,  a  strong  force  under  Glen.  Naglee,  o( 

its  supplies  and  reinforcements  in  the  imme-  Keyes^s  corps,  crossed  the  latter  strDotnre,  mx^d 

diate  vicinity  of  its  base  of  operations.    The  reconnoitred  the  right  bank  of  the  8&«am  for 

presence  of  the  Merrimao  in  the  James,  how-  several  miles;  while  the  right  wing,  after  ooec- 

ever,  interfered  witii  this  project,  and  led  to  the  pying  New  bridge,  over  which  the  road  frosz 

selection  of  the  York  river.   On  the  morning  of  Cold  Harbor  to  Richmond  passes,  pushed  for- 

the  7th  Franklin  encountered  near  his  lancung  ward  on  the  24th  to  MechanicsviUe,  a  viUftc^ 

place  a  lajnffe  confederate  force  commanded  bj  near  the  Ohiokahominy,  about  5  m.  W.  '-  r 

Gens.  G.  W.  Smith  and  Whiting,  and  posted  in  Cold  Harbor.    This  place  was  taken  by  G^r 

dense  woods,  from  which  they  poured  an  annoy-  Stoneman  after  a  smart  skirmish,  and  on  u> 

ing  fire  upon  the  Union  troops.    The  latter,  be-  same  day  the  confederates  were  driven  fn.ii 

ing  inferior  in  numbers,  manoeuvred  to  dbraw  the  vicinity  of  Kew  bridge  toward  Bichmoau 

the  enemy  out  upon  the  open  ground,  but  could  one  of  their   regiments,  the    6th    Louis3an& 

effect  little  until  reCnforcements  were  landed  ("  Tigers"),  being  badly  cut  up  by  the  4tii  MicL5- 

and  the  gunboats  in  the  stream  arrived  within  gan.    About  the  same  time  Gen.  MoC)e&Ar 

supporting  distance.    The  confederates,  who  fixed  his  head-quarters  midway  between  C<11 

formed  part  of  the  army  retreating  upon  Rich-  Harbor  and  Kew  bridge.    On  the  24th  &L<^ 

mond,  then  retired,  and  the  positions  held  by  Gen.  Kaglee  pushed  a  reconnoissance  we<- 

them  were  immediately  occupied  by  the  troops  ward  along  the  Williamsburg  road  to  a  p!s  - 

ofFranklin  and  Sumner.    The  main  body  of  the  called  the  Seven  Pines,  about  6  m.  from  Kitl- 

confederates  retired  behind  the  Ohickahominy  mond,  and  during  the  next  2  days  advace^  i 

river,  which  formed  the  defensive  line  of  Rich-  mile  and  a  half  further,  establishing  a  line  cf 

mond,  while  that  portion  which  fought  at  West  pickets  from  this  point  across  the  railroad  (whiel 

Point  fell  back  to  nhite  House,  a  station  of  the  after  crossing  the  Chickahominy  runs  K.  oftnc 

Richmond  and  York  river  railroad  on  the  Pa-  nearly  parallel  to  the  Williamsbui^  road}  to  a 

muHkey,  about  20  m.  from  Richmond.    The  house  near  New  bridge  known  as  the  *  oil 

army  of  McOleUan  meanwhile  advanced  by  slow  tavern."    On  the  evening  of  the  26th  the  Un'oi 

marches  from  Williamsburg  toward  Richmond,  lines  resembled  in  form  tne  letter  Y,  one  kp  v* 

and  the  commander-in-chief,  finding  that  the  which  extended  along  the  Chickahominy  frrr^ 

confederates  intended  to  defend  the  line  of  the  Bottom^s  bridge,  the  point  of  divergence.  *j 

Ohick^ominy,  resolved  to  make  White  House  Meadow  bridge,  near  MechanicsviUe,  a  distar.cy 

his  base  of  supplies,  and  thence  march  across  of  about  12  m.,  and  the  other  from  Bottom^ 

the  peninsula  to  Richmond,  using  the  railroad  bridge  to  the  frirthest  point  reached  by  Xa^ee. 

as  a  means  of  bringing  supplies  to  his  lines  in  This  line  was  occupied  by  the  left  wing,  the  mflir 

front  of  that  place.    On  Slay  10  the  cavalry  body  of  which  lay  around  Seven  Fines,  Casef* 

advance  under  Gen.  Stoneman  occupied  White  division  of  Keyes's  corps  holding  the  most  ad> 

House,  tibe  enemy  retiring  at  his  approach,  vanced  position.    The  right  wing  and  the  c&i- 

and  on  the  12ti[i  a  strong  force  of  Union  infan-  tre  still  occunied  the  left  buik  of  the  river,  ted 

try  was  concentrated  there.    On  the  14th  nearly  the  latter  boay,  encamped  between  New  bridrc 

the  whole  of  the  invading  army  was  encamped  and  the  railroad  bridge,  was  busUy  employiii 

at  Cumberland  on  the  Pamunkey  river,  about  in  building  bridges  to  fi^ord  addition^  commiz- 

midway  between  West  Point  and  White  House,  nications  with  the  troops  on  the  odier  ade. 

and  6  m.  from  the  latter  place,  and  on  the  16th  The  Chickahominy  is  here  a  muddy  stresm. 

it  moved  forwai'd  to  White  House.    Thence  on  frill  of  quicksands,  and  for  many  miles  arociu 

the  19th  was  commenced  the  grand,  concerted  Richmond  is  skirted  by  gloomy  swampa,  isVl^\ 

movement  upon  Richmond,  the  corps  of  Hein-  immediately  south  of  the  nulroad  expand  iott 

tzelman  and  Keyes,  which  formed  the  left  wing  an  area  about  10  m.  in  length  by  5  in  breadtl. 

of  the  army,  marclung  toward  Bottom^s  bridge,  known  as  the  White  Oak  swamp.    It  extcixb 

a  crossing  place  of  the  Chickahominy,  10  m.  almost  to  the  James  river,  and  is  traversed  br  a 

S.  £.  of  Richmond,  over  which  passes  the  road  few  main  roads.    The  whole  belt  of  countiTbtr 

to  Williamsburg,  and  the  remainder  following  tween  the  river  and  the  city  is  for  the  most' p^r. 

the  York  river  railroad  about  4  m.  to  Tun-  woody  and  swampy,  and  during  the  warm  s«a 

stall^s  station,  where  the  right  wing,  comprising  son  is   prolific  of  miasmatic  diseases    £tc: 

the  corps  of  Franklin  and  Fitz  John  Porter,  since  R]<*hmond  had  been  threatened  in  the 

diverged  to  the  N.  W.,  leaving  the  centre  un-  previous  year  the  confederates  had  been  ec- 

der  Gen.  Sumner  to  follow  the  railroad.    On  gaged  in  erecting  fortifications  for  its  defeats, 

the  20th  the  left  wing  reached  Bottom^s  bridge,  and  the  besieging  army  upon  arriving  on  tie 

and   the  railroad   bridge  which  crosses  the  Chickahominy  found  the  place  encircled  by  a 

Chickahominy  about  a  mile  above ;  the  centre  series  of  strong  earthworks  ooostructed  in  the 

was  also  on  the  Chickahominy  and  in  close  most  skilftil  manner  and  mounted  with  mfixij 

conmiunication  with  the  left,  and  the  right  a  heavy  gims.    These  defences  were  most  ibrD.*- 

few  miles  N.  of  the  centre,  near  Cold  Harbor,  dable  on  the  K.  side  of  the  city,  tlie  coofede:- 

which  it  occupied  on  the  succeeding  day,  and  ates  not  anticipating  an  attack  from  any  other 

where  Gen.  McClellan  established  his  head-  quarter;  and  so  energetically  had  the  woii 


710  OmCKAHOMINY 

£.  Johnston,  rappofiing  that  he  had  to  deal  with  brigade  too  far  to  the  right,  got  eeporated 

no  other  troops  than  those  of  Kejes,  determin-  from  the  main  body  of  his  troops,  and  was  for 

ed  to  crush  tnis  corps  by  an  overwhelming  at-  some  time  in  a  critical  position,  exposed  tc 

tack  before  the  floods  shonld  subside  sufficient-  the  attacks  of  Smith,  who  was  endeaTorin^  to 

\j  to  allow  of  succors  being  brought  up.    He  turn  this  part  of  the  Union  line.  Shortl j  befcr^:- 

was  apparently  unaware  that  Heintzelman  was  6  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the  head  of  Sedg- 

within  supporting  distance  of  Eejes.  The  plan  wick's  column,  of  Bumner's  corps,  long  anr- 

of  battle  of  Johnston  contemplated  an  attack  iously  awaited  by  the  beaten   and   didieait- 

earlj  on  the  morningof  the  81st'  by  two  corps  ened  troops  of  Heintzelman  and  Kejes.  ws« 

under  Gens.  D.  H.  Hill  and  Longstreet  along  seen  toiHug  through  the  mud  and  rain  t>> 

the  Williamsburg  road,  and  simultaneous  flank  ward  the  field.    Sumner  had  received  ord^r? 

movements  on  the  right  and  left  of  the  Union  at  8  o'clock  to  bring  his  corps  across  the  river, 

position  by  Gens.  G.  W.  Smith  and  Huger,  the  and,  contrary  to  the  calculations  of  the  coc- 

former  moving  by  the  New  bridge  road,  and  the  federates,  one  of  the  bridges  constructed  bj 

latter  by  a  road  passing  8  m.  S.  of  the  Seven  him  was  so  little  iujured  by  the  flood  as  tc 

Pines,  called  the  Oharleft  City  road.  The  troops  admit  of  the  passage  of  Sedgwick's  divkio& 

however  moved  slowly  over  the  deluged  ground.  The  distance  to  the  battle  field  was  less  th.°n 

and  Huger  became  so  involved   among  the  5  miles,  but  the  severity  of  the  storm  caused 

swamps  through  which  his  route  lay,  and  where  the  troops  to  be  nearly  8  hours  on  the  march 

his  artillery  stuck  fast  for  hours,  that  Long-  The  other  bridge  was  attempted  by  BichardKoi's 

street,  who  commanded  the  centre,  after  wait-  division  and  found  to  be  impracticable,  and  Ute 

ing  until  midday  for  intelligence  that  he  had  delay  caused  by  the  necessity  of  marching  hi? 

reached  his  position,  decided  to  commence  the  troops  to  the  unii^ured  bridge  prevented  thsi 

attack  without  him.    Huger's  troops  never  got  general  from  arriving  on  the  field  in  time  to 

out  of  the  swamps  during  the  day,  and  took  no  take  part   in  the  battle.    Just  as  8umncr'« 

part  in  the  engagement.    The  defences  with  troops  appeared  in  sight  Gen.  Johnston  w£r 

which  Casey  had  strengthened  his  position  con-  struck  from  his  horse  by  the  fragment  of  a 

sisted  of  a  redoubt  and  line  of  rifle  pits,  with  a  shell,  and  for  a  while  utter  confusion  prevailed 

partially  formed  abatis  some  distance  in  front ;  on  the  confederate  left,  which  might  have  beec 

and  upon  these  a  portion  of  his  men  were  still  turned  to  considerable  advantage  by  the  Unioii 

at  work  when  the  pickets  were  driven  in  by  generals  had  they  been  aware  of  the  &ct. 

the  enemy.    The  108d  Pennsylvania  regiment,  Gen.  Smith,  who  assumed  the  command  in 

sent  forward  as  skirmishers,  suddenly  encoun-  chief,  leaving  a  portion  of  his  troops  to  keep 

tered  the  united  forces  of  Longstreet  and  Hill,  Heintzelman  in  check,  at  once  prepared  to  meet 

and  were  in  a  moment  broken  and  scattered  the  approaching  Union  reenforcements.    Sum> 

by  a  tremendous  volley  of  musketry.    Gen.  ner,  who  accompanied   Sedgwick's  divisioi. 

Casey  then  drew  up  his  division  in  front  of  the  drew  up  his  troops  near  the  handful  under 

redoubt  and  rifle  pits,  and  with  8  batteries  com-  Couch,  in  a  line  facing  S.,  a  littie  N.  of  the' 

menced  a  rapid  fire  of  spherical  case  shot  and  railroad,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Fair  Oaks  sta- 

canister  upon  the  dense  columns  of  the  enemy,  tion.    The  confederates  soon  appeared  in  tbeir 

which  opened  in  long  furrows  at  each  dis-  front,  and  charged  with  desperate  energy  up  to 

charge.    The  ranks  closed  up  again  rapidly,  the  muzzles  of  the  few  cannon  which  had  been 

and  so  vigorous  was  the  onset  that  Casey's  dragged  to  the  spot,  but  wavered  and  broke 

troops  were  driven  behind  their  earthworks,  before  the  incessant  discharges  of  canister, 

from  which  they  further  retreated,  contesting  Twice  afterward  they  renewed  the  attack,  md 

the  ground  inch  by  inch,  behind  the  division  of  were  as  often  repulsed  with  frightful  lossy  the 

Gen.  Couch,  drawn  up  hdf  a  mile  in  the  rear  troops  of  Sedgwick  finally  driving  them  at  tibe 

of  the  redoubt,  between  the  Williamsburgroad  point  of  the  bayonet  within  the  cover  of  t 

and  Fair  Oaks  station  on  the  railroad.    For  8  thick  wood,  and  retaining  possession  of  the 

hours  they  had  withstood  an  enemy  nearly  6  field  with  all  the  cpnfederate  dead  and  wound- 

times  as  numerous,  and  retired  only  when  they  ed.    Just  at  dark  the  division  of  Richardscai 

had  lost  a  third  of  their  force  engaged,  and  were  came  up  and  took  position  in  front  of  Sed^- 

in  danger  of  being  surrounded.  Their  camp  and  wick.    Upon  learning  this  disaster  the  colmncs 

several  guns  necessarily  fell  into  the  enemy's  which  had  been  engaged  with  Heintzelman  fdl 

hands.    Couch  for  a  while  withstood  the  force  back  half  a  mile  along  the  Williamsburff  ro«l 

of  the  attack,  but  was  finally  driven  back  upon  Gens.  Eearuy  and  Hooker  of  Heintjodman's 

Gren.  Heintzelraan's  corps,  which  had  arrivea  to  corps  immediately  occupying  the  ground  vacat- 

the  support  of  Casey  and  Couch,  and  was  ao-  ed  by  them,  and  both  armies  bivouacked  for 

oompamed  by  Gen.  McClellan.    At  this  mo-  the  night  on  the  field  of  battle.    Early  tiie 

ment  the  fresh  confederate  corps  of  Smith,  neztmoming,SQnday,  June  1,  the  whole  IFaioD 

accompanied  by  Johnston  in  person,  appeared  line,  occupying  both  sides  of  the  railroad,  was 

upon  the  field,  and  Heintzelman,  finding  him-  simultaneously  advanced,  and  the  enemy  after 

self  greatly  outnumbered  and  in  danger  of  be-  a  brief  resistance  retired  in  contoion  through 

ing  flanked,  retired  along  the  Williamsburg  the  plundered  camps  of  Casey  and  Couch  ht- 

road  to  a  short  distance   beyond  the  Seven  vondFairOaks,  where  the  pursuit  ceased.  The 

Pines.    Couch,  however,  moving  with  a  single  latter  position  was  immediately  occapM  in 


712  OHIOKAHOMINY 

the  oentre  of  the  main  body  of  the  Union  anny .  were  on  the  move,  and  Porter,  in  aceordiBct 
Meanwhile,  on  the  24th,  peremptory  orders  with  McOlellan^s  orders,  began  slowly  to  (sL 
were  sent  to  White  House  to  stop  the  landing  back  toward  his  camp  at  Gaines^s  hoTue,  to  \kt 
of  stores  from  the  transports,  of  which  nearly  eastward  of  which  he  drew  up  his  troope,  ooc- 
800  were  lying  in  the  ramnnkey,  and  to  de-  prising  about  20,000  men  with  60  gtn»,  in  & 
spatoh  those  already  lauded  with  all  possible  line  of  battle  extending  from  Cold  Hflrbor  -■ 
rapidity  to  the  Union  left  wing  in  front  of  the  river,  a  distance  of  nearly  2^  m.    The  toe 
Richmond.    The  transports  which  had  not  yet  my  followed  in  the  traces  of  the  Union  tn>>>]4. 
begun  to  unload  were  at  the  same  time  di-  and  at  1  o^clock  P.  M.  adyanoed  against  ri^m. 
rected  to  proceed  to  City  Point  on  the  James  in  8  columns,  directed  respectiydy  agaioit  d: 
river,  84  m.  below  Richmond;  and  from  the  centre  and  the  two  wings.    Within  anhocrti' 
25th  to  the  evening  of  the  27th  trains  were  battle  became  general  along  the  whol«  Ikr 
kept  running  as  swifUy  as  possible  to  the  Chicksr  which  was  speedily  enveloped  in  dense  tlix^h 
hominy,  la&n  with  munitions  of  war  of  every  of  smoke  from  upward  of  160  pieces  of  tsm: 
description.    On  the  night  of  the  27th  the  last  placed  in  battery  on  either  side.    An  iWA 
train  from  the  Pamunkey  passed  safely  through,  upon  the  Union  centre  shortly  after  3  o'dork 
and  the  last  return  train  arrived  at  White  House  was  repulsed  with  great  slaughter;  hdisn 
on  the  morning  of  the  28th.    At  noon  on  the  superiority  of  the  enemy  in  numbers  oof  U- 
latter  day  the  whole  fleet  of  transports  were  un-  came  so  apparent,  that  portions  of  Samfier! 
der  way  for  Fortress  Monroe,  where,  convoyed  and  Franklin^s  corps  were  sent  across  th«  m^: 
by  gunboats,  they  arrived  in  safety  on  the  sue-  to  the  asfflstance  of  Porter.     Shortly  aftenrsrd 
oeeding  day.    So  thorough  had  been  the  work  a  powerful  column  moved  down  the  hill  <£ 
of  removing  the  immense  stores  collected  at  which  stands  Gaines^s  house  against  the  Uoke 
White  House,  and  of  destroying  those  which  left  wing,  where  McCall's  division  was  posttc. 
could  not  be  removed,  that  at  the  departure  of  The  artillery  played  with  terrible  effect  npcL 
the  transports  nothing  but  the  camp  grounds  the  dense  ranks  of  the  confederates,  opm^ 
and  a  quantity  of  rubbish  was  left  to  the  enemy,  wide  chasms  at  every  discharge;  bat  tli«j 
— As  a  means  of  drawing  the  confederates  over  marched  on  with  an  almost  incr^ible  reeolcte- 
to  the  left  bank  of  the  Chickahominy,  McCall's  ness,  and  fell  with  such  force  upon  the  exhtBj^ 
troops,  previously  stationed  at  Mechanicsville,  ed  division  of  McCall  that  the  line  wss  broktt 
were  on  the  24^  removed  to  the  left  bank  of  and  the  troops  scattered  beyond  rallying.  Tbe 
Beaver  Dam  creek,  a  smell  affluent  of  the  right  wing  at  the  same  time  fared  equallj  ^ 
Chickahominy,  and  posted  at  Ellison's  mill,  and  the  centre  was  compelled  to  fsll  back  u? 
about  1  m.  S.  W.  of  Mechanicsville,  where  they  avoid  being  flanked.  The  confederate  folisw' 
were  protected  by  a  series  of  intrenchments  ing  up  their  advantage,  chaiged  with  impetno^- 
and  rine  pits.    The  confederates,  either  fathom-  ity  upon  the  broken  ranks  of  the  Union  troops 
ing  the  mtention  of  McClellan  to  change  his  who  were  soon  in  full  retreat  toward  Wood- 
base  of  operations,  or  intent  upon  carrying  out  bury  bridge,  over  which  in  tlie  cooree  of  tk 
some  project  of  their  own,  busied  themselves  on  night  they  all  safely  crossed  to  ihe  right  b«nk  of 
the  25th  wiUi  building  two  bridges  in  the  vicini-  the  river,  destroying  the  bridge  behind  thao. 
ty  of  Mechanicsville,  over  which  by  2  o'clock  on  Their  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  was  probib^ 
the  afternoon  of  the  26th  a  large  body  of  troops  less  severe  than  that  of  the  enemy,  bat  the  h^ 
underGens.Ijongstreet  andA.P.  Hillhadpass-  ter  secured  a  number  of  cannon  and  snu^ 
ed.    These  mardied  straight  upon  the  posidon  arms,  besides  many  prisoners  and  all  the  sn 
of  G^n.  McCall,  and  so  sudden  was  their  attack  and  wounded  in  the  hospitals.    In  this  ae&oQ. 
that  the  Pennsylvania  regiment  of  "  Bucktails"  which  is  known  as  the  battie  of  Gainee's  m 
was  surprised  while  on  picket  duty  and  several  the  confederates  are  supposed  to  have  ^^^ 
of  its  companies  cut  off.    Gen.  Porter  had  a  ed  60,000  men,  while  not  more  than  35,000 
few  hours  previous  commenced  tihe  movement  Union  troops,  including  the  reenforoemeDta 
which  was  destined  to  transform  the  besiegers  were  under  fire,  and  of  these  a  portion  aniTw 
into  a  retreating  and  hard-pressed  army,  by  on  the  ground  only  in  time  to  cover  the  retreil 
sending  his  whole  wagon  train   across   the  Themainobjectof  Gen.  Porter  in  giving  battle. 
ChickfJiominy  by  the  Woodbury   bridge,    a  however,  was  to  enable  the  trains  on  the  otoff 
structure  conununicating  with  the  right  wing  side  of  the  river  to  move  off  to  the  Jub^ 
of  the  besieging  army,  nearly  opposite  Gold-  which  was  fuUy  accompli^ed.    One  of  it^  |^ 
ing's.    The   confederates  then  fell  furiously  snltswas  to  separate  fi*om  the  mdnbodv  of  t^ 
upon  McCalPs  troops,  but  were  foiled  in  every  Union  army  Gen.  Stoneman's  command,  wbj^ 
attempt  to  flank  them  or  pierce  the  oentre  of  waa  absent  in  the  direction  of  Eanorer^^ 
the  Union  line.    Late  in  the  afternoon  Morell^s  House,  and  which,  after  proceeding  to  Wu 
division  of  Fitz  John  Porter^s  corps  came  up  House,  marched  down  the  peninssla  to  ion- 
to  the  assistance  of  McCall,  and  after  a  severe  town,  and  subsequently  Joined  McOIellaD  os  u« 
action  lasting  until  after  dark  the  enemy  were  James  river.    A  body  of  the  enemy  also  pr(h 
driven  back  at  aU  points,  and  both  armies  ceeded  to  White  House  after  the  ^\^ 
rested  on  their  arms.     At  8  o^dock  on  the  Gaines^shill,  but  found  only  the  debris  of  tbtl^ 
morning  of  the  27th  the  confederates,  who  had  encampment  and  smouldering  embers  of » 
been  strongly  reinforced  during  the  night,  fires  wnich  had  destroyed  the  remsinio^^^ 


.jl^  OHIOKAHOMDnr 

1  AT  the  Galena  and  other  gunboats  in  the  river,  The  losses  of  the  oonfedCTSte^  in  the  abeenee 

lay  the  7"f^  ™"  "'"^iTa^T  in  any  emerl  of  any  oflScial  report,  can  only  be  esbinsted. 

C^r^T^e^Xnwt  fSr^i.^^^  In  kiSed  and  wXd;d  they  eqnalled  if  th^ 

b?- some  My  erected  earthworks.    It  was  did  not  snrDaM  those  of  the  Umon  aimy^  tb. 

not  nSu  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  that  the  carnage  at  fealvem  hills  in  parUcolar  Uihae 

confXrates   commanded  on  this  occasion  by  against  them.     In  the  number  of  P™««« 

£  Suder?TS»  to  debouch  from  the  taken,  however    they  had  oonaiderably  th* 

«,"erKe  woodsmen  the  plain  in  front  of  advantage  of  their  adversaries.     On  July  4 

thrUnion  linesV  an^  unfortunately  for  the  McOlellan  reviewed  his  troops,  to  whom  he 

confederate  Teller,  he   directed   his   attack  issued  the  following  address: 
asunst  the  Union  left  wing,  which  was  the  "HsAiMiirAsmsAmirror  tbb  FoTmue, 

stronKest  part  of  the  whole  line.    Column  af-  »  Camp  ».a.  ham»o.  .  La«u.«.  Joij- «.  iM. 

ter  column  was  marched  up  against  the  troops  ^^-^^^  ^'thTSst^^lfV/u'^H.SSS^iiTS 

of  Porter  and  Couch,  only  to  be  mowea  QOWn  ^^  endurance  of  the  American  aoldier    Attacked  bjsaF^w 

. 1.-1 \^«  \^^  fli**  fira  nf  tliA  Rrtillerv  and  rior  forces  and  without  hope  of  reenforeemeDta,  yo«  ta^ 


could  be  distinctly  heard  above  the  roar  of  the  S^^llSLSSr^ffiSSC  ^^  S'v^^'^^ 

battle      Atone  time  the  left  seemed  bo  nara  you  ha?e  been  aaaalled  dav  after  daj  with  deepemto  f^.^ 

nrPflSftd  bv  overnowerinff  masses  of  the  enemy  men  of  the  same  race  and  nation,  B^OMlj  mammdj^  led 

pressea  ^'J^^^^'^F"*^*'**"©  *"^        .,      ««ntr«  tn  Under  erery  disadTantage  of  number,  and  neeeaaanlj  of  r^ 

that  some  troops  were  sent  from  tne  centre  lo  ^^^^^^  ^^^  j^^  j,^^^  j^  every  conflict  beaten  back  yggfag 

its  suDDort.    Here  the  confederates  were  finally  with  enormous  ri«ighter.  Your  conduct  ""^  y«» j;^2 

118  Buppuru     xAoij                         irtftinff  imna   and  the  celebrated  armies  of  history.    Noone  jrin»ow  qoe«ti« 

repulsed  with   frightful  loss,  losing  guns   ana  Jj^t  each  of  you  may  always  with  pride  say, 'I  beks^teth* 

colors,  and  leaving  their  dead  piled  up  in  some  ^^mj  of  the  Potomac'  You  have  .««^«d  t^  "S^***- 

placS  breast  high     At  dusk  Magruder  di^w  -g:J«i»^'^S^»S'yr'«^%Sl2H^i^ 

r.«P  li^a  oKnff/>rAd  rolnmns  from  what  tne  prince  ^i^   ^j  \.^^J^^»^nm\w  MUbllshed  vour  Unea.    I>t  tbfs 


being  considered  untenabK  Gen.  McOleUn    «-J^J^^^3rjJ-u «^t^tj.^«^« «S,™ 
ordered  a  further  retreat  to  Hamson  s  Lanamg,    ^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^nion,  which  can  alone  insure  inter^pea* 

•7  TO    lower  down  the  river  and  17  m.  from     and  external  security  to  each  sUte/ must  and  ri^be  iw- 

BiSimoSandd^riSthe  wholeof  the2d  the  ''^'^''o^-^^^--ri^^^;^;;^»^Jg^^, 
army  was  dowlymovmgta  ^  ^    ^^^^  President  lincob 

rain  ftorm  toward  th^^i«^  ^^  V^^me  made  a  visit  to  Harrison's  Undmg ;  and  «.  tie 

^;gtlth?ir|^3]rejing5  ^^^^^^^^^-^X^oZ^^S 

the  stream    a^wt-^g  >^  ^r^rZwi^  Sd  Bumeide,  Arrived  there  and  held  a  loaf 

the   march,  P'oP^'ly,^ ,  *»^-  tvf*'Sff    Mmyfrom  its  position.    Its  condition  had  ctt 

\LL  dStb^retreat  are  orfcially  stated  by  town  and  Fortress  Monroe  ^^^^^^Jf^ 

i?^?  7n7ii-„  oti  MK  Wllpd  T  711  wound-  and  for  the  purpose  of  diverting  the  attenocs 

^n.  McClellan  at  1,565  ™/fM' V.^,^""^^  of  the  enemy  ftom  Mcaellan,  Gen.  Pope.  Titk 

ed,  and  6,958  ^i*"*  *  ^^  "JJy  f  by  Se  S  tte  avTuable  force  around  Wa.^.in'^  « 

the  entire  ^<>?^^^;'^J^^,^l.Z^^^hLg^  tte  disposal  of  the  government,  was  ordewi 

Z^*l^  !«*♦/»,.  *iofA  WAS  nndpT  60  000.    Of  pub-  vem  hills  by  the  division  oi  uen.  nooKer  oa 

Sc  S^it^  de'uoTK  abandoned  no  exact  Aug.  6  was  |e  last  affair  of  importance  on  the 

e^iSTte^  be  mS?but  the  amount  was  in-  peninsuk.   ^e  confederates  were  dm«.«^T 

Sde?aW^  ki  S>i^''  ^^  ^0  difficulties  with  loss,  and  the  Union  ^^^T^^^^ 

^M^Ssn^  u«^™noval     The  trains,  with  the  after  to  Harrison's  Landrag.   At  the  latter  pUw 

^Xn  o?aTw  wiigoS whKrokrdown  prenaratlons  went  busUy  fo^^^fi^  «»^-/ 

md  We  abimdoned  dter  their  contents  had  or  destroymg  the  stores  of  aDdescnpbomiwl- 

i^„^«^o3  RTrivod  at  Harrison's  Landing  looted  there,  and  on  the  Uth  the  advance  pan. 

WS^routTtolirftcTK^^daUthf    <it%'tt^'%«r'';^^^A^i^^ 
rf^  guns  but  one  were  brought  into  camp,    of  Fltz  John  Porter,  started  for  Toittowa. 


716  OHOLESTEBINE 

of  the  bile  in  man,  and  according  to  a  recent  distinct  fnnotionB  answering  to  the  pre«en(«  -' 

analysis  bj  Prof.  Austin  Flint,  jr.,  of  New  two  entirely  distinct  components  m  it  li- 

York,  only  .618  in  1,000.    The  analyses  of  the  of  these  embraces  the  glyco-cholate  and  uor- 

latter  give  as  the  proportion  in  1,000  parts,  for  chelate  of  soda,  which  do  not  preexist  in  ti 

the  venous  blood  of  the  male,  .446  to  .751 ;  for  blood,  and  so  do  not  accumulate  in  it  wU: 

the  meconium,  6.245 ;  for  the  human  brain  (in  the  liver  is  torpid  or  its  action  arrested :  ti.r' 

two  instances  in  which  death  was  sudden),  are  produced  in  the  liver,  serve  a  usefol  ]v 

7.729  to  11.456.    The  bile  and  some  other  pose  in  completing  the  process  of  digestia 

fluids  can  hold  the  cholesterine  in  solution,  are  not  discharged  in  the  ffleces,  and  connito 

though  by  aid  of  what  other  constituent  is  not  a  secretion  only.    The  other  function  of  lir 

known ;  while  it  may  perhaps  exist,  in  organic  liver  is  the  depuration  of  the  blood  by  ^i: 

union  with  other  components,  in  the  nervous  it  of  excess  of  cholesterine ;  and  to  this  ex 

substance  and  the  crystalline  lens.    While  the  probably  it  is  that  secretion  of  bile  coDtur.' 

chemical  relations  of  cholesterine  had  been  m  the  intervals  of  digestion,  though  m.-^ 

fully  studied,  its  physiological  relations  long  abundant  during  the  digestiTe  acts.    The  o^ 

remauied  in  doubt,  or  the  subject  at  the  most  nary  feces,  according  to  Prof.  Flfnt,  do  t>^ 

of  coi^ecture.    In  their  works  on  physiology,  contain  diolesterine,  but  contain  ^^stercorii^ 

or  editions  of  them  issued  since  1853,  Oarpen-  — the  substance  thus  named  by  the  sntl  ' 

ter,  Lehmann,  Mialhe,  and  abo  Prof.  J.  0.  vsl-  being  invariably  found  by  him  in  the  non. 

ton  of  New  York,  had  more  or  less  distinctly  feces,  and  regarded  by  him  as  identic^  vt 

asserted  the  probability  that  cholesterine  is  a  that  previously  found  in  minute  qoandtj (* '• 

product  of  the  breaking  down  of  the  substance  to  .025  part  in  1,000)  in  blood,  and  nmi 

of  brain  and  nerves,  during  performance  of  seroline.    The  trtmsformation  of  cholest^rc- 

their  functions,  and  that  it  is  thenceforward  an  to  stercorine  occurs  during  the  digestf re  p.v 

excrementitious  substance,  to  be  cast  out  of  the  cess ;  and  that  it  does  not  take  place  bdf'r. 

system  by  action  of  the  liver,  or  at  most  (as  its  digestion  commences,  nor  when  it  is  for  (i 

highly  combustible  character  would  suggest)  time  arrested,  accounts  for  the  presence  of  ti. 

to  combine  with  oxygen  for  the  production  of  former  oi^y  in  the  meconium  and  the  eicr 

animal  heat.    No  very  certain  grounds  were  ment  of  animals  hibernating.     Stercorio^  i< 

presented  for  the  adoption  of  these  opinions,  therefore  the  form  in  whicn  dioleeteriiit!  <-* 

With  a  view  to  arrive  at  a  better  understand-  discharged  from  the  bodj.    The  facts  eiplii^ 

ing  of  the  functions  of  the  liver,  the  relation  the  distinction  of  the  two  types  of  jaoDdiiv. 

of  the  bile  to  conditions  of  health  and  disease,  In  the  mUd  type,  the  bile  is  formed,  bot  m 

and  among  the  rest  the  physiolo^cal  signifi-  discharge  being  obstructed,  its  coloring  mat^^ 

cance  and  offices  of  the  cholesterine.  Professor  chiefly  is  reabsorbed,  and  the  disease  is  attead* 

flint  commence^  in  1860-*61,  and  has  continued,  ed  with  yellowness  of  the  skin,  bat  is  coiupan- 

a  series  of  experiments  connected  with  the  se-  tively  harmless ;  in  the  other,  the  grsre  sjis/'^ 

cretion  and  action  of  the  bile  in  dogs,  together  toms  and  almost  invariably  fatal  character  &re 

with  analyses  of  this  fluid,  of  the  human  bile,  due  to  cessation  of  the  action  of  the  li^er,  w:t 

blood,  &c. ;  and  while  reserving  his  general  retention  of  cholesterine  in  the  system.  Then 

conclusions  relative  to  the  bile,  he  has  present-  is  also  a  condition  of  the  blood,  which  vaj  or 

ed  his  results  obtained  in  connection  with  the  may  not  be  attended  with  jaundice,  dae  ^o  a 


(Oct.  1862).  Referring  the  reader  to  this  paper  _  _        ^  , 

for  the  author^s  experiments  and  reasonings  on  occur  when,  through  some  organic  orstnctsni 

the  subject,  there  will  ftirther  be  presented  here  change  in  the  liver,  and  not  merely  of  s  ^^ 

only  an  ^bstract  of  the  conclusions  reached,  part,  but  of  so  much  of  it  that  the  reiQfli'i'|y 

Oholesterine  is  constantly  forming  in  the  sys-  nealthy  portion,  if  any,  is  insofiBcient  for  tN 

tem,  being  always  present  in  the  nervous  mat-  depuration  of  the  blood,  the  oi*gan  is  io  cocsr 

ter  and  the  blood,  but  by  £BLr  the  most  abun-  quence  incapable  of  performing  doljr  its  exffi^ 

dant  in  the  former ;  it  is  a  necessary  product  of  tory  office.    In  simple  jaundice,  the  fsce?  i^<^ 

the  waste  of  the  nervous  matter,  and  beiug  re-  not  only  the  color  imparted  to  them  ojui 

moved  thence  in  the  circulation  constitutes  one  changed  bile,  but  are  without  stercorine  ^^  < 

of  the  most  important  of  the  materials  to  be  in  jaundice  vrith  cholestersemia,  the  ster^nc 

excreted  from  the  body.    It  is  separated  from  is  usually  found  in  diminished  ^°*°^^-;  *^ 

the  blood  by  the  liver,  appears  constantly  in  ing  that  some  bile  is  still  formed  and  discji&r^ 

the  bile,  and  in  this  is  poured  into  the  alimen-  It  is  to  be  inferred  that  after  a  brief  coDtnio«D^ 

tary  canal.    As  in  the  case  of  urea,  the  most  of  the  severer  form  of  jaundice,  the  pr^nft 

important  excreted  matter  of  the  kidneys,  so  of  stercorine  must  be  wholly  wanting.  ^^?^ 

with  cholesterine,  if  its  separation  and  removid  views  thus  appear  to  tiirow  new  ligi^  ^° 

through  the  liver  ceases,  or  is  not  in  due  amount,  functions  of  the  liver  and  the  natore  m  P 

this  product  accumulates  in  the  system,  pro-  poses  of  the  bUe,  to  explain  ^^^^^^^ic 

dncing  its  form  also  of  poisoning  or  deteriora-  character  and  origin  of  the  diseases  refeirw^j' 

tion  of  the  blood,  and  leading  to  a  correspond-  and  not  less  to  account  for  the  long  "l^^^^^jti, 

ing  class  of  diseases.    Thus  the  bile  has  two  disorder  of  the  health  vagaely  associai^i  w 


718  COCKE  OOSEAD 

bere  of  the  Virginia  oonTention,  and  in  Angnst  taiy  stores  for  the  U.  B.  forces  in  S.  V.  Tez  - 

took  the  field  as  colonel  of  the  1st  regiment  nessee  and  Mississippi.    The  village  sCretcLtrr 

U.  8.  (Tolanteer)  chassenrs,  which  he  com-  along  the  riyer,  a  broad  roadway  interv^zi-n^ 

manded  at  Fair  Oaks,  Malvern  hills,  and  other  between  the  dedivity  of  the  shore  and  the  «tr . 

battles  of  the  Chickahominy  campaign.  He  was  gle  row  of  buildings  which  mainly  const Jtu'«g> 

commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  the  town.    Immediately  north  of  the  villaj;^. 

July  17, 1862,  and  assigned  a  command  in  Gen.  at  the  foot  of  a  gentle  bend  in  the  chgna*-.. 

Couch's  division  ofthe  army  of  the  Potomac.  He  which  here  comes  down  from  theN.  W«.  rrv-- 

was  with  the  reserve  at  the  battle  of  Antietam,  a  bluff  some  200  feet  high,  and  level  at  the  t  : 

and  afterward  pursued  the  retreating  enemy.  extending  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  alonfr  thi 

COCKE,  Philip  St.  Geobos,  a  genersl  in  shore,  and  si)reading  out  into  the  country  X-. 

the  service  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  hind.    This  is  the  first  elevation  below  Ca^ 

Virginia,  shot  himself  at  his  residence  in  Pow-  on  the  shores  of  the  Mississippi,  which  ar«  g^-z 

hatan  co.,  Ya.,  in  Dec.  1861.    He  was  gradn-  erally  flat,  liable  to  overflow  at  high  wat^r,  ^  . 

ated  at  West  Point  in  1832,  and  appointed  bre-  thickly  wooded.  This  bluflf  perfectly  ccmin&r  - 

vet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  artillery,  of  whidi  the  channel,  and  is  thus  a  military  posit' en  c? 

he  was  adjutant  in  18d8-'4.    He  resigned  in  the  first  consequence.    Soon  alter  taking  on- 

April,  1834,  was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  mand  at  St.  Louis  in  Aug.  1861,  Gen.  Free  :■' 

the  southern  army  at  the  commencement  of  the  urged  upon  the  U.  S.  government  the  tnijt''- 

civil  war  in  1861,  and  took  part  in  the  first  tance  of  placing  a  garrison  at  Colambus,  but  1  < 

battle  of  BnU  run.    It  is  not  known  whether  advice  was  not  adopted.    On  Sept.  4, 1661.  ti 

he  killed  himself  by  accident  or  design. — ^The  place  was  occupied  by  Gen.  Polk  ofthe  cocfr^i 

subject  of  this  notice  is  not  to  be  confounded  erate  army,  who  constructed  an  extensirc  --.- 

with  Philip  St  George  Cooke,  who  was  appoint-  trenched  camp  on  the  bluflT,  and  also  bnllt  bs- 

ed  brigadier-general  in  the  U.  S.  regular  army,  teries  along  the  water  and  on  a  sh^  of  esr^ 

Nov.  12,  1861.    (See  Cookb,  vol.  v.  p.  668.)  half  way  up  the  face  of  the  precipice  to  c^-r- 

COLENSO,  John  William,  D.D.,  an  English  mand  the  approach  from  the  direction  of  Cair 
prelate  and  author,  bom  in  1814.     He  was  as  a  further  obstruction  to  navigation,  two  ^ <-l- 
graduated  at  St.  John^s  college,  Cambridge,  in  derous  chain  cables  were  stretched  across  :b: 
1836,  became  a  fellow  of  his  college,  took  or-  river  by  Gen.  Pillow,  Gen.  Polk's  second  x 
ders  in  the  established  church,  was  assistant  command,  ani  made  fast  to  each  aliore.    N;:- 
master  of  Harrow  school  from  1838  to  1842,  merous  torpedoes  were  also  sunk  in  the  cL&c- 
held  a  tutorship  at  St.  John's  college  from  nel  to  blow  up  hostile  vessels.  The  cables  br«k. 
1842  to  1846,  and  then  became  rector  of  Fom-  of  their  own  weight,  and  their  remains  we* 
cett  St.  Mary,  Norfolk,  where  he  remained  visible  on  the  Kentucky  shore  for  months  si- 
until  1853.    He  has  written  several  mathemat-  terward.     The  national  gunboats  repeaicdlj 
ical  text  books  for  schools  and  universities  approached  the  place  while  thus  occnpied  h^:: 
which  have  attained  a  la^e  sale,  and  publish-  made  no  attack  upon  it ;  and  the  battle  of  Bti- 
ed  a  volume  of  *^  Village  Sermons^'  (1853) ;  an  mont,  fought  oppoate  to  it,  on  the  Misscori 
edition   of  ^^  The  Communion    Service,  with  shore,  Nov.  7, 1861,  was  in  no  manner  deciflVe. 
selections  from  the  writings  of  the  Be  v.  F.  D.  But  sifter  the  capture  of  Forts  Henry  and  1  Vis- 
Maurice^'  (1855);    and  a  "Journal  of  a  Ten  elson  it  had  plainly  become  untenable  hjiM 
Weeks'  Tour  in  Natal"  (1855).    Hewasconse-  confederates,  and  was  finally  evacuated  Msrd 
crated  bishop  of  the  new  see  of  Natal,  S.  £.  2, 1862,  and  occupied  by  the  Union  forces  next 
Africa,  in  1853.    Here  he  prepared  a  Zooloo  day,  who  found  considerable  quantities  of  am- 
grammar  and  dictionary,  advocated  the  reten-  munition  and  many  cannon  of  large  caliber, 
tion  of  polygamy  among  new  converts  from        CONBAD,  Charles  M.,  a  representative  of 
heathenism  in  a  ^^  Letter  to  the  Archbishop  of  Louisiana  in  the  confederate  congress,  bom  in 
Canterbury"  (1860),  published  "  The  Epistle  to  Winchester,  Va,,  about  1808.    Bia  fiunilj  w- 
the  Bomans  newly  translated  and  explained  moved  to  Mississippi  while  he  was  an  infant  fl£<i 
from  a  Missionary  Point  of  View"  (1861),  and  afterward  to  Louisiana.    He  was  admitted  ic 
applied  himself  to  the  task  of  translating  the  1828  to  the  bar  in  New  Orleans;  was  a  vhx 
whole  Bible  into  the  Zooloo  tongue,  in  the  course  in  politics,  and  was  repeatedly  elected  to  thr 
of  which  he  was  led  to  deny  the  verbal  inspira-  legislature ;   became  a  member  of  the  T.  ^ 
tion  and  historical  accuracy  of  several  books  of  senate  in  1842,  to  fill  a  vacancy  caused  by  the 
the  Old  Testament    The  grounds  on  which  he  retirement  of  Alexander  Morton,  his  term  o( 
founds  this  denial  are  given  in  his  work  entitled  office  expiring  March  4,  1848 ;  was  a  member 
"  The  Pentateuch  and  Book  of  Joshua  critically  of  the  convention  to  revise  the  state  coostitii- 
examined  '^  (London  and  New  York,  1862).  tion  in  1844 ;  and  was  elected  a  representatire 

COLOBADO   TEBBITOBY.      See   Pike's  in  congress  in  1848,  but  reagned  in  Aug.  1S50, 

Peak,  vol.  xiii.  being  appointed  secretary  of  war  by  I^sideni 

COLUMBUS,  a  village  of  Hickman  co.,  Ky.,  Fillmore.    Going  out  of  office  March  4, 1851 

on  the  Mississippi  river,  18  m.  below  Cairo ;  he  lived  in  retirement  until  after  the  secession 

pop.  in  1860  about  1,000.    It  is  the  northern  of  Louisiana,   when,    having   embraced  the 

terminus  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  railroad,  and  southern  cause,  he  was  chosen  to  represent  the 

is  now  (Dec.  1862)  an  important  depot  of  mill-  4th  district  in  the  confederate  congress^ 


720  OOBraTH 

July  21, 1861,  the  day  of  the  battle  of  Bnll  nm.  The  advanee  of  Gen.  Pope's  dnmon,  Ivmenr, 

He  has  since  been  occupied  in  recruiting  an  was  made  with  diffiooKy,  owing  to  the  nneveL 

'*  Irifih  legion."  and  swampy  nature  of  the  country,  8enr•^^: 

CORINTH,  a  small  village  in  the  N.  £.  oor-  aggrayated  by  heavy  rains;  at  the  end  of  i 

ner  of  Mississippi,  90  m.  £.  from  Memphis,  and  days,  indeed,  the  rear  of  his  column  hsd  ci<t 

about  20  m.  W.  from   the  Tennessee  river,  reached  tiie  point  where  the  advance  encaDtf- 

Two  important' railroads  pass  through  it,  viz.,  ed  on  the  first  night.    On  May  4  the  entire 

the  Memphis   and  Charleston,  from  east  to  army  waa  once  mo)«  pat  in  motion,  reachii^  i 

west,  and  the  Mobile  and  Ohio,  fr^m  north  to  point  about  7  m.  from  Corintfa,  where  U  r>- 

south.    This  is  the  point  from  which  the  com*  mained  till  the  16th.    During  tiie  whole  ika 

bined   confederate  armies  of  Johnston    and  from  the  commencement  of  the  march  to  ti» 

Beauregard  advanced  upon  Grant^s  at  Shiloh,  date  last  mentioned  there  oceonred  freijuti: 

and  to  which  Beauregard  fell  back  after  the  though  unimportant  skirmishes,  and  two  sharr 

battle,  which  was  fought  about  20  m.  distant  engagements  in  which  Gen.  Pope^s  drrb. '. 

on  April  6  and  7,  1862.     The  position  was  was  prominent.    During  this  time,  monv^tr 

naturally  strong,  and  but  little  labor  was  neces-  the  efforts  of  Gen.  Halleck  had  been  d]rK^.^ 

sary  to  put  it  m  a  condition  of  successful  de-  to  cutting  off  Beanregard^s  sources  of  $np[':; 

fence.    The  country  between  it  and  the  river  accordingly,  on  April  80,  a  bridge  on  the  ii- 

is  very  uneven,  broken  into  ridges  of  hills  and  bile  and  Ohio  railroad  some  miles  north  <: 

abrupt  valleys,  and  covered  with  a  heavy  forest  Corinth  was  destroyed ;  this  seriously  craicf  ^: 

to  within  about  4  m.  N.  of  Corinth.    Nearer  the  enemy,  inasmuch  as  the  road  thus  l«ok<i 

to  that  place  a  stream  makes  a   semicircle  was  in  constant  use  to  bring  re^nfoTceKti*-* 

around  the  village,  and  on  each  side  of  tiie  from   Memphis,  so  circuitous  a  route  btr: 

creek   lies   an   immense  impassable   swamp,  taken  because  the  direct  commnnicaticD  by  tl- 

Over  the  swamp  three  wagon  roads  enter  Cor-  Memphis  and  Charleston  road  was  imp«d^  : 

inth,  one  from  Farmington  on  the  east,  and  transportation  trains.    The  two  enga^oitr:' 

two  fh)m  the  north.    These  being  the  chief  referred  to  took  place  at  and  around  Tuu^x- 

features   of   the    position,    the    confederates  ton,  a  small  town  about  4  m.  £.  of  Coiicti.  a 

strengthened  it  as  follows.     From  the  river  the  edge  of  the  swamp.    On  May  6  a  porDcf 

where  the  battle  of  Shiloh  was  fought  to  the  of  Gen.  Pope^s  conmiand,  under  Gens.  ?y^ 

Soint  where  the  woods  ceased  they  dug  pitflEdls,  and  Palmer,  consisting  of  parts  of  9  iofirirr 

estroyed  bridges  over  creeks,  tore  up  the  oo]>  regiments,  two  batteries,  and  one  regineot  v-! 

duroy  roads  made  necessary  by  the  frequent  cavalry,  were  ordered  to  make  a  reconnoisiSDft 

marshes,  and  threw  in  the  way  every  possible  toward  Farmington.    After  marching  Di^'" 

obstruction.    Kear  the  edge  of  the  forest  they  lested  for  severd  miles,  they  were  fired  cj<t 

felled  timber  in  great  quantities,  thus  making  by  the  confederate  pickets,  and  on  emer^"^' 

a  most  formidable  abatis.   On  each  of  the  three  into  an  open  field  encountered  the  enemjV  tf- 

roads  crossing  the  swamp  forts  were  erected,  tillery.    The  latter  were  dispersed  b;  i  tuX 

connected  with  each  other  by  rifle  pits  and  fireofmusketry,  retired  to  a  sheltered  positittc 

batteries.    When  Gen.  Halleck  arrived  upon  and  made  a  second  stand ;  from  this  tbej  vtn 

the  ground  where  the  battle  of  Shiloh  had  dislodged  by  the  federal  artillery,  aided  is  t<(- 

been  fought,  some  days  after  that  action,  he  fore  by  a  fiank  movement  of  infantiy;  tten^ 

found  Gen.  Grant^s  army  much  thinned  by  suit  was  a  retreat  of  the  confederates  to  tk.' 

losses  and  by  disease.    It  lacked  arms,  ammu-  third  position,  lust  N.  of  Farmington;  il^^J 

nition,  means  of  transportation,  camp  equipage,  were  attacked  here  with  artillery  from  t^' 

and  supplies  of  various  kinds.     Gen.  BuelPs  points,  and  fied  for  the  last  time,  leaving  tht 

army,  and  one  division  of  that  under  Grant,  Union  forces  free  to  take  posBeesion  of  ti« 

were  in  a  better  condition,  having  escaped  the  town.    The  Union  loss  was  2  killed  and  ^• 

reverses  of  the  first  day's  fight  m  which  the  wounded ;  that  of  the  confederates  10  kM 

others  had  so  severely  suffered.    Gen.  Halleck  20  wounded,  and  80  prisoners.    A  sdmA  W 

sent  these  troops  into  camp  in  the  advance,  was  left  to  occupy  Farmington,  and  on  th 

proceeded  to  supply  the  wants  of  Gen.  Grant's  9th  another  engagement  took  place  there.  (*^ 

army,  and  called  to  him  Gen.  Pope  with  all  his  that  day  the  confederates  in  large  forc«  ^ 

force  from  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Pillow  and  New  tacked  the  nationd  troops,  who  retired  i^^ 

Madrid.    The  latter  arrived  April  24  at  Ham-  the  town  and  awaited  re^oreemeDti ;  ^^ 

burg,  about  6  m.  above  Pittsburg  Landing,  soon  arrived  under  Gen.  Paine,  and  dw^ly 

The  three  grand  divisions  of  the  army  then  ex-  after  the  whole  body,  consistiog  ^^  ^  '^ 

tended  from  Owl  creek  on  the  north  to  Cham-  ments  of  Infantry,  parts  of  S  regioeD^  « 

bers^s  creek  on  the  south,  along  a  line  of  several  cavalry,  and  10  pieces  of  artillery,  was  op* 

miles.  Gen.  Thomas  on  the  right,  Gen.  Buell  in  ed  upon  with  artillery  by  the  enemy.   |^ 

the  centre,  G^en.  Pope  on  the  left,  and  Gen.  Union  hafantry  broke;  the  artillery  c^r^ 

McOlemand  commanding  the  reserve.    On  Uie  the  advance  of  the  attacking  force,  UU^r 

2Tth  the  order  was  pven  to  move  toward  Cor-  ing  unsupported,  was  compelled  to  fi^JL^Lito 

inth,  and  on 'the  mght  of  the  same  day  the  a  new  line;  the  inftotry  being  here  exp«*^ 

anny  encamped  7  m.  nearer  that  place,  the  a  severe  cross  fire.  Gen.  Paine  ordered  »^|^ 

roads  having  been  in  some  degree  repiured.  ry  charge  f^m  two  directions,  whkh  aitBC^ 


722                      CORINTH  OOX 

4  m.  of  Oorinth,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  8d  1,812  wounded,  among  the  former  being  Gcel 

the  battle  was  opened  with  artillery,  being  con-  Hackleman ;  while  the  confederates  loi^  neart; 

tinned  with  desultory  skirmishing.  Till  2  P.M.  1,428    killed,  including   many  officere,  L80 

the  action  waa  fought  chiefly  in  a  wooded  field,  wounded,  and  2,248  prisoners.    They  lost.  tbo. 

and  for  this  reason,  as  well  as  because  the  fed-  14  stand  of  colors,  2  pieces  of  artill«T,  4.5  \- 

eral  troops  were  between  tiie  works  and  the  roundsof  ammunition,  8,800  stand  of  anu^isd 

enemy,  the  heaviest  guns  could  not  be  advan-  a  large  number  of  aoooutrements. 

tageously  used.  At  that  hour  a  brilliant  charge  OOUGH,  Dabius  Nash,  migor-gen^ral  u 

was  made  upon  the  confederates  by  the  17th  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Pgil^ 

Wisconsin,  and  the  Yth,  60th,  and  57th  Illinois  co.>  N.  Y.,  July  28,  1822.     He  was  gr^i.- 

regiments,  by  which  the  enemy's  centre  was  ated  at  West  Point  in  1846,  entered  the  4*i 

broken.    After  this  there  was  little  fighting  on  artillery,  and  was  in  active  service  dnriog  xl- 

that  day,  and  the  battle  was  undecided  at  night,  Mexican  war,  attached  to  Capt.  TV^ashingt4€< 

though  the  Union  army  had  clearly  suffered  battery.    He  received  a  brevet  for  gallintn  i: 

more  severely  than  the  confederates.    Early  Buena  Vista  in  Feb.  1847,  and  was  comn:^ 

on  Saturday,  Oct.  4,  the  batteries  opened  fire  sioned  aslst  lieutenant  the  same  year.    Hewt 

from  the  national  lines  with  great  effect ;  one  afterward  in  command  at  Key  West  barratL 

of  these,  that  called  Robinette,  was  especial-  aided  in  suppressing  the  last  ontbreak  of  t 

ly  galling,  and  a  strong  force  of  the  enemy,  6eminoles,  and  in  1868  obtained  a  year's  Iott 

2,000  in  number,  prepared  to  attempt  its  cap-  of  absence  for  the  purpose  of  maJ^ing  a  sc^i- 

ture.    Another  attack  was  to  be  made  almost  tifio  tour  in  Mexico.    He  published  an  sccolb: 

simultaneously  upon  the  town  itself,  and  this  of  his  explorations  under  the  title  of  '^^^ote 

first  reached  the  point  aimed  at.    The  advance  of  Travel.'^    In  1854  he  resigned  his  conui^ 

was  gallantly  made,  and  went  on  unchecked  sion  and  engaged  in  mercantile  pnrsoits  in  Nci 

by  a  severe  fire  of  grape  and  canister,  even  York  city,  but  subsequently  removed  to  T&b&- 

oocupyingthe  streets  of  Corinth ;  there  the -fire  ton,  Mass.    In  July,  1861.  he  took  the  field  l 

of  battery  Williams  was  hotly  poured  upon  oommand  of  the  7th  Massachusetts  regin^^'- 

them,  and  their  reserves  being  cut  off  by  the  and  in  August  was  appointed  brigadier-geDH^l 

heavy  discharges  from  the  other  batteries,  they  of  volunteers,  his  Commission  dating  fhuD  )L'^ 

were  compelled  to  retire,  their  retreat  being  17.    On  the  reorganization  of  the  army  iA  t< 

hastened  by  a  furious  charge.    The  second  at-  Potomac  he  was  assigned  the  commantl  <4  i 

tack,  that  upon  the  battery  Robinette,  was  the  division  in  the  corps  of  Gen.  Keyes,  with  vhtri 

turning  point  of  the  battle.  •The  fire  upon  this  he  greatly  distinguished  himself  at  the  h^n 

column  was  terribly  destructive,  but  in  face  of  of  Fair  Oaks.    He  was  promoted  to  be  n^jor- 

it  the  force  advanced  to  the  battery  itself,  reserv-  general  July  4,  1862 ;  took  part  in  the  hiu).  - 

ing  their  fire  till  they  mounted  the  parapet;  of  South  mountain  and  An tietam,  in  the Istk: 

they  made. three  attempts  to  take  the  position,  of  which  he  was  attached  to  Gen.  Frui^ir.- 

but  were  repulsed  with  great  slaughter,  and  corps;  and  was  soon  afterward  placed  in  e<c- 

retreated  in  utter  confusion,  followed  by  a  mand  of  the  2d  (late  Sumner^s)  armyoorf«. 

charge  of  a  brigade  and  by  the  fire  of  two  GOWDIN,  Robert,  brigadier-general  of  v<l- 

heavy  batteries.    In  the  mean  time  an  action  unteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  at  Jtiuua- 

of  less  importance,  though  hotly  contested,  had  Yt.,  in  1805.    He  went  to  Boston  at  the  ^.^ 

been  going  on  in  front  of  the  Phillips  battery,  of  21,  with  no  property  but  his  wardioU 

where  also  the  enemy  were  repulsed.     The  which  he  carried  in  a  bundle.    Eogagifig  ^ 

battle  was  thus  virtually  brought  to  an  end  first  in  a  humble  avocation,  be  eventutUr  1^^ 

soon  after  midday  of  the  4th,  when  the  confed-  came  a  lumber  merchant,  and  was  still  in  thi* 

erates  retreated  westward.    On  the  morning  business  when  the  civil  war  broke  out  B^ 

of  the  5th  the  Union  army,  being  reenforoed  was  also  an  alderman  of  the  city  of  Boston,  i^-^- 

by  5,000  men  from  Jackson,  commenced  the  for  20  years  was  connected  with  t!ie  MasfiL^'-; 

pursuit;    on  reaching   the  Hatchie  river  the  setts  militia.    In  June,  1861,  be  took  th«  tt.c 

confederates  found    themselves  between  the  in  command  ofthe  1st  Massachusetts  vdnntee.*^ 

forces  of  Hurlbut  and  Ord  from  Bolivar,  on  the  and  fought  in  Gen.  Tyler^s  division  at  the  \ai- 

one  hand,  and  the  pursuing  column  of  Rose-  tie  of  Bull  run.    He  was  promoted  to  be  lr£- 

crans  on  the  other.     A  hard  battle  ensued  adier-general  of  volunteers  in  Sept.  1862. 

there,  continuing  till  the  afternoon  of  the  6th,  COX,  Jacob  Dolson,  migor-general  of  >i'|- 

and  resulting  in  the  complete  defeat  of  the  con-  unteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bom  in  Hootre^- 

federates  with  heavy  losses.  The  federal  troops  Oanada,  Oct.  27,  1828.    Bjb  parents  were  rr^ 

followed  in  pursuit  till  the  9th,  when  Gen.  dents  of  New  York  city,  where  the  son  ^^^ 

Grant  recalled  Gen.  Rosecrans ;  at  that  time  law  for  some  time,  afterwaid  spending  thn^ 

the  latter  reported  the  enemy  dispersed,  de-  yearsat  Oberlin  college,  Ohio,  and  being  «lmit- 

moralized,  and  incapable  of  further  resistance,  ted  to  the  bar  of  that  state  in  185S.    He  pnc- 

Dnring  the  retreat  the  confederates  abandon-  tised  his  profession  at  Warren,  O.,  until  bise]e^ 

ed  and  spiked  11  guns,  and  lost  3  caissons,  to-  tion  to  the  state  senate  in  1859.    In  1861  be  vsf 

gether  with  large  stores  of  ammunition.    Ac-  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the  state  mUitia- 

cording  to  the  official  report  of  Gen.  Rosecrans,  and  placed  in  command  of  a  camp  of  instriH> 

the  Union  loss  in  this  battle  was  816  killed  and  tion.    He  was  commissioned  br^adier-^n*^'^' 


724  GROSS  EETS  OUMBfiRLAND  GAP 

1889,  V&9  graduated  at  West  Point  in  185S  and  confederate  loas  is  not  aocnraUlj  kikowi, 
appointed  breyet  2d  lientenant  in  the  4th  in-  though  hnndreds  of  their  dead  were  kit  In- 
fantry; became  Ist  lieutenant  in  March,  1856,  hind  them  nnburied,  and  the  bouses  alo&g'Jicir 
and  eaptain  May  14,  1861 ;  was  made  colonel  way  were  full  of  their  wounded, 
of  the  86Ui  Ohio  Tolunteers,  serving  in  western  CRIJFT,  Chablss,  brigadier-general  of  ^d- 
Virginia,  and  at  the  head  of  1,800  men  repulsed  nnteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  entered  the  cenict 
a  much  larger  body  of  confederates  at  Lewis-  in  1861,  became  colonel  of  the  31st  Ii^;ii:& 
burg,  Greenbrier  co.,  April  28, 1862,  capturing  volunteers,  and  was  appointed  brigadier-gtntr- 
4  cannon^  200  stand  of  arms,  and  100  prisoners,  al  July  10, 1862. 

He  was  niade  a  brigadier-general  in  Sept  1862,        CULLUM,  George  Wasbingtoit,  bi%adi<rr- 

and  took  command  of  the  district  of  Kanawha  general  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army.  t<n 

about  Nov.  1.  in  New  York  city,  Feb.  25, 1812,  was  gradoar^j 

GROSS  KEYS,  a  place  about  8  m.  S.  E.  of  at  West  Point  in  1888  and  appointed  brerel  iC 

Hanisonburg,  the  capital  of  Rockingham  co.,  lieutenant  in  the  corps  of  engineers;  hecasat 

Va.,  where  a  battle  was  fought  June  8, 1862.  2d  lieutenant  April  20, 1836,  and  captain  Kj 

The  confederate  Gen.  Jackson,  being  pursued  7, 18S8.    From  1888  to  1888  be  was  employed 

by  Gen.  Fremont^  retreated  up  the  Shenandoah  under  Col.  Totten  in  the  construction  of  Fort 

valley,  his  rear  covered  by  Ashby  ^s  cavalry  and  Adams  and  other  works  at  Newport,  R.  1..  irsh 

infiuitry.    On  June  6  Gen.  Fremont^s  pursuit  the  exception  of  two  years  whQe  asd.<ttot  to 

was  unusually  vigorous,  and  the  enemy  suffer-  the  chief  engineer  at  Washington.    Frtm  l^^ 

ed  severely ;  during  the  retreat  from  Harrison-  to  1848  he  superintended  the  erection  of  Fcft 

burg,  on  that  day.  Gen.  Ashby  was  killed,  and  Trumbull  and  the  battery  at  Fort  Gr^wuli 

the  way  along  which  the  confederate  army  re-  New  London,  Conn.,  and  from  1846  to  1848  *f 

treated  was  strewn  with  wagons,  clothing,  and  Forts  Warren,  Independence,  and  Winthrc'p. 

equii)ments.    On  the  8th  Gen.  Fremont,  leaving  and  other  national  works  in  Boston  harbor, :: 

Harrisonburg  at  6  o'clock  A.  M.,  with  not  more  the  same  time  having  charge  of  the  co&str - 

than  10,000  men,  allowing  the  fullest  estimates,  tion  of  the  sapper,  miner,  and  pontoon  (^i~ 

met  the  enemy  at  Cross  Keys  8  hours  later,  pages  for  the  armies  th^i  invading  Mexico 

Under  Gen.  Fremont  were  Gens.  Stahel,  Milroy,  From  1848  to  1865  he  was  instmctor  of  pr^ 

and  Schenck,  who  were  actively  engaged  in  the  tical  engineering  in  the  military  acadenj  s: 

battle.    Jackson's  army,  which  numbered  about  West  Point,  during  which  time  he  spent  trc 

15,000,  was  stationed  under  cover  of  woods  and  years  in  European,  oriental,  and  American  tmn 

in  ravines,  being  well  sheltered.    Fremont^s  for  his  health ;  and  in  1853-H  constroetcd  tk 

line,  extending  nearly  two  miles,  was  soon  New  York  assay  ofiSce.   He  was  also  appointff^ 

formed ;  but  before  this  was  accomplished  the  in  1848  commandant  of  sappers,  miners^  n.^ 

battle  was  opened  on  the  enemy^s  right  by  Gen.  pontoniers  in  the  army.    He  afterward  scpr- 

Stahel,  who  forced  the  confederates  to  retire,  intended  the  construction  of  the  fortification^ 

At  half-past  12  a  general  advance  was  ordered,  and  other  public  works  in  Ni>rth  and  Soctb 

and  the  whole  line  moved  forward,  descending  Carolina,  and  in  1668  took  charge  of  tbcs*;  :t 

the  slopes  of  8  nearly  parallel  hills,  passing  New  Bedford,  Newport,  New  London,  sod  Xev 

through  the  intervening  valley,  and  ascending  York  on  the  sound.    On  the  breaking  out  ui* 

the  hills  on  the  other  side.    Gen.  Stahel  ad-  the  civil  war  in  1861  he  was  ordered  to  '^3>b- 

vanoed  the  8th  New  York  regiment  against  the  ington,  served  as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Sc\':t. 

enemy's  right ;  the  regiment  fought  with  re-  with  the  rank  successively  of  lieutenant-coki^cl 

markable  bravery,  but  being  unsupported  was  and  colonel,  from  April  9  to  Nov.  1,  and  v^ 

compelled  to  fall  back,  the  colonel  being  se-  promoted  tobem^or  of  engineers.   On  Not.  11 

verely  wounded,  and  the  total  loss  being  not  1861,  he  was  nominated  a  brigadier- general  td 

less  than  800,  more  than  half  its  strength.  The  appointed  chief  of  staff  and  engineers  to  Geii 

confederates  immediately  followed  up  this  sue-  Halleck,  commanding  the  department  of  ihi 

cess  vigorously,  but  their  advance  was  promptly  Mississippi,  and  still  holds  the  same  relation  to 

checked  by  artillery,  and  Gen.  Stahel  with-  that  general,  having  served  through  the  caiZQ- 

drew  his  brigade  to  a  stronger  position.   In  the  paign  before  Corinth  and  accompanied  kini 

meanwhile.  Gen.  Milroy  in  the  centre  and  Gen.  when  he  was  called  to  the  chief  command  st 

Schenck  on  the  right  forced  the  enemy  back,  a  Washington.    While  at  the  West  he  abo  h^ 

splendid  fire  of  artillery  being  kept  up  along  command  for  some  time  at  Ciuro,  HI.,  and  siDce 

the  line.    The  battle  continued  for  more  than  1861  has  been  a  member  of  the  U:  S.  smtsrj 

8  hours,  at  the  end  of  which  time  the  Union  commission.     Gen.  Cullnm  has  published  a 

army  held  the  field.    During  the  night  it  was  ^^  Register  of  the  Officers  and  Graduates  of  the 

expected  that  the  battle  would  the  next  mom-  U.  S.  Military  Academy"  (New  Y'ork,  l^")'''* 

ing  be  renewecl;  but  when  the  day  broke  it  *^  Military  Bridges,  with  India  Rubber  F^'d- 

appeared   that  the   confederates,  who  were  toons"  (8vo.,  New  York,  1849 ;  2d  ed.,  l^}] 

threatened  in  their  rear  by  the  forces  of  Gen.  and  a  translation  of  Duparoq's  '*  Elements  of 

Shields,  had  left,  rapidly  making  their  way  to«  Military  Art  and  History"  (1863). 
ward  Port  Republic    The  Union  loss  in  this       CUMBERLAND  GAP,  a  pass  in  the  Cvm- 

battle  was  between  600  and  700  killed,  wound-  beriand  mountuns  in  8.  E.  Kentucky,  145  m. 

ed,  and  misdng,  including  many  officers.    The  S.  E.  of  Lexington,  and  50  m.  N.  of  Knoxrille, 


726  CURTIN  DANA 

himself  in  that  bodj  by  great  ability  as  a  de-  ico,  was  snccessiyeljr  governor  of  Matamoraa, 

bater.    Long  before  the  election  of  President  Oamai^gOf  Monterey,  and  Saltillo,  and  when  the 

Lincoln  he  declared  himself  in  favor  of  the  12  months  was  completed  for  which  his  regi- 

dissolution  of  the  Union  in  case  of  the  election  ment  had  enlisted  and  they  were  discharged, 

of  a  republican  president ;  and  on  Jan.  7, 1862,  he  remained  as  acting  assistant  a^ntant-gen- 

he  Joined  the  other  representatives  of  Alabama  eral  to  Gen.  Wool.    Returning  to  Ohio,  be  re- 

at  Washington  in  advising  the  immediate  seces-  sumed  the  practice  of  the  law,  but  again  abcm- 

sion  of  the  state.    He  was  appointed,  Jan.  8,  doned  it  for  engineering  labors  in  Iowa  and 

by  the  authorities  of  Alabama,  a  commissioner  Wisconsin,  and  Anally  settled  at  Eeoknk,  Iowa, 

to  invite  Maryland  to  co5perate  in  the  secession  He  was  elected  in  1856  a  representative  in  con> 

movement,  and  is  now  (Deo.  1862)  a  member  of  gress  from  the  1st  district  in  that  state,  and 

the  confederate  house  of  representatives.  was  reelected  in  1868  and  1860.    He  was  ^s¥» 

OURTIN,  Andbkw  Greoo,  governor  of  Penn-  a  member  of  the  peace  conference  in  1 86 1 .  In 
sylvania,  bom  in  Bellefonte,  Centre  co.,  Penn.,  consress  he  was  a  steady  adherent  of  the  re- 
April  22,  1817.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  law  publican  party,  and  especially  identified  him- 
Bcnool  of  the  Hon.  John  Reed,  professor  of  law  self  with  the  advocacy  of  the  project  of  con- 
in  Dickinson  college,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  structing  a  railroad  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  He 
in  1889,  and  commenced  practice  at  Bellefonte.  was  commissioned  colonel  of  the  2d  Iowa  vol- 
He  took  an  active  part  m  politics,  canvassing  unteers  in  June,  1861,  and  ordered  to  dnty  in 
the  state  for  Henry  Olay  in  1844  and  Gen.  N.  Missouri,  but  soon  went  to  Washington  to 
Taylor  in  1848.  In  1855  he  was  appointed  by  attend  the  extra  session  of  congress.  While 
Governor  Pollock  secretary  of  state  and  super-  there  he  received  the  commission  of  brigadier- 
intendent  of  common  schools  of  Pennsylvania,  general  of  volunteers,  dating  from  May  17.  In 
At  the  close  of  his  term  of  ofSce  in  1858  he  August  he  resigned  his  seat  in  congress  and 
returned  to  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  took  command  at  Jefferson  barracks.  He  served 
Bellefonte.  In  1860  he  was  nominated  for  under  Gen.  Fremont  at  8t.  Louis  and  Benton 
governor  by  the  republican  party,  and  after  an  barracks,  and  when  If  r.  Cameron,  secretary  of 
exciting  contest,  in  which  he  actively  canvassed  war,  and  Adjutant-Gen.  Thomas  visited  that 
the  whole  state,  was  elected  by  a  minority  of  department  to  investigate  the  conduct  of  the 
88,000  over  his  competitor.  Gen.  Foster,  who  commanding  general,  Gen.  Curtis  testified  that 
united  the  votes  of  the  supporters  of  Bell,  he  did  not  think  him  competent  to  his  position. 
Breckinridge,  and  Douglas.  On  the  outbreak  After  Gen.  Halleck  took  command  of  the  de- 
of  tlie  civil  war  in  1861  he  devoted  himself  partment,  Nov.  8,  Gen.  Curtis  was  pku^  in 
with  great  zeal  to  the  organization  of  troops,  charge  of  the  St.  Louis  district.  Subsequently 
and  in  a  message  to  the  legislature  at  the  spe-  he  was  made  commander  of  the  army  destined 
cial  session  in  May,  1861,  advised  the  estab-  to  operate  against  the  confederates  in  S.  W. 
lishment  of  a  reserve  corps,  which  has  since  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  and  which,  having  driv- 
rendered  important  services  to  the  country.  en  Price,  McCuUoch,  and  Van  Dom  from  Mis- 

CURTIS,  Samuel  R.,  m^or-general  of  vol-  souri,  fought  and  won  the  important  battle  of 
unteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  Feb.  8,  1807,  Pea  ridge  in  N.  W.  Arkansas,  March  6,  7,  and 
in  Ohio,  while  his  parents  were  on  their  way  8,  1862.  Promoted  to  be  a  mf^jor^neral. 
from  Connecticut  to  the  West.  He  entered  the  March  21,  he  now  entered  Arkansas  on  the 
military  academy  from  New  York  in  1827,  and  head  waters  of  the  White  river,  and  march- 
was  graduated  in  1881,  receiving  the  appoint-  ing  his  army,  a  part  of  which  was  transferred 
ment  of  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  7th  infan-  to  Gen.  HaUeck^s  command  before  Corinth, 
try,  in  which  he  served  till  June  80,  1882,  through  the  state  without  other  serioas  con* 
when  he  resigned.  He  then  studied  law  in  flicts,  but  amid  considerable  difficulties,  arrived 
Ohio  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but  left  that  at  Helena,  on  the  Mississippi,  June  18.  Here 
profession  to  devote  himself  to  engineering,  he  remained  until  August,  when  he  obtained 
and  from  April,  1887,  to  May,  1889,  was  the  leave  of  absence  to  attend  a  meeting  at  Chica- 
cliief  engineer  of  the  Muskingum  river  im-  go  to  organize  a  Pacific  railroad  company,  of 
provement.*  At  the  beginning  of  the  Mexican  which  he  is  one  of  the  corporators ;  alter  which 
war  he  became  adjutant-general  of  Ohio,  and  he  was  ordered  to  take  command  in  the  state  of 
on  June  23, 1846,  colonel  of  the  2d  Ohiovolun-  Missouri,  with  his  head-quarters  at  St.  Louis, 
teera.    He  served  under  Gen.  Taylor  in  Mex-  where  he  still  remains  (Dec.  1862). 


D 

DANA,  Napoueok  Jaokson  Tecumseh,  briga-  7th  infantry,  and  was  assigned  to  a  company 

dier-general  of  volunteers  in  the  IT.  S.  army,  stationed  at  Fort  Pike,  La.    During  the  Mexi- 

born  at  Fort  Sullivan,  Eastport,  Me.,  April  16,  can  war  he  served  with  distinction,  was  se- 

1822.   He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842,  verely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo, 

received  a  commission  as  2d  lieutenant  in  the  and  was  brevetted  captain.    Upon  hia  recovciy 


728  DAVIS  DEVENS 

his  proper  commander,  Gen.  Buell,  had  now  the  national  liberties.    Elected  by  the  dty  of 

arrived.    On  Sept.  29,  meeting  Gen.  Kelson  at  Pesth  to  the  diet  of  1661,  held  in  that  dfy,  he, 

a  hotel  in  that  city,  Gen.  Davis  addressed  him  after  a  short  contest  with  the  more  revolution- 

on  the  subject  of  his  arrest,  when  Nelson  struck  ary  Count  Ladislas  Teleky,  who  committed  soi- 

him  twice  in  the  face.    Gen.  Davis  thereupon  cide,  was  acknowledged  as  the  leader  in  th&i 

borrowed  a  pistol  and  shot  Nelson  through  the  assembly.    His  efforts,  however  to  bxing  abom 

breast,  killing  him  almost  immediately.    After  a  satisfactory  solution  of  the  national  difficol- 

remaining  a  short  time  under  arrest  he  was  ro-  ties  on  the  basis  of  the  laws  of  1S48  failed,  and 

stored  to  duty,  and  ordered  to  Covington.  in  August,  1861,  he  again  retired  fr<Hn  pabiic 

DAVIS,  Thomas,  an  Irish  poet,  bom  at  Mai-  life,  the  diet  being  dissolved, 
low,  county  Cork,  in  1814,  died  in  Dublin,  DENVEB,  Jambs  W.,  brigadier-gen^al  of 
Sept.  16,  1845.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Win- 
college,  Dublin,  and  on  the  establishment  of  Chester,  Va.,  in  1818.  In  his  childhood  he 
the  **  Nation'*  newspaper  in  1842  became  one  emigrated  with  his  parents  to  Ohio,  removed  to 
of  its  principal  writers.  A  conviction  of  the  Missouri  in  1841,  and  taught  school  and  studied 
importance  of  stirring  national  ballads  in  the  law  there ;  was  appointed  a  captain  in  the  lith 
formation  of  the  ^' Young  Ireland**  pBTty,  to  infantry,  March 5, 1847 ;  left  the  service  on  the 
which  the  ^^  Nation**  was  devoted,  induced  him  conclusion  of  the  war  with  Mexico,  July  2o. 
to  make  his  first  attempts  at  poetical  composi-  1848 ;  emigrated  to  California  in  1850,  and  be- 
tion  in  the  columns  of  that  paper ;  and  during  came  a  member  of  a  committee  formed  there 
the  rest  of  his  life  he  continued  to  write  for  it,  to  protect  emigrants  against  fraud ;  took  up 
under  the  pseudonyme  of  ^*  A  Celt,**  a  variety  his  residence  in  Trinity  co.,  and  in  Miurch,  1S51 
of  lyrical  and  ballad  pieces,  which  became  was  elected  to  represent  Trinity  and  Klamath 
widely  popular.  An  edition  of  them,  with  an  counties  in  the  state  senate ;  on  Aug.  2, 1$5S, 
introduction  by  John  Mitchel,  appeared  in  killed  the  Hon.  Edward  Gilbert  near  SanFnm- 
New  York  in  1860.  cisco,  in  a  duel  fought  with  rifles  at  40  pao«. 

DEAK,  Fbbenoz,  a  Hungarian  statesman,  the  fatal   event  taking  place  at  the  second 
bom  at  Kehida,  in  the  county  of  Zala,  Oct.  17,  fire,  Denver  having  discharged  his  piece  is 
1803.    He  was  educated  at  Comorn  and  Raab,  the  air  at  the  first ;  in  Feb.  1858,  was  appoint- 
devoting  himself  to  legal  and  political  studies,  ed  by  Gov.  Bigler  to  the  office  of  secretary  of 
and  at  an  early  age  became  prominent  in  the  state ;  in  Oct.  1854,  was  elected  a  ref  resenia- 
debates  of  the  county  assembly  of  Zala.  Elected  tive  in  congress,  and  served  as  such  until  Maidi 
a  member  of  the  diet  of  1882-*6,  he  became  the  4,  1857,  when  his  term  expired,  and  he  was 
leader  of  the  opposition  in  that  as  well  as  in  appointed  by  President  Buchanan  commiasianer 
the  following  legislative  assembly  (1839-*40).  of  Indian  affairs,  but  resigned  that  office  and 
His  greatest  parliamentary  service  was  the  elab-  was  appointed  governor  of  the  territory  of 
oration,  in  conjunction  with  Szalay  and  others,  Kansas  in  Dec.  1857,  after  the  resignatioo  of 
of  an  excellent  project  of  a  penal  code.    Again  Gov.  R.  J.  Walker.    This  office  he  also  re»i£n* 
elected  by  his  native  county  to  the  diet  of  ed  in  Aug.  1858,  and  was  reappointed  cominis- 
1848-*4,  he  refused  to  serve  on  account  of  the  sioner  of  Indian  affairs,  and  retained  that  post 
instruction  given  to  the  representatives  by  the  until  the  accession  of  President  Lincoln  in 
reactionary  majority  of  the  county,  then  tri-  1861.    After  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war 
umphant,  to  vote  against  the  proposed  equality  he  was  appointed  a  brigadier-general  of  volfm- 
of  taxation,  to  which  Dedk,  with  some  200  teers,  Aug.  14,  1S61,  and  has  serred   in  the 
other  nobles,  now  voluntarily  subjected  him-  western  states.    He  was  for  a  time  in  command 
self.    Failing  health  compelled  Dedk  to  decline  in  Kansas,  but  owing  to  feelings  excited  at  the 
also  the  offered  election  to  the  diet  of  1847-^8 ;  time  when  as  governor  he  endeavored  to  secure 
but  in  the  spring  of  1848,  after  tlie  decisive  the  enforcement  of  the  LecomptonoonMitution, 
victory  gained  by  the  opposition,  now  under  the  people  desired  and  procured  the  aubstito- 
the  lead  of  Kossuth,  over  the  Austrian  govern-  tion  of  another  commander, 
ment,  he  accepted  the  portfolio  of  justice  in        DEVENS,  CnAm^xs,  jr.,  brigadier-general  of 
the  Batthyanyi  ministry.    That  ministry  re-  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Charles- 
signing  on  the  outbreak  of  open  hostilities  town,  Mass.,  April  4,  1820.    He  was  graduated 
against  Austria,  he  retired  to  private  life,  in  at  Harvard  college  in  1838,  entered  the  lav 
December  was  a  member  of  the  unsuccessful  school  there,  and  from  1841  to  1849  practised 
deputation  sent  to  the  camp  of  Windischgrut^  law  in  Franklin  co.,  Mass.    In  1847— '8  be  was 
for  the  negotiation  of  peace,  was  arrested  by  a  member  of  the  state  senate.     Under  Presi- 
that  Austrian  commander,  but  soon  released,  dents  Taylor  and  Fillmore  (1849-'53)  he  was 
and  took  up  his  abode  at  Pesth.    After  reject-  U.  S.  marshal  for  the  district  of  Massachusetts; 
ing  various  overtures  made  him  by  the  Vienna  and  in  1854  he  resumed  the  practice  of  the  Jaw 
cabinet  with  the  object  of  gaining  him  6ver  as  in  Worcester.    On   April   16,   1861,   he  waii 
a  mediator  between  the  dynasty  and  the  Hun-  chosen  mt^jor  of  a  battalion  of  rifles  which  was 
garian  people,  he  reappeared  in  the  public  arena  preparing  to  respond  to  the  president's  call  for 
toward  the  close  of  1860,  after  the  reverses  in  troops,  and  with  it  performed  garrison  duty  at 
Italy  and  financial  embarrassments  compelled  Annapolis  and  Baltimore  till  he  was  appointed 
Francis  Joseph  to  promise  the  restoration  of  colonel  of  the  15th  Maasaohnaetts  volnnteens 


780  DIALYSIS 

the  simpler  method  of  "Jar  diffiision"  often  coliaritieBof  behavior  and  of  relatioiuifoiiod  to 
suffices.  The  mixed  solution  of  crystalloids  is  characterize  the  two  classes  of  bodies,  crysul- 
oonveyed  by  use  of  a  pipette,  and  so  quietly  as  loid  and  colloid,  have  acquired  a  new  interest ; 
to  leave  the  superincumbent  liquid  quite  undis-  and  an  additional  mode  of  classifying  and  re- 
turbed,  to  the  bottom  of  a  Jar  of  water  or  alco-  garding  chemical  substances,  upon  tbis  basis, 
hoi,  and  left  at  rest ;  the  most  diflfusible  sub-  seems  called  for.  Beside  the  distinctions  tl- 
stance  rises  most  rapidly,  and  is  more  entirely  ready  referred  to,  it  will  be  observed  that  errs- 
separated  from  the  others  as  the  time  is  great-  talloid  bodies  tend  to  aggregate  in  plane  Stna 
er,  and  the  height  to  which  it  ascends  through  and  with  angular  outlines,  and  are  hard  oA 
the  column  increases.  By  carefully  drawing  solid ;  while  the  more  usual  condition  of  tbe 
off  with  a  siphon,  at  the  end  of  the  experiment,  colloid  is  that  showing  rounded  outlines,  a  ho- 
successive  strata  of  the  liquid  into  separate  mogeneous  mass,  with  more  or  less  softness 
vessels,  and  quantitatively  analyzing  their  con-  and  toughness  of  texture.  The  water  of  crjy- 
tents,  the  quantities  ^f  the  ^  diffnsates^^  in  the  tallization  in  the  former  is  represented  by  vft. 
strata  from  below  upward,  and  so  the  difiusi-  ter  of  gelatination  in  the  latter.  The  colloids 
bilities  of  Uie  substances,  are  determined.  Thus,  are  usually  insipid ;  the  crystalloids  more  cout- 
with  10  per  cent,  solutions  in  pure  water,  in-  monly  have  a  marked  taste.  Chemically,  tie 
trodnced  to  the  bottom  of  separate  vessels,  be-  former  are  the  inert  bodies ;  the  latter,  nso^j 
neath  4.88  inches  of  pure  water,  1  per  cent,  of  active  or  energetic.  But  as  observed  in  their 
common  salt  in  solution  had  at  the  end  of  14  most  usual  conditions,  the  rigid  crystalloids  ar« 
days  reached  the  uppermost  of  16  strata  of  almost  wholly  unsusceptible  to  external  imprvfl- 
equal  depth  in  the  column ;  while  in  the  same  sions ;  while  the  soft  colloids  have  a  wide  s&i- 
time  sugar  had  barely  appeared  (.005  gramme)  sibility  to  external  agencies,  and  thus  great  ma- 
in the  uppermost  stratum ;  gum  had  diffused  tability  of  condition.  Even  the  simply  minenl 
itself  to  the  10th  stratum  only,  and  tannin  to  colloids  cannot  long  be  kept  without  change— 
the  9th,  from  the  bottom.  By  such  means,  with  •  pure  hydrated  silicic  acid,  or  soluble  sUitA. 
proper  care  and  noting  of  conditions,  the  abso-  sealed  up  tightly,  undergoing  change  within  a 
lute  and  comparative  difilisibilities  of  substances  few  days  or  weeks ;  and  the  existence  of  msnj 
can  be  determined.  Hydrochloric  acid  and  the  of  them  is  only  in  and  during  a  continued  m^- 
allied  hydracids  are  found  to  be  the  most  dif-  amorphosis.  This  is  especially  true  of  alVo- 
ftisive  substances  known ;  the  solid  chlorides  men,  gelatine,  mucus,  and  related  substanc^f, 
are  high  in  the  scale,  and  of  these  apparently  as  existing  in  the  fluids  and  living  tissues  of 
chloride  of  sodium  highest.  As  an  illustration  the  animal  body.  These  colloida  are  plastic  or 
of  the  results  of  series  of  experiments,  the  ap-  nutritive,  and  apparently  in  good  part  because 

Iiroximate  times  of  equal  diffusion  of  the  fol-  they  are  mutable  or  capable  of  those  8uoce^sive 
owing  substances  were  found  as  here  given :  metamorphoses  during  which  the  conditions 
hydrochloric  acid,  1 ;  chloride  of  sodium,  2.S8 ;  of  vitality  can  be  secured,  and  in  turn  ritsS 
sugar,  and  sulphate  of  magnesia,  7 ;  albumen,  force  and  action  evolved  and  manifested.  Thos, 
49 ;  caramel,  98.  When  two  or  more  diffusi-  these  elements  stand  physiologicaUj  in  rela- 
ble  substances  are  mixed,  the  difference  in  tions  the  reverse  of  those  they  show  chemical- 
,  their  rates  of  diffusion  is  increased,  and  effec-  ly ;  and  Professor  Graham  accordingly  ieni^ 
tive  analysis  by  diffusion  is  thus  favored.  The  the  crystalloid  a  statical,  and  the  colloid  a  dj- 
rate  of  diffusion  is  much  accelerated  by  eleva-  namical  condition  of  matter.  He  suggests  th&t 
tion  of  temperature  of  the  liquid  or  mass,  so  the  colloidal  condition  of  matter  may  be  look- 
that  separations  may  be  effected  in  less  time  at  ed  ■  upon  as  ^^  the  probable  primary  source  of 
high  temperatures ;  but  the  degree  of  separa-  the  force  appearing  in  the  phenomena  of  vi- 
tion  is  less,  since  at  the  same  time  the  less  dif-  tality ;"  while  "  to  the  gradual  manner  is 
fusible  substances  gain  in  the  higher  ratio,  which  colloidal  changes  take  place  (for  thej 
The  rate  of  diffusion  of  all  substances  is  less  in  always  demand  time  as  an  element)  may  tbe 
alcohol,  and  prbbably  in  roost  other  liquids,  charaoteristio  protraction  of  chemico-organk 
than  in  water,  or  in  semi-flpid  masses  rendered  changes  also  be  referred" — in  these  intend- 
such  by  water.  The  name  **  diffusate"  has  ing  to  include,  of  course,  the  time  required  for 
been  given  to  any  substance  as  diffused,  or  sep-  application  of  the  power  of  the  will,  for  ex- 
arated  by  dialysis. — ^The  relations  and  applica-  ertion  of  muscular  force,  and  the  phr^oil 
tions  of  the  new  facts,  and  the  principle  which  changes  that  underlie  the  phenomena  of  scnst- 
is  their  basis,  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them  tion  and  thought.  The  facts  observed  in  con- 
of  high  importance.  The  dialyser  affords  an  nection  with  diffusion  appear  to  lead  to  a  new 
advantageous  method,  in  fact  almost  the  only  understanding  of  endosmose,  as  effected,  in 
one  yet  discovered,  for  completely  purifying  part  at  least,  by  the  circumstances  that  a  col- 
soluble  colloids  without  risk  of  decomposition,  loid  cannot  abstract  water  from  (or  dehydrate  t 
by  the  readiness  with  which  all  crystalloid  another  colloid  or  a  crystalloid,  while  a  crT»- 
substances  pass  from  them  into  water ;  and  talloid  can  readily  dehydrate  a  colloid,  and  in 
Professor  Graham  in  his  paper  (^^  Philosophical  so  doing  effect  its  own  movement  through  the 
Transactions,'^  1861,  part  i.  p.  188)  gives  di-  latter.  Finally,  dialysis  affords  a  new  method 
rections  for  the  preparation  and  purification  of  of  conducting  analytical  inquiries,  though  to 
many  substances  of  this  class.    Again,  the  pe-  what  extent  it  wUl  prove  applicable  is  yet  to 


732                   DONELSON  liBAYTON" 

K.  Darnell  C'  Tlie  Gentile  and  the  Jew,  an  In-  the  Union  position  in  front  of  Washington,  or* 

trodaction  to  the  History  of  Ohristianity,"  Lon-  dered  Gen.  Ord^s  brigade,  oompriang  4  Ttp- 

don,  1862),  and  that  on  ''The  Oharch  and  the  ments  of  the  Pennsylvania  reserve,  with  Kan«> 

Churches'*  by  W.  B.  MoCabe  (London,  1862).  regiment  of  "  Buektail  rifles,"  4  pieces  of  a- 

DONELSON,  Dakiel  S.,  a  general  in  the  ser-  tillcry,  and  a  detachment  of  cavalry,  in  aQ 

vice  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Tennes^  about  4,000  men,  to  proceed  on  the  succeeding 

see,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1825,  and  day  to  Dranesville,  which  lay  in  a  neutral  n- 

appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  8d  artil-  gion  between  the  lines  of  the  two  armies  utd 

lery.    He  resigned  after  6  months*  service  (Jan.  seize  a  quantity  of  forage  known  to  be  <!e[^ 

1826),  and  became  a  resident  of  Alabama.    £n-  ited  in  the  neighborhood.    The  troops  marche<i 

tering  the  southern  army  during  the  civil  war,  at  about  6  A.  M.,  and  at  noon  entered  Drane$> 

he  was  appointed  brigadier-general.  ville.    Two  hours  later  the  enemy  made  bl^ 

t>OnBL£DAY,  Abner,  brigadier-general  of  appearance  along  the  road  leading  to  Centr^ 

volunteers  in  the  U.  B.  army,  bom  at  Ballston  viUe,  his  force  being  about  equal  to  that  of  the 

8pa,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  June  26,  1819.    He  Union  troops,  with  two  additional  pieces  of 

was  engaged  as  a  civil  engineer  from  1836  to  artillery.     An  artillery  contest  ensued  with 

1838,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  appointed  a  manifest  advantage  to  the  Union  batterv,  and 

cadet  at  West  Point.    In  1842  he  was  gradu-  at  the  expiration  of  half  an  hour  Ord  posM 

ated  and  obtained  a  commission  in  the  3d  artil-  forward  his  whole  line  of  infiantry,  ordering  the 

lery.    He  served  during  the  Mexican  war  in  men  to  use  the  bayonet  alone.  The  confederal 

the  Ist  artillery,  and  was  promoted  to  be  1st  did  not  wait  to  receive  the  onset,  but  fled&loa^ 

lieutenant  in  1847.    He  was  selected  as  one  of  the  road  to  Fairfoz  Court  House,  lesving  up- 

the  commission  which  was  sent  to  Mexico  in  ward  of  100  of  their  killed  and  wounded  and  i 

1852  to  investigate  the  Gardiner  fraud,  and  quantity  of  stores  on  the  field.    The  Union  Ios$ 

was  afterward  stationed  at  Fort  Duncan,  Texas,  was  7  killed,  61  wounded,  and  3  missing.  At 

until  promoted  to  be  captain  in  1856.    From  9  P.  M.  Gen.  Ord  returned  to  his  camp  vith 

1856  to  1858  he  served  against  the  Indians  in  40  loads  of  forage  secured  during  the  day  and 

Florida,  and  was  then  ordered  to  Fort  Moultrie,  a  few  prisoners. 

and  remained  there  nntil  its  evacuation,  Dec.  DRAYTON,  Pekcival,  an  American  oaTiI 

26,  1860,  when  the  garrison  retired  to  Fort  officer,  bom  in  South  Carolina.    He  enterfd 

Sumter.  The  first  gun  on  the  side  of  the  Union  the  U.  S.  navy  as  midshipman  in  Dec.  l^T, 

was  fired  by  him,  April  12,  1861.    After  the  became  lieutenant  in  Feb.  1888,  and  after  cruis- 

evacuation  of  Fort  Sumter  he  was  placed  in  ing  extensively  in  Brazilian  waters,  the  Me^ 

command  of  Fort  Hamilton,  New  York,  until  terranean,  and  the  Pacific,  was  attached  in  1^? 

June,  1861,  when  he  was  ordered  to  join  Gen.  to  the  national  observatory  at  Washington,  h 

Patterson  in  Pennsylvania,  and  promoted  to  be  1854  he  was  ordered  to  ordnance  duty  at  Nf*^ 

migorin  the  17th  infantry.  He  was  put  in  com-  York.    He  was  promoted  to  be  commander  la 

mand  of  a  battery,  and  afterward  had  charge  1855 ;  joined  the  Paraguay  expedition  in  1S5R 

of  tlie  defences  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Po-  and  the  next  year  was  ordered  to  the  Brazil 

tomac  near  Washington.    In  Feb.  1862,  he  was  squadron  as  aid  to  Flag  OfScer  Sfauhrick.  la 

made  brigadier-general  of  vol  unteers,  and  pi  aced  1 860  he  was  assigned  to  ordnance  duty  at  FbO* 

in  command  of  the  forts  on  the  north  bank  of  adelphia,  and  was  still  there  at  the  ontbreak  of 

the  Potomac.    In  the  battle  of  Antietam,  he  the  civil  war.    Although  strongly  bonnd  bj 

commanded  a  division  in  the  1st  army  corps  family  ties  to  the  seceding  states,  he  renmiBed 

under  Gen.  Hooker.  loyal  to  the  national  flag,  and  in  the  ezpeditica 

DOW,  Neal,  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  to  Port  Royal  commanded  the  steamer  Poc*- 
in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Portland,  Me.,  in  hontas,  his  brother.  Gen.  T.  F.  Drayton,  coni- 
1803.  He  is  of  Quaker  parents,  was  bred  to  manding  at  the  same  time  the  confederate 
commercial  and  manufacturing  pursuits,  has  troops  on  Hilton  Head  island.  Commander 
twice  been  mayor  of  Portland,  and  served  in  Drayton  was  afterward  transferred  to  the 
the  state  legislature,  where  he  introduced  the  Pawnee,  and  in  1862  was  promoted  to  be  rap- 
famous  prohibitory  liquor  law,  known  as  the  tain  and  ordered  to  the  new  Ericsson  iron  bat- 
'*  Maine  law."  He  was  appointed  colonel  of  tery  Passaic. — Thomas  F.,  brother  of  the  pr^ 
the  13th  Maine  volunteers,  Dec.  81,  1861,  and  ceding,  a  general  in  the  service  of  the  confeder- 
joined  Gen.  Butler^s  expedition  against  New  ate  states,  bom  in  South  Carolina,  was  ^o* 
Orleans.  He  was  commissioned  brigadier-  ated  at  West  Point  in  1828  and  appoiotw  2(1 
general  of  volunteers,  April  28,  1862,  and  com-  lieutenant  in  the  6th  infantry.  In  1886  be  re- 
mands a  brigade  in  the  department  of  the  gulf,  signed  his  commission,  and  for  two  years  wis 

DRANESVILLE,  a  post  village  in  Fairfax  resident  engineer  of  the  Charleston,  Lonisnlle, 

CO.,  Va.,  on  the  Leesburg.  turnpike,  about  mid-  and  Cincinnati  railroad,  after  which  he  l>eeiUD« 

way  between  Leesburg  and  Washington,  where  president  of  the  Charleston  and  Savannah  r»l^ 

was  fought,  Dec.  20,  1861,  a  sharp  action  be-  road  company.    When  the  civil  war  broke  oat 

tween  the  Union  forces  under  Gen.  E.  O.  C.  he  Joined  the  southern  army,  and  was  apfwffl^* 

Ord  and  the  confederates  commanded  by  Gen.  ed  brigadier-general  and  placed  in  commaM 

Stuart.    On  Dec.  19  Gen.  McCall,  who  com-  of  the  8d  military  district  in  the  departmeit  w 

manded  at  Langley^s  on  the  extreme  right  of  South  Carolina.     He  partieipated  in  the  de- 


784  EARLY  EATOK 

he  was  oommbsioned  a  midshipman  in  the  steamed  thrice  in  an  elliptic  conne  betr^ 
navy,  sailed  in  1817  on  his  first  cruise  in  the  the  forts,  delivering  their  fire  at  each  in  torn, 
Franldin  (74),  under  Commodore  Stewart,  and  the  enemy  evacuated  their  works,  ab&ndoniBr 
for  many  years  was  employed  in  the  ordinary  every  thing  but  their  muskets.  Flag  Officer  I<: 
routine  duties  of  his  profession.  In  1845,  he-  Pont  followed  up  this  advantage  with  vigor  si 
ing  then  a  commander,  he  was  ordered  to  the  different  points  along  the  southern  coast  tl:t 
Pacific,  in  conmiand  of  the  frigate  Congress,  naval  operations  against  which  were  invari&Kr 
bearing  the  broad  pennant  of  Conunodore  attended  with  success.  He  also  succeeded  ii 
Stockton,  and  during  the  Mexican  war  saw  enforcing  a  more  eficctive  blockade  than  iht 
much  active  service  on  the  California  coast.  In  Union  fleets  had  been  able  previously  to  malih 
Feb.  1848,  he  landed  at  San  Jos^,  with  100  tain.  In  Aug.  1862,  he  was  nominated  br  iLr 
marines  and  sailors,  and,  defeating  and  diapers-  president  one  of  the  9  rear  admirals  on  tlic  &> 
ing  a  Mexican  force  6  times  as  numerous,  res-  tive  list.  Apart  from  his  sea  service,  vMch  ei 
cued  a  small  party  under  Lieut.  Hey  wood,  tends  over  a  period  of  25  years,  AdmiralDuPiC 
who  had  been  beleaguered  in  the  mission  house,  has  served  on  various  important  naval  boank 
In  1856  he  attained  the  rank  of  captain,  and  in  including  the  lighthouse  board,  the  BAval  Ti- 
the succeeding  year  was  placed  in  command  of  tiring  board,  and  the  boards  for  proTiding  ^ 
the  steam  frigate  Minnesota,  which  conveyed  code  of  rules  for  the  service  and  for  the  eiaia- 
Mr.  Reed,  the  American  minister,  to  China,  ination  of  midshipmen.  He  also  had  a  coo^b!- 
After  a  cruise  of  two  years  in  the  China  waters  erable  share  in  the  organization  of  the  na^^ 
he  returned  to  the  United  States,  and  on  Jan.  school  at  Annapolis,  and  is  the  author  of  a  re- 
1, 1861,  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  port  on  the  use  of  floating  batteries  for  eo^ 
Philadelphia  navy  yard.  In  the  ensuing  sum-  defence,  which  has  been  republished  and  higlilj 
mer  he  was  consulted  by  the  secretary  of  the  commended  in  England  by  Sir  Howard  Dou^ 
navy  with  reference  to  the  occupation  of  a  cen-  in  his  work  on  naval  gunnery, 
tral  harbor  or  depot  on  the  southern  coast,  and,  DURYEE,  Abeam,  brigadier-genersl  of  toI- 
having  recommended  Port  Royal,  he  was  put  nnteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  the  citj  of 
in  command  of  the  south  Atlantic  blockading  New  York,  April  29,  1616.  He  engaged  j 
squadron,  and  intrusted  with  the  special  duty  business  as  a  mahogany  merchant,  and  ace:- 
of  attacldng  that  place.  He  sailed  from  For-  mulated  a  fortune.  After  serving  16  jears  in 
tress  Monroe,  Oct.  29,  in  his  flag  ship  the  Wa-  the  New  York  state  militia,  at  first  as  priT^k. 
bash,  accompanied  by  a  fleet  of  50  sail,  com-  he  became  colonel  of  the  7th  regimeot,  tt 
prising  the  vessels  of  war  of  his  squadron,  and  tional  guard,  in  1849,  and  filled  that  poet  k 
transports  conveying  the  land  forces  under  10  years.  In  1861  he  organized  a  regimeot  cf 
Oen.  T.  W.  Sherman.  On  Nov.  4  and  5  the  zouaves,  the  5th  New  York  volunteers,  wbkli 
fleet,  after  having  been  scattered  by  a  violent  he  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Great  Bviiel 
storm,  rendezvoused  off  Port  Royal,  and  on  the  He  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  of  vi»i- 
7th  an  attack  was  made  upon  two  strong  forts  unteers,  Aug.  81,  1861.  At  the  second  battle 
on  Hilton  Head  and  Bay  Point,  which  defended  of  Bull  run  he  was  wounded,  and  at  the  battltof 
the  harbor.  After  a  severe  engagement  of  4  Antietam  he  commanded  a  brigade  in  Gen.  Hick- 
hours,  in  which  the  squadron  led  by  the  Wabash  etts^s  division  of  Hooker^s  {the  1st)  armj  corps. 


E 

EARLY,  JuBAL  A.,  a  general  in  the  service  EATON,  Ajiob.  an  American  botanist,  bora 

of  the  confederate  states,  born  in  Virginia  about  1776,  died  m  Troy,  N.  Y.,  May  10,  K^^i 

about  1818,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  He  fltted  himself  for  college  while  serriog  ^ 

1887,  was  appointed  a  2d  lieutenant  in  the  1st  apprenticeship  to  a  blacksmith,  was  grada&te^l 

artillery,  was  transferred  to  the  2d  artillery  in  at  Williams  college  in  1799,  studied  law  uiitiff 

July,  1838,  and  resigned  in  the  same  month  to  Alexander  Hamilton,  and  was  admitted  to  th« 

study  law  and  practise  it  in  Virginia,  where  he  bar.    He  was  appointed  agent  and  stureTor 

became  a  member  of  the  legii^ature.    He  was  of  the  Livingston  estates  on  the  Hudson  rir^. 

mi^or  of  a  regiment  of  Virginia  volunteers  in  studied  chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  botafl/)  ^ 

the  Mexican  war,  serving  from  Jan.  1847,  to  commenced  lecturing  on  the  natural  ficiences^^ 

Aug.  1848.    After  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  Williams  college  in  1817,  and  the  next.Tetf. 

war  in  1861,  he  entered  the  army  of  Virginia,  by  invitation  of  Qov,  De  Witt  Clinton,  at  Al- 

becaroe  a  colonel,  and  commanded  a  brigi^e  at  bany.    In  1820  Gen.  Stephen  Van  Rensseu^ 

the  battle  of  Bull  run.    His  arrival  upon  the  employed  him  to  make  a  geological  aorrey^?^ 

field  at  a  critical  period  of  the  day  contributed  the  region  through  which  the  Erie  caDsl  tft^- 

greatlyto  give  the  victory  to  the  confederates  ward  passed,  which  was  published  >"  |'^^' 

and  was  regarded  as  very  creditable  to  him.   He  Gen.  Van  Rensselaer  soon  after  eetablj^^^ 

is  now  (Dec.  1862)  among  the  first  on  the  list  and  endowed  the  Rensselaer  institute  at  Trov. 

of  brigadier-generals  in  the  confederate  army,  of  which  he  made  Mr.  £aton  senior  profe^^* 


736  ELLIOTT  EMINENT  DOMAIN 

kind,  and  was   president  of  the  Schuylkill       ELZET,  Arnold,  a  general  in  the  serrioe  of 

navigation  company  in  1846-^7.    Previous  to  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Maryland  aboct 

the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  in  1861,  he  1815.     His  name  was  originally  Arnold  L 

had  removed  to  Washington,  where  he  early  Jones,  but  it  was  legally  changed  in  1838.  H« 

devoted  much  attention  to  the  use  of  steam  was  graduated  vat  West  Point  in  1837  and  &p- 

vessels  as  rams  in  naval  warfare.    He  also  pro-  pointed  a  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  artillery ;  U- 

jected  a  plan  for  cutting  off  the  confederate  came  an  assistant  commissary  of  subsistenee  in 

army  at  Manassas,  and  communicated  it  to  Nov.  1887,  and  Ist  lieutenant  in  Nov.  18B9:w&, 

Gen.  McClellon,  by  whom  it  was  not  adopted,  brevetted  a  captain  for  gallantry  at  CoDtmt? 

He  subsequently  wrote  two  pamphlets  severely  and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20, 1847 ;  was  adjouot 

oensuring  that  generoFs  mode  of  conducting  of  his  regiment  from  Dec.  1847,  to  Jan.  1S4.V, 

the  war,  which  excited  much  attention  and  became  a  captain  in  Feb.  1849;  resigned  hi* 

comment.    The  navy  department  having  de-  commission  April  25,  1861,  entered  the  conttni- 

clined  to  construct  rams  for  service  on  the  erate  service,  and  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  ran 

Mississippi  according  to  his  plan,  he  applied  to  took  conmiond  of  a  brigade  of  the  army  of  i^ 

Mr.  Stanton,  secretary  of  war,  by  whom  it  was  Shenandoah  after  Gen.  £.  K.  Smith  was  dii- 

adopted.    Mr.  Ellet  was  commissioned  as  colo-  abled  by  a  wound,  and  was  highly  commended 

nel  of  engineers,  and  in  a  short  time  converted  by  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston  in  his  report  of  tbebA^ 

into  rams  some  10  or  12  powerful  steamers  of  tie.    It  was  this  force  which,  arriving  npontLc 

light  draught  built  for  use  on  the  Ohio  and  Mis-  field  when  both  armies  were  exhaasted  bj  ik 

sissippi  rivers.    This  was  done  by  building  bulk-  fight,  turned  the  scale  against  the  Union  anoj. 

heads  of  heavy  timbers  around  their  machine-  and  caused  its  defeat.    He  is  now  (Dec.  lS<)i) 

ry,  and  by  strengthening  their  bows  with  tim-  near  the  head  of  the  list  of  brigadier-geoeral? 

bers  internally  and  a  sheathing  of  iron  bars  ex-  in  the  confederate  army, 

temally.    With  this  fleet  Ool.  Ellet  rendered  .  EMINENT  DOMAIN  (in  the  Boman  lav, 

great  assistance  in  the  naval  battle  off  Mem-  dominium  emineni).    DominvsBiidmagiittr^ 

phis  on  June  4,  where,  going  boldly  forth  in  ad-  both  translated  by  the  word  **  master  f  bst 

vance  of  the  line  of  battle,  he  sunk  and  disabled  dominus  means  one  who  is  master  by  the  rigbt 

several  of  the  enemy^s  vessels.    Exposing  him-  of  property,  while  mogiHter  means  one  vhu  is 

stlf  gallantly  under  fire,  he  was  struck  by  a  master  by  the  right  of  superiority.    Hence  dv 

musket  ball  above  the  knee,  from  the  effects  of  minium  as  a  law  term  is  quite  accnratelj  ny 

which  he  died.    He  wrote  ^^  An  Essay  on  the  resented  by  the  word  property;  and  emioent 

Laws  of  Trade,  in  reference  to  the  Works  of  domain  is  the  right  of  property  poseessed  ly  % 

Internal  Improvement  in  t^e  United  States^*  state,  which  is  hisher  over  all  the  goods  utd 

(8vo.,  Richmond,  1839) ;  a  paper  "  On  the  Phy-  valuables  within  the  state  than  that  of  anj  in- 

sical  Geography  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  with  dividuaL    The  phrase  means,  in  practice,  tk 

suggestions  as  to  the  Improvement  of  the  Navi-  right  inherent  in  any  sovereignty  of  \^H 

gation  of  the  Ohio,  and  other  Rivers,"  publish-  possession  of  any  valuable  thing,  be  it  real  or 

ed  in  ^'  Transactions  of  the  Smithsonian  Instl-  personal,  and  using  it  for  a  public  pnrpoi»t. 

tution"  (4to.,  Washington,  1861);  "The  Mis-  W^here,  in  the  theory  of  the  law,  all  property 

siBsippi  and  Ohio  Rivers,  containing  Plans  for  is  held  by  tenure  from  the  sovereign,  the  eIv^ 

the  Protection  of  the  Delta  from  Inundation,  else  of  this  right  on  the  part  of  the  sorertijT^ 

and  Investigation  of  the  Practicability  and  Cost  may  be  regarded  as  only  a  resumption  of  tli^i 

of  improving  the  Navigation  of  the  Ohio  and  which  it  originally  granted ;  and  all  propertt 

other  Rivers  by  means  of  Reservoirs ;  with  an  may  be  supposed  to  rest  on  a  title  to  wbicb  tW 

Appendix  on  the  Bars  at  the  Mouths  of  the  condition  was  annexed  that  it  might  be  i^^^ 

Mississippi"  (8 vo.,  Philadelphia,  1863);  apam-  resumed  by  the  original  grantor.    Ibis  Da; 

phlet  on  ^^  Coast  and  Harbor  Defences,  or  the  not  be  the  theory  of  the  title  to  property  inthL^ 

Substitution  of  Steam  Battering  Rams  for  Ships  country  (see  Tenure,  voL  xv.),  and  then  tbe 

of  War"  (Philadelphia,  1866) ;  and  many  other  right  of  eminent  domain  would  rest  with  qsoe 

scientific    papers. — ^His   brother,  Alpbed  W.  the  right  of  superiority  and  power.    Whatever 

Ellet,  who  held  a  commission  under  him  as  be  its  ground,  it  is  entirely  certain  that  tbt 

lieutenant-colonel  in  the  ram  fleet,  has  lately  right  of  eminent  domain,  or  the  right  to  take 

been  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  private  property  for  public  use,  is  distinetljt^ 

ELLIOTT,  WAsniNGTON   L.,  brigadier-gen-  serted  and  frequently  exercised,  both  by  ^ 

eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  was  ap-  national  government  and  by  that  of  the  seven! 

pointed  from  Pennsylvania  a  2d  lieutenant  of  states.    One  condition  is  always  afBxed  to  it 

mounted  rifles.  May  27,  1846,  became  Ist  lien-  viz.,  that  the  nublic  good  requires  that  prirate 

tenant  in  July,  1847,  re^mental  quartermas-  property  should  thus  be  taken  for  public  us^^ 

ter  in  April,  1862,  and  captain  in  July,  1864.  and  this  fact  must  be  ascertained  by  theapF^ 

He  distinguished  himself  in  conflicts  with  the  priate  authority.    Anotiier  condition  ia8BDex«<i 

NaviMoes  in  New  Mexico  in  Sept.  1858,  in  to  the  exercise  of  this  power  by  the  constitotioQ 

1869  had  conmiand  of  Fort  Bliss  in  Texas,  on  of  the  United  States,  and  by  that  of  maay  sUt«^ 

Kov.  6, 1861,  became  mtgor  of  the  1st  cavalry,  and  is  universal  in  practice,  and  wonld  doott- 

and  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volun-  less  be  held  to  be  always  implied  in  law.  ^  ^ 

toers,  June  11,  1862.  that  adequate  compensation  bamadeto  thoi^ 


788                         EVANS  FABRAC^UT 

flame  privilege,  with  similar  conditions,  belongs  EVANS,  Nathak  Gbosok,  a  ge&enl  in  tLe 
to  the  next  player,  and  so  on.  When  all  the  aeryioe  of  the  confederate  states,  born  in  Dtr- 
players,  including  the  dealer,  have  passed,  the  lington  district,  S.  0.,  about  1829,  was  gndn- 
latter  turns  down  the  card,  and  the  elder  hand  atcd  at  West  Point  in  18i8,  and  appointed  t 
has  the  privilege  of  designating  the  suit  which  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  1st  dragoons,  utd 
shall  be  trumps,  which  must  however  be  an-  in  Sept.  1849,  a  2d  lieutenant  in  tiie  2d  dragoon; 
other  than  that  previously  turned  up.  If  he  became  a  1st  lieutenant  in  the  2d  cavalrj  Id 
names  a  trump,  he  must  score  his  point  or  be  March,  1856,  and  a  captain  in  May,  1856;  die- 
enchred ;  and  if  he  is  unwilling  to  take  the  tinguished  himself  in  a  battle  with  iht  Go- 
risk,  he  passes  again.  When  all  the  players  manohes  in  Texas,  Oct.  1,  1859 ;  resSgoed  hi* 
have  passed  tor  the  second  time,  they  throw  up  commission  Feb.  27, 1861,  entered  the  eoded- 
their  cards,  and  the  elder  hand  succeeds  to  the  erate  service,  was  made  a  colonel,  and  coo- 
deaL  A  player  taking  all  5  tricks  makes  what  manded  a  brigade  in  the  battle  of  Bnll  nn, 
is  called  a  **  march,''  and  is  entitled  to  score  2 ;  where  his  conduct  was  highly  approved  is  ti^t 
taking  either  8  or  4  tricks,  he  scores  but  1.  In  report  of  Gen.  J.  K  Johnston ;  was  promoted 
4-handed  euchre,  in  which  the  players  sitting  to  be  a  brigadier-general,  and  commanded  \k 
opposite  to  each  other  are  partners,  as  in  whis^  confederates  in  the  battle  of  Ball's  bluff,  Oct 
a  player,  having  good  cards,  will  sometimes  de-  19,  1861. 

sire  to  *^  play  the  hand  alone,''  without  the  as-  EWELL,  Ricrabd  Stoddabd,  a  general  in 

sistance  of  his  partner.   If  under  these  circum-  the  service  of  the  confederate  stat^  born  is 

stances  he  makes  a  march,  he  scores  4  points;  the  district  of  Columbia  about  1820,  was gnd* 

but  if  euchred,  his  adversaries  score  4.    The  uated  at  West  Point  in  1840,  and  ^pointed  t 

game  of  euchre  is  peculiar  to  the  United  States,  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  Ist  dragooDs;  ^ 

where  it  is  a  universal  favorite,  being  preferred  came  a  1st  lieutenant  in  Sept.  1845;  ▼<»  bK- 

by  many  to  whist.  vetted  a  captain  for  gallantrf^  at  Oontrew  uA 

EVANS,  Marian  0.,  an  English  authoress,  Churubusco,  Aug.  20, 1847;  became  captain  id 

bom  in  the  north  of  England  about  1820.  Her  Aug.  1849 ;  distinguished  himself  in  a  Uttk 

first  important  literary  work  was  a  translation  with  the  Apaches  in  New  Mexico,  June  H 

from  the  German  of  Strauss's  "  Life  of  Christ"  1857;  resigned  his  commission  in  the  U.  & 

(8  vols.  8vo.,  London,  1846).    In  1856  she  con-  army.  May  7,  1861,  entered  the  confedentt 

tributed  to  ^'Blackwood's  Magazine"  a  series  service,  was  appointed  a  brigadier-general,  to(^ 

of  tales  under  the  title  of  *'  Scenes  of  Clerical  part  in  the  battle  of  Blackburn's  ford,  July  1^. 

Life ;"  they  were  republished  in  two  volumes  1861,  and  was  at  Bull  run,  but  did  not  taiea 

in  1857.    She  then  published,  under  the  pseu-  active  part  in  the  batfle.    He  was  sobseqneDtJj 

donyme  of  "  George  Eliot,"  a  remarkable  novel  promoted  to  be  a  migor-general  and  t^poiDte^ 

entitled  '^  Adam  Bede"  (1858),  in  which  she  de-  to  the  command  of  a  corps  in  the  anny  of  Mr- 

pioted  some  of  the  humbler  phases  of  English  ginia.    He  accompanied  Lee  in  hia  movenKQ^ 

life  with  great  vividness  and  accuracy.    The  against  Pope  in  <he  latter  part  of  Ang.  IS^ 

book  made  a  deep  impression,  and  its  author-  and  on  the  27th  was  defeated  by  Hooker  A 

ship  was  long  an  interesting  subject  of  inquiry.  Kettle  run,  near  Manassas  Junction,  with  eon- 

Her  subsequent  works  are :  "  The  Mill  on  the  siderable  loss.    He  took  part  in  the  battles 

Floss"  (1869) ;  "  Silas  Mamer,  the  Weaver  of  fought  near  Bull  run,  Aug.  28-30,  and  also 

Raveloe"  (1861);  and  "Romolo,"  a  story  of  in  the  succeeding  Maryland  campaign,  in  the 

Florentine  life  in  the  15th  century,  begun  in  course  of  which  he  was  severely  wounded  a^ 

the  "  Oomhill  Magazine"  in  1862.  obliged  for  a  time  to  retire  from  duty. 


F 

i 

FAIR  OAKS.    See  CmoKAHOMnrr.  Vandalia  on  the  Brazil  station,  he  ranBiod 

FARMINGTON.    See  Corinth.  until  1883.    He  then  returned  to  the  Branlitf 

FARRAGUT,  David  Glasoob,  an  American  coast,  as  executive  officer  of  the  sloop  of  war 

naval  officer,  born  near  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  in  Natchez.    In  1838  he  was  in  the  West  hidie^ 

1801.    He  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman  ot  In  1841  he  was  commissioned  commander  uw 

the  age  of  11,  and  his  first  service  was  on  board  ordered  to  the  sloop  of  war  Decatnr,  of  the 

the  Essex,  Capt.  David  Porter,  in  which  while  Brazil  squadron.    After  8  years'  leave  of  Ab- 

still  a  boy  he  witnessed  one  of  the  most  terrible  sence  he  was  ordered  to  the  Norfolk  navy  jtfd 

sea  fights  on  record.    Before  the  loss  of  the  £s-  in  1845,  and  remained  there  until  1847,  vben 

sex  he  served  as  acting  lieutenant  on  board  the  he  took  command  of  the  sloop  of  war  Santog«< 

Atlantic,  an  armed  prize.    On  Jan.  1, 1821,  he  of  the  home  squadron.    He  was  again  o^.^°^ 

was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant  and  ordered  to  for  a  while  at  Norfolk ;  in  1851  was  appoint^J 

the  West  India  station.    Afterward  he  was  on  assistant  inspector  of  ordnance ;  in  1864  became 

duty  at  the  Norfolk  navy  yu^,  where,  except  commander  of  the  Mare  island  (Cal.)  ^'^^ 

for  two  years  during  which  he  cruised  in  tibe  yard ;  in  Sept.  1855,  was  oommiseiDtted  cif- 


'Z40  FLORIDA  BLANOA  FOOTE 

His  emuLjB  "  On  the  YaiiatioiiB  of  Pitch  in  Per-  tion  ''  on  the  pnblio  luM^  which  gsre  mt  u 

ensflion  and  Bespiratorj  SonndB,"  and  *'  On  the  the   debate  on  nnllifioatlon  between  Buic' 

Olinioal  Stndj  of  the  Heart  Sounds  in  Health  Webster  and  Robert  T.  Hayne.    At  the  *?> 

and  Disease,"  received  the  first  prizes  of  the  of  16  young  Foote  entered  the  nary  as  setis: 

American  medical  association  in  1862  and  1859.  midshipman,  and  made  his  first  croiss  ia  tk 

A  translation  of  the  former  of  these  and  of  his  schooner  Grampus,  which  formed  part  of  tL* 

clinical  reports  appeared  in  Paris  in  1854.  squadron  sent  in  1828  to  chastise  the  pinks  ir 

FLORIDA  BLANOA,  Joskf  Moniito,  count  the  West  Indian  archipelago.    In  1824  htfk- 

o^  a  Spanish  statesman,  bom  in  Murcia  in  1728,  tained  his  warrant  as  miduiipman,  in  18^7  h>- 

died  in  Seyille  in  1809.    His  family  was  noble,  became  a  passed  midshipman,  and  in  1830  v.* 

but  poor.    He  became  an  advocate,  was  ap-  commissioned  a  lieutenant    In  1833  he  «» 

Sainted  fiscal  to  the  tribunal  of  the  council  of  .  flag  lieutenant  of  the  Mediterranean  sanadrvi 

astile,  and  made  a  report  upon  the  affair  of  and  in  1888  circumnavigated  the  globe  wrl 

the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits,  which  led  to  his  Commodore  Read  as  1st.  lieutenant  of  tl- 

appointment  as  ambassador  to  the  court  of  sloop  of  war  John  Adams,  participating  in  c 

Rome.    In  1777  he  became  premier  to  Charles  attack  on  the  pirates  of  Sumatra,  and  resderii: 

III.,  and  his  administration  of  15  years  was  assistance  to  the  American  missionaries  in  B'^ 

one  of  the  most  snccessfdl  and  brilliant  epochs  nolulu,  who  had  been  persecuted  by  the  Fro^ 

of  Spanish  history.    He  built  extensive  roads,  naval  commander  on  that  station.    While -u 

eanius,  bridges,  and  conduits;  created  more  than  tioned  at  the  naval  asylum  in  1841-^3  he  yrr 

60  agriciUtural  societies  and  numerous  philan-  vailed  upon  many  of  the  inmates  to  gire  z: 

thropic  institutions;  founded  the  national  bank  their  spirit  rations,  being  one  of  the  first  to  i> 

of  St  Charles,  and  the  Spanish  company  of  the  troduce  the  principle  of  total  abstineDce  hA 

Philippines;  made  treaties  of  commerce  with  intoxicating  drinks  in  the  navy;   and  dmi::: 

the  Porte,  and  concluded  a  treaty  of  amity  and  a  cruise  in  the  Cumberland  in  1848-^6,  be  lo 

peace  vnth  Portugal,  which  quieted  the  dis-  only  induced  the  crew  to  forego  the  use  ct 

pntee  about  the  South  American  colonies,  and  spirits,  but  personally  superintended  their  ivr- 

treaties  with  the  emperor  of  Morocco  and  Hy-  ligious  inatrucdon,  delivering  every  Sond^T  & 

der  Ali ;  was  the  first  to  propose  and  to  carry  extemporaneous  sermon,  at  which  upward  ^ 

into  effect  with  Russia  and  Prussia  a  condition  200  sailors  attended.    In  1849,  in  commsad  ^4 

of  armed  neutrality,  by  means  of  which  he  the  brig  Perry,  he  joined  the  squadron  no^' 

hoped  to  deprive  England  of  the  results  of  her  Commodore  Gregory  on   the  African  ec«at, 

maritime  superiority ;  sought  to  avert  the  war  where  during  the  next  2^  years  he  was  actiT^ 

which  in  spite  of  his  efforts  was   declared  ly  and  successfully  engaged  in  suppressinf  tki 

against  Spain  by  England  in  1778,  and  sue-  slave  trade.    In  connection  with  this  crom  hr 

oeeded  in  making  its  burdens  lighter  on  the  published  in  1852  a  work  entitled  "  Afiica  aci 

people  than  those  of  any  previous  one  of  equal  the  American  Flag."    After  serving  en  tk 

duration ;  made  a  treaty  with  Tripoli ;  effect-  naval  retiring  board,  he  was  appoint^  in  Ib3^ 

nally  punished  the  Algerine  pirates;  opened  to  the  command  of  the  sloop  Portsmouth,  tf^ 

the  trade  with  America  to  the  world ;  reduced  ordered  to  proceed  to  the  Onina  station.  A^ 

direct  taxes  and  imposts ;  introduced  great  and  riving  at  Canton  just  previous  to  the  conuDCBce 

valuable  reforms  in  the  administration  of  jus-  ment  of  hostilities  between  the  English  isd 

tice;    ordered  the  taking  of  a  census;  and  Chinese,  he  exerted  himself  in  protecting  the 

caused  the  preparation  of  a  geographical  gazet-  property  of  American  citizens;  and  having be«e 

teer  of  Spain.    Notwithstanding  such  impor-  fired  upon  from  the  Canton  barrier  forts  whii< 

tant  services,  in  1792,  after  having  been  for  8  in  the  discharge  of  this  duty,  he  received  p«^ 

years  the  premier  of  the  imbecile  Charles  lY.,  mission  from  his  commanding  ofiSoer,  Oooubo- 

he  was  imprisoned  in  the  castle  of  Pampeluna,  dore  Armstrong,  to  demand  an  apology  for  the 

where  but  for  the  assistance  of  his  brother  he  indignity.    This  being  refused,  be  attack«dtb« 

would  have  perished  from  starvation.    He  was  forts,  4  in  number,  with  the  Portsrooutb.  sa^ 

at  length  permitted  to  retire  to  Murcia.  When  ported  by  the  Levant,  breached  the  Iarg«9tai^ 

the  Spaniards  rose  against  Napoleon  in  1808  he  strongest,  and  landing  with  a  force  of  280  saO- 

was  called  to  the  presidency  of  the  central  ors  and  marines,  carried  the  work  by  storm. 

junta  of  the  kingdom,  but  soon  sank  under  the  The  remaining  forts  were  sncceasively  earnei 

onerous  duties  of  that  office.    Among  his  pub-  with  a  total  loss  of  40  to  the  attacking  ptftr. 

Ushed  works  are:  JS^i;pt£e9to,/S«pa{so^e  2a  h'^tf  The  works  were  massive 'granite  stmctiir^ 

diapaneianjpa^ranato  yproteeeion  itifnediato  de  with  walls  7  feet  thick,  mounting  176  gnus  and 

8.  M.  en  tog  Menei  oeeufodas  d  hi  Jeiuita»  garrisoned  by  5,000  men,  of  whom  ^^^ 

riCadridf  1768) ;  and  Juieto  impareial  tdbre  loi  killed  and  wounded.    This  exploit,  performed 

lettroi  en  forma  de  breve,  pubUeadoepor  la  curia  in  the  presence  of  the  British  and  Frencb  M^ 

Eomana,  te.  (l768-'9).  in  the  Canton  river,  greatly  enhanced  tht  repo- 

FOOTE,  AiTDBXw  Hull,  a  rear  admiral  in  the  tation  of  the  American  navy  abroad.   At  the 

U.  S.  nayy^bom  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Sept.  commencement  of  the  civil  war  in  1861  Com- 

12, 1806.    He  is  the  son  of  Samuel  A.  Foote,  mander  Foote  was  executive   officer  at  tbe 

formerly  govemorof  Connecticut  and  a  senator  Brooklyn  navy  yard.    In  July,  1861,  be  ^ 

in  congress,  where  in  1880  he  offered  the  resoln-  commissioned  a  captain,  and  in  the  fi>Uorm^ 


742  FORT  ORAIG  FORT  DONELBON 

before  mentioned.    The  point  of  destination  Fort  Davis,  200  m.  K  fh>m  £1  Paao,  and  ftll  tlie 

being  reached,  the  Texans  were  formed  on  the  other  forts  in  the  extreme  north-west  of  thcir 

opposite  bank,  having  arrived  first ;  the  Union  state,  Fort  Olark,  120  m.  from  San  Antonia 

batteries  were  opened  upon  them,  and  they  being  the  nearest  one  to  £1  Paso  held  bj  them, 
retreated  with  a  loss  of  25  or  80  killed ;  then       FORT  DONELSON,  a  military  work  erected 

the  Union  foroe  crossed  to  the  £.  bank,  and  by  the  confederates  in  1861,  situated  in  Tcsnes- 

continued  the  fight.    From  this  time  till  1  see  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Cnmberland  river, 

o^dock  P.  M.  the  battle  was  fought  chiefly  by  about  9  m.  S.  from  the  Kentucky  and  TennessK 

artillery.  Col.  Roberts  being  in  command  of  the  state  line,  and  a  mile  below  the  town  of  Dover. 

United  States  troops ;  Col.  Canby  then  came  The  Cumberland  river  at  the  point  deecHM 

upon  the  field  with  a  regiment  of  volunteers,  makes  a  short  bend  toward  the  weet.     At  tbc 

and  took  command  in  person.    Capt.  McRae  water^s  edge  two  formidable  batteriee  wero 

was  stationed  with  a  battery  at  the  extreme  placed,  commanding  the  river  for  eome  distaofie 

left  of  the  Union  line ;  near  him  was  a  thick  N.  Behind  these  batteries  the  bank  rises  somt- 

forest,  within  the  shelter  of  which  large  bodies  what  abruptly  to  a  height  of  100  feet ;  Dp«ii 

of  the  Texana  had  been  for  some  time  collect-  the  top  of  this  elevation  is  Fort  DoDeIs»o&.  sn 

ing.    Col.  Canby  determined  to  dislodge  them  irregular  work,  enclosing  about  100  acres.   The 

from  this  position,  and  for  that  purpose  ordered  country  W.  of  it  is  rocky,  heavilywooded,  tstd 

McRae^s  battery  to  advance  upon  the  woods,  broken  into  ridges.     Directly  W.  of  the  fort 

supported  by  two  companies  of  regulars  and  are  extensive  abatis,  a  semicircle  of  batteries 

two  companies  of  volunteers.     Seeing   this  and  a  trench  for  riflemen  running  complete^j 

movement,  the  Texans  began  a  series  of  infan-  round  the  works,  and  including  we  town  <  f 

try  charges  upon  the  battery  of  the  most  dee-  Dover.    Gen.  Pillow  was  in  command  of  lit 

perate  character.    The  battle  then  became  a  fort  till  Feb.  18,  when  Gen.  Floyd  arrived  and 

savage  contest  between  Capt.  McRae  and  the  superseded  him ;  the  third  in  rank  was  Gen. 

main  body  of  the  enemy ;  cnarge  after  charge  Buckner.    Gon.  Grant,  then  in  command  at  Fon 

was  made  and  repelled,  till  every  man  at  the  Henry,  on  the  Tennessee  river,  having  d€t«r- 

guns  save  one  or  two  was  slun,  McRae  falling  mined  to  attack  Fort  Donelson  from  two  direc- 

among  the  last.    The  infantry  which  should  tions,  made   the  following  arrangemento :  a 

have  supported  the  battery  precipitately  re-  small  portion  of  the  force  in  Fort  Henry  was 

treated.    With  the  fall  of  the  battery  the  fate  to  proceed  down  the  Tennessee,  turning  lisrk 

of  the  day  was  decided  against  the  Union  for-  all  reinforcements  with  orders  to  wait  at  Pd- 

ces,  who  retired  to  Fort  Craig,  having  lost  60  ducah  for  the  arri  val  of  gunboats  and  tranaporu^ 

killed  and  140  wounded.    The  loss  on  the  other  from  Cairo,  and  then  to  proceed  with  thefe  op 

side  was  variously  estimated  at  100  to  500  the  Cumberland  river  to  Fort  Donelson;  &t  the 

killed  and  wounded. — After  their  success  at  same  time,  a  land  force,  under  Gen.  Grant  i:: 

Fort  Craig,  the  Texans  went  toward  the  north-  person,  was  to  go  from  Fort  Henry  across  to 

east  and  captured  Santa  F6 ;   soon  afterward  the  same  point ;  there  the  two  bodies  and  the 

they  attempted  to  take  Fort  Union,  in  San  gunboats  were  to  cooperate.    The  foroe  wb:<ti 

Miguel  CO.,  but  were  defeated ;  they  then  evac-  went  by  the  river  numbered  about  10,000 ;  tljit 

uated  Santa  F6,  leaving  their  sick  and  wound-  by  land  was  about  16,000  strong.    Of  the  gas- 

ed,  retreated  southward  toward  £1  Paso,  pass-  boats,  under  Flag  Oflicer  Foote,  fonr,  the  Loui^- 

ing  Fort  Craig  in  their  way,  and  were  engaged  ville,  St.  Louis,  Carondelet,  and  Mound  Citj. 

in  various  small  e^irmis^es.    When  near  Fort  were  iron-clad;  and  two,  the  Lexington  and  Con- 

Fillmore,  80  m.  N.  from  £1  Paso,  Gen.  Sibley,  estoga,  were  wooden.    The  column  which  went 

Col.  Steele,  and  Col.  Green  having  united  their  by  the  river  was  expected  to  be  in  the  vicinitj 

forces,  they  found  themselves  between  Gen.  of  Fort  Donelson  on  the  night  of  W^ne^daj. 

Canby *s  force  from  Fort  Craig  and  about  5,000  Feb.  12,  ready  to  b^n  the  attack  on  Thursdaj 

new  troops  from  California.    Sibley^s   force  morning,  in  conjunction  with  the  force  froci 

numbered  about  8,600  men,  well  armed  and  Fort  Henry ;  the  latter  reached  the  point  «.f 

all  mounted,  having  with  them  abundant  ar-  destination  on  Wednesday  afternoon,  but  tlw 

tillery,  including  9  mountain  howitzers.    A  former  did  not  arrive  till  the  night  of  Thnrsd^T. 

battle  ensued,  resulting  in  the  defeat  and  rout  The  land  division,  on  Wednesday  aftemoi'D, 

of  the  Texans,  who  lost  their  stores,  horses  and  drove  in  the  pickets,  and  commenced  the  io- 

mules,  arms,  and  ammunition ;  a  great  number  vestment  of  tne  fort.    On  Thursday,  the  fone 

of  them  were  killed  and  wounded,  and  nearly  from  below  not  coming  up,  those  already  on  the 

onehalftheir  force  taken  prisoners.  Gen.  Sibley,  ground  spent  the  day  in  extending  thdr  lines, 

with  Cols.  Steele  and  Green  and  150  men  of  and  in  sharp  skirmishing  with  the  confederates^ 

Greenes  regiment,  escaped ;  but  before  they  which  resulted  in  the  loss  to  the  national  ade  of 

reached  £1  Paso  Sibley  and  Steele  are  reported  80  killed  and  170  wounded.  During  the  day  ab<\ 

to  have  been  assassinated  by  the  Texan  soldiers,  the  Carondelet  singly  engaged  the  confederate 

enrap;ed  at  their  defeat.    The  Union  forces  im-  batteries,  firing  102  shots,  and  receiving  a  severe 

mediately  after  the  fight  took  possession  of  £1  fire  in  return ;  she  was  finally  compelled  to  re- 

Paao  and  Fort  Bliss,  which  is  near  by,  and  sent  a  tire,  a  heavy  shot  having  entered  one  of  her 

detachment  to  Camp  Quitman,  Texas,  80  m.  £.  forward  ports,  disabling  her  and  woonding  S 

from  £1  Paso.  Thereupon  the  Texans  evacuated  men.    The  troops  from  down  the  river  arrived 


744  FORT  JACKSON  FORT  PICKENS 

follows :  one  division  of  troops  was  to  land  on.    and  ended  at  4  P.  tf .  of  the  same  daj,  L1C« 

the  E.  bank  of  the  river,  to  prevent  the  fort  shots  having  been  fired  from  the  three  U.  :^. 

from  receiving  reenforcements ;  the  second  di-  batteries.  During  the  forenoon  the  Union  navjd 

vision  was  to  land  on  the  W.  bank,  and  occupy  squadron,  including  three  steamers  and  a  hail, 

certain  heights  overlooking  the  fort ;  the  third  attempted  to  assist  in  the  bombardmeDt ;  hn 

division  was  to  hold  itself  in  readiness  on  the  the  sea  was  rolling  too  heavily  to  admit  of  mach 

£.  side  to  aid  in  the  attack,  when  the  gimboata  accuracy  of  aim.    At  4  P.  M.  a  truce  till  tLr 

should  commence  shelling  the  fort.    This  plan  next  morning  was  agreed  upon,  and  at  10  A.1L 

was  materially  changed  on  account  of  the  mud-  on  the  26th  the  terms  of  capitnlation  vere 

dy  roads,  which  retarded  the  advance  of  the  signed.    The  Union  loss  was  1  killed  and  t 

troops.    Thinking  it  best  not  to  wait  for  the  wounded ;  that  of  the  confederates  was  8  kOltc 

coming  up  of  the  land  forces,  Flag  Officer  Foote  and  20  wounded. 

began  the  attack  about  midday  on  the  6th.  FORT  PICKENS,  a  military  work  on  Saci^ 
The  rapid  and  accurate  fire  of  the  boats  was  Rosa  island,  near  Pensacola,  Fla.  For  sev- 
replied  to  by  the  fort  with  spirit,  many  of  the  eral  months  after  the  reenforcement  of  thi; 
shots  from  the  latter  striking  the  vessels,  by  place  in  April,  1861  (see  Peksaoola,  voL  xiili. 
whose  armor  they  were  however  in  most  cases  nothing  occurred  to  alter  the  relations  of  the 
successfully  resisted.  After  the  fight  had  con-  opposing  forces.  The  confederate  army  cnder 
tinned  for  about  half  an  hour,  a  soot  from  the  Gen.  Bragg  increased  gradually  in  numbm  a&d 
fort  struck  the  boiler  of  the  Essex,  Commander  discipline,  and  the  garrison  was  relieved  fhoi 
Porter,  causing  an  escape  of  steam,  by  which  any  apprehension  of  a  surprise  by  the  arriri^ 
29  officers  and  men  were  scalded,  5  of  them,  of  the  steam  frigate  Colorado  and  other  ships 
including  the  2  pilots,  being  fatally  injured,  of  war,  and  of  the  6th  regiment  of  New  Yori 
One  man  in  the  same  boat  was  killed  by  a  can-  volunteers  (Wilson's  zouaves),  which  was  €&- 
non  shot.  The  Cincinnati  had  one  man  killed  camped  on  Santa  Rosa  island,  aboat  2  m.  dis- 
and  9  wounded  during  the  engagement.  These  tant  from  the  fort.  Col.  Brown  fiirther  strengtL- 
were  all  the  casualties  on  the  Union  side,  ened  his  position  by  erecting  sand  batteries  in 
After  a  bombardment  of  an  hour  and  a  quarter  the  vicinity  of  the  fort,  and  the  confederstes 
the  fort  was  unconditionally  surrendered  by  lined  the  shore  of  the  mainland  with  rifie  }a& 
the  officer  in  command.  Gen.  Lloyd  Tilghman.  and  batteries.  On  the  night  of  Sept.  13  an  ex- 
Immediate  possession  was  taken  of  the  work,  pedition,  planned  by  Capt.  Bailey  of  the  Colo- 
the  capture  including  Gen.  Tilghman  and  staff,  rado,  and  commanded  by  Lieut.  John  H.  Rn^ 
60  or  to  men,  the  fort  and  effects,  20  guns,  and  sell,  cut  out  the  privateer  Jndah  from  under 
barracks  and  tents  for  16,000  men.  It  was  dis-  the  guns  of  the  forts  at  the  navy  yard,  destroj- 
covered  that,  on  the  night  before  the  bombard*  ed  her  by  fire,  and  having  spiked  a  gun  in  hut- 
ment, the  fort  had  been  reenforced  by  1,000  tery  at  the  yard,  returned  in  safety  to  the  ship, 
cavalry,  and  that  on  the  morning  of  the  6th  the  with  a  loss  of  8  killed  and  16  wounded.  At  S 
entire  garrison,  thus  reenforced,  had  fied.  The  A.  M.  of  Oct.  9  a  body  of  between  1,200  and 
loss  of  life  on  the  side  of  the  confederates  was  1,600  confederates,  commanded  by  G^l  An- 
thought  not  to  be  large,  only  4  dead  bodies  derson,  landed  on  the  island,  abont  4  m.  horn 
being  found  within  the  work.  the  fort,  and  surprised  the  camp  of  Col.  Wilson. 

FORT  JACKSON.    See  New  Orleans,  Og-  The  zouaves  were  driven  out  in  some  eonfb- 

oupATioN  OF.  sion,  and  a  portion  of  their  camp  was  plundered 

FORT  MACON,  a  military  work  situated  and  burned.    A  body  of  regulars  from  the  fort 
on  Bogue  island,  at  the  entrance  to  and  com-  under  M^or  Yogdes  waa  sent  to  their  assi^- 
manding  the  harbor  of  Beaufort,  N.  C.    After  ance,  and  a  few  of  the  zouaves  having  been 
the  battle  of  Newbern,  Gen.  Burnside^s  forces  rallied,  the  enemy  were  driven  toward  their 
took  peaceable  possession  of  Beaufort,  and  on  boats,  their  retreat  being  accelerated  by  tb€ 
March  28,  1862,  demanded  the  surrender  of  arrival  of  a  fresh  detachment  of  regulars  under 
Fort  Macon,  then  held  by  6  companies  of  con-  M^jor  Arnold.  A  heavy  fire  at  short  range  was 
federate  troops,  and  commanded  by  Col.  M.  J.  also  poured  into  them  after  they  had  embarked. 
White.    The  demand  being  refused,  prepara-  which  must  have  proved  exceedingly  destructive, 
tions  were  immediately  made  for  the  reduction  The  object  of  the  expedition  was  to  snike  the 
of  the  fort,  which  was  effected  April  26.    The  guns  of  two  batteries  near  the  fort,  ana  in  the 
Union  batteries  with  which  the  bombardment  confusion  of  the  moment  to  enter  the  fort  it- 
was  carried  on  were  8  in  number,  mounting  11  self  pell  roelf  with  the  fugitives;  but,  accord- 
pieces  ;  one  was  of  8  80-pounder  Parrott  guns,  ing  to  Col.  Brown,  the  confederates  never  ad> 
one  of  4  10-inch,  and  one  of  4  8-inch  mortars,  vanced  within  half  a  mile  of  the  batteries.  The 
These  were  placed  on  Bogue  island,  also  called  Union  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing  wis 
the  Spit;  the  10-inch  mortars  were  1,660  yards,  68,  including  Migor  Yogdes  taken  prisoner; 
the  Parrott  guns  1,460  yards,  and  the  8-inch  that  of  the  confederates,  by  their  own  account, 
mortars  1,260  yards  from  the  fort.    Eighteen  was  81,  although  Col.  Brown  estimates  it  much 
guns  on  the  fort  pointed  up  the  Spit  toward  the  larger.    On  the  morning  of  Nov.  22  GoL  Brovn 
Union  batteries.    The   bombardment,  which  opened  fire  from  Fort  Pickens  and  the  a^M^^^ 
was  conducted  under  the  immediate  command  batteries  upon  the  confederate  works,  which 
of  Gen.  Parke,  began  at  6^  A.  M.  on  April  26,  replied  with  vigor.    The  war  steamers  Niagara 


746                      FOSTER  FRANKLIN 

proof.  The  land  side  is  farther  defended  by  an  which  place  he  was  made  gOTemor.  In  Aagm. 
outwork,  and  the  seaward  front  by  a  substantial  he  was  promoted  to  be  a  m%jor-general  of  tgI- 
water  battery  of  stone,  pierced  for  42  guns,  nnteers,  to  date  from  April  26 ;  and  when  m 
The  whole  armament  of  the  fortress  is  871  gons,  July  Gen.  Burnside  left  North  Carolina  to  joio 
consisting  of  mortars,  columbiads,  and  smaller  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  Gen.  Foster  beoime 
ordnance.  In  the  interior  of  the  work  there  is  the  commander  of  the  department,  and  stiB 
a  parade  ground  of  25  acres  shaded  by  live  oak  (Dec  1862)  remains  in  that  post, 
trees.  The  fortress  is  intended  to  cross  fire  FRANEXJK,  Wiliiam  Bcxix,  mi^or-gcnenJ 
with  Fort  Wool  (formerly  called  Fort  Calhoun),  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  service,  and  breTet 
built  on  an  artLQcial  foundation  on  the  Rip  Rap  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army,  bom  in 
shoid  in  the  roads,  about  1^  m.  B.  of  Old  Point  York,  Penn.,  Feb.  27,  1823.  He  ent«^  the 
Comfort ;  the  main  ship  channel  lies  between  military  academy  at  West  Point  in  1889,  v» 
these  two  forts.  Fortress  Monroe  was  b^n  graduated  first  in  his  class  in  1843,  and  bdog 
in  1817,  and  cost  about  $2,600,000.  Fort  Cal-  appointed  brevet  2d  hentenant  in  the  corps  of 
houn  was  begun  in  1818,  and  is  still  unfinished ;  topographical  engineers,  was  stationed  on  the 
its  cost  is  estimated  at  nearly  the  same  amount ;  survey  of  the  northern  lakes.  In  the  summer 
it  is  to  mount  224  guns.  In  time  of  war  For-  of  1846  he  accompanied  an  expedition  to  the 
tress  Monroe  is  intended  for  a  garrison  of  2,460  South  pass  of  the  Rocky  mountains  under  con- 
men,  and  Fort  Wool  for  1,120.  When  the  civil  mand  of  Brig.  Gen.  Kearny,  and  in  the  follow- 
war  commenced  the  former  was  held  only  by  ing  year  was  engaged  in  the  survey  of  088al<sw 
a  small  body  of  artillerists  under  command  sound,  Ga.  Reporting  to  Gen.  Wool  at  Sso 
of  Col.  Dimick,  but  the  work  itself  was  so  Antonio,  Texas,  in  Aug.  1846,  he  accompanied 
strong  that  no  attempt  was  made  to  seize  it  by  him  to  8altillo,  Mexico ;  served  on  the  stafi'  of 
the  confederates,  and  the  garrison  was  soon  re-  Gen.  Taylor  at  the  bat^e  of  Buena  Viata;  wk 
enforced  by  volunteers.  In  May,  1861,  Gen.  brevetted  Ist  lieutenant  for  gallant  and  merito- 
B.  F.  Butler  took  command  at  Fortress  Mon-  nous  services  in  that  engagement;  and  in  June, 
roe,  and  that  place  has  ever  since  been  an  im  1848,  was  ordered  to  West  Point  as  aasistact 
portant  naval  rendezvous  and  depot  of  troops,  professor  of  natural  and  experimental  philoso- 
A  fortified  camp  was  established  at  Newport  phy,  in  which  capacity  he  served  nntil  Jan.  1851 
News,  about  7  m.  8.  8.  W.  from  the  fortress,  in  the  following  month  he  was  appointed  pro- 
while  the  confederates  erected  batteries  on  the  fessor  of  natur^  and  experimental  pbilosophv 
8.  side  of  die  roads,  at  Pig  point,  4  m.  8.  of  and  civil  engineering  at  the  New  York  city  free 
Newport  News,  and  SewalPs  point,  6  m.  £.  8.  E.  academy.  During  the  same  year  he  made  s 
of  Newport  News  and  8i  m.  8.  8.  £.  of  the  survey  of  Nag's  Head  and  Roanoke  island,  K. 
foHress.  On  Aug.  20  Gen.  Butler  was  relieved  C,  and  in  November  was  appointed  engin^^r 
of  the  command  and  succeeded  by  Gen.  Wool,  in  charge  of  the  harbor  at  Oswego,  N.  Y.  He 
who  retained  it  until  June  2,  1862,  when  he  next  held  the  o£9ce  of  lighthouse  engineer  and 
was  ordered  to  Baltimore,  and  the  fortress  has  inspector  on  the  coasts  of  Maine  and  New 
since  been  the  head-quarters  of  Gen.  Diz,  com-  Hampshire,  and  superintendent  of  the  erection 
manding  the  7th  army  corps.  of  the  custom  house  and  marine  hospital  at 
FOSTER,  John  G.,  migor-general  of  volun^  Portland,  Me.  The  articles  Fbesvsl  and  Ijgbt- 
teers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  born  in  New  Hamp-  bouse  in  this  cyclopssdia  are  frt>m  his  poi. 
shire  in  1824,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  He  was  promoted  to  be  captain,  July  1, 1857. 
1846  and  appointed  a  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  In  April,  1868,  he  was  one  of  a  board  of  engi- 
the  corps  of  engineers ;  was  brevetted  as  1st  neers  appointed  to  examine  the  mouth  of  Cape 
lieutenant  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Chum-  Fear  river,  N.  C. ;  in  March,  1869,  snperintcn- 
busco,  Aug.  20,  and  as  captain  for  gallantry  at  dent  of  the  capitol  and  post  office  extensioss 
MoUno  del  Rey,  8ept.  8, 1847,  where  he  was  at  Washington ;  in  the  following  month  one  of 
one  of  the  party  which  stormed  the  Mexican  a  board  to  report  upon  the  Ro<:&  Island  bridge 
works  and  was  severely  wounded ;  was  assist-  with  reference  to  its  obstruction  of  the  Misa5- 
ant  professor  of  engineering  at  West  Point  in  sippi;  and  in  March,  1861,  superintendent  o( 
1864;  became  a  captain  July  1,  1860,  and  was  the  extension  of  the  national  treasnry  buiM- 
brevetted  as  mcgor  Dec.  26,  1860.  On  April  ings.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he 
28, 1868,  he  took  charge  of  the  fortifications  in  was  appointed.  May  14,  colonel  of  tlie  12th 
North  and  8outh  Carolina,  in  which  post  he  (new)  regiment  of  infantry,  and  ordered  to 
was  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  in  New  York  to  superintend  the  transportatii^n 
1861.  He  thus  became  one  of  the  garrison  of  of  volunteer  regiments  to  tlie  seat  of  war. 
Fort  Sumter  under  Mijor  Anderson,  and  par-  On  the  17th  of  the  same  month  he  received 
ticipated  in  the  defence  of  that  fort.  After  its  the  commission  of  brigadier-general  of  volan- 
surrender  he  was  employed  upon  the  fortifies-  teers,  and  in  July  was  assigned  a  brigade  in 
tions  of  New  York.  Appointed  a  brigadier-  Heintzelman's  division  of  the  army  of  N.  £. 
general  of  yolunteers,  Oct.  28, 1861,  he  com-  Virginia.  At  the  battle  of  Bull  run  he  was 
manded  a  brigade  in  the  expedition  to  North  *^  in  the  hottest  of  the  fight, ^'  according  to 
Carolina  under  Gen.  Burnside,  and  took  a  lead-  the  official  report  of  Gen.  McDowell,  and  was 
ing  part  in  the  capture  of  Roanoke  island,  Feb.  assigned  the  duty  of  covering  the  retreat 
8, 1862,  and  in  that  of  Newbem,  March  14^  of  Upon  the  reorganization  of  the  army  in  Sep- 


748                   FBONTENAC  GABNETT 

Id^or  Nelson,  with  4  companies  of  Rhode  Isl-  rived  in  1689  to  find  the  oolonj  menaced  by  the 

and  eavalry,  made  a  sudden  descent  upon  the  whole  power  of  the  English  setdemeats.    He 

town,  being  supported  bj  a  brigade  of  infantry ;  acted  promptly  and  vigorously.    The  ma^acre 

he  drove  the  confederates  out  at  once,  saving  of  Lachine  was  retaliated  along  the  whole  £ng- 

from  destruction  both  bridges.    The  Union  loss  lish  border,  and  this  exhibition  of  etrengtii  ea- 

was  8  killed  and  5  wounded.    The  confederate  abled  him  to  gain  onoe  more  the  western  trib^ 

loss  in  killed  and  wounded  is  not  known,  but  6  and   save  the  French  power.    He  formed  t 

officers  and  150  privates  were  captured.  plan  for  conquering  New  York,  bat  it  miacar- 

FRONTENAO,  Lotns  db  Buadb,  comte  de,  ried,  and  he  in  turn  saw  Montreal  threat€n«d 

French   governor  of  Canada,  bom  in  1620,  from  the  south,  and  Quebec  invested  by  a  fled 

died  in  Quebec,  Nov.  26,  1698.    He  entered  and  array  under  Phipps  (1690).    E[is  vigoroos 

the  army  at  an  early  age,  holding  a  commis-  measures  compelled  Phipps,  utterly  defeated  by 

sion  at  17,  and  learned  the  science  of  war  land  and  water,  to  raise  the  siege  and  retirt. 

under  Maurice  of  Nassau.    After  serving  in  Frontenac,  relieving  Montreal,  foUowed  up  bk 

Italy,  Flanders,  and  Germany,  he  was  selected  success  by  invading  the  Mohawk  country,  aad 

by  Turenne  to  lead  the  troops  sent  to  relieve  leading  an  expedition  in  person  against  ODQut 

Candia,  in  the  defence  of  which  he  participat-  daga  and  Oneida,  while  on  the  coast  he  mensMd 

ed.    He  came  to  Canada  as  governor  in  1672.  Maine  and  New  York.    The  treaty  of  R3r8wick 

Soon  after  his  arrival  he  built  Fort  Frontenac  (1697)  found  Canada,  thanks  to    Frontensc 

on  Lake  Ontario ;  and  as  Marquette  had  just  strong  in  the  favor  of  the  Indians,  and  a  source 

explored  the  Mississippi,  Frontenac  encouraged  of  uneasiness  to  the  English^    His  wife,  who 

and  aided  La  Salle  in  his  plans  for  colonizing  survived  him,  had  been  one  of  the  most  ^- 

the  valley  of  that  great  river,  and  by  posts  at  teemed  of  the  beauties  of  the  court,  and  a  chse 

Niagara,  Mackinaw,  and  in  Illinois  encircled  the  friend  of  Mme.  de  Maintenon,  a  relative  of  her 

English  settlements,  and  controlled  the  Indians  husband.    They  left  no  posterity,  their  only  see 

of  the  whole  interior.    Being  a  man  of  strong  having  been  killed  at  the  head  of  •  regiment 

prejudices,  fond  of  pomp,  and  arbitrary,  he  be-  which  he  commanded,  in  the  service  of  tbe 

came  involved  in  disputes  with  the  clergy  and  prince  bishop  of  MUnster. 

with  colonial  oflScers,  which  led  to  his  recall  in  FRY,  Spebd  S.,  brigadier-general  of  volas- 

1682,  after  some  strange  scenes.  His  successors  teers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  entered  the  service  is 

were  inefficient,  and  a  few  years  later,  when  1861,  became  colonel  of  the  4th  Kentucky  vol- 

the  colony  was  on  the  brink  of  ruin  and  La*  unteers,  and  was  promoted  to  be  brigadier-gea- 

chine  had  been  destroyed  by  the  Iroquois  and  eral  March  21, 1862.    He  is  now  serving  in  tb« 

English,  the  king  sent  Frontenac  hack.    He  ar-  army  under  Gen.  Roseorans. 


G 


GAINES^S  HILL.    See  Chiokahomikt.  institute  at  Hiram,  O.    The  next  year  he  be- 

GAINESYILLE.    See  Bull  Run.  came  president  of  that  institution,  which  office 

GARDNER,  William  Montoombby,  a  gen-  he  held  until  the  civil  war  broke  out.  In  1859 
eral  in  the  service  of  the  confederate  states,  he  was  elected  to  the  senate  of  Ohio,  and  is 
bom  in  Georgia,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  1860  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In  the  autumn 
in  1846,  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  of  1861  he  took  the  field  as  colonel  of  the  4id 
the  Ist  infantry ;  transferred  to  the  7tk  and  Ohio  volunteers,  and  was  sent  to  eastem  Eea- 
then  to  the  2d  in&ntry  in  1847 ;  and  brevetted  tncky,  where  with  his  own  regiment  and  tb« 
Ist  lieutenant  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  4(Hh  Ohio  he  defeated  Humphrey  MardiaQ.  He 
Churubusco.  He  was  wounded  in  both  these  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  of  vohin> 
engagements,  in  the  latter  severely.  In  1840  teers,  Jan.  11, 1862.  InOct.  1862,  he  waa  elect- 
he  was  promoted  to  be  Ist  lieutenant;  in  1852  ed  to  congress  from  the  19th  district  of  Ohio, 
appointed  aide-de-camp  to  Brig.  Gen.  Hitch-  GAIULAND,  Robert  R.,  a  general  in  tbe 
cock ;  and  in  1855  made  captain.  He  resigned  service  of  the  confederate  states,  killed  at  the 
his  commission  in  Jan.  1861,  and  was  appointed  battle  of  South  mountain,  Md.,  Sept  14, 1661 
a  brigadier-general  in  the  southern  army.  He  was  appointed  from  Missouri  a  id  lieutenast 

GARFIELD,  Jambs  Abrah,  brigadier-gen-  in  tbe  7th  infantry,  Dec  SO,  1847,  became  a  1st 

eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  lieutenant  in  March,  1865,  regimental  quart«> 

Orange,  Cuyahoga  co.,  O.,  Nov.  19,  1831.    He  master  in  1858,  and  a  captain  in  1860.    He  wis 

was  at  first  a  day  laborer,  and  afterward  a  driver  dropped  from  the  rolls  of  the  U.  S.  army.  Mar 

and  then  boatman  on  the  Pennsylvania  and  28, 1861,  for  having  given  evidence  of  disk>T- 

Ohio  canal.    In  1849  he  attended  an  academy,  alty.    He  was  soon  appointed  a  brigadier-geii- 

and  taught  a  district  school  the  following  win-  eral  in  the  confederate  service,  which  position 

ter.  In  1854  he  entered  the  junior  class  of  Wil-  he  held  at  the  time  of  his  dea^ 

liams  college,  Mass.,  whece  he  was  graduated  in  GARN£TT,  Robert  Seldek,  a  general  in  the 

1856.    Immediately  afterward  he  was  appoint-  service  of  Virginia,  bom  at  Elmwood,  Essei 

ed  teacher  of  ancient  languages  in  the  eclectic  co.,  Va.,  about  1822,  killed  in  the  battle  of 


750                       aSNTBT  GIOBEBTI 

the  age  of  15,  in  1948  became  captain,  and  in  whiga,  he  was  opposed  to  the  sceeaaan  doc* 

the  revolution  of  that  year  took  part  against  trines  held  by  the  democrats  of  the  slaTdhold- 

President  Boyer.    In  1845  he  was  appointed  ing  states ;  bat  after  the  outbreak  of  the  ovil 

lieutenant-general,  in  whidi  capacity  he  distin-  war  in  1861,  he  enlisted  in  the  conliBderate 

guished  himself  alike  for  military  tact  and  hu-  cause,  and  represents  in  the  confederate  coo- 

manity.    The  greatest  obstacle  to  the  pros-  gress  the  district  he  formerly  represented  in  the 

perity  of  Hayti  has  been  the  hatred  between  congress  of  the  Union. 

the  pure  negroes  and  the  mulattoes.    In  the  GIBBON,  Johk,  brigadier-general  of  toIbb- 

course  of  this  revolution  of  1848-^6  the  blacks  teers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Penniylvim* 

had  gained  the  ascendency,  and  were  disposed  about  1827,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  ic 

to  wage  a  war  of  extermination  against  the  1847  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the 

mulattoes.    Gefirard,  who  was  himself  a  griffe^  8d  artillery,  and  soon  afterward  2d  lientenant 

that  is,  having  only  \  white  blood,  and  there-  in  the  4th  artillery;  became  1st  lieutenant  ia 

fore  ranked  with  the  blacks,  prevented  this  Sept.  1850 ;  was  assistant  instructor  in  artillery 

wholesale  slaughter.    Rich6,  a  full  black,  be-  at  West  Point  in  1854  and  1856 ;  and  became  \ 

came  president  in  1846,  and  his  Jealousy  of  his  captain  Nov.  2,  1659.    He  was  made  a  brig^- 

popular  general  led  him  to  subject  him  to  a  dier-general  of  volunteers  Hay  2,  18Q2,  ud 

court  martial ;  but  the  sudden  death  of  Rich6,  took  command  of  a  brigade  in  the  division  of 

and  the  friendship  of  Soulouque,  who  was  Gen.  Bufus  King  in  tne  army  corps  of  G«il 

g resident  of  the  court,  led  to  his  acquittal,  McDowell.    He  was  highly  commended  by 

oulouque,  who  succeeded  Rich^,  created  him  Gen.  Pope  for  good  conduct  in  the  ongagemens 

duke,  and  placed  him  in  command  of  his  army,  at  OentrevUle,  Aug.  28  (see  Bull  Rus),  and 

after  two  or  three  defeats  suffered  by  himself  also  bore  a  part  in  the  battle  of  South  moim- 

had  led  him  to  desire  a  more  skilful  commander,  tain  Tsoe  Antibtah).    He  has  published  '-^  Th« 

Gefrard  won  several  important  battles  against  Artilierist^s  Manual "  (New  York,  1859). 

the  Dominicans ;  but  Soulouque  became  jeal-  GILBERT,  Chablbs  0.,  brigadier-general  of 

ous  of  him  and  ordered  his  arrest.    Geffi'ard  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Ohio 

made  his  escape,  joined  a  party  who  were  al*  about  1827,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  ia 

ready  preparing  a  revolution,  and  landing  at  1846  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the 

Gonaives  with  6  men  about  Jan.  1,  1859,  soon  8d  infantry ;  became  2d  lieutenant  in  the  Isi 

made  himself  master  of  that  place,  and  of  the  infantry  in  Sept.  1846,  assistant  professor  of 

northern  part  of  the  island.    He  entered  the  ethics  at  West  Point  in  1849,  Ist  lieutenant  in 

capital  Jan.  15,  the  day  which  Soulouque  had  1850,  and  captain  Dec.  8, 1856 ;  distinguished 

fixed  upon  for  the  massacre  of  the  principal  himself  in  conflicts  with  Indians  in  Texas  in 

families  of  the  town,  and  among  them  the  wife  Sept.  1856 ;  and  was  appointed  a  brigadier-geD- 

and  daughters  of  Greffrard.    Soulouque  and  his  eral  of  volunteers  in  Sept  1869,  and  orders 

family  were  made  prisoners,  and  would  have  to  the  army  then  under  Gen.  BuelL    He  took 

been  put  to  death,  but  at  the  peril  of  his  part  in  the  battle  of  PerryvlUe,  Ky.,  Oct.  8. 

own  life  Geffrard  protected  Uiem,  and  sent  GILLMORE,  Quinct  Abavb,  brigadier-geiL- 

them  to  Kingston,  Jamaica.    The  republic  was  eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bcnn  it 

now  restored,  and  Geffrard  proclaimed  presi-  Black  River,  Lorain  co.,  O.,  in  1826.    He  wss 

dent.    He  at  once  set  about  reforming  the  ad-  graduated  at  West  Point,  first  of  his  class,  ia 

ministration,  improving  the  finances,  reorgan-  1849,  and  assigned  to  the  corps  of  engineers^ 

izing  the  army,  diminishing  its  numbers  but  becoming  1st  lieutenant  in  1856,  and  captain  in 

increasing  its  efficiency,  encouraging  immigra-  1861.    From  1849  to  1852  he  was  employed  oa 

tion,  establishiog  schools  and  coUeges,  and  re-  the  fortifications  of  Hampton  roada,  Va.,  and 

viving  trade.    All  religions  were  tolerated,  but  was  then  for  4  years  assistant  instmotor  of 

while  the  Roman  Catiiolic  was  still  considered  practical  engineering  at  West  Point,  during  the 

the  religion  of  the  state,  profligate  priests  were  last  year  of  which  he  waa  also  Quartermaster 

driven  from  the  island,  and  a  concordat  was  and  treasurer  of  the  military  acaaemj.    From 

signed  with  the   pope.    These  reforms  were  1856  to  1861  he  was  employed  in  New  York  dtr 

not  effected  without  serious  opposition,  and  in  purchasing  and  forwarding  supplies  for  ibr- 

repeated  plots  for  the  president's  aasassiuation  tifications.    In  Oct.  1861,  he  was  appointed 

were  discovered.    In  Sept.  1859,  his  daughter  chief  engineer  of  the  expediticm  agunst  tb« 

was  murdered  in  an  attempt  by  a  band  of  con-  southern  coast  under  Gen.  T.  W.  Sherman.    Be 

apirators  to  tdce  Geffrard^s  own  life.    Of  the  superintended  the  construction  of  the  f<wtifict- 

50  persons  implicated  in  this  affair,  17  were  put  tions  at  Hilton  Head,  and  planned  and  earned 

to  death.  out  the  operations  for  the  capture  of  Fort  Polss- 

GENTRY,  MEBSDrrn  P.,  a  representative  of  ki,  an  account  of  which  he  publuhed  in  1863 

Tennessee  in  the  confederate  congress,  born  in  (8vo.,  New  York).    He  was  appointed  brigt* 

North  Carolina,  studied  law,  settled  at  Frank-  dier-general  of  volunteers  Apnl  28, 1862.   hi 

lin,  Williamson  co.,  Tenn.,  was  a  whig  in  poli-  Sept.  1862,  he  waa  assigned  to  the  oommaod(rf' 

tics,  and  represented  with  ability  and  influence  the  district  of  western  Virginia, 

the  7th  district  of  that  state  in  congress  from  GIOBERTI,  Giovanki  AsTomo,  an  Itafitt 

1839  to  1843,  from  1845  to  1847,  and  from  1847  chemist,  born  in  the  viUage  of  Mangardino. 

to  1858.     like  the  great  body  of  southern  Piedmont,  Oct.  28,  1761,  died  Sept  1^  18S4. 


752  QOBMAN  QUAST 

school.    Admitted  to  the  bar,  he  practised  hia  on  the  Nueces  river,  April  18, 1866 ; 

profession  TintiI1861,  when  he  raised  a  regiment,  captain  in  the  8d  c&vairj  May  5, 1861^  and  a 

received  a  commission  as  colonel,  and  joined  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  March  24, 18€1 

QwL  Patterson  in  Pennsylvania,  and  was  after-  He  has  served  in  the  West  under  Gens.  Halkek 

ward  made  nulitary  governor  of  Harper^s  Ferry,  and  Grant,  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Inks  and 

In  1862  he  commanded  a  brigade  under  Gen.  Corinth,  and  was  promoted  to  be  a  major-geo- 

Banks,  and  for  his  conduct  in  the  retreat  from  eral  in  Oct  1862,  at  the  same  time  that  he  wis 

Strasburg  to  Williamsport  was  made  a  briga-  ordered  to  the  department  of  the  Ohio,  wb^re 

dier-general  of  volunteers,  June  9,  1862.    He  he  commands  the  district  of  central  K^itadkr. 
was  at  the  2d  battle  of  Bull  run,  and  in  the  bat-        GKANGER,  Robsbt  8.,  a  brigadier-geiml 

tie  of  Antietam  fought  with  his  brigade  in  Gen.  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Ohio  about  I&IT. 

A.  8.  Williams's  division  of  Mansfield's  (now  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1838  and  ^ 

Slocum's)  army  corps.  pointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  let  infantry ;  be- 

GOBMAK,  WiLus  Asnold,  brigadier-gener-  came  1st  lieutenant  in  M^ch,  1839,  and  naasA- 

al  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  born  near  ant  commissary  of  subsistence  in  Feb.  184<); 

Flemingsburg,  Ky.,  Jan.  12,  1814.    He  studied  was  assistant  instructor  in  infantry  tactics  ti 

law,  and  in  1826  commenced  its  practice  in  West  Point  from  Ju]y,  1848,  to  Ang.  1844 ;  b«- 

Bloomington,  Ind.    In  1887-8  he  was  clerk  of  came  a  captain  in  8ept.  1847 ;  commanded  For: 

the  Indiana  senate,  was  then  for  several  years  Lancaster  in  Texas  in  1857-'8-'9 ;  became  ma- 

a  member  of  the  state  legislature,  and  on  the  jor  Sept.  9,  1861,  and  a  brigadier-general  of 

breaking  out  of  the  Mexican  war  became  migor  volunteers  in  Oct.  1862. 
of  t^e  3d  Indiana  volunteers,  under  Col.  James        GRANT,  Ulysses  S.,  migor-general  of  rd- 

H.  Lane.    At  the  battle  of  Buena  Yista  he  unteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  at  Point  Pleap- 

commanded  an  independent  battalion,  and  was  ant,  Clermont  co.,  O.,  April  27,  1822.    He  wu 

severely  iigured  by  falling  with  his  horse.    In  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1843,  and  brevetted 

1847  he  raised  the  4th  Indiana  volunteers,  a  2d  lieutenant  in  the  4th  infantry.  At  titc 
which  he  commanded  in  several  battles,  and  in  commencement  of  the  Mexican  war  he  joined 

1848  was  appointed  civil  and  military  governor  the  army  under  Gen.  Taylor  on  the  Bio  Grande, 
of  La  Puebla.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  and  participated  in  the  battlee  of  Palo  Alia 
elected  by  the  democratic  party  a  member  of  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  and  Monterey.  Sob«e- 
congress  (1849),  where  he  served  4  years,  and  quently  his  regiment  joined  Gen.  Scott  be- 
in  1858  was  appointed  governor  of  the  terri*  fore  Vera  Oruz,  and  Lieut.  Grant  took  psit  m 
tory  of  Minnesota.  He  was  a  member  of  the  every  engagement^  fought  between  that  citr 
Minnesota  constitutional  convention  in  1857,  and  Mexico,  receiving  brevets  of  Ist  lieutena^ 
and  afterward  practised  law  in  8t.  Paul  until  and  captain  for  meritorious  conduct  at  Molino 
1861,  when  he  was  chosen  colonel  of  the  1st  del  Bey  and  Chapultepec.  In  1852,  whik 
Minnesota  volunteers.  He  was  appointed  brig-  serving  in  Oregon,  he  was  promoted  to  a  cap- 
adier-general  of  volunteers  Sept.  7, 1861,  and  taincy,  and  in  the  following  year  he  resign<d 
assigned  to  a  command  in  the  army  of  the  Po-  his  commission  and  settled  in  8t.  Louis,  lo 
tomac  He  was  in  the  battles  of  Ball's  bluff  1859  he  removed  to  Galena,  111.,  where  he  was 
and  West  Point,  led  a  bayonet  charge  at  the  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits  when  the  cirij 
battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  and  had  a  brigade  in  How-  war  broke  out.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  offer 
ard's  division  of  the  2d  army  corps  in  the  bat-  his  services  to  the  country,  and  was  eononis- 
tle  of  Antietam.  In  Nov.  1862,  he  was  ordered  sioned  by  the  governor  of  Illinois  colonel  of 
to  report  to  Gen.  Curtis.  one  of  the  regiments  of  that  state,  with  which 

GkAHAM,  LAWSK17CK  PiKB,  brigadier-gcn-  he  immediately  went  into  active  eervice  in 

eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  was  ap-  Missouri.    In  Aug.  1861,  he  was  appointed  t 

Sointed  from  Virginia  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and  aasigntd 
ragoons,  Oct.  18,  1887,  became  1st  lieutenant  to  the  command  of  the  district  of  Cairou  Be 
in  Jan.  1889,  and  captain  in  Aug.  1848 ;  was  immediately  occupied  Paducah^  Ey.,  and  sooa 
brevetted  mi^or  for  gallantry  at  Palo  Alto  and  after  led  an  expedition  to  Belmont,  on  the 
Resaca  de  la  Palma,  May  9,  1846;  became  Mississippi  river,  opposite  the  confederate 
n^jor  June  14, 1868,  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  stronghold  of  Columbus,  where  he  broke  up 
5th  cavalry  Oct.  1, 1861,  and  brigadier-generd  the  enemy's  camp  and  only  retired  upon  beicg 
of  volunteers  Aug.  81, 1861.  threatened  by  a  superior  force,  the  lots  beiac 
GRANGER,  Gobdon,  mi^or-general  of  vol-  heavy  on  both  sides  (Nov.  7).  He  continoed 
unteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bom  in  New  York  at  Cairo  until  Feb.  1862,  when  he  received  can- 
about  1825,  was  ffraduated  at  West  Point  in  mand  of  the  land  forces  destined  to  move  again^ 
1846  and  appointed  a  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  Fort  Henry  on  the  Tennessee  river.  He  anived 
2d  infantry ;  transferred  to  the  mounted  rifles  too  late  to  codperate  in  the  reduction  of  this 
July  17, 1846 ;  became  2d  lieutenant  May  29,  post,  which  capitulated  to  the  gunboat  fleet  us> 
1847 ;  was  brevetted  1st  lieutenant  for  gallantry  der  Flag  OflBoer  Foote  on  Feb.  6,  but  marched 
at  Oontreras  and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20,and  cap-  immediately  afterward  with  all  his  available 
tain  for  gallantry  at  Chapultepec,  Sept  12,  force  upon  Fort  Donelson.  (See  Fort  Dokh- 
1847;  became  1st  lieutenant  in  May,  1852 ;  dis-  son.)  For  his  conduct  at  the  siege  and  cap> 
tinguished  himself  in  conflict  with  the  Indiana  ture  of  that  post  he  was  promoted  to  be  am^ku^ 


754                       GREGG  HALLECK 

and  was  again  elected  a  representative  in  con-  GRIFFIN,  Charles,    brigadier-gencnl  of 

gress,  but  before  taking  his  seat  was  chosen  bj  volonteers  in  the  H.  S.  armj,  bora  in  Ohio 

the  legislature  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  U.  S.  about  1827,  was  graduated  at  ^est  Pobi  in 

senate,  his  official  term  expiring  March  4, 1861.  1847  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieuten&nt  in  tb« 

In  the  senate  he  was  chairman  of  the  committee  4th  artillery ;  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  artilkr?, 

on  territories  from  1858  till  the  close  of  his  Oct.  12,  1847 ;  Ist  lieutenant  June  30,  mi; 

term,  and  distinguished  himself  hj  opposing  captain  in  the  5th  artillery,  April  35,  1661: 

the  admission  of  Kansas  into  the  Union  except  and  brigadier-general  of  volonteers,  April  iS. 

with  a  constitution  establishing  slavery.  In  the  1862.    He  served  in  Morell's  division  of  Fiu 

last  session  of  the  86th  congress,  just  preceding  John  Porter ^s  corps  in  the  campaign  of  the 

the  inauguration  of  President  Lincoln,  he  on  all  Ohickahominy,  was  present  at  the  second  batiir 

occasions  advocated  the  cause  of  the  seceding  of  Bull  run,  Aug.  28,  1862,  and  was  cbr^ 

states,  and  resisted  in  their  interest  all  attempts  by  Gen.  Pope  in  his  report  with  having  re- 

to  settle  the  existing  differences  by  a  new  com-  frained  from  taking  part  in  the  action  while  U 

promise.    On  leaving  Washington  he  at  once  "  spent  the  day  in  making  ill-natured  fitrictor^ 

returned  to  Missouri,  and,  though  not  holding  upon  the  conunanding  general  in  the  presentv 

any  military  command  under  the  confederate  of  a  miscellaneous  assemblage.''    He  was  sr- 

govemment,  has  been  a  constant  promoter  of  rested  for  trial  on  this  charge,  but  was  relessfd 

^e  civil  war  in  that  state.  in  order  that  he  might  take  part  inKcGleIki'< 

GREGG,  Maxot,  a  general  in  the  service  campaign  in  Maryland  in  September.    A  eocn 

of  the  confederate  states,  born  in  Columbia,  martial  for  his  trial  has  since  been  ordered. 

8.  0.,  in  1814.    He  is  the  oldest  son  of  James  GROVER,  Ouvieb,  brigadier-general  of  toI- 

Gregg,  long  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Columbia ;  unteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Bethel,  Ve. 

was  graduated  at  the  8outh  Carolina  college  in  July  24,  1829.    He  was  graduate  at  ^'» 

1886,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  Point  in  1850,  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lic^ 

in  1889.    He  was  appointed  m^jor  in  the  12th  tenant  in  the  Ist  artillery.     In  1855  he  beome 

infantry,  March  24,  1847,  and  was  disbanded  1st  lieutenant  in  the  10th  infantry,  and  in  l^ 

with  the  regiment  at  the  close  of  the  Mexican  captain.    He  was  appointed  brigadier-geseni 

war,  July  25,  1848.     He  has  been  for  many  of  volunteers  April  14,  1862,  and  assigned  tai 

years  colonel  of  a  regiment  of  South  Carolina  brigade  in  Heintzelman^s  corps  of  the  armj  i 

militia,  and  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  the  Potomac.    At  the  second  battle  of  Bull  lo 

state  convention  in  Dec.  1860,  in  which  he  was  his  brigade  fought  under  Gen.  Hooker,  aod  ^ 

one  of  the  committee  appointed  to  prepare  the  tinguished  itself  by  a  bayonet  charge.   Wha 

ordinance  of  secession.    He  subsequently  en-  Gen.  Hooker  was  placed  in  command  ofalltlie 

tered  the  military  service,  and  now  (Dec.  1862)  troops  in  and  around  Fairfax,  Gen.  Grover  took 

holds  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  Hooker^s  division. 


H 

HACKLEMAN,  Pleasant  A.,  brigadiei^gen-  HALLECK,  Hknbt  Waokb,  m^OT-genenl 
eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  the  TJ.  8.  array,  born  in  WestemTille.  ueir 
in  Indiana,  killed  at  the  battle  of  Corinth,  Oct  Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  1816.  After  a  preliminarr  ta 
4, 1862.  He  was  a  member  from  Indiana  of  demical  education  and  a  brief  residence  at  Udioq 
the  peace  conference  which  met  at  Washing-  college,  K.  T.,he  entered  themilitarracadepj 
ton  Feb.  4,  1861  ;  and  after  the  call  for  troops  at  West  Point,  was  graduated  in  1889,  ranfe 
by  the  president,  he  entered  the  service  as  8d  in  a  class  of  81,  and  appointed  brevet 'M 
colonel  of  the  16th  Indiana  volunteers,  one  of  lieutenant  of  engineers,  ana  until  June,  K^^> 
the  first  regiments  enlisted  for  12  months.  Af-  held  the  position  of  assistant  professor  of  es- 
ter the  first  battle  of  Bull  run  he  yras  ordered  gineering.  From  1841  to  1844  he  was  tm- 
by  Gen.  McClellan  to  report  to  Gen.  Banks,  ployed  on  the  fortifications  in  New  York  hit- 
then  near  Harper's  Ferry.  In^ugust  his  regi-  bor,  and  in  1846  travelled  over  tlie  grv***^ 
ment  was  assigned  to  Abercrombie's  brigade,  partof  Europe,  examining  carefully  the mllitf? 
and  in  October  was  removed  to  Darnestown,  establishments  of  the  chief  countries.  Dori:^? 
Md.  In  Feb.  1862,  Col.  Hackleman  was  sta-  the  wmter  of  1845-'6  he  delivered  before  the 
tioned  near  Frederic,  Md.,  and  advanced  with  Lowell  institute  of  Boston  a  series  of  Jeetor^ 
the  first  brigade  in  Gen.  Williams's  division  into  on  the  science  of  war,  subsequently  pnblisbw 
the  Shenandoah  valley,  where  he  served  until  under  the  title  of  "Elements  of  Militarj  Art  ayd 
May,  when,  his  regiment's  term  of  service  hav-  Science,"  with  an  introductory  chapter  on  iU 
ing  expired,  it  returned  to  Indiana.  He  was  "  Justifiableness  of  War,"  and  of  which  s  -« 
appointed  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  for  edition  containing  much  additional  matter  ap- 
meritorious  service,  April  28, 1862,  and  in  June  peared  in  1861.  In  the  summer  of  1^^  .^^ 
was  ordered  to  report  to  Gen.  Grant  in  the  was  despatched  to  O^ifornia  and  the  ?i^^^ 
South- West,  where  he  served  till  his  death.  coast,  where  ho  was  in  active  service  inhm* 


756  HAMILTON  HAMPTON  ROADS 

8oott  in  the  valley  of  Mexico  and  was  appoint-  ation  of  Corinth  followed  Pope  in  niRDitof 

ed  acting  aid  to  the  oommander-in-chief.    On  the  enemy.    In  June  he  returned  to  Kev  York. 

Aug.  8,  while  on  a  hazardous  reconnoissance  in  incapacitated  for  active  duty  by  severe  21iivs« 

command  of  a  body  of  dragoons,  he  was  at-  contracted  during  the  campaign.   luuneSiuH 

tacked  near  Miraflores  by  a  greatly  superior  on  his  recovery  he  was  promoted  to  be  miyi- 

force  of  Mexican  lancers,  and  in  a  desperate  general  '^for  meritorious  services  at  New^&d 

hand-to-hand  encounter,  in  which  he  killed  rid  and  Island  No.  Ten,"  and  ordered  (Notcq- 

several  of  his  adversaries,  received  a  severe  ber,  1862)  to  join  Gen.  Kosecrans  in  the  ¥k 

lance  wound  in  the  left  side.    For  his  ^'  gallant  Gen.  Hamilton  is  the  author  of  a  *^Hkon  it 

and  meritorious  conduct"  in  this  affair  he  was  the  National  Flag  of  the  United  States''  iXc^ 

brevetted  a  captain.     He  continued  on  the  York,  1858). 

etaff  of  Gton.  Scott  until  1854,  having  in  the       HAMPTON,  Wade,  a  general  in  the  sera^ 

interval  filled  the  office  of  secretary  of  the  of  the  confederate  states,  born  in  Colamli. 

board  of  commissioners  of  the  military  asylum ;  S.  0.,  about  1828.     He  is  a  grandson  u*  tit 

and  in  1855  he  resigned  his  commission  and  U.  S.  general  of  the  same  name.  (See  Hi.MP:('5. 

took  up  his  re^denoe  at  Branford,  Conn.    Af-  Wadb,  vol.  viii.)    His  father  has  been  reptonec 

ter  the  fall  of  Fort  Sumter  he  repaired  to  New  to  be  the  richest  planter  of  the  sbve  sutes.  tL 

York,  and,  joining  the  7th  regiment  of  militia  number  of  his  slaves  having  sometimes  Kt3 

of  that  state  as  a  private,  accompanied  it  to  estimated  at  6,000.     The  son  was  edttc.:c< 

Annapolis  in  the  capacity  of  aid  to  Ool.  Lef-  as  a  planter,  and  his  life  had  been  that  vi  a 

ferts.    At  Annapolis  he  acted  as  aid  to  Gen.  country  gentleman  till  the  secession  of  tL^ 

Butler.    He  marched  with  the  7th  regiment  to  state  in  1860,  when  he  entered  its  militar;  «rr 

Washington,  and  soon  after  his  arrival  entered  vice,  and  has  since  taken  an  active  part  in  ti^ 

the  military  family  of  Gen.  Scott  with  the  rank  events  of  the  war  in  Virginia.    He  commaBdcC 

of  colonel  of  cavalry.    Upon  the  retirement  of  a  regiment  known  as  the  Hampton  k^pi^  :r> 

Scott  from  active  service  he  was  commissioned  the  first  battle  of  Bull  run,  where  he  t2< 

A  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and  in  Oct.  wounded.    He  was  now  promoted  to  be  ahri:- 

1861,  accompanied  Gen.  Halleck  to  Missouri,  adier-general,  fought  in  the  campaign  of  tl>^ 

where  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  mill-  Chickahominy,  was  in  the  army  whidi  mi^^ 

tary  district  of  St.  Louis.    In  the  latter  part  Maryland  under  Gen.  Lee  in  Aug.  1862.  focr.; 

of  Feb.  1862,  he  assumed  the  command  of  a  in  the  battle  of  Antietam,  was  in  the  oKive- 

division  in  the  army  of  Gen.  Pope,  and  partici-  ment  of  Gen.  Stuart  through  Maryland  i:.iv 

ekted  in  the  capture  of  New  Madrid  on  the  Pennsylvania  in  October,  and  was  appoi&tec 

ississippi,  a  few  miles  below  Island  No.  Ten  by  him  governor  of  Chambersburg  during  ^^ 

(March  14).    For  the  purpose  of  compelling  brief  occupation  of  that  place  by  the  coniUer* 

the  enemy  to   evacuate  the  latter  position,  ate  forces.    Hisbrother, Col. F.Hampton. i^l^^' 

which  completely  conunanded  the  river,  a  co-  now  commands  the  legion,  married  in  1855  }L^i 

operation  between  the  troops  of  Pope  and  Uie  S.  Baxter  of  New  York  city, 
fleet  ofFlag  Officer  Foote  became  indispensable.        HAMPTON  ROADS,  Battle  of,  a  nari.! 

The  overflowed  state  of  the  country  rendered  it  action  fought  in  Hampton  roads,  the  estcarr  <•: 

impossible  for  Pope  to  march  his  forces  above  James  river,  Ya.,  on  Saturday  and  Sondiv. 

New  Madrid  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  Union  March  8  and  9, 1862.    As  the  chief  interest  o( 

gunboats,  and  he  was  without  transports  to  this  battle  arises  from  the  conflict,  on  the  sec- 

convey  them  across  to  any  point  south  of  Island  ond  day,  between  the  floating  batteries  Mociur 

No.  Ten.    In  this  dilemma  Hamilton  proposed  and  Merrimac  (or  Virginia),  it  will  be  nm"- 

to  Pope  to  out  a  navigable  passage  through  the  sary  to  begin  with  some  description  of  then- 

inundated  forest  on  the  base  of  the  peninsula  at  vessels.    For  tlie  history  and  usual  oonstrtc 

the  south  side  of  which  New  Madria  is  situated,  tion  of  floating  batteries,  and  of  the  earlier 

by  which  transports  might  be  floated  from  iron-clad  ships,  see  Battebt,  Guk  Boat.  uhI 

above  to  his  assistance,  out  of  reach  of  the  ene-  Ship. — Upon  the  abandonment  by  the  U.  S> 

my's  batteries.    The  project  was  at  once  under-  forces  of  Norfolk  and  the  Gosport  dstj  jiri 

tiJcen,  and  in  19  days,  in  the  face  of  most  for-  April  20,  1861,  the  U.  S.  steam  frigate  Herri- 

midable  obstacles,  by  sawing  off  trees  below  the  mac,  then  under  repairs,  was  sunk.    The  cf^- 

surface  of  the  water  and  otherwise  removing  federate  forces  having  taken  possession  of  "So'- 

them,  a  channel  12  miles  long  and  60  feet  wide  folk,  the  frigate  was  raised,  and  cat  dovi 

was  completed,  through  which  on  the  night  of  nearly  to   the  water^s  edge ;   acd  ber  sl^r^ 

April  6  a  fleet  of  steamboats  and  transports  was  having  been  plated  with  iron,  a  bomb-pri<«)f 

successMly  conveyed.    The  army  wi>3  imme-  covering  of  railroad  iron,  in  form  of  the  slopJBi: 

diately  transported  across  the  river,  and  Island  roof  of  a  house,  was  thrown  over  tbe  wfauk* 

No.  Ten,  with  a  large  number  of  troops,  124  length  of  her  gun  deck.    Her  armamefit  fl{>- 

guna,  and  an  immense  amount  of  material  of  war,  pears  to  have  been  411  -inch  guns  on  eadi  ade, 

fell  into  the  hands  of  the  national  commanders,  and  2  100-pounders,  one  each  at  bow  and  sters. 

Qea,  Hamilton  was  subsequently  sent  with  his  The  bow  was  further  armed  with  a  stiting  pn>- 

division  to  reinforce  the  army  of  Gren.  Halleck  jecting  beak  of  steel,  for  piercing  the  aides  of  an 

in  front  of  Corinth,  commanded  the  reserve  in  enemy.    Nine  months  were  occupied  in  tlu^ 

the  action  at  Farmington,  and  after  the  evacu-  converting  her  into  a  floating  battery;  she  wa« 


758  HAMPTON  KOADS 

after  repeating  the  movement  and  sinldng  her,  near  the  aperture  throngh  which  liesL  Wor- 
she  started  for  the  Congress,  which  surrender-  den,  who  observed  the  movements  of  the  e&^ 
ed,  and  in  the  evening  was  bnmed.    The  U.  S.  my  and  signalled  to  Lieut.  Greene,  Uie  sw'U^^ 
frigates  Minnesota  and  St.  Lawrence,  and  gun-  officer,  the  moment  for  firing,  was  at  tbst  tjsk 
boats  Oregon  and  Zouave,  attempted  to  take  looking ;  the  blow  broke  one  of  the  wn>i:^L' 
part  in  the  conflict ;  but  the  first  ran  aground  iron  beams,  and  stunned  the  officer,  the  ifz: 
near  Newport  News,  and  the  second  failed  to  particles  of  cement  also  seriouslj  injonfit  II* 
conae  to  a  close  engagement,  while  the  boats  eyes  and  face.    In  view  of  the  danger  th^&r. 
were  somewhat  disabled.    In  this  condition  of  other  shot  might  complete  the  d^tmctioo  oi  ^ 
affairs  night  closed  the  contest.    The  Monitor,  pUot  house,  and  of  orders  restrictiiig  the  )f(t 
after  a  stormy  and  apparently  hazardous  voy-  iter  to  a  defensive  course,  Lieut  Greene,  vb 
age,  in  which  for  a  time  the  waves  rolled  over  now  assumed  command,  did  not  follow  tbtrftir 
her  to  such  an  extent  that  the  water  poured  ing  Merrimao.    The  Monitor  received  no  ctLt- 
through  the  gratmgs  on  the  deck,  and  even  real  damage  during  the  action,  thou^  upon  he 
through  the  top  of  the  turret,  threatening  to  sides,   deck,  and  turret  many  marlu  of  ^b' 
extinguish  the  fires,  and  almost    suffocating  were  found ;  the  deepest  indentation  was  \i  \ 
those  in  charge  with  the  smoke  and  fumes,  single  instance  on  the  side,  amounting  to  4^ 
which  could  not  be  properly  expelled,  arrived  inches ;  on    the   turret    the    deepest  vss  V-^ 
in  the  roads  at  about  10  P.  M.  of  the  8th,  and  inches ;  on  the  deck,  |  inch.    No  other  i^'^ 
immediately  went  to  the  protection  of  the  sonal  iigury  occurred.    The  Merrimac  fcsl'j 
Minnesota.    Her  officers  and  crew,  who  had  withdrew  to    Norfolk,  where,   doring  ».€-. 
not  slept  the  night  previous,  held  themselves  weeks  following,  she  was  repaired  and  p^ 
through  this  night  in  readiness  for  an  engage-  vided  with  heavy  orcUianoe ;  ane  then  toi.>k  U: 
ment.    Early  on  Sunday  morning,  the  9th,  the  station  at  the  mouth  of  the  Elizabeth  rivcr. 
Merrimao,  which  had  lain  at  anchor  near  Sew-  guarding  it,  and  threatening  the  U.  S.  TtTeti* 
all's  point,  advanced  toward  and  fired  upon  the  in  the  roads,  but,  on  account  of  some  deft^t^ 
Minnesota,  apparently  not  heeding  the  Moni-  still  remaining  in  her  working,  not  Tentuniu 
tor,  which,  beside  being  so  low  that  little  more  an  attack.    Finally,  Norfolk  having  bees  ^«lt 
than  her  turret  appeared  above  the  water,  was  rendered  to  the  U.  8.  forces  on  May  lu.  a-'- 
in  fact  scarcely  one  third  the  dimensions  of  the  the  Merrimac  being  found  to  draw  t^>o  ic^^^i 
confederate  battery.    From  the  time,  however,  water  to  allow  of  being  removed  up  the  h'>rT. 
that  the  11-inch  guns  of  the  Monitor  opened  she  was  on  the  12th  abandoned  andsetoDfrc 
upon  her,  the  attack  was  directed  chiefly  to  the  and  soon  afi^er  blew  up. — ^The  course  snd  n- 
new  antagonist.    The  action  became  close,  and  suit  of  the  engagement  of  March  9  in  Hamptc^ 
the  repeated  broadsides  of  the  Merrimac  having  roads  having  established  the  adaptation  ^ 
no  effect  upon  the  plating  of  the  Monitor,  the  value  of  Capt.  Ericsson's  new  form  of  bstun 
former  attempted  to  run  her  down  and  sink  both  for  purposes  of  defence  and  attaci  ruv 
her ;  the  vessels  came  into  contact  6  times,  a  tracts  were  speedily  entered  into  hj  the  r. !" 
gun  of  the  Monitor  each  time  being  fired  di-  government  for  the  construction  of  9  sisi'.: 
rectly  against  the  plating  of  her  opponent,  and  batteries,  or  "Monitors,'^  as  they  hire  bet: 
herself  receiving  no  damage.    The  Monitor,  termed.    Of  these.  No.  1,  the  Passaic,  w&' 
having  withdrawn  after  a  time  to  some  dis-  launched  at  Greenpoint,  L.  I.,  April  31. 1)^62; 
tance  to  hoist  shot  into  her  turret,  returned  and  No.  2,  the  Patapsco,  at  Wilmington,  DeL  CK  t. 
recommenced  the  fight.    Soon  after,  by  a  shot  1 ;  No.  8,  the  Nahant,  at  Boston,  Oct  MscJ 
which  entered  one  of  her  ports,  the  Merrimac  of  these  being  of  844  tons^  and  intended  for  2 
appeared  to  be  in  a  disabled  condition ;  and  her  guns ;  No.  4,  the  Montauk^  970  tons,  2  gnnN  a* 
commander  also  being   wounded   at  near  2  Greenpoint,  Oct.  9;    No.  5,  the  Kantc(ktt 
o^clock,  she  made  away  gradually  to  the  batteries  launched  at  Boston,  Dec.  6 ;  No.  6,  the  Lehip 
at  Sewairs  point.    The  Minnesota  and  the  gun-  now  (Dec.  1862)   nearly  ready  to  launch  ^• 
boat  Whitehall  both  participated  in  the  engage-  Chester,  Penn. ;   No.  7,  the  Sangamon,  reccs; 
ment  of  this  day,  and  both  received  some  in-  ly  launched  at  Chester;  No.  8,  the  Cat^^'* 
jury  and  suffered  loss  of  men ;  while  it  is  be-  launched  at  Greenpoint^  Dec.  6 ;  No.  9.  p 
lieved  that  some  of  the  shot  thrown  in  broad-  Weehawken,  recently  launched  at  Jersey  Cin 
sides  from  the  former  damaged  the  Merrimao,  Nos.  6  to  9  are  each  of  844  tons,  with  i  g^^' 
and  also  produced  loss  of  life  upon  her.  It  has  Still  other  batteries  upon  the  like  principle  hi^^ 
been  reported,  and  denied,  that  the  tremendous  since  been  contracted  for,  including  the  Ksfi- 
concussion  of  the  balls  of  the  Monitor  upon  the  hattan,  Miantonomoh,  and  Ononda^  r^^ 
sides  of  the  Merrimac  succeeded  in  shattering  from  1,084  to  1,564  tons  burden,  andserenl'^^ 
the  woodwork  within  the  iron  plating,  though  them,  as  the  two  last  named,  being  intended  f()r 
it  is  not  known  that  any  of  the  balls  actuaUy  4  guns  each,    llie  necessity  in  the  first  yooii^'r 
penetrated  her  armor.    The  iron  prow  of  the  of  running  out  the  guns  at  the  time  of  firing-  ^^' 
Merrimac,  however,  had  become  so  wrenched  posed  them  to  the  danger  of  being  struck  b^  ^ 
in  striking  the  sides  of  her  antagonist,  that  the  well  directed  shot  of  the  enemy  at  tbc  mo- 
timbers  within  were  started,  and  the  vessel  ment,  and  broken  or  disabled.  Moreover,  it  i^ 
leaked  badly.  One  of  the  last  shots  of  the  Mer-  desirable,  without  increasing  the  size  of  t|i^ 
rimao  struck  the  pilot  house  of  the  Monitor  porthole,  to  use  guns  of  larger  caliber.  Be- 


760  HABPEB'S  FEBRT 

appointed  to  preside  over  a  military  court  to  in-  all  anus,  of  whom  2,600  were  cavabr.  Gen. 

quire  into  the  conduct  of  Brig.  Gen.  McEinstrj,  W^ite,  though  entitled  to  assume  the  comnmd 

and  hefore  the  conclusion  of  the  investigation  in  chief,  waived  his  right  in  favor  of  Col 

was  ordered  to  Washington  upon  other  duties  of  Wloa.    The  onlj  defensive  position  fortifieti  br 

a  similar  character.  MUes  was  Bolivar  heights  behind  the  toini  of 

HABPEB'S  FEBBY,  Ocoupatioit  of.    The  Harper's  Ferry,  and  this  was  commanded  bj 

importance  of  this  place  as  a  strategic  point  Maryland  heights,  and  by   Loudon  hti^t& 

was  recognized  by  the  confederates  at  the  very  situated  on  the  Virginia  side  of  the  PoU^aic 

commencement  of  the  existing  civil  war,  and  and  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Shenandoah.  Esrij 

immediately  after  the  fall  of  Fort  Sumter  they  on  the  morning  of  the  18th  the  confedento 

despatched  a  considerable  body  of  troops  to  oc-  made  an  attack  upon  the  troops  stadond  a 

cupy  it.    On  April  18,  1861,  Lieut.  B.  Jones,  the  cr^st  of  Maryland  heights,  and  droTet!i(0 

of  the  regular  army  of  the  United  States,  evac-  behind  the  breastwork.    This  was  soon  if^t: 

uated  the  place  at   their  approach,  with  a  attacked,  and  through  the  precipitate  fli^t  of; 

small  body  of  dismounted  cavalry,  having  first  portion  of  the  troops  and  the  premature  retres: 

fired  the  arsenal  buildings,  containing  15,000  of  the  rest,  in  consequence  of  a  mi^e  d 

stand  of  arms,  and  the  workshops,  and  retired  orders,  was  about  midday  permanentlj  tin- 

to  Carlisle  barracks  in  Pennsylvania.    It  was  doned.    For  several  hours  previous  CuL  }E& 

then  occupied  by  a  strong  confederate  force  had  been  on  the  heights,  and  his  direction.^  & 

until  the  invasion  of  that  part  of  Virginia  Col.  Ford  upon  returning  to  the  Ferry  were  tr 

by  Gen.  Patterson,  June  14,   1861,  when  it  spike  his  guns  in  case  he  was  compelled  u 

.fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Union  army.    The  evacuate  the  heights,  and  throw  his  ban 

unsuccessful  issue  of  the  battle  of  Bull  run,  siege  guns  down  the  mountain.    Accordin^lj. 

July  21,  having  compelled  the  reHnquishment  at  2  o^clock  in  the  afternoon,  Col.  Ford,  vAl- 

of  the  right  bank  of  the  Potomac  by  Gen.  ing  himself  of  the  discretionary  pover  giTen i' 

Banks,  who  succeeded  Gen.  Patterson  in  com-  him  by  his  superior,  abandoned  his  posirk 

mand,  it  was  again  occupied  by  the  confeder-  and  withdrew  his  force  across  the  river.  S*' 

ates,  who,  after  the  general  retreat  of  their  ar-  slow  were  the  enemy  to  occupy  the  grooA 

mies  up  the  valley  of  the  Shenandoah  in  March,  however,  that  on  the  succeeding  momiii^  t 

1862,  evacuated  the  place  for  the  second  time,  detachment  of  the  39th  New  York  volmiteas 

destroying  the  costly  bridge  of  the  Baltimore  (Garibaldi  guard),  sent  there  by  Col.  DTtiSsj, 

and  Ohio  railroad.    Thenceforward  until  Sept.  succeeded  in  securing  4  field  pieces  and  s 

15, 1862,  it  remained  in  possession  of  the  Union  wagon  load   of  ammunition.     On  the  IStii 

forces.    On  Aug.  16  of  that  year  Col,  Miles,  also  a  body  of  the  enemy  made  a  demonstii 

then  in  command,  received  orders  from  Gen.  tion  firom  the  direction  of  Charlestovn,  vli*: 

"Wool,  commanding  the  military  department  was  repelled  by  the  troops  under  Gen.  Vliite. 

which  included  Harper's  Ferry,  to  fortify  Mary-  and  in  the  course  of  the  day  they  began  w 

land  heights  on  the  Maryland  shore  of  the  Po-  establish  batteries  on  Loudon  heights.   On 

tomac,  which  is  considered  the  key  of  the  posi-  the  14th  they  opened  fire  from  Loudon  hei^it?. 

tion.    These  he  neglected  to  obey,  nor,  during  and  toward  the  close  of  the  afternoon  free 

the  rapid  approach  of  the  confederate  armies  Maryland  heights,  while  an  unsnccessliil  infi3- 

toward  the  Potomac  in  the  latter  half  of  Au-  try  attack  was  made  on  the  Charlestown  tm- 

gust  and  the  early  part  of  September,  did  he  do  pike,  in  which  nearly  the  whole  Union  fcrw 

any  thinff  to  improve  the  naturally  strong  de-  participated.    Fire  was  also  returned  from  tbt 

fences  of  the  place.    On  Sept.  5  Col.  Thomas  Union  batteries  on  Bolivar  heights.  On  tk 

H.  Ford,  of  Ohio,  assumed  command  of  the  previous  evening  Col.  Miles  had  d«pat«i*l» 

force  stationed  on  the  heights,  and,  under  appro-  messenger  to  Gren.  McClellan,  who  was  then  s 

hension  of  an  attack  by  a  portion  of  the  con-  Frederic,  Md.,  with  the  main  body  of  theUni')^ 

federate  army  which  crossed  the  Potomac  on  army,  to  report  that  the  position  could  not  k 

Sept.  4-6,  he  soon  after  sent  a  requisition  to  held  48"  hours  longer  unless  refinforceiDC-' 

Col.  Miles  for  reinforcements  and  for  tools  ne-  were  sent ;  and  on  the  night  of  the  Uth  tit 

oessary  to  erect  defensive  works.    He  received  whole  body  of  Union  cavalry  under  eommsQt- 

the  regnforcements,  but  not  the  tools,  and  with  of  Col.  Davis  out  their  way  through  the  enemr 

a  few  borrowed  axes  constructed  on  the  12th  lines,  and  reached  Greencastle,  Pcnn.,  in  ssfecy 

a  slight  breastwork  of  trees,  near  the  crest  of  the  next  morning,  capturing  on  the  vajM  *J^ 

the  heights,  in  front  of  which  was  a  slashing  munition  train  belonging  to  the  corps  of  tt^ 

of  timber.    On  that  day  a  force  of  about  40,000  confederate  general  Longstreet    At  hprtii 

confederates  under  Gens.  Jackson  and  A.  P.  of  the  15th  the  confederates  opened  fire  np'^n 

Hill,  detached   from   the  invading   army  of  Bolivar  heights  from  9  diflferent  batteries,  m 

Lee,  appeared  before  the  heights,  from  which  at  7  o'clock  in  the  morning  Col.  Hil^j  ^^_ 

an  artillery  fire  was  opened  upon  them,  accom-  sented  to  Gen.  White  and  the  brigw*  ^^' 

panied  by  slight  skirmishing  in  front  of  the  manders  that,  as  the  ammunition  of  his  ^J^"^ 

breastwork.    By  the  arrivd  of  Gen.  Julius  was  nearly  exhausted,  the  place  could  n^'^^^ 

White  from  Martinsburg  on  the  12th,  the  total  be  considered  tenable.    With  the  cowij*^*^ 

Union  force  at  Harper's  Ferry  and  Maryland  of  all  the  oflBcers  present  he  gave  the  ort«r 

heights  was  increased  to  about  13,000  men  of  surrender ;  but  for  upward  of  three  qoart^  " 


762              HATTERA8  INLET  HEINTZELMAK 

ry  at  Oontreras  and  Ghurnbnsco  and  Ohapnlte-  principal   ei^g;ineer  of  the  Philadelphia  ud 

pec,  became  let  lieutenant  in  1851,  and  captain  Columbia  railroad,  of  which  he  was  appointed 

in  1860 ;  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  superintendent  two  years  later.    SubBequcDtlj 

he  was  serving  with  his  regiment  near  the  S.  he  was  for  several  years  the  principal  eogicetr 

W.  frontier.    In  Sept.  1861,  he  was  appointed  *  of  the  works  connected  witJi  the  ndlwajta- 

brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and  assigned  nel  through  the  Hoosio  mountain  in  BerksLirt 

a  cavalry  brigade  under  Gen.  King,  with  which  co.,  Mass.    He  was  appointed  a  brigadier-^t 

he  distinguished  himself  by  several  daring  re-  eral  in  Aug.  1862,  to  rank  from  April  27  ptr 

connoissances  in  the  neighborhood  of  Gordons-  ceding,  and  is  charged  with  the  geoeral  sup 

ville,  the  Eapidan,   and  the   Rappahannock,  vision  of  matters  connected  with  transportadot 

Toward  the  end  of  July,  1862,  he  was  trans-  HAYS,  Alsxamdeb,  brigadier-general  of  toI 

ferred  to  the  infantry  brigade  formerly  com-  unteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  femnfr 

manded  by  Gen.  Augur ;  and  when  Gen.  King  vania  about  1825,  was  graduated  at  West  Piin* 

was  disabled  by  sickness  in  August,  he  took  in  1844  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenaDt  i: 

command  of  his  division.    He  was  wounded  at  the  4th  infantry,  and  2d  lieutenant  in  the  ^1 

the  second  battle  of  Bull  run,  where  he  was  infantry  in  1846 ;  was  brevetted  1st  lieotecai: 

attached  to  Gen.  McDowell^s  corps,  and  at  the  for  gallantry  at  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  k 

battle  of  South  mountain,  where  his  command  Palma ;  was  acting  assistant  adjutant-goiea 

formed  the  right  of  Hooker's  corps.  to  Qen.  Lane,  and  distinguished  himself  m  ut- 

HATTERAS  INLET,  a  narrow  gap  through  er^  conflicts  in  Mexico  under  that  commander 

the  sand  beach  which  forms  the  outwork  of  the  and  resigned  his  commission  April  12, 1S4^ 

coast  of  North  Carolina,  about  18  m.  S.  of  Cape  and  became  an  iron  manufacturer  at  YeD£ii^^ 

Hatteras.    Upon  the  northern  side  of  the  inlet  Penn.    When  the  regular  army  wasiDcresxC 

the  confederates  had  erected  two  fortifications  in  1861  he  was  appointed,  May  14,  a  captain  ii 

of  sand,  turfed  over,  and  mounting  respectively  the  16th  infantry,  became  colonel  of  tie  (ii 

10  and  6  guns.    The  fort  nearer  the  inlet  was  the  Pennsylvania  volunteers,  and  was  made  bri^ 

larger,  and  was  called  Fort  Hatteras ;  the  other,  dier-general  in  Sept.  1862. 

about  700  yards  further  K,  was  called  Fort  HEBERT,  Paul  0.,  a  general  in  the  »rnit 

Clark.    On  Aug.  26,  1861,  a  joint  military  and  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Looism 

naval  expedition,  under  command  of  Gen.  B.  F.  was  graduated  at  West  Point  first  in  his  cl^ 

Botler  and  Flag  Officer  Stringham,  left  Fortress  in  1640,  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  of  engi- 

Monroe,  destined  for  an  attack  upon  these  forts,  neers.    In  1841  and  1842  he  was  acting  afs^- 

The  fleet  consisted  of  the  Minnesota,  Wabash,  ant  professor  of  engineering  at  the  milit^ 

^  Pawnee,  Monticello,  and  Harriet  Lane,  joined  academy.    He  resigned  in  March,  1845,  to  tv 

afterward  by  the  Cumberland.    The  land  force  come  chief  engineer  of  the  state  of  Loui5isii& 

went  by  two  transports,  and  numbered  about  which  office  he  held  until  1847.    He  then  re 

900.    The  whole  fleet  reached  Hatteras  inlet  on  entered  the  army  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  ui^ 

the  afternoon  of  the  27th,  and  on  the  morning  of  14th  infantry,  was  brevetted  colonel  for  gal- 

the  28th  an  effort  was  made  to  land  the  troops  lantry  at  the  battle  of  Molino  del  Eej,  is^ 

above  the  forts ;  but  the  heavy  surf  prevented  commanded  his  regiment  after  his  colonel  ^^5 

the  disembarkation  of  more  than  800,  who  had  killed  at  Chapultepec    He  was  disbanded  vid 

with  them  two  pieces  of  light  artillery.  On  the  his  regiment  in  1848.    From  1854  to  1858  be 

same  morning  the  fleet  opened  fire  upon  the  was  governor  of  Louisiana.    When  the  civilTar 

forts,  the  result  of  the  day^s  bombardment  be-  broke  out  he  was  appointed  brigadier-gefiert. 

ing  the  evacuation  of  Fort  Clark.  On  the  morn-  in  the  southern  army. 

ing  of  the  29th  the  firing  was  resumed.    At  11  HEFELE,  Earl  Joseph,  a  Boman  CathcHi- 

o^clock  a  white  flag  was  raised  on  Fort  Hat-  theologian,  bom  at  AbtgmQnd,  Wdrt^ber? 

teras,  and  Flag  Officer  Samuel  Barron,  in  com-  in  1809.    He  studied  theology  at  the  muTemty 

mand  of  the  confederate  forces,  made  an  un-  of  Tubingen,  and  was  appointed  lectorer  thctt 

conditional  surrender.    The  fruits  of  this  vie-  in  1885,  and  professor  of  church  historr  i 

tory  were  700  prisoners,  25  pieces  of  artillery,  1840.    In  1842  he  was  elected  a  depnty  to  ti* 

1,000  stand  of  arms,  a  large  quantity  of  ord-  second  chamber  of  WOrtembei^.    His  prioci- 

nance  stores,  and  three  vduable  prizes.    The  pal  works  are :  Oeichichte  der  £in/ukrwtg  <w 

confederate  loss,  not  officially  stated,  was  sup-  Christenthums  im  mdwestlicken  Dtutseklss^ 

posed  to  be  12  or  15  killed  and  85  wounded.  (Tubingen,  1887) ;  Da8  Sendschreibm  da  Af^ 

No  casualties  occurred  on  the  Union  side.  teh  BamaboM^  ibeneUt  nnd  erJdutert  (1^^- 

HAUPT,  Hermann,  brigadier-general  of  vol-  Fritisehe    BelmcUung    der    Wmenhtr^^ 

unteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Pennsylva-  Schrift  uber  die  grimen  KireheMenammhniP^ 

nia  about  1816,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  (1841);   Cardinal  Ximenee  (1844^   tiansltte^ 

in  1885  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  into  English  by  Dalton,  London,  1860);  an<2 

the  dd  infantry,  but  resigned  his  commission  Coneilien-Oeechickte  (5  vols.,  1859  tt  nq)^  o^^ 

Sept.  80,  1885;  was  assistant  engineer  on  the  chief  work.     He  has  also  edited  the  P^^^ 

public  works  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  from  Apottolid  (1889). 

1836  to  1839,  and  then  became  professor  of  HEINTZELMAN,  Samuel  P.,  m^ar-gen««l 
mathematics  in  Pennsylvania  college,  which  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bom  in  Peon- 
office  he  retained  till  1847,  when  he  became  sylvania  about  1807,  was  graduated  «l  n<^ 


764                      HOLLEBTS  HOLT 

tacky.     Snbse'qnently  he   had   command  at  North  Carolina,  was  gradnated  at  Ve^  ?<h' 

Memphis,  and,  naving  been  promoted  to  the  in  1829  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  M 

rank  of  migor-general,  took  charge  of  the  forces  infantry ;  became  1  st  lieutenant  March  26. 1^31 

of  Arkansas,  and  claimed  to  command  in  the  and  captain  Dec.  9, 1888 ;  was  brevetted  nnjc- 

whole  country  west  of  the  Mississippi    He  for  gallantry  at  Monterey,  Sept.  23, 1846.  'ji 

was  severely  injured  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh  became  m^or  of  the  8^  infantry,  March  i 

by  the  fall  of  his  horse,  which  was  shot  under  1855.    He  served  several  years  in  liis»rl 

him.     Having  been  charged  with  obtaining  NewMexico,andTeza8,  and  in  1858commc- 

$1,000,000  from  the  banks  of  Memphis  on  pre-  ed  at  Fort  Bliss  in  the  last  named  state,  b 

tended  authority  from  Gen.  Beauregard,  and  1860  he  was  transferred  to  Fort  Colmnbcs. : 

with  having  grossly  exceeded  his  powers  in  New  York  harbor,  in  charge  of  the  general  re 

various  respects,  the  case  was  brought  before  cruiting  service.    On  the  outbreak  of  the  (f 

the  confederate  house  of  representatives,  Oct.  cession  troubles  in  the  latter  part  of  18&>' 

1,  1862,  and  finally  Gen«  Holmes  was  put  in  obtained  leave  of  absence  and  went  to  Nor: 

command  in  Arkansas,  and  Hindman  was  ar-  Carolina,  where  he  had  large  possessioDs  b<t 

rested.    His  disgrace  did  not  continue  long,  in  land  and  negroes ;  he  redgned  his  coililL- 

however,  for  he  commanded  the  confederates  sion  April  28, 1861,  and  entered  the  confeder>^ 

in  the  sanguinary  battle  of  Prairie  Grove,  near  army.    On  Nov.  18,  1861,  he  was  appointed' 

Fayetteviile,  Ark.,  Dec.  7,  1862.  command  the  army  of  Aquia,  which  coopentd 

HOniNS,  Geobqe  N.,  an  officer  in  the  navy  with  the  army  at  MnnfliMfflq.    In  Nov.  1861  i; 

of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Baltimore,  was  serving  west  of  the  Mississippi^  bsrb: 

Md.,  Sept.  20,  1799.    He  entered  the  U.  S.  conmiand  in  Arkansas.    He  now  (Dec.  \^i 

navy  as  midshipman  in  1814,  and  after  an  un-  holds  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general. 

Buccessful  attempt  with  the  sloop  of  war  Erie,  HOLT,  Joseph,  an  American  stategman^kr 

Oapt.  Bidgely,  to  lom  the  British  blodcade  of  in  Breckenridge  co.,  Ky.,  in  1807.    Be  vs 

the  Ohesapeake,  was  ordered  with  the  rest  of  educated  at  St.  Joseph^s  college,  Bardsto^ 

the  officers  and  crew  of  the  Erie  to  assist  in  the  and  at  Centre  college,  Danville,  and  in  1^ 

defence  of  the  capital.    He  was  on  board  the  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law  in  I^^ 

President,  Commodore  Decatur,  when  she  was  bethtown,  Ky.    Thence  he  removed  in  16Sf  • 

captured  by  the  British,  and  remained  a  pris-  Louisville,  and  in  the  succeeding  jearir&5£> 

oner  of  war  at  Bermuda  until  the  peace.    He  pointed  commonwealth's  attorney  for  the  J^- 

next  served  under  Commodore  Decatur  against  ferson  circuit,  which  induded  the  city  of  Uc^ 

the  Algerines,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  ville.     In  1835  he  removed  to  Port  Gibsct 

gallantry  in  action.    At  the  close  of  the  war  he  Miss.,  and  after  practising  his  profession  tbepr 

took  command  of  an  East  Lidia  merchantman,  with  great  success,  returned  in  1842  to  Loi> 

and  afterward  was  employed  in  various  duties  ville.    TJpon  the  accesdon  of  Mr.  Bncbfiiisiit' 

in  the  navy,  becoming  lieutenant  in  1825,  and  the  presidency  he  was  appointed  commi^^c-^ 

conunander  in  1841.  He  made  himself  conspicu-  of  patents,  and  took  up  his  residence  in  ^i^^ 

ous  by  the  bombardment  and  destruction  of  the  ington ;  and  in  1859  he  succeeded  to  the  (O- 

town  o£»San  Juan  de  Nicaragua,  or  Greytown,  of  postmaster-general,  made  vacant  by  the  d^ 

in  1852.    On  his  return  from  that  cruise  he  had  of  Aaron  V .  Brown.    After  the  withdraws!  t^ 

command  of  the  Sackett's  Harbor  navy  yard  for  John  B.  Floyd  from  the  cabinet  in  Dec.  l^-'-- 

some  time,  and  was  then  ordered  to  the  Susque-  he  assumed  the  charge  of  the  war  depftrtmi^- 

hanna,  and  sailed  for  Vera  Cruz;  but  soon  af-  and  by  his  energy  and  approved  loyaltrtoii 

ter  arriving  there  he  was  ordered  to  join  the  government  did  mudi  to  restore  the  pblier^^ 

Mediterranean  squadron.    In  1856  he  was  pro-  fidence,  ^ready  shaken  by  tlie  defection  oif^ 

moted  to  be  captain.    Returning  to  the  United  retaries  Floyd  and  Thompson  and  other  pr« 

States  in  1861,  just  after  the  secession  of  the  inent  officials.   To  the  precautions  taken  bjl^ 

southern  states,  he  inunediately  resigned  his  com-  Holt  in  codperation  with  Gen.  Scott  ha?  ^'^' 

mission;  but  the  department  refused  to  accept  attributed  Hie  absence  of  any  revo]utionflrTde& 

the  resignation,  struck  his  name  from  the  rolls,  onstrations  in  Washington  during  the  icangffi^ 

and  ordered  his  arrest.     He  escaped  to  the  tion  of  President  Lincoln.  He  retired  from  of  i^ 

South,  entered  the  confederate  navy,  received  a  early  in  March,  and  during  the  ensuing  ?^^ 

commission  as  commodore,  and  on  Oct.  11,  with  and  summer  was  actively  employed  in  adrocai 

the  iron-clad  ram  and  gunboat  Manassas,  and  a  ing  the  Union  cause  in  Kentucky  and  ebewlf;^ 

fleet  of  vessels,  attacked  the  federal  blockad-  denouncing  with  particular  emphasis  the  pejj 

ing  squadron  at  the  passes  of  the  Mississippi,  of  "  neutrality,"  which  certain  of  the  boniff 

doing  slight  damage,  and  claiming  an  impor-  states  seemed  inclined  to  adopt    In  a  \tv^ 

tan t  victory.    For  this  achievement  he  received  dated  May  81 , 1 861 ,  to  J.  F.  Speed  of  Kcntcci?; 

the  next  day  the  appointment  of  flag  captain  of  on  the  duty  of  that  state  in  the  existing  ci^- 

the  New  Orleans  naval  station.    His  efforts  to  war,  and  whidi  was  printed  and  widely  fir*^ 

oppose  the  advance  of  the  Union  fleet  against  lated,  he  declared  that  *Hhe  expenditure  c»fto' 

that  city  in  April,  1862,  proved  futile,  many  of  merely  hundreds  of  millions,  bat  of  billion'  oi 

his  vessels  being  destroyed.  treasure,  would  be  well  made,  if  the  result  t<** 

HOLMES,  Theophilus  Huntbr,  a  general  in  be  the  preservation  of  our  institation^.^'  ^ 

the  service  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  the  removal  of  Gen.  Fremont  from  the  cfiB* 


766                       HUGER  HUNTER 

Me.,  March  18,  1818.     He  was  graduated  at  Point  until  April,  1882 ;  difitingtiiflhed  hboseif 

West  Point  in  1841,  and  assigned  to  the  4th  in  conflict  with  the  Indians  in  florids,  JinteV 

artillery.    From  1848  to  1846  he  was  instructor  hecame  Ist  lieutenant  in  August,  and  resgnet! 

in  mathematics  at  the  military  academy.    He  Sept.  80, 1886;  was  appoihted  Ist  lieotenaD:  in 

served  with  credit  in  the  Mexican  war,  was  bre-  the  topographical  engineers,  July  8, 1836;  na 

vetted  captain  for  gallant  conduct  in  the  bat*  employed  as  an  assistant  in  the  coast  smtj 

ties  of  Contreras  and  Chnrubusco,  became  cap-  from  1845  to  1849 ;  became  captaio  m  Mtj. 

tain  in  1855,  was  Gen.  MoOlellan's  chief  of  1848;  and  in  Aug.  1858,  took  charge  of  4 

artillery  in  western  Virginia,  and  commanded  office  of  explorations  and  surveys  in  the  w 

a  brigade  in  the  army  of  the  Potomac  during  department.    He  was  promoted  to  the  mk  i{ 

the  Yorktown  campaign.    He  was  oonmiission-  m^jor,  Aug.  6,  1861,  was  attached  to  the  $tjf 

ed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  April  14,  of  Gen.  McOIellan   as  an  additional  udv-dr 

1862,  and  assigned  to  the  command  of  a  brig-  camp,  March  5,  1862,  and  was  made  a  brig*- 

ade  in  Couches  division  of  the  4th  (Keyes^s)  dier-general  of  volunteers,  April  28. 

army  corpa  HUNT,  Henbt  Jacebof,  brigadier-geDe^L 

HUGER,  Benjamin,  a  general  in  the  service  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Ok 

of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Charleston,  about  1821,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  i: 

8.  0.,  in  1806,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1889  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  tlie  i 

1825  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  8d  artillery,  and  became  Ist  lieutenant  Jont  1\ 

artillery;  became  captain  of  ordnance  May  80,  1846;  was  brevetted  capt^n  for  gallimtn  c 

1882,  and  chief  of  ordnance  to  Gen.  Scott's  ContrerasandOhurusbusco,  Aug.  20,andiB^? 

army  in  Mexico  in  1847- 8 ;  was  brevetted  ma-  for  gallantry  at  Ghapultepec,  Sept.  13,  1H7. 

Jor  for  gallantry  at  Vera  Cruz,  lieutenant-colo-  distinguished  himself  in  the  assault  on  Mob 

nel  for  gallantry  at  Molino  del  Rey,  and  colonel  del  Rey,  where  he  was  -  wounded ;  became  cjd- 

for  gallantry  at  Chapultepec;  and  became  ma-  tain  Sept.  2,  1852,  major  of  the  5th  uiLJt.7 

jor  Feb.  15,  1855.    For  several  years  he  had  May  14,  1861,  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  McCltl\i:. 

command  of  the  arsenal  at  Pikesville,  Md.,  and  wiUi  the  rank  of  colonel,  Sept.  28, 1861.  rJ 

held  that  post  when  South  Carolina  declared  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  Sept.  1"^ 

her  secession  from  the  Union.    His  immediate  He  commands  (Deo.  1862)  a  brigade  in  Sua^^-^ 

resignation  had  been  counted  on  by  people  in  division  of  the  9th  army  corps  in  the  annj  of  tz 

his  native  state ;  but  though  the  seoeders  made  Potomac. 

him  brilliant  offers,  he  adhered  to  the  govern-  HUNTER,  David,  m^jor-general  of  voloi- 

ment  of  the  United  States.    Nevertheless,  after  teers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Washinctoi 

the  conflict  at  Fort  Sumter,  he  finally  sent  in  D.  C,  July  21, 1802.    His  father,  who  vs.;^i 

his  resignation,  April  22, 1861,  and  was  at  once  chaplain  in  the  army,  waa  a  native  of  Vir- 

made  a  brigadier-general  in  the  confederate  ginia.     He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  c 

service.    He  was  employed  at  Richmond  and  1822  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the 't^ 

that  vicinity,  and  conmianded  with  the  rank  of  infantry,  and  became  1st  lieutenant  in  I"^^'. 

m^jor-general  at  Norfolk  just  previous  to  its  and  captain  in  the  1st  dragoons  in  1S33.  n> 

occupation  by  the  federal  forces,  May  10, 1862.  twice  crossed  the  plains  to  the  Rocky  m<.c:- 

For  his  failure  to  hold  that  place  the  confeder-  tains.    In  1886  he  resigned  and  engaged  in  t:r 

ate  authorities  punished  him  by  his  retirement  forwarding  business  at  Chicago,  but  he  rtj  >> 

from  active  service.  ed  the  army  as  paymaster  in  1841,  and  LtM 

HUGHES,  TnoMAS,  an  English  author,  born  that  office  with  the  rank  of  migor  in  1S61.  He 

in  Berkshire,  Oct.  20,  1828.    He  is  a  son  of  accompanied  President  Lincoln  from  SpriLf- 

Mr.  John  Hughes,  author  of  the  "Itinerary  field.  111.,  en  route  for  Washington,  as  for « 

of  Provence,"  and  editor  of  the  "Boscobel  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  where,  in  the  pressure  of  li* 

Tracts."  He  was  educated  at  Rngby  under  Dr.  crowd,  he  suffered  a  dislocation  of  thectU-; 

Arnold,  and  at  Oriel  college,  Ozfoi^d,  where  he  bone.    On  May  14  he  was  appointed  cci>'iia 

was  graduated  B.A.  in  1845.    He  afterward  of  the  6th  regiment  U.  S.  cavalry,  and  at  dc 

entered  himself  a  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  first  battle  of  Bull  run  commanded  the  ma^ 

and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1848.    Bis  first  column  of  McDowelFs  army,  and  was  sererci; 

book,  "  Tom  Brown's  School  Days,  by  an  Old  wounded  in  the  neck.     On  Aug.  18  he  v* 

Boy"  (1857),  gave  an  excellent  and  affectionate  made  a  migor-general  of  volunteers,  serrtJ 

account  of  Rugby  school  under  Dr.  Arnold,  under  Meg.  Gen.  Fremont  in  the  departmeDtj 

and  acquired  a  remarkable  popularity.    It  was  Missouri,  and  superseded   him  in  conuniiKt 

followed  by  "The  Scouring  of  the  White  Horse,  Nov.  2.    Gen.  Hunter  afterward,  upon  bt\c: 

or  the  Long  Vacation  Ramble  of  a  London  relieved  by  Gen.  Halleck,  had  command  of  tli^ 

Clerk"  (1858),  and  "  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford"  department  of  Kansas,  with  his  head-qwrterj 

(1861).  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  which  he  retained  ncij- 

HUMPHREYS,  Andbew  A.,  brigadier-gen-  March,  1862,  when  he  was  ordered  to  bocUi 

eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Carolina,  assuming  command  of  the  depsri' 

Pennsylvania   about  1812,  w.as  graduated  at  ment  of  the  South,  and  established  hie  U^* 

West  Point  in  1831  and  appointed  brevet  2d  quarters  at  Hilton  Head,  Port  Royal,  S.C.  ^ 

lieutenant  in  the  2d  artillery,  and  served  as  act-  May  9  he  issued  a  proclimiation  dedaring  tbv 

ing  assistant  professor  of  engineering  at  West  whereas  the  states  of  Georgia,  Horidfl,  ^ 


.:li    Carolina,   composing    his    department,  feated  confederates,  and  for  lis  services  was 

r-.'  under  martial  law,  Blaverr,  being  incoin-  promoted  to  be  miyor-penera!,  Sept.  17. 

.Lie  with  a  state  of  martial  law  in  a  free  HURTER,  Friedricu  Euaheel,  a  German 

iitiy,  was  hereby  abolished.    This  procia-  historian,  born  in  Schaffhauscn,  Switzerland, 

:  i'  m  WAS  annnlled  by  the  president  on  the  Uarch  19,  ITST.    He  studied  theology  at  OOt- 

-'i  of  the  Bflme  month.     Early  in  September  tingen,  and  in  1825  became  pastor  of  a  ProteB- 

ri.    Hunter  was  ordered  to  Washington,  and  tant  church  in  Schaffhauscn.    Bis  first  publi' 

-  riiiiied  president  of  a  court  of  inquiry  to  in-  cation,  OeiehuAte  de»  Pamtc*  Innoctm  IJI.und 
-!i:.-.-iio  the  conduct  of  several  officers,  and  tHne»  Zeitgenouen  (4  vols.,  I83t-'42),  gave  eyi- 

■.v^i|uontly  the  sBrreoder  of  Harper's  Ferry,  dence  of  a  feeling  of  deep  reverence  for  the 

't   Tiinlters  connected  with  the  late  battles  in  ecclesiastical  establishments  of  the  middle  ages, 

ryliunl.  which  ejtcited  the  sj-mpathy  of  the  Roman 

lU'lil.BDT,  Stbpiieit  AiTQcaTua,  m»yor-gen-  Catholics,  and  induced  his  collenpies  in  Schaff- 

J  itf  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  annj,  born  in  hausen  to  request  him  to  define  his  position  in 

irlo^ton,  8.  0.,  March  34, 1816.     He  studied  the  Reformed    church.     Ilia    defence    having 

.V  and  practised  in  his  natire  city  nsttl  the  given  rise  to  an  acrinionious  controversy,  ho 

I'iingontof  the  Florida  war,  when  ho  en-  resigned  his  office  in   1841,   and  in  1H44' waa 

■.j'l  '\a  a  South  Carolina  regiment,  and  was  formally  received  into  the  communion  of  the 

■  :ed  adjutant.  In  1846  he  removed  to  Illi-  church  of  Rome.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
'  -'.  and  opened  an  office  at  Belvidere,  Boone  appointed  historian  to  the  imperial  court  in 
..  which  is  still  his  place  of  residence.    Ho  \  icnna,  but  lost  hla  office  in  1849  in  conse- 

.'  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention  qiience  of  his  supposed  connection  with  per- 

Illinois  in  1847.  and  has  several  times  rep-  song  of  liberal  political  views.     He  was,  how- 

-  Tiled  Boone  county  in  the  state  legislature,  ever,  permitted  to  remain  in  Vienna,  and  in 

■  A-:is  appointed  a  brigadier-general  of  volun-  1653  was  restored  to  his  office  and  ennobled. 
Ti  in  May,  1801,  and  after  the  capture  of  Fort  His  works  include  Antiate*  Hurtrr  vnd  tehie 

■  lel-on  was  in  command  of  that  po5t.  When  logaianntm  AmUhradrr  (1840),  which  imme- 
[t.   Grant's  army  moved   Dp  the  Tennessee  diately  preceded  the  resignation  of  his  pastorate 

■  jr,  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  4th  di-  in  Schaffbausen ;  IHe  Befeindung  der  taCluili- 

-i'>n.   and  with   his  troops  was  the  first  to  tchen  Kirehe  in  der  SekaeU  (ISiO) ;  Stburtvnd 

^ii'h  Pittsburg  Landing.     He  took  part  in  the  Wiedergeburt  (3  vols.,  1845),  which  relates  the 

.--le  of  Shiloh,  afterward  was  stationed  at  circumstances    attending    his    conversion    to 

:n|ihi*,  and  early  in  Sept.  1662,  was  ordered  Calbolicisra  ;   OtKhithte  da  Kaiaen  Ferdinand 

•  ii'ilivar,  Tenn.     After  the  battle  of  Corinth,  //.rt  vols.,  1850);  Fhilij)pLany,Kammerdiener 

Oct.  1862,  he  parsued  and  engaged  the  de-  Budolfi  II.  (1651),  and  others. 


N'fiALLS,  RnpcB,  brigadier- general  of  vol-  army  of  the  Potomac  in  Angnst.    This  last  ap- 

uriteers  in  the  U.  3,  army,  born  in  Denmark,  pointment  he  Btill  holds  (Dec.  18(i2}.     He  was 

'.(•<r'\  CO,,  Me.,  Aug.  23,  1820.     Ho  was  grad-  nominated  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 

i■.y^  1  at  West  Point  in  1843,  brovetted  2d  lien-  Sept.  1862. 

:i:irit  of   rifles,   and    ordered  to   the    Tesoa  ISLAND  NTTMBER  TEN.apartiallywooded 

■'lUer.    In  1846  ho  was  appointed  2d  lien-  islondin  the  Missisiippi  river,  between  Hickman, 

:i  lilt  in  the  1st  dragoons,  and  in  1843  wasor-  Ey.,  and  New  Madrid,  Mo.,  about  70  m.  S.  from 

-r.'d  to  New  Meiico,  where  he  distinguished  Cairo,    The  river,  whoso  general  course  is  8., 

'■'ii':lf   in   the   battles  of  Embudo  and  Taos  here  makes  a  sharp  bend,  running  N.  W.  for 

~  17).  and  was  soon  afterward  promoted  to  bo  about  12  m.,  when  it  turns  and  runs  in  a  S.  E. 

••  lieutenant,  to  dat«  from  those  engagements,  direction.     In  this  second  bend,  on  theMissonri 

)  l-t^*  he  was  appointed  captain  in  the  quar-  side,  is  situated  New  Madrid,  the  distance  from 

Mii.i~ter's  department.    Ho  served  for  some  which  place  across  the  peninsula  thus  formed 

-  'T'  in  California  and  Oregon,  was  attached  to  the  river  is  6  m.,  while  by  the  river  it  is  16. 

.  Cil.  Steptoe'a  expedition  across  the  conti-  Opposite  New  Madrid   is  a  peninsula  almost 

It,  .iiid  from  1666  to  16G0  was  stationed  at  precisely  similar  to  that  above  described,  and 

■  ■rt   Vancouver,  being   on  the   staff  of  Gen.  from  Island  No.  Ten,  on  the  N,  side  of  its  ba"^, 

'.rupv  at  the  time  of  the  San  Juan  affair.    In  to  Tiptonville.  situated  on  its  B.  side,  the  dis- 

;  ril,  1861,  he  waa  sent  with  Col.  Brown  to  tance  by  land  is  about  6  m.  and  by  water  27. 

■il'.'Pce  Fort  Pickens,  and  in  July  was  order-  The  island  is  about  1  m.  in  length  by  }  m.  in 

1  In  duly  with  the  army  of  the  Potomac.     He  width,  has  a,  level  surface   lying  above  high 

I-'  .-ijipointed  aide-de-camp  to  Gon.  McClellan  water  mark,  and  is  rapidly  wearing  away  at  its 

■ii  the  rank  of  lientenant-colonol  in  Septcm-  headnnder  the  effect  of  the  current  of  the  river. 

-,  iiiaj"r  in  the  nuortermaster's  department  For  some  time  before  the  occupation  of  Colum- 

:  ,>^u.  1663,  sud  chief  quartermaster  of  the  bns  the  confederates  bad  begun  to  fortify  the 


768          ISLAND  NUMBER  TEN  lYERSON 

isUndy  which,  on  account  of  the  nature  of  the  heavy  fire.    On  the  night  of  the  6th  the  gun- 
surrounding  country  on  both  sides  of  the  Mis^  boat  Pittsburg  also  ran  the  blockade,  snd  dor- 
sissippi,  cannot  be  effectively  assailed  by  a  force  ing  the  morning  of  the  7th  was  employed  in 
operating  from  above.    The  shores  of  the  island  coigunction  wit£  the  Oarondelet  in  eolencinj?  a 
were  lined  with  earthworks  so  disposed  that  battery  near  Watson^s  Landing,  which  had  Wea 
eadi  one  conmianded  the  one  above ;  and  on  the  selected  by  Pope  as  a  place  far  disembaj^fif 
neighboring  mainland  of  Tennessee,  between  his  troops.    This  having  been  accomplisked  •: 
which  and  the  island  the  deeper  channel  of  the  noon,  a  number  of  steamboats  and  hargea,  |«e- 
river  passes,  were  a  series  of  supporting  earth-  viously  floated  through  the  canal  from  the  up- 
works   mounted  with   many  heavy  cannon,  per  part  of  the  river,  put  out  from  New  Madrid 
To  these  defences  important  additions  were  with  a  division  of  troops  under  Gen.  Paine, 
constantly  making,  until  what  was  originally  and  arrived  in  safety  on  the  Tenneasee  shc»«. 
a  strong  position  became  almost  impregnable  This  movement  convinced  the  confederates  ef 
against  an  attack  from  gunboats.    On  March  the  impossibily  of  holding  Island  No.  Ten,  asd 
15,  1862,  the  flotilla  of  Flag  OflScer  Foote,  they  immediately  began  to  abandon  their  p- 
comprising  several  gunboats  and  a  portion  of  sitions  along  the  shore  and  move  toward  Ti|^ 
the  mortar  fleet,  dropped  down  to  Island  No.  tonville.    Paine  pushed  forward  to  cot  thrc 
Ten  from  Hickman,  about  20  m.  above,  and  off,  other  nationid  troops  following  as  hjat  n- 
on  the  succeeding  day  the  bombardment  of  the  they  were  landed,  and  the  confederatea,  drive  < 
place  was  commenced.  The  garrison,  including  into  an  impassable  swamp  with  no  hope  of  scf^ 
the  troops  stationed  on  the  mainland,  num-  cor  or  escape,  were  compelled  early  an.  thr 
bered  between  7,000  and  8,000  men,  under  Gen.  morning  of  the  8th  to  surrender  at  discretkc : 
W.  W.  Mackall,  drawn  principally  from  the  but  a  few  escaped  by  wading  and  swimmlLf 
abandoned  fortifications  at  Oolumbus  and  Hick-  through  the  swamps.  Meanwhile,  on  the  nif  Kt 
man.    For  several  days  the  fire  from  the  mor-  of  the  7th  the  garrison  on  the  island,  finding  it- 
tar  boats  continued  without  intermission,  with  self  deserted  and  in  danger  of  an  attack  in  tLf 
apparently  little  effect  upon  the  enemy^s  bat-  rear,  sent  a  message  to  Flag  OfScer  Foote  fcr- 
teries ;  and  on  the  20th  Flog  Officer  Foote  tel-  rendering  to  him.    On  the  morning  of  the  ^l. 
egraphed  to  the  secretary  of  the  navy  that  the  possession  was  taken  of  the  work^  on  the  islas-. 
place  was  harder  to  take  than  Columbus,  and  and  the  main  shores,  where  were  foond  1^ 
that,  although  he  was  gradually  approaching  pieces  of  heavy  artillery,  7,000  stand  of  Ftnali 
the  island,  he  did  not  hope  for  much  **  until  arms,  and  an  immense  quantity  of  ammimititis 
tlvB  occurrence  of  certain  events  which  prom-  of  all  kinds.  The  number  of  prisoners  who  scr- 
ised  success.-'    Of  these  ^*  events''  the  most  im-  rendered  to  the  land  and  naval  forces  amounted 
portant  was  the  cutting  a  passage  through  the  to  nearly  7,000,  including  8  generals  and  nearly 
inundated  forest  on  the  base  of  the  peninsula,  800  field  and  company  officers.    Four  steamer^ 
opposite  Island  No.  Ten,  to  New  Madrid,  which  were  also  captured  afloat,  beside  scTeral  sulI 
on  the  14th  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  Gen.  near  the  Tennessee  shore,  and  which  were  af- 
Pope.    The  overflowed  condition  of  the  swamps  terward  recovered.     No  casualties   attends: c 
and  shores  on  the  Missouri  side  of  the  river  pre-  the  Union  army  in  this  operation, 
eluded  any  cooperation  by  the  land  force  with  lUKA.    See  Gobinth. 
the  fleet  in  that  quarter,  but  by  conveying  IVER60N,  Alfred,  a  general  in  the  f^rriee 
transports  through  this  passage  to  New  Mad-  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Bnrke  co., 
rid,  Pope's  troops  could  cross  the  river  and  Ga.,  Dec.  3,  1798,  was  graduated  at  PrincetuL 
assail  the  enemy's  batteries  near  the  island  in  college  in  1820,  studied  law,  and  settled  at  C^»- 
the  rear.    The  idea  of  this  passage  was  first  lumbus,  Ga.,  in  the  practice  of  that  proiesiii«>& : 
suggested   by  Gen.  Schuyler  Hamilton,  and  was  a  member  of  both  houses  of  tibe  state  lep!»- 
on  the  I7th  the  work  was  vigorously  com-  lature;  was  twice  elected  judge  of  the  eoperii-r 
menced  by  the  engineer  regiment  of  Col.  J.  W.  court ;  was  an  elector  at  large  in  the  presiden- 
BisselL    m  19  days  an  avenue  50  feet  wide  and  tial  election  of  1844,  and  voted  for  Mr.  Folk : 
12  m.  long  was  cut  across  the  peninsula,  about  was  a  representative  in  the  80th  congreaa^  serr- 
half  the  distance  being  through  a  dense  forest,  ing  from  1847  till  March  4,  1849 ;  waa  elected 
the  trees  of  which  had  to  be  sawed  off  4|  feet  as  a  democrat  to  succeed  the  Hon.  W.  C  Daw. 
under  water.    During  all  this  time  the  flotilla  son  as  U.  S.  senator  from  Geoi^gia,  his  terc 
had  kept  up  its  fire  upon  the  batteries  on  the  of  office  extending  from  March  4,  1853.  t* 
island,  but  without  making  any  progress  to-  March  4, 1861 ;  was  known  in  the  senate  as  as 
ward  their  reduction ;  and  the  confederates,  an-  advocate  of  disunion  and  an  independent  sooth- 
ticipating  a  movement  in  their  rear,  had  erect-  em  confederacy,  and  withdrew  fh>m  the  8enat< 
ed  additional  batteries  in  every  place  where  Jan.  28, 1861,  giving  as  his  reason  the  oecoMioB 
troops  could  be  landed  on  the  Tennessee  side  of  Georgia,  and  saying  that  it  was  for  the  re> 
of  the  river.    On  the  night  of  April  3  the  gun-  maining  states  to  choose  peace  or  war,  hot  th&r 
boat  Oarondelet  succeeded  in  running  past  the  the  first  gun  fired  would  destroy  for  ever  all 
batteries  on  the  island,  and  reached  New  Mad-  hope  of  reconstruction.    After  the  outbreak  cf 
rid  uninjured,  though  many  shots  were  fired  at  positive  hostilities  he  entered  the  coniedeFate 
her ;  and  during  the  6th  she  explored  the  river  army,  became  colonel  of  a  Georgia  re^imeot. 
for  15  m.  below  that  place  in  the  midst  of  a  and  in  Nov.  1862,  was  promoted  to  be  a  briga- 


770                       JACKSON  JOHN  OF  AUSTRU 

firom  west  of  the  monntains,  and  the  other  from  6,000  men  in  8  brigades  marched  to  thai  pint 

the  east,  to  cut  him  off,  bat  he  succeeded  in  with  orders  to  oarrj  the  battery  br  aslasli 

withdrawing  before  they  could  intercept  him.  and  if  possible  with  the  bayonet  alone.  Ttc 

Fremont,  however,  overtook  his  rear  guard  and  of  the  brigades,  under  the  command  of  Gsl 

defeated  it  in  the  battle  of  Cross  Keys,  June  8 ;  1. 1.  Stevens,  advanced  across  an  open  fitld  u. 

but  Jackson  moving  with  rapidity  toiok  revenge  within  400  yards  of  the  Tower  battery,  vfee 

on  Shields,  a  part  of  whose  division  he  encoun-  they  separated  and  marched  by  column  d 

tered  and  repulsed  at  Port  Republic  on  the  9th.  regiments  against  each  side  of  the  work,  lin 

Having  thus  nullified  the  intended  movement  was  protected  in  front  by  abatis  and  ol  ti? 

of  McDowell,  and  also  caused  Fremont  to  retire  sides  by  lines  of  rifle  pits.    In  the  face  of  &  <!r 

before  him,  he  now  hastened  back  to  Rich-  vastating  fire  from  artillery  and  riflemeo  lir 

mond,  where  he  arrived  in  season  to  take  part  assaulting  columns  pressed  ^steadily  on,  and  t:^ 

in  the  series  of  battles  which  relieved  that  city  storming  party,  composed  of  two  companit^  f 

and  closed  the  campaign  of  the  Chickahominy ;  the  Michigan  8th,  with  a  few  of  the  New  Vi 

after  which  he  led  the  advance  of  Gen.  Lee^s  79th   rhighlanders),    succeeded    in  bretkiL: 

army  as  it  moved  north  against  Pope,  fought  through  tiie  abatis  and  mounting  the  p&rapei 

him  repeatedly,  defeated  him,  and  crossed  the  So  destructive  was  the  enemy's  fire,  bowc^c* 

Potomao   into   Maryland.     Having   occupied  that  the  men  were  recalled  and  fonned  vir 

Frederic,  he  moved  westward,  rccrossed  the  behind  the  shelter  of  a  hedge,  600  yirdsfnti 

river,  surrounded  and  captured  Harper's  Fer-  the  fort.    While  awaiting  t£e  command  ti*  »:■ 

ry,  taking  upward  of  11,000  Union  prisoners,  vance  agftin,  Stevens  learned  that  tbebri^: 

Sept.  15,  again  crossed  into  Maryland,  and,  of  Col.  Williams,  which  was  operating  ar^' 

Joining  Lee's  main  body,  bore  a  prominent  part  the  battery  in  another  direction,  and  vss  sr:i 

in  the  battle  of  Antietam,  the  scene  of  which  rated  from  the  main  attacking  column  by  slt- 

he  reached  on  the  17th.    He  has  been  promoted  passable  marsh,  had  been  compelled  to  u±' 

to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general.  m  order  to  avoid  the  shells  from  tbe  Fl:  : 

JACKSON,  Thomas  K.,  a  general  in  the  ser*  gunboats,  which  were  attempting  to  supi*". 

vice  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  South  the  attack.    A  general  retreat  was  accorirc' 

Carolina  about  1829,  was  graduated  at  West  ordered,  and  the  troops  regained  their  a" 

Point  in  1848  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieuten-  with  the  loss  of  668  men  in  killed,  wojxU 

ant  in  the  6th  infantry ;  became  2d  lieutenant  and  missing.    No  further  attempt  wa.^  nui 

in  the  8th  infantry  Jan.  22,  1849,  and  1st  lieu-  upon  the  battery,  and  the  invading  forces  >-'. 

tenant  in  March,  1855;  distinguished  himself  after  returned  to  Hilton  Head.    Gen.  Btn^r 

in  conflicts  with  the  Apaches  in  New  Mexico,  was  subsequently  sent  to  the  North  nodfr  r 

June  27, 1857;  resigned  his  commission  April  rest  by  Gen.  Hunter,  for  an  alleged  disobeilk:^ 

1,  1861,  and  is  now  a  brigadier-general  in  the  of  orders  in  making  the  attack, 

confederate  army.  JAMESON,  Charles  Davis,  brigadier-re: 

JAMES  ISLAND,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  eral  of  volunteers  in  the  IT.  S.  army,  tiorn  - 
South  Carolina,  immediately  S.  of  the  city  of  Gorham,  Me.,  Feb.  24,  1827,  died  at  OWtoif: 
Charleston,  and  separated  on  its  W.  side  from  Me.,  Nov.  6,  1862.  He  received  a  good  scv 
the  mainland  by  Stono  inlet.  An  attack  on  demic  education,  and  afterward  engaged ;.: 
Charleston  from  this  direction  having  been  de«  lumbering  on  the  Penobscot.  He  wasa<ii'^ 
termined  upon  by  Gen.  Hunter,  commanding  gate  in  1860  to  the  Charleston  convec.  ' 
the  U.  S.  forces  in  the  department  of  the  South,  m  which  he  supported  the  nomination  of  ^• 
a  fleet  of  gunboats  entered  Stono  inlet  in  the  Douglas  for  the  presidency,  and  in  1S61  ai> 
latter  part  of  May,  1862,  and  on  June  4  a  body  1862  was  the  candidate  of  the  *' war  dem^ 
of  troops  was  landed  on  the  island.  The  con<  crats^^  for  the  offioe  of  governor  of  Haine.  i' 
federates,  in  anticipation  of  an  attempt  upon  itay,  1861,  he  was  apppoint^  colonel  of  the.- 
the  city,  had  constructed  some  formidable  earth-  Maine  volunteers,  and  distinguished  himself -^ 
works  in  a  commanding  positjon  at  Secession-  Bull  run,  for  which  he  was  promoted  to  S 
viUe,  a  small  place  on  the  £.  side  of  the  island,  brigadier-general,  Sept.  8, 1861.  He  coiqid^- 
which  was  a  favorite  summer  resort  of  the  ed  a  brigade  imder  Gen.  Heintzehnan  is  t^, 
people  of  Charleston.  The  Union  troops  in-  army  of  the  Potomac,  and  distinguished  himK: 
trenched  themselves  near  their  landing  place,  at  Williamsburg  and  Fair  Oaks.  He  died  oJ 
and  awaited  the  arrival  of  reinforcements,  sev-  camjp  fever  contracted  on  the  peninsnk  ^ 
eral  reconnoissances  having  shown  that  the  JOHN  op  Austbia,  don,  a  Spanish  gen^r*- 
enemy  were  in  large  force  in  front.  While  natural  son  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  l^ra  ;£ 
thus  situated  they  were  greatly  annoyed  by  the  Ratisbon,  Feb.  24, 1646  (or  more  probaMf  *^ 
fire  from  the  "  Tower"  battery  at  Secessionville,  Prescott  thinks,  in  1 647),  died  near  Kamor,  Oc: 
the  largest  of  the  enemy's  redoubts ;  and  with  1,  1578.  His  mother  was  Barbara  Blomberr. 
a  view  of  gaining  possession  of  this  work  and  originally  a  washerwoman,  according  to  Mot- 
extending  his  approaches  toward  Charleston,  ley,  and  a  fearful  termagant,  who  was  aa^r- 
Gen.  Benham,  who  by  the  return  of  Gen.  Hun-  ward  married  to  a  German  officer,  becjoe « 
ter  to  Hilton  Head  became  chief  in  command,  widow,  and,  being  established  in  greti  stJte  a- 
determined  on  a  reconnoissance  in  force  toward  Ghent  under  the  charge  of  the  doke  of  AK^ 
Secessionville.     At  dawn  of  the  16th  about  gave  him  and  his  master  Philip  II.  alnoft '^ 


772                       JOHNSON  JOHNSTON 

their  eqnipments  oaptnred,  and  many  prisoners  18, 1847 ;  diBtiiigaifihed  himaelf  also  wko  the 
carried  off  and  pnt  to  death  in  a  variety  of  U.  S.  army  entered  the  city  of  Mexico;  beeazoe 
barbarous  modes ;  while  on  the  Spanish  side  captain  in  April,  1851 ;  and  resigned  bk  eom- 
floarcely  a  man  was  lost  or  a  wound  received,  mission  June  10, 1861,  to  entcn*  the  confe^nte 
This  stunnins  blow,  however,  Don  John  could  army.  Heisnow(Dec.lS62)abrigadier-genei^. 
not  effectively  follow  up  from  want  of  re-  JOHNSON,  Richabd  W.,  brigadier-geMTiI 
soforces,  though  he  possessed  himself  of  many  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bom  in  Lb- 
towns.  All  tibrough  hb  administration  he  had  ingston  co.,  Ey.,  Feb.  7, 1827.  He  was  giachi- 
received  abundant  promises,  but  very  little  ated  at  West  Point  in  1849,  and  comnufisiomi 
substantial  aid,  from  Philip  II.,  who,  by  the  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  6th  infimtrj.  k 
intrigues  of  his  minister  Perez,  had  been  led  to  Jtme,  1860,  he  was  promoted  to  be  2d  liemensat 
suspect  him  of  designs  upon  the  throne ;  and  in  the  1st  infantry,  and  in  the  following  October 
he  was  forced  to  remain  idly  in  his  intrenched  joined  his  regiment  on  the  frontier  of  Texas. 
camp  a  league  from  Namur,  while  the  prov-  He  was  appointed  adjutant  in  Karch,  1853,  and 
inces,  more  xmited  than  ever,  were  again  gath-  served  in  that  capacity  until  March,  18S5,  wka 
ering  head  under  the  exertions  of  William,  and  he  became  1  st  Heutenant  in  the  2d  ca^Jrr.  Oq 
the  duke  of  Alen^on,  with  different  designs,  joining  his  new  regiment,  he  was  made  rep- 
was  threatening  him  with  a  French  force  from  mental  quartermaster,  which  appointment  k 
another  quarter.  Moreover,  his  own  soldiers  held  until  Dec.  1856.  He  was  tiien  promoted 
were  dying  in  crowds  of  the  plague;  and  he  now  to  be  captain,  and  served  against  the  kdisa^ 
beard  of  the  assassination,  by  royal  order,  of  on  the  Texan  frontier.  He  wasondotjinthit 
his  secretary  and  confidential  friend  Escovedo,  state  in  1861  when  the  IT.  8.  troops  were  set- 
whom  he  had  sent  to  Madrid  in  the  previous  year  rendered  by  Gen.  Twiggs  to  the  rebels,  but  maii 
to  represent  his  grievances.  (See  Pbbez,  Airro-  his  way  out  of  Texas,  and  soon  after  his  aniTsl 
mo.)  At  length  he  was  carried  off  by  a  fever  in  Wai&ington  was  appointed  Iieutenant<olo»i 
which  had  long  been  consuming  him,  dying  in  a  of  a  regiment  of  Kentucky  cavaliy.  fie  vss 
wretched  hovel  hastily  prepared  for  his  recep-  commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volimt^ei^ 
tion.  His  body  after  death  presented  strong  ap-  Oct.  1 1 , 1 861 ,  and  assigned  to  a  brigade  io  Gts. 
pearances  of  having  been  poisoned,  but  no  other  BuelPs  army.  In  July,  1862,  he  cammandcii  t 
evidence  of  the  fact  has  ever  transpired.  Hisfu-  division  of  that  army  in  Alabama.  He  vis 
neral  was  celebrated  with  great  pomp  at  Namur,  taken  prisoner  at  Gallatin,  Tenn.,  Aug.  21,  ffi^i 
and  then  his  embalmed  remains  were  by  order  exchanged  about  Dec.  1,  and  placed  in  com' 
of  Philip,  in  order  to  save  the  expense  of  a  public  mand  of  a  division  of  Gen.  Bosecrahs^s  armj. 
progress,  divided  into  three  parts  and  secretly  JOHNSTON,  Josbfh  Ecclestok,  a  ge»^' 
transported  through  France  in  bags  slung  at  in  the  service  of  the  confederate  states,  lom  in 
the  pommels  of  troopers.  On  their  arrival  in  Virginia  about  1810,  was  graduated  at  ^tf- 
Spain  they  were  reunited  by  wires,  magnifi-  Point  in  1829,  and  appoint^  2d  ]ieat«oant  in 
cently  robed  for  presentation  to  Philip  with  a  the  4th  artillery ;  became  1st  Heutenant  Jolj 
mockery  of  life,  and  then  interred  in  the  Escu-  81,  1886 ;  resigned  May  81,  1837;  was  m^ 
rial  in  accordance  with  his  wish,  by  the  side  pointed  1st  lieutenant  of  topographical  es^> 
of  Oharles  V.  He  was  succeeded  in  the  gov-  neers,  July  7,  1888;  was  brevetted  c^tais  fur 
emment  of  the  Netherlands  by  Alexander  Far-  gallantry  in  the  war  with  the  Plorida  Into 
nese,  son  of  the  former  regent,  Margaret  ,of  in  Aug.  1842 ;  became  captain  Sept  21, 1S46; 
Parma,  Don  John^s  sister.  (See  Parma,  Ales-  became  lieutenant-colonel  of  voltigenrs,  Feb. 
SAin>Bo  Fabnese.)  16,  1847;   was  severely  wounded  whUe  re- 

JOHNSON,  BnsHBOD  R.,  a  general  in  the  connoitring  at  Oerro  Gordo,  April  12,  lS4u 

service  of  the  confederate  states,  born  in  Ohio  and  was  brevetted  colonel  for  gallantrj  tbeit; 

about  1821,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  was  wounded  in  attacking  the  city  of  Meiieo< 

1846,  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  8d  in-  Sept.  18, 1847;  after  the  disbanding  of  the  toI- 

fiutry;  became  1st  lieutenant  Feb.  29,  1844,  tigeurs,  Aug.  28, 1848,  was  reinstate  bj  act  of 

and  resigned  Oct.  22, 1847,  to  become  profes-  congress  as  captain  of  topographical  engineers, 

sor  of  mathematics  at  the  western  military  in-  and  again  brevetted  lieutenant-coloDel ;  becaiv 

stitute,  Georgetown,  Ey.    This  office  he  held  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  1st  cavaliy  Karfb  «^ 

at  the  outbr^  of  the  civil  war  in  1861,  when  1856,  and  quartermaster-general,  with  the  nil 

he  enlisted  in  the  southern  service,  was  made  of  brigadier-general,  in  June,  1860.  Here#i 

a  brigadier-general,  and  was  captured  by  the  ed  his  commission  April  22, 1861,  and  wss  i^ 

Union  army  at  Fort  Donelson,  but  escaped  mediately  afterward  appointed  a  general  io  t^ 

shortly  afterward.    He  was  severely  wounded  confederate  army,  being  the  second  on  itsUof 

in  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  officers  of  that  rank.   He  commanded  the  fcn^ 

JOHNSON,  Edwabd,  a  general  in  the  service  which  occupied  Harper's  Ferry  in  Haj'  ^^\ 

of  the  confederate  states,  born  in  Kentucky,  and  which  was  opposed  to  the  federal  genea 

was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1888  and  ap-  Patterson  in  that  vicinity  during  Mar,  i^^" 

pointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  6th  infantry ;  be-  and  part  of  July.    Evadting  that  oomsas^^ 

came  1st  lieutenant  Oct.  9, 1889 ;  was  brevetted  he  arrived  on  the  field  of  Bull  mu  jnst  before 

captain  for  gallantry  at  Molino  del  Rey,  Sept.  the  battle,  and,  being  older  in  rank  than  Geo. 

8,  and  migor  for  gallantry  at  Ghapultepec,  Sept.  Beauregard,  took  command  during  the  conmct, 


774  KELLEY  KETCHUM 

for  the  law,  but  at  the  age  of  22  accepted  the  ton  in  western  Virginia,  June  8, 1861.  He  tu 
commission  of  2d  lieutenant  in  his  uncle's  regi-  severely  wounded  in  the  action.    On  liis  gar- 
ment, the  1st  dragoons.    Shortly  afterward  he  tial  recovery,  having  meanwhile  beai  appoint- 
was  sent  to  Europe  b j  the  government  to  ed  brigadier-general,  with  a  commission  dsiiag 
study   and  report  upon  the  French   cavalry  from  May  17,  he  took  command  of  tbe  line  d 
tactics.    He  entered  the  polytechnic  school,  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  and  X.  W.  VirgioiA 
fought  in  the  ranks  of  the  eJiasseurs  cTJfrique  railroads,  captured  Romney,  Oct.  26,  nnd  gun- 
as  a  volunteer  iit  Algeria,  and  returned  home  ed  another  victory  at  Blue's  gap.    His  iroia^ 
about  1840  with  the  cross  of  the  legion  of  becoming  painful  again,  he  asked  to  be  re 
honor.    He  had  been  promoted  to  be  1st  lieu-  lieved,  but  in  April,  1862,  was  appobt«d  to 
tenant  in  1889.    In  Nov.  1840,  he  was  appoint-  the  command  of  the  '^  railroad  district*'  inG^ 
ed  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Macomb,  and  in  Bee.  Fremont's  mountain  department. 
1841,  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Scott,  retaining  this       KENLY,  John  R.,  brigadier- general  of  ti4- 
office  until  1844.    In  1846  he  became  captain,  unt^rs  in  the  IT.  S.  army,  bom  ia  Mttnarr. 
He  served  under  Gen.  Scott  throughout  the  Md.,  in  Jan.  1820.    He  was  educated  in  6al& 
Mexican  campaign,  winning  the  highest  distinc-  more,  studied  law,  and  came  to  the  bar  09 
tion  by  his  bravery,  and  commanding  his  regi-  reaching  his  minority.  When  the  Mexiciii  wa 
ment  in  the  valley  of  Mexico.    He  was  brevet-  broke  out,  he  raised  a  company  in  CcL  ¥illiiis 
ted  migor  for  gallantry  at  Gontreras  and  Ohuru-  H.  Watson's  Baltimore  battalion,  and  di^B- 
busco.    In  the  attack  upon  the  capital  he  was  guished  himself  as  a  captain  at  tbe  capture  of 
ordered  to  charge  a  b(ittery  at  the  San  An-  Monterey.    On  the  expiration  of  his  t«rm  of 
tonio  gate.    His  troops,  checked  by  a  murder-  service,  he  entered  the  army  again  as  thesu/r 
ous  volley,  began  to  waver,  when  Kearny  dash-  of  Ool.  George  H.  Hughes's  regiment,  wBr 
ed  forward  alone;  the  men  followed  him,  and  took  part  in  the  campaign  against  the  city  ii 
the  battery  was  taken.    In  this  affair  he  lost  Mexico,  garrisoning  Jalapa  until  peace  irts  p- 
his  left  arm.  After  the  war  he  was  sent  to  Call-  claimed.    He  continued  to  practise  his  proftr 
fomia,  and  commanded  an  expedition  against  sion  in  Baltimore,  was  defeated  for  congress  Ij 
the  Indians  of  the  Oolumbia  river.    In  1861  he  Robert  M.  McLane,  and  at  the  breaking  oc; 
resided  his  commission  and  went  to  Europe,  of  the  civil  war  in  1861,  being  a  zealoo?  si- 
Durmg  the  Italian  war  of  1859  he  served  as  vol-  herent  of  the  U.  S.  government,  he  vas  ^■ 
unteer  aid  on  the  staff  of  the  French  general  pointed  by  the  president  colonel  of  the  IstMi- 
Morris,  was  present  at  Magenta  and  SoTferino,  ryland  volunteers,  organized  in  May,  1861 ;  asd 
and  received  from  the  emperor  Napoleon  a  sec-  when  a  few  months  later  it  became  sect^^ 
ond  decoration  of  the  legion  of  honor.    When  to  expel  from  office  the  secessionist  police  of 
the  American  civil  war  broke  out  in  1861,  he  Baltimore,  Mfgor-Gen.  Banks  appointed  him  t< 
was  living  in  Paris.    Hastening  to  Washington,  the  office  of  provost  marshal  of  that  citr.  H( 
he  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volun-  was  afterward  attached  with  his  raiment  ti 
teers  just  after  the  battle  of  Bull  run,  his  com-  the  corps  of  Gen.  Banks  in  the  valley  of  ^ 
mission  dating  from  May  17,  1861,  and  put  in  Shenandoah,  and  being  attacked  at  Front  Bot&). 
command  of  a  brigade  of  New  Jersey  troops  May  28, 1862,  by  an  overwhelming  force, wbK 
in  Gen.  Franklin's  division.    He  was  soon  after-  separated  .  from  the  main  body,  fought  w:^ 
ward  promoted  to  the  command  of  a  division  great  giallantry,  and  was  severely  wounded  uk 
in  G«n.  Heintzelman's  army  corps,  with  which  taken  prisoner.    He  was  exchanged,  and  pro- 
he  served  through  the  Chickahominy  campaign,  moted  to  be  a  brigadier-general  in  Sept  l^^ 
distinguishing  himself  by  his  desperate  valor  on  and  is  now  (December)  in  command  of  a  Hsrr 
all  the  most  important  fields  of  the  peninsula,  land  brigade  at  Williamsport  on  the  Potom»^ 
He  was  commissioned  migor-general  of  volun-  He  was  always  a  whig  in  politics, 
teers  July  4,  1862.     His  division  was  among        KETOHUM,  William  Soott,  brigadier-gfB 
the  first  to  reinforce  Gen.  Pope  after  McOlel-  eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bom  ff 
lan's  retreat  to  the  James  river,  and  was  almost  Norwalk,  Conn.,  July  7,  1818.    He  was  grw 
continually  engaged  in  the  battles  between  the  uated  at  West  Point  in  1834,  appouted  bn^Ttt 
Rappahannock  and  Washington,  from  Aug.  25  2d  lieutenant  in  the  6th  infantry,  and  ordfije< 
to  Sept.  1.  to  join  his  regiment  at  Jefferson  barracU  *<" 
KELLEY,  BuyjAMiN   Franklin,  brigadier-  He  was  made  2d  lieutenant  in  1886, 1st  M*^ 
general  of  vx)lunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  ant  in  1887,  assistant  quartermaster  with  th 
New  Hampton,  N.  H.,  April  10, 1807.  He  was  rank  of  captain  in  1889,  and  captain  in  iWj- 
engaged  in  commercial  pursuits,  at  first  in  Bos-  He  served  in  Florida  from  1888  to  1842,  »m 
ton,  and  afterward  in  Wheeling,  Va.,  until  in  1846  joined  Gen.  Taylor's  army  of  occnps- 
1861,  when  he  removed  to  Philadelphia  and  tion  at  Corpus  Ohristi,.  Texas.    In  1846  b<^ 
became  freight  agent  of  the  Baltimore  and  signed  his  staff  appointment,  and  was  ordered 
Ohio,  and  Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  and  Bal-  to  Fort  Gibson.    He  was  commander  at  F^ 
timore  railroads.    When  the  civil  war  broke  Laramie  from   Sept.  1860,  to  July,  1868, » 
out  he  was  chosen  colonel  of  the  first  loyal  terward  served  against  the  Indianfi,  va?^^ 
Virginia  regiment,  and  one  week  after  assum-  duty  in  Kansas  in  1867-8,  and  then  ni*^^ 
ing  the  command  participated  in  a  brilliant  with  his  regiment  to  Utah,  and  theace  tp  ^^ 
victory  over  the  enemy  at  Philippi,  near  Graf-  nicia,  Cal,    He  commanded  varions  poets  in  tae 


776  LABADtEYILLE  LAKE  DWELLINGS 

anese.  The  discontent  of  the  nobles  and  the  •Ohina,  and  reigned  as  emperor  from  tk«  Are- 
people  at  this  untoward  result  admonished  tie  sea  to  the  straits  of  Malacca,  aad  hm  the 
the  emperor  to  seek  conquests  in  directions'  Yellow  sea  to  the  Enzine.  He  seems  to  kTe 
where  they  might  be  more  easily  won,  and  been,  for  his  time  and  his  coimtry,  a  nkr  of 
he  sabjected  to  his  sway  Tonqnin  and  Oochin    extraordinary  ability  and  integrity. 


L 

LABADIEYILLE,  a  town  on  the  bayou  La-  by  the  Spanish  discorerers  of  the  lagoon  of 

'  fourche,  in  Assumption  parish,  La.^  20  m.  Maracaybo   acquired  for  one   of  the  Soctk 

8.  from  Donaldsonyille,  on  the  Mississippi,  at  the  American  states  the  name  of  Yenezuda, ''  link 

head  of  the  bayou.    It  was  the  scene  of  a  bat-  Venice."    The  lake  dwellings  of  Irdand,  oM 

tie,  Oct.  27, 1862,  between  a  TJ.  8.  force  under  erannoges  (little  wooden  or  stockaded  iilsBd?. 

Gen.  Weitzel  and  a  body  of  confederate  troops  are  known  to  have  been  inhabited  ss  Istefr 

under  CoL  J.  P.  McPheeters.    Gen.  Weitzel,  1610.    They  were  wooden  fortresses,  binit  ce 

with  5  regiments,  left  Carrollton,  7  m.  above  islands  wholly  or  partly  artificial,  and  hip 

New  Orleans,  on  Oct.  24,  and  went  up  the  enough  for  a  chieftain  and  a  pretty  Dumencf 

river  in  transports  convoyed  by  gunboats,  on  force  of  retainers.    One    examin^  at  IXs- 

the  next  day  reaching  DonaldsonviUe,  where  shaughlin  in  1839,  beside  supplying  the  E4 

the  troops  disembarked.    On  the  26t^  they  archeeolog^sts  with  a  rich  museum  of  weafK-i& 

went  down  the  bayou  15  m.  to  NapoleonviUe,  ornaments,  and  other  curiosities,  finnished  tbt 

without  finding  the  confederate  force  known  farmersof  the  neighborhood  with  over  150  art 

to  be  in  that  region,  and  to  drive  whom  from  loads  of  bone  manure.    Of  one  O'Nefl  in  K»^' 

the  bayou  was  tibe  chief  object  of  the  expedi-  there  is  record  that  "  the  fortification  that  i: 

tion.    On  the  2irth  €^n.  Weitzel  continued  his  only  dependeth  upon  is  in  sartin  firesh-vitr 

march  to  Labadieville,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  loghes  in  his  country,  which  from  the  set  tbm 

bayou,  where  he  found  the  enemy  in  consider-  come  neither  ship  nor  boat  to  approach  tfaas; 

able  force  on  both  sides,  with  6  pieces  of  artil-  it  is  thought  that  there  in  the  said  fortified  is!- 

lery  in  battery.    By  means  of  his  floating  bridge  ands  lyeti^  all  his  plate,  which  is  mocK&s^ 

Gen.  Weitzel  attacked  the  confederates  in  front  money,  prisoners,  and  gages.^'    The  ii^ss^ 

and  on  the  flank,  and  after  a  brisk  fight  of  half  were  formed  or  enlarged  by  means  of  pilei 

an  hour  drove  them  from  their  position,  taking  filled  in  with  earth  and  stones.— The  like 

many  prisoners.    On  the  28th  he  entered  and  dwellings  of  Switzerland  (jyahlbavUn,  ''pilf 

occupied  Thibodeaux,  a  few  miles  below,  and  works"),  on  many  accounts  the  most  interfel' 

on  the  29th  communication  was  opened  with  ing  yet  discovered,  differ  consideraUj  in  tbei 

New  Orleans  by  means  of  the  New  Orleans,  construction  from  those  of  Ireland,  &e  bouse 

Opelousas,  and  great  western  railroad.    The  having  stood,  not  upon  islands,  but  upon  voo^ 

confederate  force  in  this  engagement  was  about  en  platforms  raised  a  little  above  the  sorface  d 

1,200.    The  loss  on  the  Union  side  was  18  killed  the  water.    They  were  brought  to  lightin  1851 

and  68  wounded.    That  of  the  confederates  when,  in  consequence  of  the  extraordiomr^- 

was  less  in  killed  and  wounded,  but  206  of  ness  of  the  preceding  winter,  the  water  io  tk 

them  were  taken  prisoners ;  among  their  slain  lakes  fell  much  below  its  usual  level,  and  tcm 

was  their  commanding  officer,  Col.  McPheeters.  of  the  inhabitants  of  Obermeilen,  on  the  Is^^ 

The  result  of  the  expedition  was  to  open  the  of  Z&rich,  took  advantage  of  this  circomstacff 

whole  region  of  the  bayou  Lafourche  to  Union  to  increase  their  gardens  by  building  a  vill 

occupation. along  the  new  water  line  and  raising  the  snr- 

LAKE  DWELLINGS,  a  name  given  to  cer-  face  of  the  reclauned  land  with  mud  dredged 
tain  habitations  of  which  traces  have  been  from  the  bottom  of  the  l£^e.  Li  the  coarse  d 
found  in  many  of  the  Swiss  lakes  and  else-  their  dredging  they  found  great  nmnbei?  of 
where,  and  whdch  appear  to  have  existed  among  piles,  deer  horns,  some  implements  of  st^ 
savage  or  half-savage  peoples  in  various  ages  with  horn  or  wooden  handles,  such  as  ai^ 
of  the  world.  Assyrian  bass-reliefs  show  us  chisels,  and  saws,  and  coarse  specimens  of  pot- 
men inhabiting  artificial  islands  formed  of  tery.  The  importance  of  these  disooTeritfTtf 
woven  rushes.  The  colonists  of  Phasis,  ac-  first  made  known  by  Mr.  Ferdinand  Keller  (^ 
cording  to  Hippocrates,  raised  their  reed  huts  Zarich,  whose  investigations  were  soon  follow- 
in  the  midst  of  the  river,  as  the  fishermen  of  ed  by  those  of  Uhlmann,  Jahn,  Schwab,  Foitl 
the  Volga  do  to  this  day.  Herodotus  records  Rey,  Desor,  Troyon,  and  many  others.  ^^ 
that  the  PsBonians  of  Thrace  built  their  vil-  only  t^e  various  lakes  of  Switzerland,  hot  some 

lages  on  piles  driven  into  the  shallows  of  Lake  of  those  of  Italy,  Savoy,  and  the  i^ch  ^^ 

Prasias.    The  Malays  and  Chinese  of  Bangkok  have  been  examined,  and  traces  of  hike  dr^ 

and  the  coast  of  Borneo  construct  their  houses  Ings  have  been  found  in  Germany,  ^^^ 

on  posts  planted  in  the  water  at  some  distance  and  Wales.    In  Switzerland  between  150  m 

from  the  shore ;  and  a  similar  practice  noticed  200  lake  villages  have  beoi  found,  aod  otbtf* 


778  LAEEi  DWELLINGS  LAND£B 

roe,  fox,  marten,  beaver,  badger,  hedgehog,  These  layers  are  respectiTely  4  feet,  10  faet, 
bear,  wolf,  bison,  nras,  and  elk  were  among  and  19  feet  below  the  present  sm&s.  Bj 
the  animals  of  the  period ;  the  fox,  which  was  means  of  relics  fonnd  in  Uiem,  the  fim  or  Qp> 
commoner  than  the  dog,  was  used  for  food,  permost  layer  is  ascertained  to  belcH^  to  tbn 
The  li^es  on  which  pile  works  of  the  stone  age  Koman  period,  the  second  to  the  age  of  bronze, 
have  been  discovered  are  Moosseedorf  (snppos-  and  the  third  to  the  age  of  stone.    Noir,  alkis- 
ed  to  be  the  most  ancient  of  any),  Constance,  ing  something  for  certmn  known  distnrlxc 
Zurich,  Bienne,  Neufchfitel,  Geneva,  Inkwyl,  causes  in  the  formation  of  the  cone,  and  aa^- 
Nussbaamen,  Ff^fSkon,  and  Wauwyl.    Settle-  ing  to  the  Boman  layer  an  i^e  of  16  centime 
ments  of  the  bronze  period  seem  to  have  exist-  we  have  for  the  bronze  age  an  antiqaitj  c: 
ed  on  the  lakes  of  Geneva,  Luissel,  Neufch&tel,  8,800  years,  and  for  that  of  stone  6,400  yk^. 
Morat,  Bienne,  and  Sempach.    As  far  as  the  A  partial  confirmation  of  this  hypotLe^U  > 
discoveries  have  now  gone,  the  latter  are  there-  afforded  by  another  circumstance.    In  a  maii. 
fore  peculiar  to  western  and  central  Switzer-  about  3,000  feet  back  of  the  ruins  of  the  Somii 
land.    They  do  not  differ  materially  from  those  city  of  Eburodunum,  near  the  lake  of  Xecf  I^- 
of  the  preceding  age,  except  that  they  are  more  tel,  are  found  the  remains  of  a  lacustrine  vilk? 
solidly  built.    The  piles  are  better  sharpened,  of  the  stone  age.    The  lake  therdbre  once  ti- 
the pottery  is  more  skilfully  made  and  orna-  tended  to  this  point,  and  there  is  evidence  th* 
mented,  and  some  useful  animals  which  were  about  A.  D.  800  it  washed  the  walls  of  I.lU'> 
comparatively  rare  in  the  stone  period  become  dunum.    The  shore  of  the  lake  is  now  2.  ■ 
conmion  in  that  of  bronze.    The  lacustrians  of  feet  from  the  Roman  city.     The  interreni:: 
this  era  occupied  in  some  instances  the  dwell-  land,  therefore,  built  up  by  the  allnTul  d^ 
ings  of  their  predecessors,  as  is  proved  by  the  posits  of  the  river  Orbe,  has  been  at  le«s:  I' 
occurrence  in  two  perfectly  distinct  layers  of  centuries  in  forming,  and  probably  mor&  f< ' 
the  relics  of  both  ages.    Often  they  drove  their  Eburodunum  appears  from  its  name  to  b^^ 
piles  further  from  the  land  and  in  deeper  water  been  of  Celtic  origin.    At  the  same  rate  t\\ 
than  the  older  race,  perhaps  bccituse  their  own  less  than  1,800  years  would  have  been  reqnbbi 
experience  as  conquerors  had  taught  them  that  for  the  deposition  of  the  tract  between  Ubc^^ 
more  protection  was  needed  as  the  means  of  dunum  and  the  lake  village,  which  conseqiks:- 
attack  were  improved.    The  principal  imple-  ly  must  have  been  abandoned  on  account  of  u^^ 
ments  of  bronze  are  swords,  daggers,  axes,  spear  receding  of  the  water  at  least  3,300  year»  ^' ' 
heads,  knives,  arrow  heads,  pins,  and  oma-  To  arrive  at  the  date  of  its  foundation  it  is  ce- 
ments.   The  discovery  of  a  bar  of  tin  and  of  cessary  to  add  some  centuries  for  the  filling  y 
moulds  for  casting  shows  that  the  metals  were  of  the  strait  which  separated  the  village  fry.'c 
brought  into  the  country  in  their  natural  state,  the  ancient  shore,  still  distinctly  traoeabk  i' 
Neither  of  them  is  produced  in  Switzerland,  the  foot  of  a  hiU  back  of  the  pile  yrorks.  )( 
These  metals,  however,  were  not  used  separate-  Troyon  is  led  to  place  its  construction  al-c^^ 
ly,  and  this  fact  is  taken  to  prove  that  the  men  2,000  years  before  the  Christian  era.    Tbe  &c- 
of  bronze  were  a  distinct  race  from  the  men  of  mals  of  the  Swiss  lake  villages,  it  may  l-t  :<- 
stone ;  for  had  the  introduction  of  metals  been  marked,  belong  to  the  fauna  which  conuseo't^. 
the  result  of  a  gradual  improvement  in  the  con-  in  post-tertiary  times  with  the  manunotb.  ti 
dition  of  the  latter,  their  first  essays  would  have  rhinoceros  tiehorhinuSj  the  cave  bear,  anil  ii< 
been  in  a  single  metal.    Like  the  people  of  the  fossil  hy eena.— See  Troyon,  JE?<iWtot«wMfcnfi|^' 
stone  age,  these  later  comers  did  not  practise  des  temps  anciens  et  modemea  (Lausanne,  I^$ ' 
human  sacrifices,  and  seem  to  have  led  an  agri-  and  Keller,  Die  PfahJhauten  in  den  SeAtttisr^- 
cultural,  pastoral,  and  hunting  life.    That  their  seen  (3  vols.,  ZQrich,  1864r-^60). 
period  was  a  long  one  is  evident  from  the  thick-        LANDER,    Fbedebio    Wiixiam,   b^ig»ii(^ 
ness  of  the  strata  in  which  their  relics  have  general  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  arroj,  bcit 
been  found.    They  were  finally  overpowered  in  Salem,  Mass.,  Dec.  17,  1822,  died  at  Pa*- 
by  a  people  who  wielded  swords  and  spears  of  paw,  Va.,  March  2,  1862.    As  a  boy  he  t;s 
iron,  and  their  dwellings  were  destroyed  by  distinguished  for  intrepidity,  love  of  adTentun. 
fire.    Out  of  60  or  80  villages  of  the  bronze  age  and  skill  in  manly  exercises.    He  was  edocsi<^^ 
which  had  been  discovered  up  to  1860,  only  as  a  civil  engineer,  completing  his  etndies  ii 
11  showed  signs,  and  these  slight,  of  having  the  military  academy  of  Capt  Partridge  := 
been  occupied  in  the  age  of  iron. — The  precise  Norwich,  Vt.,  and  after  practising  his  pKtt^ 
date  of  the  pile  buildings  must  of  course  be  a  sion  for  several  years  in  MassachoBetti.  v«» 
subject  of  conjecture,  but  the  Swiss  archsBolo-  employed  by  the  national  government  to  cca- 
gists  have  made  a  very  ingenious  attempt  to  duct  several  important  explorations  8(^  ^ 
estimate  it.    The  torrent  of  the  Tini^re,  at  the  continent.    Among  these  may  be  mentioced 
point  where  it  falls  into  the  lake  of  Geneva  two  surveys  to  determine  the  practicabilin^'^^ 
near  Y illeneuve,  has  gradually  raised  up  a  cone  railroad  route  to  the  Pacific  along  the  noitb^ro 
of  gravel  and  alluvium.    In  building  a  railway  boundary  of  the  national  territory,  ft^  ^°^ 
this  cone  has  been  bisected  and  found  very  reg-  second  of  which,  organized  at  his  own  eip^^; 
ular  in  structure,  with  8  layers  of  vegetable  he  alone  of  all  the  party  engaged  remro^ 
soil  running  through  it,  each  of  which  must  at  alive.    Subsequently   he  surveyed  and  con- 
one  time  have  formed  the  surfisuM  of  the  cone,  structed   the   great  central    overland  vsfofl 


780  LABAMI£  LEE 

brigade  in  ihe  field  for  4  mcHitba.  He^as  again  equipage.  The  Union  loss  was  6  blkd,  I 
nominated  brigadier-general  in  December  with  wounded,  and  4 missing;  that  of  the  coii&ie> 
a  view  to  command  an  expedition  in  the  South-  ates  in  killed  and  wounded  was  aboot  80.— Ac- 
West,  projected  by  himself,  but  the  expedition  other  skirmish  occurred  about  5  m.  X.  cf  Ia- 
was  abandoned,  and  he  according!  j  resigned,  vergne,  Dec.  9, 1862,  between  a  Union  Vi^nde 
After  the  adjournment  of  congress  in  Julj,  under  Col.  Matthews,  escorting  a  forage  traia. 
1862,  he  was  appointed  commissioner  to  super-  and  a  brigade  of  confederate  cavalrj,  ooeTtc- 
intend  the  enlistment  of  troo^  in  the  West  ment  of  infantry,  and  a  battery  of  aitSkrr. 

LARAMIE,    FoBT,  a   mihtary  station  and  The  confederates  made  two  attempts  to  cspfirr 

post  ofSoe  of  Nebraska  territory,  on  the  road  the  train,  but  were  each  time  repulsed.   lU 

to  Oregon,  situated  on  the  N.  fork  of  Platte  Union  loss  waa  8  killed,  81  woonded,  tad  9 

river,  near  the  mouth  of  Laramie^s  creek,  in  lat.  missing. 

42''  12'  N.,  long.  104"  81'  W.    It  was  formerly       LAWTOK,  ALBXAjmim  R.,  a  general  in  tb( 

known  as  Fort  John,  and  is  one  of  the  posts  confederate   service,  born  in  Geoigia  abo« 

established  for  the  protection  of  their  trade  by  1820,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  18S9  ni 

the  American  fur  company,  who  sold  it  to  the  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  1st  sitiDff:, 

United  States'about  1848  or  1849.    It  is  built  and  resigned  his  commission  Dec  81.  38^ 

of  adobes  or  unbumt  bricks,  and  stands  in  the  He  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  a 

midst  of  a  dry  and  sterile  country,  which,  how-  Savannah  in  1842,  and  while  practaang  bjspn* 

ever,  seems  cwable  of  profitable  irrigation.  fession  took  much  interest  in  the  proptagef 

LAUMAN,  Jacob  Gabtnbb, brigadier-general  the  state  militia.    In  1849  he  was  chosen  pres- 

of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Taney-  dent  of  the  Savannah  and  Augusta  ra^nad 

town,  Md.,  Jan.  20,  181S.  Hb  early  days  were  company,  which  oflSce  he  filled  for  seveni  rein, 

passed  in  York,  Penn.,  and  in  1844  he  removed  On  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  1^1  K» 

to  Burlington,  Iowa,  where  he  engaged   in  entered  the  service  of  Greorgia,  but  was  sobse- 

commerce  and  has  since  resided.    He  obtained  quently  transferred  to  the  confederate  annj.t 

a  commission  as  colonel  of  the  7th  Iowa  regi-  which  he  is  now  a  brigadier-generaL 
ment  in  July,  1861,  served  under  Gen.  Grant       LEE,  Robert  Edmund,  a  goieral  intbeftr- 

in  Missouri,  and  was  severely  wounded  at  the  vice  of  the  confederate  states,  born  in  Yirgiiffl 

battle  of  Belmont.    He  commanded  a  brigade  about  1808.    He  is  a  son  of  Gen.  Henry  Lee, 

at  the  attack  on  Fort  Donelson,  being  one  of  and  was  graduated  at  West  Point  2d  in  &e 

t^  first  to  storm  and  enter  the  enemy^s  works,  class  in  1829,  and  commissioned  2d  lientecait 

and  for  his  conduct  on  this  occasion  was  made  of  engineers.    He  was  assistant  astroiionier  for 

brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  March  21, 1862.  fixing  the  boundary  of  Ohio  vad  Mdiigm  is 

Gen.  Lauman  commanded  a  brigade  in  Gen.  1885 ;  promoted  to  be  1st  lieutenant  in  163$. 

Hurlbut's  division  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  and  captain  in  1888 ;  was  chief  engineer  of  tl^ 

LAYERGNE,  a  post  office  of  Rutherford  co.,  army  commanded  by  Gen.  Wool  in  Mexk«. 

Tenn.,  about  15  m.  8.  E.  from  Nashville,  where  and  by  his  gallant  conduct  at  Cerro  Gordo, 

an  engagement  took  place  Oct  7,  1862,  be-  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  and  CSiapDltef^; 

tween  the  Union  forces  under  Qen.  J.  S.  Negley  where  he  was  severely  wounded,  won  the  bn- 

and  the  confederates  under  Gen.  S.  R.  Anaer-  vets  of  mejor,  lieutenant-colonel,  and  coloBd 

son.    Gen.  Anderson,  Gen.  Forrest,  and  Gov.  In  1852  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of  tbe 

Harris  had  been  concentrating  here  a  oonfeder-  military  academy  at  West  Point,  and  in  1853 

ate  force  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  Naah-  reliev^  from  that  duty,  and  promoted  to  bt 

ville,  and  to  check  this  movement  two  bodies  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  2d  cavalry.   Heva 

of  Union  troops  marched  upon  Lavergne  from  made  colonel  of  the  1st  cavalry,  March  16,160. 

tlie  capital ;  one  of  these  consisted  of  400  in-  and  on  April  25  resigned  his  commission  ie^ 

fantry,  400  cavalry,  and  4  pieces  of  artillery ;  joined  the  southern  confederacy.    Thr«e  diji 

the  other  of  1,800  infantry.    The  advance  was  before  this  he  was  appointed  commander  of  the 

retarded  by  the  confederate  skirmidbers,  by  military  and  naval  forces  of  Virginia ;  asd  cs 

which  Gen.  Anderson  was  enabled  to  place  his  May  10  he  received  the  commission  of  m^ 

troops  advantageously  before  the  morning  of  general  in  the  army  of  the  confederate  staie& 

the  Yth,  when  the  action  opened.    The  Union  with  control  over  all  the  forces  in  Virgim 

force  first  described  reached  Lavergne  in  ad-  This  was  shortly  followed  by  his  promotiootc 

vance  of  the  other,  and  was  received  with  an  the  rank  of  general  in  the  regular  armj.  Bif 

artillery  fire  from  8  guns;  this  battery  was,  first  active  operations  were  in   the  westen 

however,  soon  silenced,  and  at  the  moment  part  of  the  state,  where  on  Oct  S,  1861,  h 

when  the  confederates,  in  number  about  5,000,  was  defeated  by  Gen.  J.  J.  Reynolds  at  ik 

were  preparing  to  make  an  assault  in  full  force  battle  of  Greenbrier.    He  subsequent]/  took 

upon  the  Union  colanm,  the  1,800  infantry  ap-  command  of  the  department  of  thesoatb  itW 

peared  and  ended  the  fight  in  half  an  hour,  tic  coast.    After  Gen.  Johnston  was  wovixied 

The  confederates  fled  in  disorder,  leaving  in  at  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  Lee  was  pjaeed  it 

the  hands  of  Gen.  Negley  175  prisoners,  8  the  head  of  the  confederate  forces  defHidia; 

pieces  of  artillery,  large  quaniitieB  of  ordnance  the  southern  capital,  and  led  them  tiirongli  the 

and  quartermaster's  stores^  together  with  a  remainder  of  the  Chickahominy  campaign.  He 

considerable  amount  of  provisions  and  camp  conducted  the  attack  upon  Ckm.  Pope's  ^ansj 


782  LEWIN8VILLE  LEXINGTON 

of  which  he  surveyed  in  1718-U9 ;  took  Pensfr-  home,  however,  a  column  of  the  ooD&dentes, 
cola  from  the  Spaniards,  May  14,  1719,  and  re-  oomprising  700  of  Stuart's  cavalry,  2  regime&tt 
pulsed  them  with  great  gallantry  from  Dauphin  of  infantry,  and  4  pieces  of  artUleiy,  Ktack^ 
island  in  Mobile  bay,  they  retiring,  Aug.  19,  the  Union  troops  with  shot  and  dbdl,  foUonrbj: 
1719,  after  a  siege  of  a  fortnight;  was  promot-  it  with  a  brid^  fire  of  musketry  frani  kitiiid 
ed  to  the  rank  of  captain  of  a  ship  of  the  line  trees  and  other  places  of  shelter;  this  tu re- 
in 1728,  and  soon  afterward  was  made  rear  plied  to  by  a  section  of  a  U.  8.  batteiT,  col^i- 
admiral  and  governor  of  Bochefort,  which  office  ing  of  2  10-pounder  rifled  cannon,  With  ?Iiu 
he  held  at  his  death.    YII.   Sauvolle,  first  the  confederate  guns  were  silenced,  and  tier 
colonial  governor  of  Louisiana,  bom  in  Mon-  troops  caused  to  retreat.    The  loss  on  tr 
treal  about  1671,  died  of  disease  of  the  heart  at  Union  side  was  2  killed  and  10  woimdei  n  >' 
Biloxi,  in  the  present  state  of  Mississippi,  July  of  them  only  slightly.    The  confederate^  1-. 
22,  1701.    Though  of  feeble  constitution,  he  4  killed,  a  number  wounded,  and  1  prisoner. 
early  gave  evidence  of  remarkable  talent;  and        LEXINGTON  (Mo.),  Battle  of.  Tbeatuti 
having,  when  an  infant,  inherited  a  large  for-    of  a  large  confederate  force  upon  a  M}  c 
tune  from  an  aunt,  he  was  sent  to  France  to  be    Union  home  guards  numbering  about  43<j,  <. 
educated.    Distinguished  at  college,  and  of  a    tioned  at  Lexington,  on  Aug.  29, 2861,  ^tk./. 
striking  personal  appearance,  his  success  in  so-  the  assault  was  repulsed,  led  to  the  sendiu*  :• 
ciety  was  equally  bnlliant.    He  was  known  as    this  point,  Sept.  9,  of  an  Irish  regiment  and  s  ^^ 
the  American    prodigy.    Bacine    pronounced    other  troops  under  Col.  Mulligan,  in  all  swcl-: 
him  a  poet ;  Bossuet  predicted  that  he  would  the  numbers  to  nearly  2,500  men.   I^e&cuL 
be  a  great  orator ;  and  Yillars  called  him  a    the  retreat  of  the  Union  forces  after  the  bin 
marshal  of  France  in  embryo.    Feeling  that  of  Wilson's  creek  having  left  the  S.  W.  part  t: 
he  could  not  expect  a  long  life,  he  begged  his  the  state  open  to  the  confederates,  Gen.  Stif 
brothers  Iberville  and  Bienville  to  take  him  ling  Price  advanced  northward  upon  Lexiir..: 
with  them  on  their  expedition  to  the  mouth  of  with  an  army  of  12,000,  which  was  incr^x: 
the  Mississippi.    Iberville  left  him  in  command  on  his  way  and  after  arrival  by  junctioo  ^ '- 
of  the  colony,  of  which  in  1699  Louis  XIV.  ap-  Ool.  Green  and  others  to  not  less  than  2*.'  ' 
pointed  him  governor,  which  office  he  retained  Hearing  of  the  advance  of  Price,  Mulligan  hJ 
until  his  death.    Y III.  Jean  Baftiste,  born  intrenched  himself  about  midway  betwctn  '^^ 
in  Montreal,  Feb.  23,  1680,  died  in  France  in  old  and  new  towns  of  Lexington,  wbicL  stc 
1768.    lie  took  the  title  of  sieur  de  Bienville  about  a  mile  apart,  enclosing  a  large  arti>: 
after  the  death  of  his  elder  brother  Francois,  three  sides  with  a  high  earthwork  and  a  di'<  I 
(See  Bienville,  in   this   supplement.)     IX.  the  fourth  side  being  protected  by  the  rivt:. 
Louis,  sieur  de  Gh&teaugay,  born  in  Montreal,  within  the  enclosure,  beside  the  troof*^  v^-; 
Jan.  5,  1676,  killed  in  battle  against  the  Eng-  the  wagons  and  trains  and  a  large  Dumber  >> 
lish  at  Fort  Nelson,  Hudson's  bay,  Nov.  4,  horses  and  mules.   The  only  artillery  for  viiu 
1694.    X.  Antoine,  sieur  de  Ch&teaugay,  bom  Mulligan  had  ammunition  consisted  of  5  ir^- 
in  Montreal,  July  7,  1683,  died  at  Cayenne  pieces,  and  his  cavalry  were  provided  odJt  wit- 
about  1730.    He  entered  the  royal  navy,  and  pistols  and  side  arms.    On  the  1 2th  the  ^lns^^- 
arrived  in  Louisiana  in  1704  at  the  head  of  a  commenced,  Gen.  Rains  with  9  pieces  of  &rtL 
small  body  of  colonists ;  served  under  Iberville  lery  attacking  the  western  side  of  the  witLn 
in  his  last  expeditions  against  the  English  in  which   was  weakest ;    and  though  his  ei^^ 
1705-^6  \  took  command  of  Pensacola  after  its  reached  the  hospital  and  bayoneted  some  of  di 
capture  from  the  Spaniards,  May  14,  and  sur-  inmates  on  their  cots,  they  were  repulsed  vb 
rendered  it  to  them  Aug.  7,  1719,  himself  re-  severe  loss.    Skirmishing  continued  for  stj^eri 
maining  in  their  hands  as  a  prisoner  of  war  un-  days,  during  which  Col.  Mulligan  sent  to  Ji-c.*- 
til  July,  1720 ;  was  appointed  lieutenant-gov-  son  City  an  urgent  request  for  reenforcerce:-* 
emor  of  the  colony  in  1719 ;  took  command  at  but  for  various  reasons  none  reached  l^ 
Mobile  after  the  peace  in*1720;  was  removed  The  shot  and  shell  thrown  by  the  enemjo^- 
from  office  in  1726,  and  ordered  to  France,  tinned  to  make  havoc  among  the  animal 
whence  he  was  subsequently  sent  to  Cayenne  the  stores,  the  fright  of  the  former  becoc 
as  governor,  which  office  he  held  at  his  death,  an  added  source  of  danger  to  the  meo;  ^- 
LEWINSVILLE,  a  village  of  Fairfax  co.,  the  ground  containing  no  wells  or  springs,  i^ 
Va.,  where  a  skirmish  took  place  Sept.  11, 1861.  situation  of  the  Union  troops  became  still  m^ 
Gen.  McCIellan  having  ordered  a  topographical  distressing  when,  on  the  17th,  they  were  ty 
reconnoissance  to  be  made  on  the  S.  side  of  the  the  enemy^s  position  cut  off  from  access  k  '^'' 
Potomac,  near  Lewinsville,  Col.  Isaac  I.  Stevens,  river,  their  rations  at  the  same  time  groviz: 
with  a  force  consisting  of  detachments  from  short.    The  confederates,  advancing  and  tiri '* 
several  regiments,  in  number  about  2,000,  was  behind  bales  of  hemp  which  they  rolled  bet  n 
detailed  for  the  work.    The  force  proceeded  them,  had  under  cover  of  these  secured  a  h^ 
without  molestation  to  the  place  aimed  at,  a  sition  in  the  rear ;   and  from  this  time  tky 
distance  of  4  miles,  and  completed  the  recon-  made  few  assaults,  waiting  until  Col.  MqK:?*^ 
noissance  without  exchanging  shots  with  the  should  surrender  through  necessity.   On  ti^ 
confederates,  some  of  whose  cavalry  were  seen  21st  the  home  guard,  becoming  discoarag<i!d. 
in  the  neighborhood.    While  on  the  march  raised  in  a  part  of  the  camp  distant  from  ti^^j: 


'i    jZ:''. 


ir' 


784                      LOVELL  LYOK 

« 

Ohapoltepec ;  lost  an  arm  in  storming  the  Be-  ifomia,  and  receiTed  the  foU  rank  of  captain. 

len  gate  of  Mexico ;  became  lieutenant-colonel  He  was  on  active  dntj  in  Kansas  dnriog  tht 

March  15,  1848,  lEind  colonel  Dec.  80,  1866 ;  free  state  troubles  there.    Soon  after  the  ont^ 

served  in  New  Mexico,  and  distinguished  him-  break  of  the  civil  war  in  1861  he  nu  placed 

self  in  conflicts  with  the  Indians  there,  in  185T;  in  command  of  the  arsenal  at  Bt  LoussMo,. 

resigned  Maj  18,  1861,  and  was  appointed  a  around  which  batteries  and  earthvorb  vtn 

brigadier-general  in  the  confederate  army,  in  erected,  guns  mounted,  and  the  small  prri^ 

which  he  is  now  (Dec.  1862)  a  mcgor-general.  so  dispoMd  in  the  neighborhood  as  to  seeon : 

Ii^Sept.  1862,  he  took  command  of  the  con-  against  surprise.    On  May  7  Uie  poliee  eomiLife- 

feaerate  forces  in  western  Virginia,  but  was  sioners  of  St.  Louis,  on  constitutional  grouid\ 

recalled  a  month  later.  formally  demanded  the  withdrawal  of  the  vm.-^ 

LOVELL,  Mansfibld,  a  general  in  the  ser-  from  all  places  and  buildings  oulside  of  the  tr 

vice  of  the  confederate  states,  born  in  the  Dis-  senal   grounds,  which    Capt.  Lyon  refmcd 

trict  of  Columbia  about  1828,  was  graduated  at  Meantime  the  state  militia  had  been  called  ov. 

West  Point  in  1842  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  by  the  governor,  C.  F.  Jackson,  and  sevtr*i 

in  the  4th  artillery,  and  1st  lieutenant  Feb.  6,  encampments  formc^i,  ostensibly  forinstrni'i: 

1847 ;  served  during  the  Mexican  war  as  aide-  and  the  preservation  of  order,  but  reallj,  v 

de-camp  to  Gen.  Quitman,  between  whom  and  there  was  reason  to  believe^  preparatwy  to  tit 

himself  a  great  intimacy  long  afterward  con-  forcible  secession  of  the  state.    That  «t  ^'. 

tinued  to  exist ;  was  brevetted  captain  for  gal-  Louis,  called  Camp  Jackson,  furnished  vii 

lantry  at  Chapultepec,  where  he  was  wound-  arms  from  the  arsenal  at  Baton  Rouge.  Li. 

ed ;  was  also  wounded  in  the  Belen  gate  con-  then  in  the  hands  of  the  secesedonists.  wa«  ck^ 

diet ;  and  resigned  Dec.  18, 1854,  along  with  his  menced  on  May  6,  and  broken  up  by  Capt.  bet 

friend  Capt.  G.  W.  Smith,  now  also  a  general  on  the  10th,  with  the  aid  of  sev^al  thouisid 

in  the  confederate  service,  in  order  to  join  Gen.  citizens  organized  as  home  gnarda.    (See  Cik 

Quitman^s  projected  Cuban  expedition.    Smith  Jaoksok.)    Gen.  Harney,  commander  of  :^ 

and  Lovell,  who  were  to  have  held  important  department,  soon  after  arrived,  and  is^1l«d  s 

commands  in  the  Cuban  army,  were  employed  proclamation  approving  of  Capt  Lyon>  p- 

after  the  failure  of  that  scheme  in  connection  ceeding;  but,  having  on  the  21st  entered  b\ 

with  Messrs.  Cooper  and  Hewitt^s  iron  works  at  an  agreement  with  Gen.  Sterling  Price,  tit 

Trenton,  N.  J.    In  1858  Smith  was  appointed  commander  of  the  state  militia,  to  mske : 

street  commissioner  of  the  city  of  New  York,  military  movement  so  long  as  the  peace  of  t'  - 

and  Lovell  became  his  deputy.    While  serving  state  was  preserved  by  its  authorities,  he  wi- 

in  that  capacity  he  also  became  captain  of  an  recalled  10  days  later,  and  the  commaih]  dt- 

artillery  company  known  as  the  city  guard  in  volved  upon  Capt.  Lyon,  now  brigadier-gvntnj 

the  New  York  noilitia,  and  drilled  it  to  the  i\se  of  Missouri  volunteers.   On  June  11  he  graotc-. 

of  heavy  artillery  for  coast  defence.    After  the  an  interview  to  Gov.  Jackson  and  Gen.  Prior. 

outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  1861,  the  services  in  which  they  urged  the  preservation  oft:-. 

of  the  division  in  which  this  company  belonged  neutrality  of  the  Btate>  and  the  confinement  ^: 

were  offered  to  the  federal  government,  where-  the  U.  S.  troops  to  iJie  places  then  held  1 5 

upon  he  resigned.    He  remained  in  New  York  them.    Gen.  Lyon  having  refused  these  ou:- 

for  some  time  afterward,  when  he  n^ade  his  tures,  the  governor  returned  to  Jefferson  C'! 

way  to  the  South,  was  made  a  brigactier-gen-  issued  a  proclamation  calling  for  50,000  milit^ 

eral,  and  on  Oct.  9,  1861,  was  appointed  to  to  "repel  the  invasion  of  the  state,"  and  oLtr.. 

command  at  New  Orleans.    There  he  remained  14th  departed  for  Booneville  with  the  troop  It 

until  the  approach  of  the  federd  forces  under  had  collected.    6en.Lyon  followed  him  thitlt? 

Commodore  Farragut  and  Gen.  Butler  com-  from  St.  Louis,  leaving  a  garrison  at  Jeffem- 

polled  him  to  retire.    His  present  rank  is  that  City  and  taking  possession  of  the  state  archive' 

of  a  mt^jor-^eneral.  and  defeated  the  militia  on  the  17th.   (^«( 

LYON,  Nathaniel,  brigadier-general  of  vol-  Booneville,  in  this  supplement)    He  ^} 

nnteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  at  Ashford,  marched  to  Springfield,  where  his  forces,  witf 

Windham  co.,  Conn.,  July  14,  1819,  killed  at  those  previously  there  imder  Gen.  Swee^: 

thebattleof  Wilson'screek,  Mo.,  Aug.  10, 1861.  amounted  to  about  6,000.     He  had  in  tK; 

He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1841  and  mean  time  been  superseded  in  the  commas'' 

appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  infantry,  dis-  of  the  department  by  Gen.  Fremoot.    Oe 

tinguished  himself  in  the  Florida  war,  and  sub-  Aug.  1  he  advanced  to  give  battle  to  the  s!^ 

sequently  served  at  various  posts  on  the  west-  preaching   confederates   under  Gen.  McCV 

em  frontier.    In  1846  he  took  part  in  the  cap-  loch,  a  portion  of  whose  army  he  met  t-t 

ture  of  Monterey,  was  made  1st  lieutenant  in  next  day  and  defeated  at  Dug  Spring,  thc^ 

Feb.  1847,  and,  joining  with  his  regiment  the  ar-  19  m.  S.  W.  of  Springfield,  to  which  he  rettirD- 

my  under  Gen.  Scott,  was  present  in  the  actions  ed  on  the  6th.    (See  Duo  Sprtno.)   McCalM 

at  Vera  Cruz  and  Cerro  Gordo,  commanded  his  being  now  joined  by  Gen.  Price,  the  oonfcOeratt 

company  at  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  winning  army  became  4  or  6  times  as  large  as  his  otil 

the  brevet  rank  of  captain,  and  was  wounded  and  was  threatening  his  position.   He  hi^.^^j 

in  the  assault  on  the  Belen  gate  of  Mexico,  frequent  and  urgent   requests  fbr  additiofifll 

At  the  dose  of  tiie  war  he  was  ordered  to  Cal-  troops,  but  finding  it  impossible  to  {ffocurc 


«) 


MoARTHUR  MoOALL                       785 

I),  determined,  rather  than  abandon  S.  W.  nearly  all  his  property,  amonnting  to  about 

<  Miri,  to  risk  a  battle  with  hia  present  force.  '  $30,000,  to  the  goyemment,  to  aid  in  the  pre- 

K.'oordiagly  advanced  and  met  the  enemy  on  servation  of  the  Union.     In  1860,  while  sta- 

LOLh  at  WUson^s  creek,  and  in  the  ensuing  tioned  at  Gamp  Riley,  Kansas,  Gapt.  Lyon  pnb- 

io,  after  being  twice  wounded,  was  leading  lished  in  a  local  newspaper  a  series  of  letters 

•  uction  arregiment  whose  colonel  had  been  in  favor  of  the  election  of  Abraham  Lincoln 

(1,  when  he  was  struck  in  the  breast  by  a  to  the  presidency,  and  in  exposition  of  the 

.'.'.'  hall,  and  almost  instantly  expired.    (See  doctrines  of  the  republican  party,  which  have 

I  ->on's  Gbeek.)    His  remains  were  conveyed  been  collected  into  a  volume  entitled  *^  The  last 

unecticut  for  interment,  and  great  honors  Political  Writings  of  Gen.  Nathaniel  Ly^" 

paid  to  his  xnemorj%     He  bequeathed  with  a  memoir  (12mo.,  New  York,  1862). 


M 

« 

[f  tAPwTHUE^  John,  brigadier-general  of  vol-  vania  reserve  corps,  who  by  act  of  the  legisli^- 

untcers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  the  par-  ture  were  detailed  for  the  defence  of  the  state 

•fErskine,  Renfrewshire,  Scotland,  Nov.  17,  frontier.    He  accordingly  organized  12  regi- 

'>.    lie  is  the  son  of  a  blacksmith,  and  work-  ments  of  infantry,  1  of  riflemen,  1  of  artillery, 

n  hi^  father's  shop  till  the  age  of  23,  when  and  1  of  cavalry,  with  which,  having  on  May 

iiii  L^ratcd  to  Illinois  and  settled  in  Ghicago.  17, 1861,  been  commissioned  a  brigadier-general 

'o  he  was  employed  for  some  time  as  fore-  ofvolunteers,hemarchedto  Washington,  where 

-  of  boiler  maJ^ing  in  a  foundery,  and  after-  the  corps  was  converted  into  a  division  of  8 

:  d  oj)oned  a  smithy  and  boiler  factory  of  his  brigades,  of  n^hich  he  assumed  the  command. 

!i.     When  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  join-  During  the  wmter  of  1861-^2  he  held  the  ex- 

I  volunteer  regiment  with  a  militia  com-  treme  right  of  the  lines  in  front  of  Washington, 

y  of  which  he  was  captain,  and  was  chosen  and  planned  the  movement  against  Dranesville, 

•onant-colonel.    Soon  afterward  he  became  Deo.  20,  1861,  which  resulted  in  a  brilliant  vie- 

•  !tel  of  the  12th  Dlinois  volunteers.  He  tory  to  the  Union  arms.  His  division  was  re- 
iTiiinded  a  brigade  at  the  attack  on  Fort  tained  on  the  Potomac  after  the  departure  of 
u'Uon^  and  for  his  gallantry  on  that  occasion  McGlellan  to  the  peninsula;  but  on  June  18, 

-  commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volun-  1862,  he  joined  the  army  before  Richmond, 
r^.  March  21, 1862.  He  was  wounded  in  the  taking  post  at  Mechanics vUle,  near  the  corps  of 
'!•»  of  Shiloh,  and  now  (Deo.  1862)  holds  a  Fitz  John  Porter,  to  which  he  was  temporarily 
iMrmd  in  the  corps  of  Gen.  Grant.  attached,  on  the  extreme  right  of  the  line  and 

d' GALL,  Geo  ROB  Abouibalo,  a  brigadier-  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ghickahominy.    On  the 

i.ral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bom  25th  he  retired  behind  Beaver  Dam  creek,  1  m. 

Piiiladolphia,  March    16,   1802.    He    was  8.  of  Mechanicsvillo,  and  on  the  succeeding  day 

i'luted  at  West  Point  in  1822,  brevetted  a  fought  a  severe  battle  with  a  greatly  superior 

houtenaut  in  the  1st  infantry,  and  in  the  force  of  the  confederates,  who  were  repulsed  at 

u>  year  transferred  to  the  4th  infantry.    In  nightfall  with  great  loss.    At  daybreak  of  the 

■  ;l  ho  was  appointed  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  27th,  in  accordance  with  orders  from  Gen. 

[*,  Gaines,  and  served  as  assistant  ad^jutant-  McGlellan,  he  fell  back  several  miles  to  Gaines^s 

•  ral  in  the  western  department  until  1836,  mill,  where  he  held  the  left  of  the  Union  line  in 
.  "II  ho  was  promoted  to  a  captaincy.  For  his  the  desperate  battle  of  that  day.  The  Pennsylva- 
•  vices  during  the  war  with  the  Florida  In-  nia  reserve  suffered  more  in  proportion  to  their 

M.^  he  was  recommended  by  Gen.  Worth  for  numbers  in  these  two  days  than  any  other  divi- 

::i  ijor's  brevet,  which  however  was  not  con-  sion  in  the  army,  but  preserved  their  organiza- 

•-►mI  upon  him  until  1846,  when  for  gallantry  tion  intact  and  were  commended  for  steadiness 

'  '10  battles  of  Palo  Alto  and  Resaoa  de  la  and  valor.    During  the   march    toward   the 

I  m:i  he  received  the  brevets  of  m^i or  and  lieu-  James  river,  Gen.  McCall  accompanied  the  ad- 

i  iiit-colonel.    The  citizens  of  Philadelphia  yance  under  Porter,  and  on  the  SOth  fought  a 

{>resented  him  with  a  sword.    In  1847  he  superior  confederate  force  at  the  crossing  of  the 

promoted  to  be  a  miyor  in  the  8d  infantry,  Turkey  bridge  and  New  Market  roads,  his  spe- 

1  in  1850,  while  commanding  his  regiment  cial  duty  being  to  defend  the  wagon  trains 

N'cw  Moxico,  received  from  President  Taylor  passing  that  point.    Having  beaten  the  enemy 

u[)pointment  of  inspector-general  of  the  off  after  a  hard  struggle,  he  was  reconnoitring 

Mv,  with  the  rank  of  colonel  of  cavalry.    He  in  the  darkness  in  front  of  his  line,  when  he 

v«(i  in  this  capacity  until  April  29,  1858,  was  surprised  and  captured  by  a  body  of  con- 

i  I  oil  he  resigned  his  conmiission  and  retii^d  to  federate  troops.    After  sutlering   a   rigorous 

-  r.'^idcnce  in  Ghester  co.,  Penn.  At  the  out-  confinement  in  Richmond,  he  was  exchanged  in 
ik  of  the  civil  war  in  1861  he  was  requested  the  middle  of  August,  and  returned  to  his  home 
( rov.  Gurtin  of  Pennsylvania  to  organize  a  in  Ghester  county  for  the  benefit  of  his  health, 

'  pH  of  15,000  men,  to  be  called  the  Pennsyl-  which  was  much  impaired  by  his  imprisonment 

VOL.  XVI.— 50 


#• 


786  MoOLELLAN 

On  the  26th  of  the  month  he  received  firom  the  Indies.    He  had  received  his  conuoiBBQD  u  la 

citizens  of  Ohester  a  sword,  and  in  the  succeed-  lieutenant  in  1853,  and  in  March,.  1^  lie  vas 

ing  October  was  the  unsuccessful  candidate  for  promoted  to  be  captain  in  the  1st  caTiJrj.  In 

congress  of  the  democratic  party  in  his  district,  the  n)ring  of  1856  he  was  sent  with  ]I&j<x« 

MoOLELLAN.  Gbobqe  Brinton,  m^jor-gen-  Delaneld  and  Mordecai  to  Europe  to  stedjthe 

eral  in  the  U.  8.  army,  born  in  Philadelphia,  organization  of  European  amiie^  and  obseirt 

Penn.,  Dec.  8, 1826.    His  father,  Br.  George  the  war  in  the  Orimea.    He  wrote  one  Tc^ome 

MoClellan,  was  a  distinguished  physician  and  of  the  report  of  this  commission,  which  Ti< 

surgeon  of  that  city.    The  son  was  educated  at  printed  by  order  of  congress.    Capt  KeCVi- 

the  university  of  Pennsylvania  until  he  was  16  lan^s  portion  was  republished  in  PhiladelpLb 

years  old,  and  then  entered  the  U.  S.  military  under  the  title  of  *^Ilie  Armies  of  Europe,  (Xicn- 

academy,  where  he  was  graduated  2d  in  his  prising  Descriptions  in  detail  of  the  MHitarr 

class  in  1846.    He  was  brevetted  2d  lieutenant  Systems  of  England,  France,  Russia,  Fro^ 

of  engineers,  and  immediately  ordered  to  Mez-  Austria,  and  Sardinia"  (8yo.,  1861).    He  :t> 

ico,  where,  as  lieutenant  of  a  company  of  sap-  signed  his  commission  in  Jan.  1857,  and  &c:ed 

pers,  miners,  and  pontoniers,  he  rendered  the  for  8  years  as  vice-president  and  engbeer  tf 

most  valuable  services.    At  the  siege .  of  Vera  the  Illinois  central  railroad,  at  the  end  of  vLIli 

Oruz  he  was  assigned  to  Gen.  Worth^s  division,  time  he  became  general  superintendeat  of  \i.x 

and  was  commended  in  the  official  reports.    At  Ohio  and  Mississippi  railroad,  and  two  montb 

Oerro  Gordo  and  Mexico  he  was  attached  to  later  president  of  the  eastern  divinon  of  th? 

^e  division  of  Gen.  Twiggs,  and,  together  with  same  road.    He  still  held  tiiis  office  when  tk 

Lieutenants  (now  GeneraJs)    Beauregard  and  civil  war  broke  out  in  1861.    Tendering  lii 

Foster,  was  specially  commended  for  gallant  resignation    (which  was   not  accepted,  Gen 

conduct.  At  Oontreras  and  Ohurubusco  he  won  McOlellan  being  still  president  of  that  railrGiL-. 

the  brevet  of  1st  lieutenant,  and  at  Molino  del  he  received  a  commission   as   major-pen^:.':! 

Bey  that  of  captain,  which  he  declined.  He  ac^  from  the  governor  of  Ohio,  and  proceeded  u^t  :- 

oepted  a  brevet  however  for  gallant  and  merito-  ganize  the  9  months*  volunteers  from  that  Et&'< 

nous  conduct  at  Ohapultepec,  and  the  next  year  At  the  request  of  their  respective  governors,  dc 

took  command  of  the  company  of  sappers,  min-  states  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  lUinois,  and  ti^ 

ers,  and  pontoniers,  with  which  after  the  war  western  part  of  Pennsylvania,  were  united  yr\l 

he  was  oi^ered  to  West  Point,  as  captain  of  field  western  Virginia  to  form  the  department  of  iLt 

labors  and  instructor  of  the  bayonet  exercise.  Ohio  under  Gen.  McOlellan^s  command.  Abou 

While  thus  employed  he  translated  from  the  June  1  his  army  began  to  cross  the  Ohio  bv 

Erench    a    '^Manual   of  Bayonet   Exercise,''  western  Virginia,  and  on  the  8d  two  detaci- 

which  became  the  text  book  of  the  service.    In  ments  under  Cols.  Dumont  and  Eelley  d€f€^tc! 

1851  he  was  ordered  to  Fort  Delaware  to  super-  the  enemy  at   Philippi.    On  the  18th  Ge'. 

intend  its  construction  under  Mcyor  John  San-  McOlellan  himself  left  Gincinoati  to  take  tk 

ders.    The  next  year  he  accompanied  Gapt.  field,  and  on  July  10  came  upon  the  confedtr 

Randolph  B.  Marcy  (now  his  father-in-law)  on  ates  under  Ool.  Pegram  at  Ridi   monnU:^ 

an  expedition  to  explore  the  Red  river,  and  in  They  were  defeated  by  a  force  of  about  3,fM 

Sept.  1852,  was  ordered  to  accompany  Gen.  P.  men  under  Gen.  Rosecrans,  and  compelled  lo 

F.  Smith  as  senior  engineer  to  Texas,  to  sur-  surrender  after  an  ineffectual  attempt  to  ficis 

vey  the  rivers  and  harbors  of  that  state.    The  a  junction  with  Gen.  Gamett  at  Lanrel  If- 

following  April  he  reported  for  duty  to  the  late  The  latter  officer  was  attacked  by  a  divi^^s 

Gen.  Isaac  1.  Stevens,  then  governor  of  Wash-  under  Gen.  T.  A.  Morris,  and  after  a  monon:!  '.f 

ington  territory,  who  had  been  placed  in  charge  pursuit  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Garrick's  iori 

of  the  survey  of  the  northern  route  for  a  Pacific  July  11,  and  his  whole  command  captured  ^' 

railroad.    l2eut  McOlellan  was  detailed  for  the  routed.    This  victory  was  the  decisiTe  tict'p 

examination  of  the  western  part  of  the  pro-  of  the  campaign;  the  whole  K.  W.  part  of  t^( 

posed  line.    Starting  from  Steilacoom,  he  ex-  state  had  been  cleared  of  confederate  troops  i: 

plored  the  Yakima  pass  and  various  portions  about6weeks,  and  the  Wheeling  legislature  Iti^ 

of  the  Oascade  range,  and  the  most  direct  route  free  to  organize  a  loyal  government    On  tb^ 

to  Puget  sound,  his  report  forming  the  1st  vol-  night  of  July  22,  the  day  following  the  bai-^ 

ume  of  the  "  Pacific  Railroad  Surveys  "  pub-  of  Bull  run,  Gen.  McOlellan  was  smnxnon^d  u 

lished  by  the  government.    In  his  next  official  Washington  to  take  command  of  the  aatioo^ 

report,  Jefferson  Davis,  then  secretary  of  war,  troops  on  the  Potomac.   On  Aug.  4  he  was  w-- 

highly  complimented  him  on  the  efficient  man-  firmed  by  the  senate  as  migor -general  of  the 

ner  in  which  he  had  performed  this  duty.    He  regular  army,  his  commission  dating  from  Ifsj 

was  almost  immediately  afterward  detailed  to  14.    He  continued  in  command  of  Sie  anoTof 

investigate  the  railroad  system  of  the  United  the  Potomac,  organizing  and  disciplining  ^■'^ 

States,  with  a  view  to  obtain  all  the  necessary  forces,  until  the  retirement  of  Gen.  Scott  fro^ 

data  on  construction,  equipment,  and  manage-  active  service,  Nov.  1,  when  he  was  appolc)*'^ 

ment  for  the  successful  operation  of  the  Pacific  general-in-chief  of  the  armies  of  the  Taiteo 

railroad.    Of  the  result  of  his  proceedings  he  States.    The  forces  made  no  important  mo^e* 

presented  a  full  report  in  Nov.  1854.    His  next  ment  until  March  6,  1862,  when  a  general  a^* 

employment  was  a  secret  mission  to  the  West  vance  was  ordered  tow<urd  Manassas  Jooccod. 


788                       UoOOOK  HoDOW£LL 

MeOlemand  was  rejected  witboat  opposftioiL  MoOULLOOH,  Bsir,  a  general  in  ft»«r?ioe 
In  1846  and  1846  he  was  again  chosen.    He  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Batibedbid 
was  obainnan  of  the  committee  on  resolutions  co.,  Tenn.,  in  1814,  killed  in  the  battie  of  Pea 
in  the  democratic  state  convention  of  1858,  ridge,  March  7, 1862.    He  emigrated  to  Teisc, 
whioh  sustained  the  coarse  of  Senator  Douglas  fought  at  the  battle  of  San  Jaeinto  ss  « pri- 
on theLecompton  bill.    In  1860  he  was  elected  vate  in  the  Texan  artillerj  corps,  and  wis  a 
to  congress  from  the  Springfield  district,  and  obtain  of  rangers  in  the  Mexican  war.    Hr 
served  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  distinguished  himself  at  Monterey;  was  ma^ 
when  he  resigned,  returned  to  Illinois,  and  with  a  quartermaster  with  the  rank  of  migor  Jclj 
Col.  (now-  Brig.  Gen.)  J.  A.  Logan  and  OoL  16, 1846,  and  retained  that  of5ce  till  SepL  i 
P.  B.  Foi^e,  both  members  of  congress,  raised  1847,  having  meanwhile  commanded  a  sfj  atct 
the  MoOlernand  brigade.    The  president  ap-  pany  which  reconnoitred  the  positioii  cf  tbc 
pointed  him  a  brigadier-general,  when  he  at  Mexicans  before  the  battle  of  Buena  Y ista,  icd 
once  proceeded  to  Oairo.     He  accompanied  having  gained  new  distinction  bj  gallsntiy  ia 
Gen.  Grant  to  Belmimt,  greatly  distinguished  that  battle  ;  was  i4>pointed  marshal  of  TexBr 
himself  at  Fort  Donelson,  was  made  a  migor-  by  President  Pierce  in  April,  1658 ;  dediiK^ 
general  of  volunteers,  March  21, 1862,  and  was  the  appointment  of  migor  in  the  Ist  ea^^. 
in  command  of  a  division  at  the  battle  of  Shi-  March  8, 1856 ;  and  was  appointed  by  Presidefi: 
loh.    He  served  with  the  army  of  the  Tennes-  Buchanan  a  commissioner  to  adjust  the  diffitd- 
see,  under  Mijjor-Gen.  Grant,  until  the  autumn  ties  with  the  Mormons  in  Utah  in  May,  16&7. 
1^  1862,  when  he  was  ordered  to  the  command  Long  known  as  desiring  the  overthrow  of  tk 
of  a  special  expedition.  U.  S.  government,  he  was  in  Washington  sboe; 

MoOOOE,  ALBXAin>BB  McDowell,  m^jor-  the  time  of  the  inauguration  iji  President  lie- 
general  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  coin,  as  was  believed  with  the  intention  ds^- 
hi  Jefferson  co.,  O.,  in  1828,  was  graduated  at  ting  possession  of  tha^dty  by  a  sudden  atud 
West  Point  in  1852  and  appointed  brevet  2d  at  the  head  of  a  fbroe  of  secessionists,  and  pnp^ 
lieutenant  in  the  8d  infantry;  served  with  arations  were  made  to  resist  him,  April  10, 1-^1. 
dktinotion  against  the  Indians  in  New  Mexico  but  no  such  attack  was  made.  Appointed  % 
in  1857 ;  was  assistant  instructor  in  infantry  brigadier-general  of  the  forcea  of  ArkaTtsss,  h 
tactics  at  West  Point  in  1868 ;  became  Ist  lieu-  issued  in  June,  1861,  a  proclamation  calling  ms 
tenant  in  Dec.  1858,  captain  May  14, 1861,  and  the  people  of  Arkansas  to  assemble  at  Fayenc 
oolonel  of  the  1st  Ohio  volunteers  in  April,  ville  to  defend  the  state  from  invasion  comlu' 
1861 ;  distinguished  himself  at  the  first  battle  from  Missouri.  He  commanded  in  the  bttti- 
of  Bull  run ;  was  made  brigadier-general  of  of  Wilson's  creek.  Mo.,  Aug.  10,  1861,  irheri 
volunteers  Sept.  8,  1861,  and  miyor-^eneral  Gen.  Lyon  was  killed;  butafter  that  battle  ror 
July  17, 1862.  He  commanded  the  army  corps  rendered  the  chief  authority  in  Miseouri  U' 
engaged  in  the  battle  of  Perryville,  Oct.  8,  Gen.  Sterling  Price,  while  Gen.  Van  Doni,  cf 
1862. — ^RoBXBT  L.,  brother  of  tiie  preceding,  the  confederate  army,  commanded  the  tr£s«- 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  Mississippi  department,  and  directed  the  b^tt^ 
army,  born  in  Jefferson  co.,  O.,  in  1887,  mur-  of  Pea  ridge,  where  McCulloch  led  a  corp^  <( 
dered  near  Salem,  Ala.,  Aug.  5,  1862.  He  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  Texaa  troops.  lieieC 
studied  law  and  practised  that  profession  at  on  the  second  day  of  the  battle. 
OolumbuB  and  Cincinnati,  entered  tiie  service  MoDOWELL,  a  village  in  Highland  co.,Vi. 
in  1861  as  colonel  of  the  0th  Ohio  volunteers,  between  Monterey  and  Staunton,  where  is» 
served  in  western  Virginia,  where  he  com-  fought  an  action  between  the  national  and  con- 
manded  a  brigade  under  Gen.  Rosecrans,  and  federate  troops,  May  8, 1862.  On  the  monuBC 
especially  distinguished  himself  at  Bich  moun-  of  that  day  a  body  of  trooi>s  belonging  to  the 
tain,  Oamifex  ferry,  and  the  battle  of  Mill  corps  of  Gen.  Fremont^  and  commanded  by 
Spring  in  8.  E.  Kentucky,  Jan.  19,  1862,  and  Gen.  Milroy,  reached  McDowell  on  the  waj  te 
was  made  brigadier-general  March  21,  1862.  Staunton.  Three  regiments  considerablj  ir 
He  commanded  a  division  in  Thomas's  corps  of  advance  of  the  main  body  were  attacked  t\ 
Buell's  army,  and  was  murdered  by  guerillas  noon  by  the  confederates  under  Jacksoo,  ai^i 
as  he  waa  lying  iiok  in  an  ambulance.  driven  back  to  within  1|-  milea  of  McDowdi. 

MoOOWN,  Jomr  Pobtbb,  a  general  in  the  where  about  6  P.  M.  they  made  a  stand,  td 

service  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Ten-  were  joined  by  the  remainder  of  the  force,  and 

nessee,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1840  by  the  brigade  of  Gen.  Schenck,  whidi  lad 

and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  4th  artil-  marched  fr^om  Franklin.    A  general  engvge- 

lery;  became  1st  lieutenant  Sept.  80, 1848,  and  ment  ensued,  the  enemy,  stationed  tloLg  tf 

was  regimental  quartermaster  in  1847--'8 ;  was  elevated  plateau,  h&ving  the  advantage  of  poa- 

brevetted  captain  for  gallantry  at  OerroG-ordo,  ticm  and  numbers,  and  the  national  foroet  be- 

April  18, 1847;  became  captain  in  Jan.  1851;  ing  superior  in  artillery.    No  material  idnih 

resigned  May  17, 1861,  and  became  a  brigadier-  tage  occurred   to  either  side  until  aboat  9 

general  in  the  confederate  army.     He  com-  o^dock.  in  the  evening,  when  the  enemj  Ij  i 

manded  at  New  Madrid,  Mo.,  in  March,  1862,  flfmk  movement  on  the  Union  left  compelled 

which  he  evacuated  after  the  investment  by  Milroy  and  Schenok  to  ord^r  a  retreat  Tim 

Gen*  Pope  on  the  night  of  the  18th.  was  effected  with  littie  loss,  and  by  tbe  n«xt 


790  MoEINSTBY  MASBnDKB 

S roach  excited  so  much  consteraatioii,  tliat  had  by  order  of  Gen.  VoOleDan,  then  geBera]-in^ 

e  marched  at  once  upon  the  city  he  mi^ht  ohie^  kept  for  several  months  in  dose  coofine^ 

easily  have  captured  it ;  but  the  favorable  mo-  ment  in  the  arsoud  of  St.  Louis,  and  deckd  a-i 

ment  passed,  and  the  government  was  soon  in  cess  of  counsel  and  permisdoii  to  see  hi«  cl-^k; 

a  position  to  assume  the  offensive.    The  in-  and  papers.  The  rigor  of  his  imprisonmetitwLH 

Burgents   fled  without  striking  a  blow,  and  mitigated  Feb.  28, 1862,  by  allowing  him  to  ^h 

Mackenzie  for  several  months  after  this  time,  counsel,  and  finally  in  May  he  was  released  .:| 

in  connection  with  a  considerable  body  of  parole,  but  required  to  remain  in  SU  Loni^.   J 

American  sympathizers,  maintained  a  position  court  martial  to  try  him  met  at  that  plai\  i 

of  hostility  to  the  Oanadian  government  on  October,  first  under  the  presidency  of  Gen.  }^ 

Navy  island  in  the  Niagara  river,  whence  he  ney,  and  afterward  under  that  of  Gee.  FLl.j 

issued  a  proclamation  offering  $100  and  300  8t.  George  Oooke. 

acres  of  land  to  volunteers.    Through  the  ex-       MoLAWS,  Lafatettb,  a  genend  in  the  sd 

ertions  of  Qeru  Scott,  this  camp  of  insurgents  vice  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  inGevrjj 

was  broken  up,  and  Mr.  Mackenzie  was  taken  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842,  and  ji 

prisoner  and  tried  at  Rochester  for  a  breach  of  pointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  6th  11:.  i 

the  neutrality  laws,  and  sentenced  to  imprison-  try ;  became  2d  lieutenant  in  the  7th  infai  :*[ 

ment  for  12  months  in  the  Bochester  gaol.   He  March  16,  1844,  1st  lieutenant  Feb.  16,  Is^ 

had  previously  been  outlawed  by  the  Oanadian  and  captain  in  Aug.  1851 ;  and  resigned  Kur.l 

government.    On  his  discharge  he  sought  em-  28, 1861.    He  is  now  (Dec  1862)  a  bnpiLt.i 

ployment  ih  the  United  States  in  connection  generd  in  the  confederate  armj. 
with  the  press.    In  1844.  and  for  5  or  6  years       MoPHERSON,  James  B.,  migor-general  i 

subsequently,  he  was  employed  as  a  contributor  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Sanc.^ 

to  the  "New  York  Tribune,"  and  published  ky  co.^  O.,  in  Nov,  1828.    He  was  grade  it  i 

some  political  pamphlets  during  that  period,  at  West  Point  first  in  his  daas  in  June,  \>'  , 

Among  these  was  one  compiled  from  papers  and  commissioned  brevet  2d  lieutaiantin  t^ 

found  in  the  custom  house,  where  he  was  also  corps  of  engineers.    From  July,  1853,  to  n.; 

for  a  time  employed,  which,  professedly  expos-  1864,  he  was  assistant  instructor  of  prai:.  1 

ing  the  intrigues  of  several  prominent  political  military  engineering  at  West  Point,  and  t  h 

leaders,  created  much  excitement     On  the  engagend  on  the  defences  of  New  York  bar  :^ ' 

proclamation  of  an  amnesty  in  1849,  he  re-  and  the  improvements  of  the  Hudson  mtr  \ 

turned  to  Oanada,  and  was  almost  immediately  low  Albany  from  Sept.  1854,  until  Jan.  l^' 

elected  to  the  provincial  parliament.    His  rigid  He  became  full  2d  lieutenant  in  Dec  1S55.  ^h 

honesty  and  opposition  to  governmental  extrav-  charged  with  the  construction  of  Fort  I'.-. 

agance  won  hi^  many  friends,  and  his  ad-  ware  in  the  early  part  of  1857,  and  with  tV 

mirers  raised  a  sum  sufficient  to  purchase  him  of  the  fortifications  on  Alcatraz  idand,  ^~: 

a  small  annuity  and  a  residence  near  Toronto.  Francisco  bay,  together  with  military  sunrt^^ 

MoKINSTRY,  Justus,  an  officer  of  the  U.  8.  from  Jan.  1858,  until  Au^.  1861.    In  1808  I 

army,  born  in  New  York  about  1821,  was  ap-  was  made  1st  lieutenant  of  engineers,  proir.cr  . 

pointed  a  cadet  from  Michigan,  and  was  grad-  to  be  captain  Aug.  6,  1861,  and  put  in  char; 

uated  at  West  Point  in  1838  and  appointed  2d  of  the  defences  of  Boston  harbor  from  t:. 

lieutenant  in  the  2d  infantry;  became  1st  lieu-  date  until  November  of  the  same  year.   H- 

tenant  April  18,  1841,  and  assistant  quarter-  was  appointed  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Hnlle^* 

master,  with  the  rank  of  captain,  March  8,  with  tiie  Tank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  Not.  i^ 

1847;  commanded  a  company  of  volunteers  at  1861,  and  was  chief  engineer  of  the  arinv>' 

Oontreras  and  Ohurubusco,  and  was  brevetted  the  Tennessee  in  tiie  expeditions  against  Fort^ 

mfjor  for  gallantry  in  that  battle ;  distinguish-  Henry  and  Donelson,  in  the  operations  up  tii 

ed  himself  at  Ohapnltepec ;  became  captain  in  Tennessee  river,  and  in  the  battle  of  Sbil*' 

Jan.  1848,  and  relinquished  his  rank  in  the  line ;  In  May,  1862,  he  was  again  appointed  aide^-- 

became  quartermaster,  with  the  rank  of  m^or,  camp  to  Gen.  Halleck  with  the  rank  of  coJorJ 

Aug.  8, 1861,  and  having  been  for  some  time  and  served  on  his  staff  during  the  operation^' 

stationed  at  St.  Louis,  was  attached  to  the  staff  the  vicinity  of  Oorinth.    He  was  nominat'^ 

of  Mig.  Gen.  Fremont  when  he  took  command  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  May  and  ui- 

there.    Appointed   to   the  office  of  provost  pointed  general  superintendent  of  mihtarvm 

marshal  of  St.  Louis,  he  combined  its  duties  roads  in  the  district  of  West  Tennessee  in ' - 

with  those  of  quartermaster  of  the  department,  following  June.    In  October  he  was  proino^^;^ 

exhibiting   remarkable   energy  in  'their   dis-*  to  be  m%jor-general  of  volunteers  for  merii<>'^' 

charge.    Nominated  brigadier-general  of  vol-  ous  services  in  the  West,  and  with  his  irc-.i- 

unteers,  he  took  the  field  as  commander  of  a  reached  Corinth  Oct.  4,  after  the  close  of  J 

division  when  Gen.  Fremont  marched  his  army  battle,  and  led  in  the  pursuit  of  the  conft^^'* 

to  Springfield.    Accused  by  a  committee  of  the  ates  on  the  foUowing  day. 
house  of  representatives,  of  which  the  Hon.  0.        MAGRUDER,  John  Bakkhead,  a  general  i" 

H.  Van  Wyck  of  New  York  was  chairman,  of  the  service  of  the  confederate  states,  born  h 

dishonesty  in  his  transactions  as  quartermaster,  Virginia  about  1811,  was  graduated  at  ^<^^ 

he  was  arrested,  Nov.  11, 1861,  by  Gen.  Hunter,  Poiot  in  1830  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lientrc- 

Fremont^s  successor,  brought  to  St.  Louis,  and  ant  in  the  7th  infantry ;  became  2d  Uenten^^ 


782  MAROT  MASOK 

member  of  the  state  leguHatare  for  one  Beflrion,  of  Oehlensoblflger ;  ^^Eing  Beni^a  DM^ler/* 

and  in  the  spring  of  1861  was  chosen  oolond  of  a  lyrical  drama  hj  the  Daniah  poet  BiBiik 

the  10th  Indiana  volnnteers.    He  oommanded  HaSks,  which  has  been  represented  on  the  rtage . 

a  brigade  at  the  battle  of  Mill  Spring,  and  was  ^*  The  Odes  of  Horace,*^  in  £nglish  vene  (16iO» ; 

commissioned  brigadier-general  of  yolunteera  "  The  Poems  of  Oatallna,"  in  Kngllah  ymnt,  with 

March  24^  1862.     He  was  placed  under  Mi^.  an  introduction  and  notes  (1B61) :  and  Daow  « 

Gen.  Kelson^s  command,  and  stationed  at  Rich-  Vita  nucw^  (1862).    He  married  Mies  Hcka 

mond,  Ky.,  where  on  Aug.  80  he  was  attacked  Fanoittthe  actress, 
and  defeated  by  a  saperior  force  of  the  enemy.        MARTIin>ALE,  Johh   Honr,   Mgidiar- 

MARC Y,  Randolph  B.,  brigadier-general  of  general  of  yolnnteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bora 

Tolonteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  born  in  Massa-  at  Sandy  Hill,  Washington  co.,  K«  Y..  Marrft 

ohosetts,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1883  20, 1816.    He  was  ^adnated  at  West  Point  it. 

and   appointed   brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  1886  as  third  in  his  class,  and  oomnuasiaiMd 

4th  in&ntry ;  became  2d  lieutenant  Kov.  26,  brevet  2d  lieutenant  of  artillery,  but  at  his 

1886,  1st  lieutenant  June  22,  1887,  assistant  request  was  transferred  to  the  lat 

commissary  of  subsistence  in  April,  1888,  and  In  1886  he  resigned  his  commiasion, 

c^tain  May  18,  1846:  served  in  the  expedition  civil  engineer,  iSterward  studied  law  with  his 

to  Utah  under  Gen.  A.  8.  Johnston  in  1867-'8 ;  father,  and  practised  successively  at  Batavia 

commanded  a  detachment  sent  to  New  Mexico  and  Rochester.    He  waa  commissSoBed  brig»- 

to  procure  supplies  in  Nov.  1867,  and  waa  dier-general  of  volunteers  Joi^.  9,  1861,  muk 

absent  till  March,  1868,  during  which  time  his  assigned  a  command  near  WaahingtoD.     He 

party  suflfered  exceedingly  from  the  severity  accompanied  Gen.  McOIdlan  to  Yorl^own,  ani 

of  the  weather,  and  were  obliged  to  feed  upon  was  in  all  the  battles  of  the  campaign  bete* 

iheir  mules;  became  paymaster,  with  Ihe  rank  Richmond,  his  brigade  forming  pwt  of  the  ich 

of  nu\Jor,Aug.22, 1869;  was  appointed  inspec-  army  corps,  under  Gen.  Hts  John   Porler. 

tor-general,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  Aug.  9,  After  the  retreat  to  Jamea  river  he  wai  lor 

1861 ;  was  attached  as  chief  of  staff  to  the  army  awhile  absent  from  duty  on  account  of  aielBeik^ 

of  the  Potomac  under  Gen.  McOlellan  (his  son*  and  on  his  recovery  chaiges  of  misccBduct  tf 

in-law),  and  nominated  brigadier-general  of  the  battle  of  Malvern  hills  were  prcfemd 

volunteers,  Sept.  28,  1861,  but  as  the  senate  against  him,  and  investigated  (Oct.  1862)  hv  a 

did  not  confirm  the  nomination,  it  expired  by  court  of  inquiry,  which  fully  aequitted  him.' 
constitutional  limitation.  July  17, 1862.    It  was       MABON,  Fbakcis,  B.D.,  an  American  ekr* 

however  renewed  by  the  president  in  Sep't.  gyman  and  missionary,  bom  in  York,  Englasi^ 

1862.    Gen.  Marcy  was  attached  to  the  staff  April  2,  1799.    He  was  apprenticed  to  a  shoe- 

of  Gen.  McOleUan  during  his  campaigns  in  east-  maker,  and  at  the  age  of  19  emigrated  to  Ph2a- 

em  Virginia  and  Maryland.  delphia,  where  an  uncle  had  offered  him  a 

MARSH,  Oathajonk,  an  English  authoress,  home.    The  uncle  dying  soon  after  his  arrivaL 

bom  in  Colchester  about  1816.    She  has  for  he  led  a  wandering  and  aimlees  life  for  ieverai 

many  years  devoted  herself  to  the  interests  of  years.    In  1826  he  settled  at  Canton,  Maaiu 

the  working  classes,  and  her  writings  consist  joined  the  Baptist  church,  ent«!«d  the  thcohi«i- 

ohiefly  of  religious  tales  designed  for  their  im-  cal  seminary  at  Newton,  Maea.,  in  1897,  and  in 

Crovement,  and  have  been  very  widely  circu-  May,  1880,  having  been  ordained,  sailed  with 
ited.    Her  best  known  productions  are  **£ng>  his  wife  for  Calcutta  as  a  misrionary  of  the 
lish  Hearts  and  English  Hands,"  "Memorials  board  ofthe  triennial  Baptist  conventton  (after- 
of  Captain  Hedley  Vicars,"  and  "light  for  the  ward  the  American  Bantist  missionary  unk»i 
Line,  or  the  Story  of  Thomas  Ward,  a  Railway  to  the  Karens.    At  CaJcutta  he  acquired  xht 
Workman,"  of  the  last  of  which  126,000  copies  Burmese  and  Karen  languages,  being  die  cnc 
had  been  sold  at  the  beginning  of  1862.    At  missionary  who  ever  attempted  to  jreach  in 
Beckenham,  Kent,  the  place  of  her  residence,  the  latter,  as  well  as  the  author  or  the  inc 
i^e  has  organi2ed  schools  and  an  institute  for  book  written  in  tiie  language,  **  The  8inrta|t»  of 
the  railway  laborers.  the  Elders."    He  prepared  Pali  and  6nnDr«e 
MARTIN,  Theodobs,  a  British  author,  bom  grammars,  which  the  Asiatie  society  orderrd  to 
in  Edinburgh  in  1816.    He  was  educated  at  be  published  at  their  expense,  and  acqoired  tike 
the  high  school  and  university  of  his  native  Sanscrit,  Talaing,  Siamese,  CQiinese,  Svriae,  He- 
city,  studied  law,  practised  his  profession  for  brew,  Chaldee,  Arabic,  and  German  LmgiuiiSM. 
several  years  in  Edinburgh,  and  in  1846  re-  Inl868he  published  his  tranalation  into  Karen 
moved  to  London,  where  he  has  ever  since  of  the  whole  Bible,  tlie  New  Testament  hamr 
employed  himself  as  a  parliamentary  solicitor,  already  been  8  times  revifted,  and  being  n^aiM 
His  first  important  publication  was  the  *'  Book  aa  the  best  specimen  of  Karen  literature  eitaat 
of  Ballads,  by  Bon  Gaultier,"  a  series  of  bur-  Having  published  the  Scripturee  and  ocber 
lesque  pieces  and  parodies,  written  originally  books  in  two  dialects  of  the  Karen  ]angQa|!e,tbe 
for  various  periodicals  in  conjunction  with  Pro-  Pwo  and  Sgau,  he  reduced  to  ^ritftur  a  tbinl 
feasor  W.  £.  Aytoun.    He  was  associated  with  the  Bghai,  and  translated  the whde  ofthe S* tv 
the  same  gendeman  in  a  translation  of  the  Testament  and  several  books  of  the  Old,  as  well 
**  Poems  and  Ballads  of  Goethe"  (1868X  and  as  several  other  hooka,  into  thia.    Having] 
has  also  translated  the  Correggio  and  Aladdin  \j  26,000  of  the  Karens  depeodeol  npea 


794  HILFORD  MILL  SPRING 

The  confederate  fleet,  oommanded  by  Capt  In  order  to  cnt  off  these,  Gen.  Pope  iUrted 
Edward  Montgomery,  comprised  the  Van  Dom,  from  Sedalia  on  Dec.  15,  with  a  force  of  4,000 
General  Price,  General  Bragg,  General  Lovell,  men,  and  made  rapid  marches  in  the  dir^ition 
Little  Rebel,  Jeff.  Thompson,  Sumter,  and  Gen-  of  Warrensbnrg ;  on  the  16th  a  bodj  of  the 
eral  Beauregard ;  they  were  gunboats  strength-  confederates,  2,000  strong,  were  pursued  by  10 
ened  for  use  as  rams.    At  5^  A.  M.  on  the  6th  companies  of  cavalry  and  a  section  of  artillery 
the  confederate  fleet,  then  lying  under  the  Ar-  till  midnight,  at  which  time  they  had  dinuni-L- 
kansas  shore,  opposite  the  city  of  Memphis,  ed  to  500,  one  entire  cavalry  company,  w^:!. 
moved  out  into  tne  stream  to  meet  the  Union  tents,  baggage,  and  wagons,  having  been  c&p- 
squadron,  forming  a  line  across  the  river,  and  a  tured ;  they  then  scattered  in  various  directiooa. 
brisk  fire  was  soon  opened,  in  which  the  con-  and  were  seen  no  more.    The  Union  det&cL- 
federate  fleet  and  the  Union  gunboats  alone  ment  which  had  accomplished  this  result  bar- 
were  engaged ;  this  had  continued  but  a  short  ing  rejoined  the  main  command  of  Gen.  Pope, 
time  when  the  Union  rams,  the  Queen  of  the  the  march  was  continued  toward  Warrensborg; 
West  and  the  Monarch,  came  into  the  contest,  when  near  that  town  it  waa  reported  th&t  a 
they  being  the  only  members  of  the  ram  fleet  large  force  of  the  confederates  were  moviHf: 
engaged  during  the  fight,  and  at  their  appear-  from  a  point  N.  £.  of  it,  and  that  they  wodd 
ance  the  Union  gunboats  ceased  firing  for  the  encamp  at  Milford,  on  a  fork  of  Blackw&ur 
time.    The  Queen  of  the  West  struck  directly  creek.    Late  in  the  afternoon  of  the  18th  tli 
at  the  Beauregard,  missed  her,  and  delivered  advance  of  Gen.  Pope,  8  companies  of  caTiL7 
her  blow  upon  the  General  Price,  inflicting  so  and  a  section  of  artillery,  came  upon  the  con- 
serious  an  injury  that  the  latter  floated  ashore  federates,  on  the  Blackwater  opposite  the  month 
and  was  captured.    At  the  instant  of  striking  of  Clear  creek;  the  stream  was   only  to  be 
the  General  Price,  however,  the  Queen  of  the  crossed  by  a  long  and  narrow  bridge,  ^ieL 
West  herself  received  a  severe  blow  from  the  they  held.    Two  companies  of  U.  S,  cstsItt 
Beauregard,  and  was  in  her  turn  disabled,  float-  charged  upon  it,  drove  back  the  force  holding 
ing  down  stream.    Meanwhile  the  Monarch  had  it,  and,  followed  by  the  rest  of  the  tHK^p-^ 
assaulted  the  General  Lovell,  crushing  in  the  formed  on  the  opposite  side ;   an  attack  vm 
latter^s  sides  at  a  blow,  and  causing  her  to  sink  then  made  in  front,  while  a  portion  of  the  cst- 
at  once ;  though  many  of  her  crew  were  saved  airy  advanced  upon  the  flans  and  rear.    Thoi 
by  the  Union  boats,  it  is  supposed  that  at  least  cut  off,  the  confederates  fired  one  volley  ini 
60  were  drowned.    The  Monarch  then  attacked  then  surrendered.    Their  fire  killed  one  Unioc 
and  sunk  the  Beauregard,  after  which  she  pass-  soldier  and  wounded  8.    The  force  snrreDdeit4 
ed  out  of  the  battle,  going  down  the  river  to  consisted  of  1,800  men,  including  8  colonek  a 
aid  the  disabled  Queen  of  the  West.    Thereupon  lieutenant-colonel,  a  migor,  and  51  comnussion- 
the  Union  gunboats  again  opened  fire ;  a  shot  ed  ofiScers ;  the  property  captnred  comprised 
from  the  Cairo  disabled  the  Little  Rebel,  which  600  horses  and  mules,  73  wagons  heavily  load- 
drifted  ashore  and  was  captured ;  the  pilot  of  ed  with  powder,  a  quantity  of  lead,  tents,  sub- 
the  Sumter  became  frightened  and  ran  his  ves-  sistence  stores,  and  1,000  stand  of  arms, 
sel  ashore,  leaving  her  to  be  captured ;  the  Jefi^        MILL  SPRING,  apost  village  of  Wayne  co. 
Thompson,  struck  by  two  shots,  drifted  down  Ky.,  about  16  m.  S.  W.  of  Somerset,  Pulsakico, 
the  river  and  was  set  on  fire  by  her  crew,  her  near  which  a  battle  was  fought  Jan.  19,  I^^< 
magazine  and  boilers  exploding;  the  General  between  the  Union  forces  under  Gen.  G. U. 
Bragg  engaged  in  a  fierce  encounter  with  the  Thomas  and  the  confederates  under  Gens.  Zolli- 
Union  gunboat  Benton,  and  was  so  severely  in-  coffer  and  G.  B.  Crittenden.    ZoUicoffer,  wiU 
Jured  that  her  crew  set  fire  to  and  abandoned  about  12,000  men,  was  in  an  intrenched  camp 
her,  but  the  fiames  were  extinguished  and  she  on  the  Cumberland  river  near  Mill  Spring,  &&d 
was  captured ;  the  last  of  the  confederate  fleet,  hearing  that  the  Union  force  before  bim  ws£ 
the  Van  Dorn,  escaped  down  the  river ;  and  divided  between  Columbia  and  Somerset,  be 
thus  the  battle  ended,  after  lasting  an  hour  and  determined  to  attack  the  Columbia  division  hr 
16  minutes.    The  city  was  at  once  surrendered,  itself,  inasmuch  as  he  was  then  cut  off  from  &D 
Col.  Ellet,  in  command  of  the  ram  fleet,  was  means  of  obtaining  supplies  by  the  Cumberliutd 
mortally  wounded ;  there  was  no  other  casualty  river.    Accordingly,  on  Jan.  19,  he  ordere<i  an 
on  the  Union  side.  advance  upon  the  .Union  lines,  where  Gen. 
MILFORD,  a  place  in  Johnson  co..  Mo.,  a  Thomas  had  only  about  6,000  men.    A  shai}) 
few  miles  N.  of  Warrensbnrg,  which  was  the  fight  was  kept  up  for  an  hour,  at  the  expintioD 
scene  of  a  slight  skirmish  between  the  confeder-  of  which  time  a  dashing  charge  tamed  the 
ates  of  Price^s  army  and  the  Union  troops  under  confederate  flank,  and  sent  the  whole  force  re- 
Qen,  Pope  on  Dec.  18,  1861 ;   the  affair  was  treating  to  their  intrenchments,  whither  tbe 
chiefly  important  for  the  number  of  prisoners  Union  troops  followed.    A  bombardment  of 
taken,  and  for  the  embarrassment  caused  to  the  confederate  position  was  then  kept  up  ^ 
Gen.  Price.     The  latter,  with  his  principal  dark,  and  preparations  were  made  for  a  gen^^ 
force,  was  at  or  near  Osceola,  on  the  Osage  ^  assault  the  next  morning ;  before  day  broke, 
river,  and  a  large  number  of  recruits  with  a  however,  the  works  were  evacuated  in  baste, 
considerable  quantity  of  supplies  were  on  their  and  Gen.  Thomas  took  possession  of  tbenu 
way  from  the  Mississippi  river  to  join  hinoL  Among  the  property  captured  were  12  pi^ 


796                     MORGAK  MOZIER 

York,  and  was  reelected  in  1860,  being  for  a  erably  open,  and  the  rear  was  protected  from 
period  of  20  years  the  first  occupant  of  that  pursuit  by  obstructions  placed  in  the  gsp.    The 
office  to  receive  the  honor  of  a  re&leotion.    His  march  of  the  army  was  nevertheless  Inraased 
administration  has  been  marked  by  a  reduction-  by  constant  attacks  from  Col.  John  liov'gBXiV 
in  the  state  debt,  an  increase  in  the  revenue  guenllas,.and  the  rugged  character  of  the  route 
from  the  canals,^  and  a  frequent  use"  of  the  veto  and   the  difficulty  of  procnring    si2bei:?4eiifce 
power.    On  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  caused  much  suffering.    The  troops   r^mtbt-d 
m  1861  Gk)v.  Morgan  devoted  himself  to  the  the  river  on  Oct.  8,  having  marched  219  zxiilt« 
work  of  raising  and  equipping  troops  with  in  16  days,  with  a  loss  of  not  more  tlum  60  ie. 
such  zeal  and  efficiency,  that  on  Aug.  1, 1862,  killed,  wounded,  and  missing.    In  ^e  8iicc««d> 
the  state  had  sent  about  120,000  men  to  the  ing  November  he  was  assigned  to  a  eomtoazid 
field.    On  Sept.  20, 1861,  he  was  appointed  by  under  Gen.  Bosecrans  in  Tennessee,      fiis  coc- 
the  president  a  migor-general  of  volunteers,  duct  in  evacuating  Cumberland  gap   is  to  lie 
the  state  of  New  York  being  created  a  military  made  the  subject  of  official  investigiitioii. 
department  under  his  command.    For  his  ser-  MORGAN,  Jahbs  D.,  brigadier-general   of 
vices  as  miyor-general  he  has  declined  to  re*  volunteers  in  the  U.  6.  army,  bom  in  Hostofx 
ceive  pay.  Mass.,  Nov.- 19,  1810.    At  the  age  <jft  16  Ite 
MOKGAN,  Geobge  W.,  a  brigadier-general  went  on  board  tbe  ship  Beverly  for  a  S  jears' 
of  volunteers  in  the  H.  S.  army,  born  in  Wash-  trading  voyage.    When  80  days  ont  a  mndc  j 
ington  CO.,  Penn.,  in  1820.    At  the  age  of  16  he  occurred,  and  shortly  afterward  the  ship  ww 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  a  company  raised  in  burned.    Young  Morgan  with  others    €>f  tht 
western  Pennsylvania  to  aid  the  Texans  in  their  crew  escaped  in  open  boats,  remainiii^  for  1 4 
struggle  for  independence,  and  upon  his  arrival  days  out  of  sight  of  land.    They  finally  landed 
in  Texas  was  commissioned  a  2d  lieutenant  in  on  the  coast  of  8onth  America,  and  alter  e&- 
the  regular  army.    After  attaining  the  rank  of  during  the  greatest  hardships  he  with  severs] 
captain  he  retired  from  the  service  and  return-  others  made  their  way  back  to  Boston,  having 
ed  home.    In  1841  he  entered  the  military  been  absent  about  6  months.    In  1834  he  re- 
academy  at  West  Point,  but  left  at  the  ezpira-  moved  to  Quincy,  lU.,  his  present  residence. 
tion   of  two  years  without   completing   his  and  engaged  in  mercantile  purcmits.     At  tht 
course,  and  removed  to  Mount  Vernon,  Ohio,  time  of  the  difficulties  with  the  Monnonsi  ia 
where  in  1845  he  commenced  the  practice  of  1844-'5  he  was  captain' of  the  ^*  Quincy  rifk&.~ 
the  law.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Mex-  and  was  ordered  with  his  company  to  Hancoek 
ico  he  was  chosen  colonel  of  the  2d  Ohio  vol-  county  to  preserve  order.    During  the  Mexi- 
nnteers,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  can  war  he  served  as  ca^in  in  the  1st  Ulinok 
service  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  16th  IT.  8.  volunteers.    In  1861  he   became  lieutenant- 
infantry.    In  this  capacity  he  participated  in  colonel  of  the  7th  Illinois  volunteers,  and  for 
the  campaign  of  the  valley  of  Mexico  under  meritorious  services  at  New  Madrid  and  Cor> 
Gen.  Scott,  and  for  his  gallantry  at  Contreraa  inth  was  nominated  to  be  brigadier-general  of 
and  Churubnsco,  at  the  latter  of  which  places  volunteers.    In  Nov.  1862,  he  was  in  commaod 
he   was  severely  wounded,  he  received  the  of  a  brigade  at  Nashville,  Tennessee, 
thanks  of  the  legislature  of  Ohio,  and  was  pro-  MORRIS,  Thomas  A.,  brigadier-generd  of 
moted  to  be  a  brigadier-general  by  brevet.    He  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bom  in  Kentucky 
left  the  army  at  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  and  in  1811.    He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
continued  to  practise  his  profession  nntU  Jan.  1684  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  t^ 
1856,  when  he  was  appointed  consul  at  Mar*  Ist  artillery ;  resigned  April  13, 1836,  and  be- 
seilles.    In  1858  he  was  transferred  to  Lisbon  came  resident  engineer  of  canals  and  raHroads 
as  resident  minister  to  Portugal,  which  post  he  in  the  service  of  the  state  of  Indiana,  which 
held  until  the  autumn  of  1861,  when  he  return-  office  he  left  in  1841  for  that  of  chief  engineer 
ed  to  the  United  States,  and  was  appointed  a  of  the  Madison  and  Indianapolis  railroad.    In 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  the  IJ.  S.  army,  that  place  he  remained  till  1847,  when  be  was 
his  commission  dating  from  Nov.  21,  1861.    He  appointed  chief  engineer  of  the  Richmond  and 
was  assigned  to  duty  under  Gen.  Buell,  and  in  Terre  Haute  railroad.    On  the  breaking  ont  o€ 
March,  1862,  assumed  conmiand  of  the  Vth  di-  the  civil  war  in  1861  he  was  commissioned  a^ 
vision  of  tbe  army  of  the  Ohio,  with  which  he  brigadier-general  by  the  governor  of  Indiana, 
was  prdered  to  occupy  Cun^berland  gap  in  S.  E.  and  commanded  in  western  Virginia  nnder  Gen. 
Kentucky,  then  held  by  the  confederates.  This  McOlellan.    He  retired  from  the  service  at  tiie 
he  accomplished  in  spite  of  almost  insuperable  expiration  of  the  term  of  the  first  volunteecs. 
obstacles,  outflanking  and  forcing  the  confeder-  In  Oct.  1862,  he  was  appointed  a  mt^oi^general, 
ates  to  retire  on  June  18.    But  in  August  he  but  declined  the  promotion, 
was  threatened  in  his  rear  by  the  confederate  MOZIER,  Joseph,  an   American    senlptor, 
Gen.  Stephens,  and  in  his  front  by  Gen.  E.  bom  in  Burlington,  Yt,  Aug.  22,  1812.    He 
Kirby  Smith ;  and  on  Sept.  17,  his  communi-  removed  to  New  York  in  1881,  and  was  there 
cations  being  cut  off,  and  his  supplies  nearly  ex-  engaged  in  mercantile  pnrsuite  until  1845,  when 
hausted,  he  commenced  a  retreat  toward  the  he  retired  from  business,  and  shortly  alter  vis- 
Ohio.    (See  OuMBEBLAKD  Gap.)    By  the  de-  ited  Europe.    After  devoting  sevend  years  to 
parture  of  Smith  the  road  northward  was  tol-  the  study  of  sculpture  in  l^orence,  he  removed 


79S  1CTEB8  NELSON 

hoars,  but  at  last  the  Union  anuDiinition  waa  Oarolina  •about  1814^  was  graduated  al  West 

exhausted,  there  was  no  means  of  obtaimng  a  Point  in  1888  and  appointed  brevet  2d  iiemen- 

fresh  supply,  and  a  surrender  became  inevita-  ant  in  the  -ith  infantry ;  became  2d  Ueotsunt 

ble.    On  the  next  day,  however,  the  confeder-  Deo.  31, 1885,  1st  lieutenant  Sept.  6^  18ST.  and 

ates  evacuated  Murfreesborough  and  fell  back  assistant  quartermaster  with  the  rank  oC  e&^ 

to  McMinnville,  taking  the  captured  officers  tun  Nov.  21, 1889;  was  brevetted  migo?  lor 

and  paroling  the  men.    The  Union  loss  was  83  gallantry  at  Palo  Alto  and  Resaoa  de  la  PftIiL&. 

killed  and  62  wounded;  that  of  the  confederates  May  9, 1646 ;  was  quartermaster  to  lirortb'8  di- 

was  50  killed  and  100  wounded.    After  the  vision  in  the  valley  of  Mexico,  and  iras  breret- 

evacuation  of  Kentucky  by  Bragg  and  his  re-  ted  lieutenant-colonel  for  gidlantry  at  Chnro* 

treat  before  Rosecrans  in  October  and  Novem-  busco ;  became  chief  quartermaster  to  the  ariD; 

her,  Murfreesborough  became  about  Dec.  1  the  in  Mexico ;  resigned  his  commission  Jan.  2\ 

centre  where  his  army  was  mamly  collected.  1861,  entered  the  confederate  army,  and  U  cov 

MYERS,  Abraham  0.,  a  general  in  the  ser-  (Dec.  1862)  its  quartermaster-general  with  tht 

vice  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  South  rank  of  brigadier-generaL 


NA6LE,  Jambs,  brigadier-general  of  vohm-  loss  or  oonfueion.    In  October  he  was  attodifd 

teers  in  the  IJ.  S.  army,  was  a  captain  in  the  with  his  brigade  to  Keyes^s  army  corps  at  Tori- 

1st  regiment  of  Pennsylvania  volunteers  during  town,  Va.,  of  which  place  he  is  now  (Dec.  1862 

the  Mexican  war,  and  reentered  the  service  in  military  governor. 

April,  1861,  as  colonel  of  the  6th  Pennsylvania       NEGLEY,  James  S.,  brigadier-general  of 

volunteers.    He  was  attached  to  the  command  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Pencfr)- 

of  Mtg.  Gen.  Patterson  during  the  campaign  vania,  entered  the  service  in  1661,  and  aflcf 

ending  with  the  battle  of  Bull  run,  July  21, 1861,  serving  as  colonel  of  a  regiment  of  Pennsjln- 

and  was  disbanded  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  nia  volunteers,  and  commanding  a  brigade  ur.- 

of  service.    He  subsequently  took  conmiand  of  der  Gen.  Patterson  on  the  upper  Potomac  vl* 

the  48th  Pennsylvania  volunteers,  fought  gal-  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  Oa 

lantly  at  South  mountain,  where  he  commanded  1,  1861.    He  served  under  Gen.  O.  M.  Micciiei' 

a  brigade  in  Sturgis^s  division  of  Burnside^s  in  northern  Alabama,  and  was  afterward  sp- 

army  corpse  and  was  made  brigadier-general  in  pointed  to  the  command  of  the  8th  division  oi 

Sept.  1862.  Gen.  Buell^s  army  of  the  Ohio  and  statioDed  at 

NAGLEE,  Henbt  Mobbis,  brigadier-general  Nashville,  Tenn.    On  Oct.  7,  1862,  he  defeat^ 

of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Phila-  at  Lavergne  a  confederate  force  under  Gess. 

delphia,  Jan.  15,  1815.    He  was  graduated  at  Anderson  and  Forrest  and  Gov.  Harris,  vbt* 

West  Point  in  1885,  and  received  a  commission  were  menacing  Nashville.    He  was  relieved 

in  the  5th  infantry,  but  resigned  in  December  from  the  command  of  this  post  in  order  to  tiki 

of  the  same  year.    He  was  a  civil  engineer  the  field  in  Nov.  1862. 
until  the  Mexican  war,  in  which  he  sei-ved  as       NfiLATON,  Augusts,  a   French  sui^gw®, 

captain  in  the  let  regiment  New  York  volun-  born  June  17, 1807,  was  a  pupil  of  Dupoytrec, 

teers,  and  was  given  a  detached  command  in  received  his  medical  degree  in  1836,  was  sosz 

Lower  Oalifornia.    After  the  close  of  the  Mexi-  afterward  admitted  as  a  hospital  sui^geoa  and 

can  war  he  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits  in  fellow  of  the  faculty  of  medicine,  and  has  been 

San  Francisco,  where  he  accumulated  a  lar^e  since  1851  professor  of  clinical  surgery.   He 

fortune.    At  the  fall  of  Fort  Sumter  in  April,  holds  a  high  rank  both  as  a  professor  and  prsc^ 

1861,  he  offered  his  services  to  the  govern-  titioner,  and  has  recently  invented  a  remftrb- 

ment ;  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  ble  operation  for  the  immediate  extraction  of 

16th  infantry.  May  14 ;  resigned  Jan.  10,  1862,  calculi,  distinct  from  all  the  processes  of  litbot- 

and  was  made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  rity.    He  has  published  Traite  dtt  tumeurt  di 

Feb.  4,  and   ordered  to  Join   Gen.  Hooker^s  la  mamelle  (4to.,  1839) ;  ParaWle  <to  ^^ 

division  on  the  Potomac  below  Washington.  mode»  operatoires  datts  le  traiUment  de  la  eati- 

In  March  he  went  with  the  army  of  the  Po-  racte  (8vo.,  1850) ;  Be  V influence  de  la  poH^ 

tomao  under  Gen.  McOlellan  to  the  penin-  dans  us  maladies  ehirurgiedUs  (8vo.,  1951); 

sula,  and  was  assigned  to  the  1st  brigade  in  and  ^HSments  depaihologie  chirurgicaU  (5  vols. 

Gen-  Casey's  division,  which  he  commanded  8vo.,  1844-'69),  his  chief  work,  in  which  he 

at  the  battles  of  Williamsburg  and  Fair  Oaks,  was  aided  by  many  of  his  pupils, 
and  with  which  he  conducted  some  of  the  most       NELSON,  Wiluam,  migor-general  of  voltio* 

important  reconnoissances  before  Richmond,  teers  in  tiie  U.  S.  army,  bom  at  MaysriDe,  Mi- 

At  the  retreat  of  the  Union  army  his  brigade  son  co.,  £y.,  in  1825,  killed  at  Louisville,  Kj-, 

formed  a  portion  of  the  rear  guard,  which  Sept.  29, 1862.    He  was  a  brother  of  the  Hon. 

brought  off  the  large  train  of  supplies  without  Thomas  Nelson,  present  U.  8.  minister  to  Ctt 


800  NEW  ORLEANS 

No.  Ten,  where  they  had  erected  strong  defen-  ered  by  the  enemy.    The  latter  at  once  opes*"'] 

81  ve  works.     80  precipitate  was  their  flight  a  Berere  Are  npon  the  fleet,  which  replkd  with 

that  their  dead  were  found  nnbnried,  their  sup-  broadsideB  ag^nst  both  forts,  while  the  i&ort;ir 

pers  nntonched,  and  the  candles  still  burning  in  boats  from  below  recommenced  their  boi&bttrd- 

their  tents.    Among  the  spoils  which  fell  into  ment^  to  draw  the  attention  of  the  e&emj^. 

the  hands  of  the  Union  army  were  88  pieces  of  The  confederate  gunboats,  with  the  fomud^l  •. 

artillery  and  seyeral  thousand  stand  of  small  steam  ram  Manassas,  advanced  to  soppon  r: « 

arms,  with  an  abundance  of  fixed  ammunition  forts;  and  at  about  8  A.  M.,  the  river  i-z  : 

and  musket  cartridges.    The  confederates  also  then  obscured  by  a  dense  fog,  a  furious  b&t'Jr^ 

left  a  complete  camp  equipage  for  an  army  of  raged  along  the  space  between  the  fort^  si  i 

10,000  men,  which,  according  to  the  estimate  for  several  miles  aooTe,    The  leadiufr  ve^r^ .  • 

of  Gen.  Pope,  was  about  their  number,  escaping  the  Union  fleet,  the  Varuna,  Gapt.  C.  S.  B*  >  jj ^ 

only  in  their  clothes.    The  total  casualties  of  being  a  fast  sailer,  soon  passed  the  foru  t' 

the  Union  forces  during  the  siege  were  61  kill^  found  herself  surrounded  by  a  number  of  h'^ 

ed  and  wounded.    Those  of  the  confederates  tile  steamers,  witii  which  she  was  compeHi^ ' 

are  not  known.    Gen.  Pope  immediately  occu-  engage  single-handed.    Pour  of  them  <ii<f  -^' 

pied  the  deserted  works,  and  during  the  next  on  fire  by  well  directed  broadsides,  mj  t.*. 

8  weeks  cooperated  efficiently  with  Flag  Officer  they  were  obliged  to  run  ashore,  ber  own  c^.- 

Foote  in  the  reduction  of  Island  No.  Ten.  ualties  being  comparatiydy  dight;    anoti^^ 

NEW  ORLEANS,  Ocotjpatzon  of.    In  the  having  an  iron-dad  prow  succeeded  in  bur  -. 

middle  of  April,  1862,  a  Union  fleet  consisting  her,  but  was  set  on  fire  and  sunk  by  a  bn..i.:- 

of  S^steamsnips  and  gunboats,  commanded  by  side  fired  at  dose  quarters;  and  a  sixth,  l.- 

flag  Officer  D.  G.  Farragnt,  to  which  was  at-  partially  iron-dad,  seeing  the  Yanma  her^  : 

tached  the  mortar  fieet  of  21  schooners  under  on  fire,  seized  the  opportunity  to  strike  l-: 

Oommander  David  D.  Porter,  proceeded  up  the  twice  neavily  amidsnips.    The  second  hi  " 

Mississippi  river  to  attempt  the  capture  of  crushed  in  her  sides,  leaving  her  in  a  siski-  z 

New  Orleans.    A  land  force  under  Gen.  B.  F.  condition;  but  Gapt.  Boggs  continued  to  i:t 

Butler  was  at  the  same  time  embarked  at  until  his  decks  went  under  water,  iivhen  1 1  r. 

Bhip  island  to  cooperate  with  the  war  ressels.  his  vessel  ashore  and  landed  the  crew  in  sai>  *' 

The  defences  mainly  depended  upon  for  the  having  the  satisfaction  of  leaving  his  ad vcr^b- 

Srotection  of  the  city  were- Forts  Jackson  and  aground  and  in  fiames.    Some  of  Uie  other  sLi,  • 
t  Philip,  situated  respectively  on  the  right  of  the  attacking  fieet  also  experienced  a  ri-  :;* 
and  left  banks  of  the  riter,  about  25  m.  from  handling,  the  steam  sloop  of  war  Brook,  y 
its  mouth  and  76  m.  below  New  Orleans.    Here  being  at  difierent  times  actively  engaged  ^r^ 
a  chain  had  been  thrown  across  the  stream,  the  Manassas,  with  Fort  St.  Philip,  which  st- 
and this  barrier,  together  with  the  forts  and  a  silenced,  and  with  a  large  confederate  st^fiin.- 
fieet  of  20  confederate  steam  rams  and  gunboats,  which  she  sank.    Her  casualties  were  34  kiLrd 
had  been  supposed  to  be  sufficient  to  repd  and  wounded.    The  Hartford,  Famgut>  liii 
any  possible  attack.    On  April  18  t^e  mortar  ship,  was  at  one  time  in  contact  with  a  t:i 
schooners,  anchored  under  cover  of  woods  on  raft,  the  fiames  from  which  comntmnicat^  t< 
the  right  bank  of  t^e  river,  opened  fire  upon  her  rigging  and  were  with  difficulty  eitia- 
Fort  Jackson,  from  which  their  position  was  guished ;  and  the  steam  frigate  Mississippi  v^- 
about  2  m.  distant.    For  6  days  the  bombard-  countered  in  fair  fight  the  much  dreaded  Mo- 
ment continued  with  great  vigor,  and,  as  it  af-  nassas,  and  drove  her  ashore,  where  she  «t^ 
terward  appeared,  with  considerable  effect  upon  deserted  by  her  crew.    When  last  seen,  ih" 
both  forts,  the  fire  ft'om  which,  however,  was  Manassas  was  drifting  down  stream  in  a  &> Z*^* 
not  sensibly  diminished.    The  enemy  in  their  ing  condition,  with  fiames  bursting  from  \x* 
turn  annoyed  the  Union  fieet  by  sending  down  sides.    Within  two  hours  after  the  commenLt- 
fire  rafts,  which  proved  totdly  ineffective,  and  roent  of  the  fight  the  greater  part  of  the  coc- 
were  readily  towed  ashore  and  suffered  to  burn  federate  fieet  was  annihilated  or  dispersed.  &>: 
out.    The  reduction  of  the  forts  by  bombard-  the  forts  safely  passed  by  13  vessels  of  Farrt- 
ment  promising  to  be  a  tedious  operation,  the  gut^s  squadron,  two  of  the  gunboats  haviij 
fiag  officer  determined  to  run  past  them  with  been  compelled  to  put  back,  and  a  third,  tk 
the  war  steamers  and  gunboats,  and  proceed  Varuna,  destroyed.    On  the  25th  the  sqntdrc-c 
up  the  river  to  New  Orleans.    At  2  o'clock  on  appeared  before  the  Chalmette  batteries,  sip- 
the  morning  of  the  24th  16  steamers  and  gun-  ated  6  or  7  m.  below  New  Orleans,  and  wLit'i 
boats,  formed  into  two  colnmns,  of  which  that  after  a  feeble  and  ineffective  fire  were  sileo(«<i 
on  the  right  was  commanded  by  Flag  Officer  by  a  few  broadsides.    By  order  of  the  nilitsz? 
Farragut  and  that  on  the  left  by  Oapt.  Theo-  authoriti^  all  the  confederate  munitions  tfti 
dorns  Bailey,  the  second  in  command  in  the  stores  in  the  dty  had  been  previously  sa< 
squadron,  steamed  quietly  up  the  river,  keeping  away,  and  such  material  of  war  as  oodd  Dot 
near  the  shore  for  the  purpose  of  disturbing  the  be  removed  was  destroyed.    Ordera  were  ^^ 
range  of  the  enemy's  guns.    The  chain  barrier  {^ven  to  destroy  all  the  cotton,  and  as  the  ^^ 
offered  but  a  feeble  resistance,  and  under  cover  approached  the  city  the  levee  for  niile5  wa« 
of  a  fog  the  3  leading  vessels  nearly  succeeded  wrapped  in  smoke  from  burning  bales  and  gun 
in  passing  the  forts  before  they  were  discov-  carnages.    In  the  river  were  many  hdk  of 


802  NEW  ORLEANS  K£¥mEBN 

tion.    In  mitigation  of  the  odium  whioh  this  oordanoe  withtheproviaonaof  theooolBcitioii 
order  created,  Gen.  Butler  subsequently  pub-  act  of  Julj,  1862,  certain  portions  of  tU  dis- 
lished  an  explanation  to  the  effect  that  its  pro-  trict  of  Lcdfourche  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Mkad- 
visions  were  in  accordance  with  a  municipal  sippi,  and  all  that  part  of  Louisiana  L  of  the 
regulation  of  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  which  river  except  the  parishes  of  Orleans,  SlB<t- 
punishes   with  imprisonment  women  of  the  nard,  and  Plaquenunes,  were  in  Norembe  de- 
town  found  in  the  streets  after  nightfall,  or  who  clared  sequestered,  and  all  sales  or  transfers  i<f 
may  converse  from  the  windows  of  their  houses  property  therein  forbidden.  A  commision  t&. 
with  persons  outside.  It  had  the  effect  of  reliev-  also  appointed  to  take  possession  of  the  ^Te.*^ 
ing  the  soldiers  from  much  personal  inconven-  districts,  under  whose  direction  the  sugar  plti- 
ience,  and  from  the  possible  necessity  of  pro-  tations  have  been  worked,  and  the  properly  of 
tecting  themselves  against  more  serious  insults,  disloyal  persons  inventoried  and  sold  for  'i-. 
which  the  patient  endurance  of  these  petty  benefit  of  the  government.    From  these  s&V. 
annoyances  might  have  provoked.    Another  which  are  still  (Dec  1862)  in  progress,  con^- 
proceeding,  which  created  excitement  among  erable  sums  have  been  realiiued.    In  November 
the  ill-disposed  population  of  the  city,  was  the  also  Gen.  Shepley,  as  military  governor  of  Losb- 
seizure  by  Gen.  Butler  of  large  quantities  of  iana,  issued  an  order  directing  the  electiofi  f 
specie,  supposed  to  belong  to  the  confederate  two  members  of  congress  from  the  Istandi-i 
government,  and  which  had  been  deposited  by  congreseional  districts  of  the  state,  and  anther 
ue  Citizens'  bank  of  New  Orleans  for  safe  izing  all  citizens  to  vote  who  had  taken  \tz 
keeping  with  the  consuls  of  the  Netherlands  oath  of  alle^ance.    On  Dec.  8  BeDjamin  F. 
and  of  France.    At  the  recommendation  of  Mr.  Flanders  and  Michael  Hahn  were  elected  to  n}- 
Beverdy  Johnson,  who  was  sent  to  New  Or-  resent  the  two  districts, 
leans  during  the  ensuing  summer  to  examine       NEWBEBN,  N.  0.,  Battle  of,  an  ftcr/' 
into  this  affair,  the  money  was  allowed  to  re-  fought  March  14, 1862,  between  a  combist^i 
main  in  the  hands  of  the  consuls.    Subsequent  land  and  naval  force  of  the  United  States  Qider 
developments  have  led  to  the  belief  that  it  was  Gen.  Bumside  and  Commander  S.  C.  Rowan,  id 
afterward  used  for  the  purchase  of  cloth  for  a  confederate  army  under  Gen.  Lawreoee  O'K 
the  seceded  states,  but  uiis  has  been  explicitly  Branch.    On  March  12  the  entire  IJzuod  fom 
denied  by  Mr.  Johnson  in  a  published  card,  left  Hatteras  inlet,  where  a  rendezroos  b^ 
Gen.  Butler  also  arrested  several  British  subjects  been  made,  Boanoke  island  being  the  point  & 
on  charges  of  giving  aid  to  the  enemy,  and  held  departure,  and  on  the  same  night  anchored  ii 
the  foreign  consuls  resident  in  New  Orleans  to  the  Neuse  river,  off  the  mouth  of  Sloemi ; 
a  rigid  discharge  of  their  official  duties.  Several  creek,  about  16  m.  below  Kewbem.   There  s 
of  the  newspapers,  having  advocated  the  bum-  landing  of  the  troops  was  effected  on  the  mon)- 
ing  of  cotton  and  other  produce,  were  suppress-    ing  of  the  18th,  and  the  march  toward  Xtv- 
ed,  and  the  wants  of  the  poorer  classes  were  hern  was  immediately  began.     At  night  il« 
relieved  by  the  public  distribution  of  the  stores  force  bivouacked  at  a  distance  of  12  m.  free 
accumulated  for  the  subsistence  of  the  con-  Slocum's  landing,  and  within  a  mile  sndhM 
federate  soldiers.    By  an  order  issued  on  May    of  the  confederate  works.    The  gonboats  pre- 
16,  no  confederate  money  or  obligations  of  any  ceded  the  troops  up  the  river,  shellii^  'it* 
description  were  permitted  to  be  circulated  af-  banks  to  clear  their  way  and  protect  their  d- 
ter  the  27th  of  the  month.    On  June  1  the  port  vance.    On  the  morning  of  the  14th  the  bc^ 
of  New  Orleans  was  declared  by  a  proclamation  forces,  in  number  not  over  1 0,000,  were  fonocw 
of  the  president  to  be  open  to  trade ;  Charles  into  8  columns,  under  Gens.  Foster,  Reno,  s^i 
L.  Lathrop,  a  former  resident  of  the  city,  was  Parke,  and  the  entire  division  advanced.  "^^ 
appointed  collector,  and  steam  communication  confederates,  numbering  about  10,000,  vc^ 
with  the  loyal  states  was  immediately  resumed,  posted  behind  a  most  formidable  line  of  bret^- 
Early  in  June  one  William  B.  Mumford,  who  works,  more  than  2^  ni.  in  length,  exteodiir 
had  been  found  guilty  by  a  military  commission  from  the  bank  of  the  Neuse  river  to  the  AtU- 
of  pulling  down  an  American  flag,  which  had  tic  and  North  Carolina  railroad,  the  emUu- 
been  hoisted  on  one  of  the  public  buildings  of  ment  of  which  aided  in  strengthening  the  p:^ 
the  city  on  April  26,  and  sentenced  to  death,  tion,  and  thence  onward  for  more  than  a  mik 
was  executed  in  the  presence  of  a  large  con-  in  a  chain  of  cunettes  and  redans,  termiDatA- 
course  of  people,  who  refrained  from  any  pub-  by  a  two-gun  battery ;  on  the  bank  of  the  nrer 
lie  expression  of  opinion.    The  only  other  exe-  was  a  flanking  bastion,  called  Fort  ThoiDPj<^ 
cution  which  has  taken  place  was  that  of  two  the  guns  of  which  were  so  placed  that,  vmie 
soldiers  of  the  garrison,  convicted  of  robbery  commanding  the  stream,  they  could  be  tarm 
by  a  court  martial.    On  June  14  the  first  of  a  upon  the  line  of  intrenchments ;  a  ^^ , 
series  of  Union  meetings  took  place,  and  was  deep  ditch,  swampy  ground,  a  dense  onder- 
addressed  by  several  of  the  old  inhabitants,  growth,  and  piles  of  felled  timber  added  to  tw 
Since  then  upward  of  60,000  persons  have  strengtii  of  the  works.    Early  in  the  ^^^^ 
re^stered  their  allegiance  to  the  United  States,  the  Union  army  commenced  the  battle.  Thetfff 
bemg  prompted  thereto  by  Gen.  Butler's  order,  of  the  confederates  was  very  severe,  and  tor 
No.  76,  requiring  all  citizens  to  take  the  oath  an  hour  the  advantage  seemed  to  be  on  the  3^^ 
and  make  a  return  of  their  property.    In  ac-  of  the  latter;  then,  however,  a  deq)entecbiz^ 


OGLESBT  OSTERHAUS  803 

•~>r  a  Massachnsetts  regiment  Tip  the  line  of  the  yond  reach  of  its  guns.    Bj  this  victory  the 

niilroad  pot  them  in  possession  of  one  of  the  combined  force  captured  8  batteries  of  46  guns, 

•  »y>posing  batteries,  and  renewed  the  spirits  of  8  light  batteries  of  6  gnns,  2  steamboats,  annm- 
'lie  whole  line.     The  confederates  rallied  and  her  of  sailing  vessels,  many  wagons  and  horses, 

•  i  rove  the  regiment  from  this  battery,  but  a  large  commissary  stores,  the  entire  camp  equip- 
r»rilliantchargeof  a  Rhode  Island  regiment  had  age  of  the  confederates,  a  great  quantity  of 
r I li^an while  taken  another  battery  of  5  guns;  rosin,  turpentine,  and  cotton,  and  200 prisoners. 
t'lom  this  they  continued  the  assault  in  conjunc-  The  Union  loss  was  about  100  killed  and  400 

•  ion  with  other  regiments,  and  the  enemy  soon  wounded.  The  casualties  of  the  confederates 
'T*.-d  from  all  their  works,  the  fort  on  the  river  are  not  known,  but  were  probably  no  larger. 
'»:iiik  being  likewise  deserted.  The  confeder-  NEWTON,  John,  brigadier-general  of  volon- 
•t*os  retreated  acro?<sthe  Trent  river,  burning  a  teers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Virginia,  was 
'\  rie  bridge  to  impede  the  pursuit  of  the  Union  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842  and  appointed 
*V>rce,  and  took  the  road  to  Goldsborough ;  2d  lieutenant  of  engineers;  was  acting  assistant 
thoy  first,  however,  made  an  unsuccessful  at-  professor  of  engineering  at  West  Point  from 
TvMupt  to  burn  the  city  of  Newbern.  During  Oct.  18,  1843,  to  Aug.  81,  1844,  and  assistant 
;  he  operations  of  the  land  force  the  gunboat  professor  from  tlie  latter  date  till  July  1,  1846; 
tKet  engaged  Fort  Thompson,  on  which  rested  became  1st  lieutenant  in  Oct.  1852,  captain 
the  confederate  defences,  and  bombarded  it  in  July,  1856,  major  Aug.  6,  1861,  and  brigar 
^^  ith  marked  effect.  When  it  was  abandoned  dier-general  of  volunteers  Sept.  28,  1861  ;  and 
tlje  fleet  advanced  up  the  river,  in  spite  of  in  Sept.  1 802,  took  command  of  the  division  in 
<  Tin  ken  piles  and  torpedoes,  and  reached  the  the  army  of  the  Potomac  formerly  commanded 
iity  just  as  the  retreating  army  had  passed  be-  by  Gen.  Slocum  in  Franklin's  army  corps. 


0 


OGLESBY,  Richjlbd   James,  brigadier-gen-  peradoes  who  had  been  guilty  of  shocking 
eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  murders.    In  1851  he  was  promoted  to  be  a 
<  )ldham  co.,  Kr.,  June  24, 1824.     He  studied  captain,  and  was  stationed  for  several  years  on 
iiw  at  Springtield,  111.,  and  commenced  prac-  the  Atlantic  coast;  but  in  1855  he  returned  to 
tice  at  Sullivan,  Moultrie  co.    During  the  Mex-  California,  and  served  both  there  and  in  Ore- 
i«an  war  he  served  as  lieutenant  in  the  4th  gon  and   Washington  territories  until    1861, 
r^iTiment  of  Illinois  volunteers,  under  Col.  E.  participating  during  the  interval  with  credit  in 
IK  Baker.     In  the  spring  of  1849  he  joined  an  several  Indian  wars.    In  Sept.  1861,  he  was 
t  fverland  company  on  their  way  to  California,  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and 
where  he  remained  for  two  years,  when  he  re-  on  his  arrival  in  Washington  in  the  autumn 
t  irned  to  Decatur,  111.,  and  resumed  his  prac-  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  a  brigade  in 
:  ice.    In  1858  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  the  division  composed  of  the  Pennsylvania  re- 
tor  congress.     In  1860  he  was  elected  to  the  serve  corps,  under  command  of  Gen.  McCall. 
'-rate  senate.     Ho  was  chosen  colonel  of  the  In  November  he  was  promoted  to  be  ms^or  in 
*-th  Illinois  volunteers  in  1861,  commanded  a  the  4th  artillery.    On  Dec.  20  he  defeated  a 
»>ri;^ade   at  the  battle  of  Fort  Donelson,  and  body  ofrebel  troops  commanded  by  Gen.  Stuart, 
wad  commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volun-  at  Dranesville,  Va.,  near  the  Potomac,  an  ac- 
teera,  March  21,  1862,  for  his  gallantry  in  that  tion  which  did  much  to  restore  the  morale  of 
iTi^.igement.     lie  was  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  the  army,  and  for  which  he  was  promoted  to 
;.Tid  was  severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Co-  be  a  miyor-general  of  volunteers.  May  2,  1862. 
rinth,  Oct  4,  1862.  He  was  soon  after  ordered  to  report  to  Gen. 
ORD,  Edward  Otho  Cresap,  major-general  Halleck  of  the  army  of  the  Mississippi,  and  was 
of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Mary-  placed  in  command  of  Corinth,  and  subsequently 
land  in  1818.     His  father  was  an  officer  in  the  of  the  2d  division  of  the  district  of  West  Tennes- 
war  of  1812.    He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  see.    He  participated  in  the  pursuit  of  the  oon- 
iri   1839  in  the  same  class  with  Gen.  Halleck,  federates  after  the  battle  of  Corinth,  in  October, 
and  assigned  as  2d  lieutenant  to  the  8d  regi-  OSTERHAUS,   Peter  J.,   brigadier-general 
rnent  of  artillery.     After  serving  several  years  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bom  in  Pms- 
in   Florida  against  the  Seminole  Indians,  he  sia,  entered  the  J[Jnion  service  in  1861  as  m«yor 
was  employed  on  garrison  duty  and  the  coast  of  the  2d  Missouri  volunteers;  took  part  in  the 
«.irvey  until  1846,   when  he  was  ordered  to  battles  of  Dug  Spring  and  Wilson's  creek ;  he- 
California.     He  performed  various  important  came  colonel  of  the  12th  Missouri  volunteers; 
^tTviccs  during  the  war  with  Mexico,  and  in  commanded   a  brigade  under  Gen.  Fremont; 
\>^iS  contributed  to  the  preservation  of  law  took  part  in  the  expedition  under  Gen.  Curtis, 
and  order  on  the  Pacific  coast  by  the  arrest  which  resulted  in  the  battle  of   Pea  ridge, 
and  summary  execution,  after  a  trial  by  jury  at  where  he  commanded  a  division,  and  greatly 
v/hich  he  acted  as  prosecutor,  of  several  des-  distinguished  himself;  was  promoted  to  be  a 


804  OUVRABD  PAINE 

brigadier-general  June  9, 1862,  and  now  (Dec.  annum,  but  bad  itself  been  obliged  to  pir  from 

186S)  oommands  a  division  in  tbe  army  whose  9  to  12.    In  Oct.  1805,  also,  the  Spanifi^i  gov- 

head-qnarters  are  at  Helena,  Ark.  emment,  very  heavily  in  its  debt,  eospcakd 

OUvBARD,    Gabriel    Juuen,    a   French  specie  payments,  thus  preventing  the  c^mpsny 

financier,  born  near  Olisson,  Loire-Inf(&rieure,  from  meeting  its  home  obligations.    It  v&« 

Oct.  11, 1770,  died  in  London  in  Oct  1846.  At  saved  from  immediate  bankruptcy  by  nev  ^p- 

the  commencement  of  the  revolution  he  was  a  commodations  from  M.  Marbois  and  the  bt&k, 

gncoessftil  dealer  in  colonial  produce  at  Nantes ;  but  many  other  great  houses  failed.    In  Jib. 

and  in  1797  he  entered  into  a  contract  for  pro*  1806,  however,  on  his  return  frt>m  Anstria. 

visioning  the  French  navy,  soon  acquired  a  Napoleon  compelled  the  company  to  yield  up 

capital  of  more  than  16,000,000  francs,  and  be-  all  its  assets,  which  frilly  liquidated  its  debt^. 

came  the  head  of  the  great  banking  company  at  though  these  amounted  to  141,000,000  frsc<s 

Paris  called  the  negoeianti  reunit,  of  which  the  ordered  Ouvrard,  whom  he  had  always  disfiid, 

other  principal  members  were  MM.  Desprez  into  custody  at  Yincennes,  and  dismissed  If. 

and  y  anlerberghe.    This  company,  while  hold-  Marbois.    In  1810,  Napoleon  being  dedronsof 

ing  heavy  contracts  for  the  army  and  navy,  un-  opening  secret  negotiations  for  recoguitioD  acd 

dertook  also  to  discount  for  the  government  amity  with  the  Briti^  cabinet,  Fouch^.  tht 

the  obligations  of  the  receivers-general  and  the  minister  of  police,  at  the  suggestion  of  Ouvrard, 

aabsidy  due  from  the  Spanish  government,  and  who  had  gained  great  influence  over  him,  sb^ 

thus  obtained  almost  entire  control  of  the  finances  whom  he  had  on  Ins  own  anthority  pennittv<i 

of  the  country — a  result  facilitated  by  the  un-  to  leave  Yincennes  to  settle  up  his  affairs  ^e^ 

limited  confidence  reposed  in  it  by  M.  Mar-  ommended  for  the  task  Labouch^re,  the  gresl 

bois,  the  minister  of  finance,  to  whom  it  ad-  Amsterdam  banker.  His  advances  having  Utc 

vonced  heavy  sums.  While  Spain  was  suffering  repelled,  Fouchi,  without  Napoleon's  koovl- 

nnder  a  great  scarcity  of  corn,  Ouvrard  under-  edge,  sent  Ouvrard  to  Amsterdam  with  iDstnc- 

took  its  immediate  relief^  and  succeeded  by  tions  to  Labouchdre,  offering  terms  far  mere 

procuring  permission  through  M.  Marbois  to  advantageous  to  England,  under  which  the  oe 

export  several  cargoes  from  French  ports ;  he  gotiation  was  reopened.'*'   Napoleon  having  r- 

also  contracted  to  supply  the  Spanish  army  cidentally  discovered  this  bold  intenneddlin?, 

and  navy,  and  advanc^ed  money  for  the  imme-  Fouch6  was  dismissed  in  disgiace,  and  Ouvrard 

diate  needs  of  the  court.    In  return  he  obtained  thrown  into  the  prison  of  Ste.  P^lagie,  "vhirt 

in  1805  the  exclusive  right  to  carry  on  trade  he  remamed  till  1818.    In  1814,  on  the  occa- 

with  the  Spanish  colonies,  and  to  import  all  the  pation  of  the  allies,  he  contracted  for  the  pro- 

troasure  brought  thence  to  Europe  at  a  high  visioning  of  their  armies ;  and  in  1817  tbe  gov- 

rate  of  profit — ^an  enormous  advantage  elcept  emment  adopted  a  finandal  system  propo^bj 

for  the  difficulty  of  escaping  the  English  cruia-  him,  which  had  formerly  been  r^ected  by  tbet^ 

ers,  which  he  sought  to  overcome  by  conneo-  rectory,  but  now  proved  highly  sncoessftii.  Bar- 

tions  with  -the  house  of  Hope  and  other  Dutch  ing  contracted  for  the  supplying  of  the  Freocb 

bankers  who  were  also  established  in  England,  army  sent  to  Spain  in  1828,  proceedings  v<re 

But  a  financial  crisis  was  approaching,  which  commenced  against  him  by  the -govemiDent  for 

this  process  was  too  slow  to  avert.    The  bank  fraudulent  dealings,  and  he  was  again  am^wd 

of  France  had  discounted  for  the  company  and  at  Ste.  Pelagic ;  but  by  the  intercesnon  «f 

the  public  functionaries  withont  stint  in  its  own  Ferdinand  YII.  he  was  released  at  the  end  of 

paper,  while  its  specie  reserve  was  nearly  ex-  6  years  without  trial,  and  afterward  lived  a 

hausted  by  the  wants  of  the  army ;  and  it  now  great  obscurity  in  London.    Ouvrard  pn1>iifi^ 

found  itself  in  a  very  precarious  position.    The  severid  works  on  finance,  and  M^moka  wt*^ 

company  had  contracted  to  discount  the  obliga-  vie  st  aw  ditenes  opiraHon$  Jlncmdkti  (3  ^^^ 

tions  of  the  receivers-general  at  6  per  cent,  per  8vo.,  Paris,  1826). 


P 

PAINE,  ELKA2AB  A.,  brigadier-general  of  vol-  dier-general.    On  March  12, 1868, 1>?  ^  f 

nnteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Oeauga  sign^  to  the  command  of  the  1st  division  of  t^ 

CO.,  O.,  Sept.  10,  1816.    He  was  graduated  at  army  of  the  Mississippi  under  Gen.  Pope,  aw  ^J* 

West  Point  in  1830,  and  assigned  to  the  Ist  in-  next  day  participated  in  the  battle  o^  •^^^, ,  ^ 

fantry,  Ool.  Zachary  Taylor's  regiment.    He  rid.  He  was  also  present  at  the  caijtnre  of  la** 

served  on  Taylor's  staff  during  the  Florida  war.  No.  Ten,  and  in  the  advance  on  Corinth,  th«*»^*f; 

resigned  his  commission  in  1841,  studied  law,  nation  of  which  was  materially  1^1^°^^  -^ 

and  in  1844  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  operations,  his  troops  being  twice  engage^^^^ 

in  Ohio,  whence  he  removed  in  1848  to  Mon-  the  confederates  at  Farmington,  May  ^  " 


mouth,  Warren  co.,  111.    In  Apnl,  1861,  he    — — TTIIid 

was  eieciea  COlonei  OI  tne  »xn  minois  voiun-     examination  ofthedocnmentardUten  in  •omee«wifl«' J* 

teers,  and  on  Sept.  8  was  promoted  to  be  briga-    tiooian  from  former  ones. 


806  PAUL  ^£A  RIDGE 

honorably  disoharffed  from  the  service,  the  iena  obedience  to  these  orders,  bis  rear  guard  wii 
of  enlistmeDt  of  His  troops  having  expired. —  attacked  bj  a  body  of  confederate  troops;  tfttr 
Fbanoib  Engle,  brigadier-general  of  volonteers  a  short  thoneh  severe  action,  Bigel  cat  h^  wit 
in  the  U.  8.  army,  son  of  the  preceding,  born  through,  witn  a  loss  of  28  killea  and  iroondtil 
in  Phi]adelt>hia,  May  7, 1821,  died  by  the  acci-  meeting  reinforcements  sent  by  Gen.  Cmit  to 
dental  discharge  of  a  pbtol  in  his  own  hands  at  his  aid.  This  may  be  considered  the  or«c 
Fairfax  Court  House,  Ya.,  Nov.  22, 1862.  He  ing  enga^ment  of  the  three  days'  battk.  ik: 
was  graduated  at  the  university  of  Pennsyl-  ing  the  night  of  the  6th  Gen.  Van  Dom,  koov 
vania,  and  entered  upon  mercantile  pursuits,  ing  that  the  front  of  the  Union  podtioo  w^- 
When  war  was  declared  against  Mexico,  he  join-  strong,  determined  to  attack  its  rear.  TU 
ed  McCulloch's  corps  of  Texas  rangers,  from  army  of  Gen.  Ourtis  was  situated  on  the  dl.^ 
which  he  was  appointed  in  June,  1847,  to  be  road  from  Fayetteville,  Ark.,  to  Springfield 
8d  lieutenant  in  the  Ist  artillery.  He  was  Mo.,  and  Gten.  Van  Dom  went  westward  anicc*^ 
made  Ist  lieutenant  in  Oct.  1848,  and  captain  the  camp  at  Sugar  creek,  entering  the  ru»i 
in  the  9th  infantry  in  March,  1856.  In  1849  again  about  8  m.  N.  of  it.  Gen.  Carti«  db 
he  was  sent  to  California  and  stationed  at  San  covered  this  design,  and  on  the  7th  detenniocd 
Diego  and  San  Luis  Rey,  and  placed  in  charge  to  change  his  front  to  rear,  thus  fixing  hii  Ui^ 
of  the  construction  of  Fort  Yuma,  which  he  on  Sugar  creek  hollow,  bringing  hU  cvotit 
then  commanded.  He  continued  in  active  ser-  across  Pea  ridge,  and  allowing  his  new  ricb 
vice  in  Mexico,  California,  and  the  territories  to  rest  on  Cross  Timber  hollow.  While  tLii 
until  1857,  when  he  resigned  his  conmiission.  movement  was  in  progress,  early  on  the  mora- 
Wben  the  civil  war  broke  out  in  1861  he  was  ing  of  the  7th,  Col.  Carr,  on  the  right  of  tie 
colonel  of  the  1st  Pennsylvania  volunteer  artil-  Union  line,  was  furiously  attacked  by  the  cvo- 
lery,  which  was  the  first  regiment  to  march  federate  wing  under  Van  Dom  and  Price.  At 
through  Baltimore  after  the  riot  of  April  19,  the  same  time  CoL  Osterhans  advanced  h  c 
and  was  then  stationed  at  Poolesville  and  the  Union  centre  with  cavalry  and  artiHen  u* 
Edwards^s  ferry  on  the  Potomac.  He  was  break  the  reinforced  line  of  the  confederal*, 
made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  April  11,  he  was  at  first  overpowered,  but  being  strecct" 
1862,  Joined  Gen.  McClellan  at  Yorktown,  and  ened  recovered  the  ground,  and  a  bard  fi«:L: 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  2d  New  Jersey  ensued  between  the  divisions  of  CoL  IHyii  u^ 
brigade,  which  at  the  battle  of  Williamsburg  Gen.  Sigel  and  several  thousand  of  the  coofed 
repulsed  three  assaults  of  the  enemy.  At  the  crates  under  McCuUoch  and  Mcintosh ;  it  re- 
time of  his  death  he  was  attached  to  Gen.  Si-  suited  in  the  complete  rout  of  that  portico  of 
gel's  corps.  the  confederates,  and  the  death  of  loth  their 

PAUL,  Gabriel  Ebn£,  brigadier-general  of  generals.    Meanwhile  the  Union  right,  ainit: 

volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Missouri,  Col.  Carr,  being  engaged  with  a  superior  fon« 

was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1884,  and  ap-  of  the  enemv,  was  compelled  slowly  to  retire. 

pointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  1st  infantry;  having  lost  heavily,  ana  the  oonfederatei  <t. 

became  1st  lieutenant  Oct.  26, 1886,  and  cap-  camped  on  the  field.    Thus  the  second  <Ut'* 

tain  April  19,  1846;  distinguished  himself  at  fighting  resulted  in  a  partial  defeat  on  tb< 

Cerro  Gordo  and  Contreras,  and  was  brevetted  Union  right,  and  a  brilliant  success  in  the  d  o 

miyor  for  gallantry  at  Chapultepec,  Sept.  18,  tre,  while  the  left  had  not  been  actoaJIj  ec 

1847;  became  m^jor  in  the  8th  infantry  April  gaged.    It  was  clear  now  to  Gen.  Curtis  t}«i 

22, 1861,  and  lieutenant-colonel  April  26, 18162;  the  confederatea  had  concentrated  their  nui'- 

exhibited  great  gallantry  in  expelling  the  con-  force  upon  their  left  wing.   CoL  Carres  diri^in: 

federates  from  1m  ew  Mexico  in  1861 ;  and  was  on  the  Union  right  was  therefore  re^nfontd  b; 

made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  Sept.  Col.  Davis^s  command,  and  Gen.  Sigel  on  iU 

1862,  and  assigned  to  duty  under  Gen.  Casey  left  changed  his  front  so  as  to  face  the  nzi'-^ 

at  Washington.  flank  of  the  confederate  position  with  a  fonr} 

PEA  RII)G£,  a  narrow  plateau  in  the  Bos-  dable  array  of  artillery,  van  Dora  had  pUnte^ 

ton  mountains,  Benton  co.,  Ark.,  where  was  some  of  his  batteries  on  the  top  of  a  hi|fa  lu.'> 

fought  a  battle,  March  6,  7,  and  8,  1862,  be-  sloping  away  toward  the  rear,  but  precipit<''*« 

tween  the  U.  S.  forces  under  Gen.  S.  R.  Curtis,  in  front.  At  the  right  and  left  of  the  base  of  thi* 

and  the  confederates  under  Gen.  Van  Dorn.  On  hiU  infantry  and  artillery  were  placed,  and  th.- 

March  1  Qen,  Curtis^s  army  was  considerably  possession  of  this  eminence  would  dedde  il^ 

depleted  by  the  absence  of  several  expeditions  fate  of  the  day.    When  the  action  of  the  Ki 

sent  out  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  or  routing  commenced,  at  about  8  in  the  moraiDic  tl^ 

various  confederate  bands  in  S.  w.  Missouri  Union  troops  were  thus  posted  in  the  foiiD  <4 

and  N.  Arkansas.    Gen.  Van  Dorn  took  advan-  an  arc  of  a  circle  encloemg  the  cotMtnim 

ta^  of  this  state  of  affairs  to  march  upon  the  For  two  hours  a  terrible  fire  of  arttQerr  v» 

pnndpal  Union  camp,  which  was  then  near  kept  up  by  Sigel  on  their  right,  whOt  <•'' 

Suffar  creek,  Benton  co.    Gren.  Curtis  at  once  Davis  and  Col.  Carr  on  the  left  steadily  th^cj^ 

called  in  his  scattered  forces  and  concentrated  slowly  advanced ;  and  at  the  end  of  a  hilf  i^«>' 

them  at  Sugar  creek,  a  short  dbtanoe  S.  of  more  they  showed  aigns  of  a  desire  to  thtD^^'- 

Pea  rMge.    On  the  6th,  while  Gen.  Sigel  was  their  position  on  the  hilL  At  this  mmttk  «>|^ 

marching  with  his  division  firom  Bentonville,  in  or  two  troublesome  batteriea  at  the  ba«  of  w 


808  PHELPS  PHmPFI 

the  dnion  fine  was  held  hj  a  brigade  of  raw  Utah  expedition  under  Gen.  A.  6.  Jolicj(cc 

troops  of  Jackson^B  diTision,  commanded  by  and  resigned  Nov.  2, 1859,  being  mvilLrc  u 

Gen.  Terrill,  the  centre   and   right   hj  the  have  his  serrices  directed  to  the  eovnteucer 

division  of  Roosseao,  and  the  remainder  of  and  support  of  Mormonism,  as  he  befiered  tkfv 

Jackson^s  division  was  kept  in  reserve  in  the  were  while  holding  his  commiaaoDf  and  U;s< 

rear.    At  a  considerable  distance  on  the  right  dissatisfied  with  other  demoralizing  icf  oor^i 

was  the  corps  of  Gen.  Gilbert.     At  abont  1  growing  out  of  the  domination  of  sUTerr.  u 

o^clock  in  the  afternoon  the  confederate  right  which  m  his  judgment  the  army  had  l<«  i* 

fell  forioosly  upon  the  brigade  of  Terrill,  which  subject     He  now  took  up  his  residewv  a 

after  a  brief  resistance  broke  and  retired  in  Brattleborough,  Vt.,  and  in  April,  1S6!.  U^  it' 

confusion,  leaving  a  battery  in  the  hands  of  colonel  of  the  1st  Vermont  volunteen.    L- 

the  enemy.     Both  Jackson  and  Terrill  were  established  and  commanded  for  some  tim«  'i- 

killed  while  endeavoring  to  rally  their  troops,  intrenched  camp  at  Newport  News  near  F^  " 

who  took  refuge  behind  the  brigade  of  Stark-  tress  Monroe;  was  made  a  brigadier-ftr<r*i 

weather.    Here  the  progress  of  the  confeder-  with  rank  from  May  17, 1861 ;  was  att»«LHi : 

ates  was  stayed,  while  on  the  Union  centre  and  Gen.  Butler's  expedition  to  the  gulf  of  Meii  < 

right  the  troops  of  Rousseau  held  their  position  and  sailed  from  Fortress  Monroe  Nov.  37,  tx  \^t 

with  great  steadiness.   Gilbert^s  troops,  though  head  of  the  advance  of  that  expedition ;  k\c< 

separated  by  a  considerable  interval  from  Mo-  at  Ship  island,  Miss.,  Dec.  4,  ana  issuedap-l^ 

Cook,  rendered  him  efficient  support  at  a  oriti-  mation  to  the  loyal  citizens  of  the  SouUi-Wk 

cal  period  of  the  day,  and  resisted  every  effort  informing  them  that  eveij  slave  state  sdmittn: 

of  tne  enemy  to  force  their  position.    For  sev-  into  the  Union  since  the  adoption  of  the  coc«t 

eral  hours  the  battle  contmued  without  ma-  tution  had  been  so  admitted  in  violatioo  thtr*- 

terial  advantage  to  either  side;  but  the  great  of;  that  the  old  slave  states  were  boand  hy^ 

preponderance  of  the  confederates  in  numbers  highest  considerations  of  honor  and  m*  n.'.:7 

oecoming  evident,  Gen.  McCook  sent  to  Gen. '  to  abolish  slavery ;  that  slave  labor  and  fret 

Buell,  who  was  some  miles  in  his  rear,  for  re-  institutions  were  incompatible  ;  and  that  \> 

enforcements.     Before  they  could  reach  the  motto  of  his  command  would  be  ''  Free  U^<r 

field,  the  main  Union  line  had  retired  a  quarts  and  workingmen^s  righta.'^    Gen.  Batler.  fL^ : 

of  a  mile  to  a  favorable  position  on  rising  Massachusetts,  at  once  disavowed  this  procj- 

ground,  and  the  battle  was  over,  both  armies  mation ;  but  Gen.  Phelps  remained  in  cmmai 

bivouacking  for  the  night  within  half  a  mile  of  at  Ship  island  until  the  departure  of  th«  tr^ 

each  other.    The  last  incident  of  the  fight  was  dition  against  New  Orleans.    He  reodTcd,  ^'^ 

a  gallant  charge  by  Carlin^s  brigade  of  Gilbert's  Commander  Porter  of  the  navy,  the  enmi*^' 

oorps,  through  the  streets  of  Perryville,  when  of  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  April  Sn  ^■ 

a  number  of  confederate  prisoners  and  wagons  on  May  1  assisted  in  taking  poeBession  <^  N^* 

were  captured.    By  daybreak  of  the  9th  the  Orleans.    He  soon  afterward  occupied  the  ««- 

troops  of  Gen.  Thomas  L.  Crittenden  had  joined  federate  works  near  Carrollton,  6  or  7  in  *- 

McCook,  and  the  enemy,  apprehensive  of  being  above  the  city,  on  the  Mlssisaippi,  sod  v»  ' 

outnumbered,  retired  about  the  same  time  in  there  became  involved  in  a  disagreeiMot »  ". 

the  direction  of  Harrodsburg,  leaving  the  field  Gen.  Butler  with  regard  to  the  dispositioo  tcN 

in  the  possession  of  the  national  troops.    Ac-  made  of  negroes  who  rought  protecdoo  nc^i'" 

cording  to  the  official  report  of  Gren.  Bragg,  the  U.S.  flag.    Gen.  Phelps  desired  to  cDli^i£«> 

five  confederate  divisions,  commanded  by  Gens,  discipline  them  as  soldiers,  and  had  sctuai!*  »a 

Polk,  Hardee,  Cheatham, Buckner, and  Ander-  rolled  a  considerable  number  of  them.  ^[' 

son,  participated  in  this  battle,  and  their  total  Gen.  Butler  ordered  him  to  abandon  tb:«  r 

loss  amounted  to  upward  of  2,500,  which  is  tary  organization  and  employ  the  men  ia  f* ''•' 

probably  an  underestimate.    The  Union  loss,  trees  and  other  labor  of  that  sort.    On  Jol.^  i- 

according  to  the  official  report  of  Gen.  Buell,  Gen.  Phelps  resigned,  but  Gen.  Butler  n  f('««< 

amounted  to  4,348.  to  accept  his  resignation.    The  war  deptitnh  r: 

PHELPS,  John  Wolcott,  brigadier-general  however  finally  yielded  to  his  de«ire,  »wi  ^' 

of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Guil-  thus  left  the  service  Sept  8, 1862,  and  rtiMTnA 

ford,  Yt,  Nov.  18,  1818.    He  was  graduated  at  to  his  residence  at  Brattleborough. 
West  Point  in  1886,  and  appointed  brevet  8d        PHILIPPI,  a  small  village  of  Barb<mr  ^v 

lieutenant  in  the  4th  artillery ;  performed  sev-  •  Va.,  on  Tygart*s  Valley  river,  about  70  m.  > 

eral  campaigns  in  Florida  and  the  Cherokee  Na-  £.  from  Wheeling,  where  an  enngtmeot  tit*^ 

tion ;  became  1st  lieutenant  July  7,  1888 ;  was  place  June  8, 1861,  between  the  Unk>Dtroo|*-c^'' 

offered  a  brevet  as  captain  for  gallantry  at  der  Cols.  Kelley,  Dumont,  and  Lander,  <^J;' 

Oontreras  and  Churubusco,  which  he  declined ;  confederates  under  Col.  G.  A.  Porterfie)<l-  ^' 

and  became  captain  in  March,  1850,  while  mem-  Union  force  marched  from  Grafton  in  two  N«i* 

her  of  a  board  for  preparing  the  present  system  ies,  one  under  Ool.  Eelley  going  bv  a  cirrniti«* 

of  heavy  artillery  instruction,  which  was  formed  route  in  order  to  cut  off  the  eonfederste  ^^  ">. 

at  his  own  suggestion.    He  then  became  com-  retreat,  and  the  other  under  Cols.  PuDOfit  i»^ 

manding  officer  of  Fort  Brown,  Texas,  where  Lander  marohinff  more  directly  to  nakf  •  ^ 

he  broke  up  a  large  filUbuster  expedition  against  multaneous  attack  in  ft^nt.   PhiHppi  vsf  Ttttb- 

northern  Mexico  and  Cuba.    He  served  in  the  ed  by  the  latter  body  eariy  on  the  monufig  « 


810  POLK  POPE 

straotore  thej  immediatelj  destroyed,  find  the  in  Eaakaskia,  DL,  March  12, 1828.    Wm  £bc2mt 

national  troops,  being  without  the  means  to  was  Qoyernor  Nathaniel  Pope  of  Yirglxii^ 

cross  and  having  exhausted  their  ammnnition,  who  removed  to  Kentucky,  afterward  settled 

were  compelled  at  about  6  P.  M.  to  return  to  in  Illinois,  was  a  delegate  to  oongress   Axtjii 

their  transports.    The  retreat  was  accomplished  IllinoiB  before  its  oi^anization  as  a  stAtc-   ir. 

in  perfect  order.    A  force  of  600  men  under  1818,  and  was  afterward  a  district  judge.     TL<r 

Col.  Barton  had  meanwhile  proceeded  up  the  son  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1843  slccI 

Goosawhatchie  river,  and  attacked  the  town  of  appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the   eorfi^ 

Ooosawhatchie,  through  which  passes  the  rail-  of  topographical  engineers.     In  the  Mexicsr. 

road.    They  fired  into  a  train  loaded  with  con-  war  he  was  attached  to  the  army  under  Oer. 

federate  troops,  killing  and  wounding  a  number,  Taylor.    At  the  battle  of  Monterey  be  ir  un  * 

tore  up  a  portion  of  the  track,  cut  the  telegraph  conmiission  as  1st  lieutenant,  bearing  date  Sepi. 

wires,  and  retired  at  the  approach  of  a  large  28,  1846 ;  and  for  gallant  and  meritorious  cm- 

foroe  with  heavy  artillery.    The  total  Union  duct  at  Buena  Vista  was  breretted  a  captaic. 

loss  in  these  several  engagements  was  between  his  commission  being  dated  Feb.  23,  184T.      If. 

500  and  600  ;  that  of  the  confederates,  owing  1849  he  conducted  the  Minnesota  exploring  e:^- 

to  their  superiority  in  position  and  ia  artillery,  pedition ;  having  accomplished  which,  he  ir.ir 

was  much  less.  mtrusted  with  the  conduct  of  an  expeditii  :: 

POLK,  Leonidas,  bishop  of  the  Protestant  sent  out  by  the  government  to  test  the  fems'i- 
Episcopal  church  and  general  in  the  service  bility  of  boring  artesian  wells  in  the  celebrated 
of  the  confederate  states,  2d  cousin  of  the  late  liano  Estacado  or  Staked  Plain,  stretching  l«- 
President  Polk,  bom  in  Raleigh,  N.  0.,  in  tween  Texas  and  New  Mexico.     In  185^  b« 
1806,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1827  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  one  of  the  ex- 
and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  of  artillery,  peditions  to  survey  the  route  of  the  Pacifi- 
and  resigned  Dec.  1  following.    He  now  stud-  railroad.    From  1854  to  1859  he  was  engaged  r. 
led   theology,  was   ordained  deacon   in   the  exploring  the  Rocky  mountains,  during  whicl 
Episcopal  church  in  1880,  and  officiated  as  a  time  (July  1,  1856)  he  took  the  actual  rank  of 
clergyman  from  1831  till  1838,  when  he  be-  captain.    In  the  political  campaign   of   li^* 
came  missionary  bishop  of  Arkansas  and  the  Capt.  Pope  sympathized  with  the  repablicaB«> : 
Indian  territory  south  of  86°  80',  with  pro-  and  in  an  address  on  the  subject  of  *•"  Fortifier- 
visional  charge  of  the  dioceses  of  Alabama,  tions,"  read  before  a  literary  society  at  Cia- 
MiBsissippi,  and  Louisiana,  and  the  missions  in  cinnati,  he  satirized  the  policy  of  Preadtzi 
the  republic  of  Texas.    This  office  he  retained  Buchanan  in  unsparing  terms.    For  this  he  wa^ 
till  1841,  when  he  was  chosen  bishop  of  Louis-  court-martialled,  but  upon  the  reoommeodatic»3 
iana,  which  he  still  is,  his  residence  being  in  of  Mr.  Holt,  postmaster-general,   the  matter 
Lafourche  parish,  where  he  has  extensive  plan-  was  dropped.    He  was  still  a  captain  in  tl^ 
tations.    In  July,  1861,  having  been  solicited  engineers  when  the  civil  war  broke  out  iz 
by  the  highest  military  and  civil  authorities  1861,  and  was  one  of  the  officers  detailed  t; 
of  the  confederate  government,  he  accepted  the  war  department  to  escort  Mr.  Linr^w  t. 
the  commission  of  m^gor-general  in  the  pro-  Washington.    He  was  made  brigadier-generft. 
visional  confederate  army,  his  department  ex-  of  volunteers,  May  17, 1861,  and  appointed  to  a 
tending  from  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  on  command  in  Missouij.    Gen.  Pope^s  operations 
both  sides  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  extreme  in  that  state,  protecting  railway  communk^ 
northern  limit  of  the  confederate  states.    He  tion,  and  driving  out  guerilla  parties,  ven- 
fixed  his  head-quarters  at  Memphis,  and  issued  a  attended  with  great  success.    The  mo«t  in«- 
general  order,  July  18,  declaring  that  the  inva-  portant  engagement  with  which  he  was  tbec 
sion  of  the  South  by  the  federal  armies  "  comes  connected  was  that  at  Blackwater,  where,  hj 
bringing  with  it  a  contempt  for  constitutional  the  oodperation  of  Col.  J.  C.  Davis,  a  cofi- 
liberty  and  the  withering  influence  of  the  infi.  siderable  number  of  prisoners  were  ts^en  and 
delity  of  New  England  and  Germany  combin-  their  army  routed.     Gen.  Halleck  intmstec 
ed.**     On   Sept.  4  he  transferred  his  head-  him  with  the  command  of  the  land  iorce  d€^ 
qaarters  to  Columbus,  Ey.,  which  place  he  now  tined  to  cooperate  with  Flag  Officer  Fooce'^ 
occupied  with  1,000  men  and  fortified.    He  flotiUa.    At  the  head  of  a  well  appointed  force 
was  nearly  killed  by  the  explosion  of  a  128-lb.  he  left  Commerce,  Mo.,  marched  on  New  Mad- 
gun,  Nov.  11.    He  remained  in  command  at  rid,  captured  that  place,  and  after  the  surrender 
Columbus  until  its  evacuation,  March  1, 1862,  of  Island  No.  Ten  captured  a  large  number  oi 
when  he  proceeded  to  join  Beauregard's  army  prisoners.    On  March  21,  1862,  he  waa  sp- 
at Corinth,  which  place  he  reached  at  the  head  pointed  mi^or-general  of  volunteers.     Vtha 
of  two  divisions  about  March  15.    He  took  Gen.  Halleck  assumed  command  of  the  annj 
part  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  served  afterward  on  the  upper  Tennessee  in  April,  he  ordcmi 
under  Bragg,  and  commanded  the  2d  army  Gen.  Popie  to  Pittsburg  Landing,  and  gave  him 
corps  when  that  general  invaded  Kentucky  in  a  position  on  the  extreme  left  of  the  natioital 
Sept.  1862.    He  has  since  been  made  a  lieu-  lines,  in  command  of  one  of  the  three  grand 
tenant-general.  divisions  into  which  the  Union  forces  were  dh 

POPE,  JoHK,  muor-general  of  volunteers  vided.    He  vigorously  pursued  the  enemy  after 

and  brigadier-general  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  the  evacuation  of  Corinth,  and  waa  aft^wird 


812  PORT  ROYAL  PORTER 

eratea,  mounted  28  pieces,  seyeral  of  which  boiing  plantatioiiB    several    thoiuu&  litTe 

were  rifled ;  and  on  Bay  point  were  Fort  Bean-  sought  protection  within  the  Union  ^ncs,  when 

'  regard  and  a  battery  half  a  mile  distant,  anned  they  are  fed,  dothed,  instructed  in  the  dsaen- 

with  19  gons.    On  the  5th  the  Wabash  and  the  tary  branches  of  knowledge,  and  in  smt  is- 

large  frigates  and  transports  crossed  the  bar,  and  stances  employed  at  regular  wage&  One  (.f 

after  a  second  reoonnoissance  Dvl  Pont  deter-  more  regiments  of  n^roes  haye  al«>  ke&  or- 

mined  to  make  the  attack  on  the  succeeding  day,  ganized,  which,  so  far  as  thej  have  been  totei 

and  to  direct  his  chief  efforts  against  Fort  Walk-  have  proved  themselves  eflieient  soldkn. 
er.    The  6th  proving  stormy,  the  attack  was  de*       PORTER,   Akdbbw,    brigadier-geiKnl  d 

ferred  to  the  7th.    At  9^  A.  M.  of  that  day  the  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Penie^l- 

fleet  formed  in  two  columns,  of  which  the  larger  vania,  entered  the  military  academy  in  \tii 

was  headed  by  the  Wabash,  stood  into  Broad  but  left  it  the  next  year.     He  was  appoicta: 

river,  steaming  close  to  Bay  point  as  they  pass-  1st  lieutenant  of  the  mounted  rifles  in  Ihii. 

ed  up,  and  pouring  broadsides  into  Fort  Beau-  was  distinguished  at  the  batUe  of  CerroGoT^'. 

regard,  and  then  turning  and  attacking  Fort  was  made  captain  in  1647,  and  in  Anirii^n  •.< 

Walker  on  their  return.    Their  course  thus  de-  tbe  same  year  was  brevetted  miyor  for  guiJir 

scribed  an  ellipse  between  the  forts,  and  by  and  meritorious  conduct  in  the  battles  of  Ci^ 

concentrating  his  fire  upon  each  work  in  turn,  treras  and  Ohurubusco.    In  Sept  1S47,  he  i^ 

and  continnally  shifting  his  position,  Du  Pont  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  for  gaUantrr  a 

expected  to  inflict  upon  the  enemy  the  greatest  Ohapultepec.    He  afterward  served  in  Teus 

possible  amount  of  damage  with  the  least  dan-  and  the  South- West,  and  in  1860  wis  in  cm- 

ger  to  himself.    At  10  o^clock  the  action  be-  mand  of  Fort  Craig.    At  the  breaking  or.  u 

came  general,  and  for  4  hours  a  continuous  the  civil  war  in  1861  he  was  ordered  to  ^i^ 

stream  of  shot  and  shell  was  poured  into  the  ington,  and  promoted  to  the  command  of  'it 

forts.    The  Wabash,  directed  by  Du  Pont  in  16th  infantry.    He  had  charge  of  a  brigisidcf; 

person,  was  carried  by  the  soundings  as  dose  the  battle  of  Bull  run,  and  when  Col  Eutd 

as  possible  to  the  shore,  and  her  heavy  guns,  was  wounded  succeeded  him  in  tbe  conucaitd 

directed  with  great  deliberation,  played  with  of  the  2d  division.  He  was  soon  after  the  Utu 

terrible  effect  upon  the  enemy,  while  she  her*  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volontaers,  ii 

s^lf  was  a  prominent  target  for  the  fire  of  either  commission  dating  from  May  17,  and  was  msk 

fort,  although   her  loss  was   inconsiderable,  provost  marshal'  general  of  WaahingtoD.  & 

The  fiag  officer  estimated  that  he  saved  100  subsequently  held  the  same  appointmeat  k 

lives  by  keeping  under  weigh  and  bearing  in  the   army  of  the  Potomac,  but  after  G& 

dose.    After  the  first  circuit  a  number  of  the  McOlellan's  retreat  from  the  Chickahoioiiij » 

smaller  vessels  took  a  position  firom  whence  the  James  river  was  relieved  from  dutj  vs^ 

they  could  pour  a  destructive  enfilading  fire  on  that  army.    In  the  autumn  of  1S62  be  t0    ; 

the  weak  left  flank  of  Fort  Walker,  leaving  the  ordered  to  Harrisburg,  Penn.,  to  assist  in  f   | 

Wabash  with  2  or  8  other  ships  to  follow  the  ganizing  and  sending  forward  troops.   Earlj  s   | 

original  plan  of  attack.    At  2  P.  M.  the  ene-  November  he  was  assigned  to  command  in  tM   1 

my's  fire  began  to  slacken,  and  soon  after  tiiey  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and  chaiged  wiU  t^ 

were  discovered   in  rapid  flight  from   Fort  duties  of  provost  marshal  general. 
Walker  toward  a  neighboring  wood.    A  de-        POBTFB,  David  D.,  an  American  nanl  oi- 

tachment  inunediately  landed  and  took  posses-  cer,  youngest  son  of  Commodore  David  Porter. 

sion  of  the  work,  and  on  the  succeeding  day  born  in  Philadelpbia,  entered  the  navy  asDua- 

Fort  Beauregard,  which  had  about  the  same  shipman  in  Feb.  1829,  cruised  in  tbe  Medita" 

time  been  evacuated,  was  also  occupied  by  the  ranean  under'  Commodore  Biddle  until  l^'^    | 

national  troops.    The  casualties  of  the  fleet  did  and  after  a  yearns  leave  of  absence  retarD«d'>^    j 

not  exceed  81 ;   those  of  the  enemy  are  not  the  same  station  with  Commodore  PaUeof*'    > 

known,  but  are  supposed  to  have  been  mudi  He  passed  his  examination  in  1835,  vasattseB- 

greater.    They  abandoned  every  thing  in  Uieir  ed  to  the  coast  survey  service  torn  133$  <^ 

flight  except  tiieir  muskets.    Forty-eight  guns  1841,  became  lieutenant  in  the  latter  year,  tf** 

and  a  large  quantity  of  material  of  war  fell  into  was  ordered  to  the  frigate  Congress,  in  vbxw 

the  hands  of  the  national  forces.    The  village  he  cruised  in  Mediterranean  and  BrasUan  v^- 

of  Beaufort  was  soon  after  taken  possession  of,  ters  for  4  years.    In  1845  he  was  oi^^'^ 

and  the  whole  island  with  the  surrounding  ter-  the  national  observatory  at  Washington.  D^* 

ritory  and  harbors  have  since  remained  in  the  ing  the  Mexican  war  he  was  placed  in  ch^ 

hands  of  the  national  government.    At  Hilton  of  the  naval  rendezvous  at  New  Orleans;  v^ 

head  extensive  works,  with  hospitals  and  other  returned  to  the  coast  survey ;  and  ^^  ^^ 

buildings,  have  been  erected,  and  the  point  haa  to  1868  was  in  command  suocesaTetf  ^  r 

served  as  a  base  of  operations  against  Savan-  California  mail  steamers  Panama  and  G«o>P|'    ■ 

nab,  Charleston,  and  other  places.    During  tiie  He  was  now  variously  employed  nntil  Inm*    / 

summer  and  autumn  of  1862  it  was  visited  by  when  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  comnitQw. 

yellow  fever,  which  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  put  in  command  of  the  steam  aloop  Por^^ 

government  buildings  was  developed  in  a  malig-  and  sent  to  Pensacola  to  join  the  gulf  blo<^^^    I 

nant  type,  and  proved  fatal  in  many  cases.    Cf  squadron.    When  the  expedition  agaio^  ^^    I 

the  negroes  previously  attached  to  the  nei^-  Orleans  was  about  to  sail  in  1862,  he  vtf  <^ 


814                      PRESTON  PRIM 

the  court  martial  for  the  trial  of  Gen.  Fitz  John  when  the  civil  war  commenced  in  IMl.  Banf 

Porter  at  Washington.  a  leader  of  the  nltra  pro-daTerj  and  weeemaoe. 

PRESTON,  William,  a  general  in  the  ser-  party  in  Missouri,  he  was  chosen  preadcut  of 
vice  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  near  Louis-  the  state  convention,  Feb.  28,  1861,  lad  w^ 
ville,  Ky.,  Oct  16,  1816.    He  studied  at  the  naturally  selected  as  a  mHitary  chief  bv  tho«e 
Jesuits*  college  of  St.  Joseph's  at  Bardstown,  who  haa  determined  to  separate  the  sUike  fnan 
Ky.,  and  afterward  at  New  Haven,  and  was  the  federal  Union ;  and  as  gen^ral-in-<inef  n^f 
graduated  in  1888  at  the  law  school  of  Harvard  the  militia  of  the  state,  acting  in  ccmceft  ^rt± 
university.  He  settled  at  Louisville  in  the  prac-'  Gov.  G.  F.  Jackson,  he  began  in  Apri]  to  tik^ 
tice  of  the  law,  which  he  continued  until  Oct.  measures  looking  to  that  end.     The  legisl^^ 
184T,  when  he  entered  the  U.  S.  military  ser-  voted,  May  10,  to  call  out' the  militia,  bm  f^i 
»vice  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  4th  Kentucky  May  21  Price  made  an  agreement  with  G^c 
volunteers.    He  was  honorably  discharged  in  Harney,  then  commanding  the  U.  S.  fcft^?  _ 
July,  1848,  at  the  conclusion  of  the  war  with  the  state,  in  which  he    pledged  hin^elf  :: 
Mexico,  when  he  returned  to  his  professional  maintain  order  among  the  people.     Gen.  Us- 
labors,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  con-  ney  insisted  that  he  must  disTnifiB  the  tn^:^'^ 
vention  to  revise  the  constitution  of  the  state,  called  out  under  the  recent  act  ef  the  Itsi^ 
which  met  at  Frankfort,  June  11,  1850.    In  lature;  but  Price  refused,  thoug^h  on  Jizi»  4 
1860  and  1851  he  was  a  member  of  the  state  he  issued  a  proclamation  to    the  brigidjer- 
legislature,  and  in  1852,  being  then  a  member  generals  of  militia  commanding  militarr  <L^ 
of  the  whig  party,  he  advocated  the  election  to  tricts  in  Missouri,  stating  that  he  ahonld  wS^'- 
the  presidency  of  Gen.  Scott ;  but  the  progress  to  his  agreement.     On  June  11  he  hold  an  c- 
of  the  controversy  respecting  slavery,  resulting  terview  with  Gten.  Lyon  and  OoL  Blair,  let  u* 
from  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bills  of  1864,  after-  pacific  result  was  arrived  at,  after  which  tctht 
ward  led  him  to  attach  himself  to  the  demo-  warlike  operations  at  once  began.     Gen.  Ip : 
cratic  party,  and  in  1856  he  was  a  member  of  proceeded  into  the  interior  'witli   the  T.  5. 
the  nationid  convention  at  Oinclnnati,  by  which  fbrces  at  St.  Louis.    Price  retreated  frcMn  Je&r- 
Mr .  Buchanan  was  nominated  for  the  presi-  son  City,  hitherto  his  head-quarters^  to  Bocss- 
dency,  a  measure  in  which  he  heartily  concur-  ville,  but,  being  opposed  to  makhig  a  >tr'- 
red.    On  the   resignation   by  Mr.    Augustus  there,  withdrew  before  the  battle  of  June  IT. 
Grosar  Dodge  of  the  office  of  envoy  eztraordi-  fought  in  the  batde  of  Wilson^a  creek,  Aug. ! 
nary  at  the  court  of  Spain,  President  Buchanan  where  Ben  McGulloch  commanded ;  attackni 
appointed  Mr.  Preston  to  that  post,  March  12,  Lexington  Sept.  17,  took  it  after  three  da.^? 
1869.     In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1861  he  fighting  on  the  20th,  with  8,600  prisoners  t^-- 
resigned  his  office  without  waiting  to  be  super-  evacuated  it  Oct.  6,  before  the  advance  of  Gei 
seded  by  the  administration  of  President  Lin-  Fremont,  receiving  for  its  capture  tibetbanbt/    i 
coin,  and  returning  to  Kentucky  used  his  in-  the  confederate  congress  in  jDeeember:  v^    I 
fiuence  to  induce  the  people  of  the  state  to  take  a  proclamation  from  Neosho  in  Nov^nbercai 
sides  with  the  southern  confederacy.    In  Nov.  ing  for  60,000  volunteers ;  vimted  BiciioMfii 
1861,  he  was  chosen  by  the  so  called  sovereignty  during  the  ensuing  winter,  and  iras  transfeired 
convention,  which  met  at  Russellville,  a  com-  from  the  service  of  Missouri  to  that  of  the  coc- 
missioner  to  visit  Richmond,  and  negotiate  with  federate  states,  with  the  rank  of  .major-genen): 
the  confederate  government  for  the  admission  was  one  of  the  principal  generals  in  the  biul^ 
of  Kentucky  into  the  confederacy.    He  was  of  Pea  ridge,  March  6, 7,  8, 1862,  where  he  w 
subsequently  appointed  a  brigadier-general  in  wounded ;  joined  the  army  east  of  the  Ifi^ 
the  confederate  army.    He  served  under  Gen.  sippi,  and  fought  at  luka  Sept.  20,  and  at  C<t- 
Bragg  during  the  invasion  of  Kentucky  by  the  intn  Oct.  8,  4,  6 ;  and  now  (Dec.  1862)  coo- 
confederates  in  Sept.  1862.    A  private  letter  of  mands  the  advance  of  the  army  in  nortben    I 
his,  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  XT.  S.  offi-  Mississippi  under  Lieut.  Gen.  Pemberton,  (^ 
cers  in  Nov.  1862,  exhibited  great  despondency  posed  to  the  U.  S.  forces  under  Mijor-GcE 
with  regard  to  the  confederate  cause.  Previous  Grant.    He  is  regarded  as  a  general  of  grn^ 
to  the  civil  war  he  was  believed  to  be  one  of  ability, 
the  richest  men  in  Kentucky.  PBIM,  Don  Juan,  count  of  Bens,  a  Spfi^ 

PRICE,  Steblino,  a  general  in  the  service  general  and  statesman,  bom  in  1814  in  %^- 

of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Virginia,  em-  lage  of  Oatalonia.    Upon  the  outbreak  of  & 

igrated  to  Missouri,  and  was  a  representative  in  civil  war  in  Spain,  he  entered  the  annj  of  ^ 

congress  fVom  the  3d  district  of  that  state  dur-  queen,  in  1833  distinguished  himself  in  Csi^ 

ing  the  first  two  years  of  President  Polkas  ad-  Ionia,  and  soon  became  in  succession  coicm- 

ministration.    He  commanded  the  2d  regiment  and  general.    Peace  being  condnded,  be  4e 

of  Missouri  volunteers  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  dared  himself  in  favor  of  the  progreti^^^ 

was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  IT.  S.  vol-  of  Espartero;  but  after  a  while  he  with  w 

unteers  July  20,  1847.    He  was  govemor  of  more    advanced   portion  of  his  party  nni^ 

Missouri  from  1868  to  1867,  including  the  pe-  with  the  moderados  for  the  expulsion  oi  £^ 

riod  of  the  so  called  '^  border  mffian  war'*  be-  tero.    When,  in  1843,  Bens,  Barcelosfti  ^ 

tween  the  Missourians  and  the  settlers  of  Kan-  other  towns  rose  for  the  constitution  of  ISH 

sas;  and  he  was  bank  commissioner  of  the  state  and   for  Espartero,  and  the  captaast-ff^^ 


816  QUINBT  RANSOM 

d<m  hospital  as  a  student,  and  was  apprenticed  was  acting  assistant  professor  of  natonJ  njtH 

to  hb  broths  Edwin,  who  was  then  lecturer  experimental  philosophy  at  West  PcHut  fmni 

on  botany  to  the  hospital.    On  the  completion  Aug.  28, 1845,  till  June  11, 1B47;  became  Is? 

of  his  course  he  became  a  licentiate  of  the  apo-  lieutenant  March  8, 1847 ;  serred  with  lus  rr^-i- 

thecaries^  company,  and  member  of  the  royal  ment  in  Mexico,  and  was  adjutant  and  rerl 

college  of  surgeons.    The  latter  body  having  mental  quartermaster  from  Oct.  24,  184^.  ini 

established  a  studentship  of  human  and  com-  March  16,  1852,  when  he  resigned  and  becsm* 

parative  anatomy,  he  was  unanimously  elected  professor  of  mathematics  and  natural  phUrii*.- 

to  it,  when  he  immediately  conmienoed  the  for-  phy  in  Bochester  university.    On  the  outbrtil 

mation  of  a  most  elaborate  and  valuable  cabi-  of  the  civil  war  in  1861,  he  left  his  profef><«'- 

net  of  preparations  in  microscopic  anatomy,  ship  to  become  colonel  of  tiie  13th  "Sew  T^rV 

Three  years  later  he  was  appointed  assistant  volunteers,  raised  in  Rochester,  at  the  he^  <i 

conservator  of  the  Hunterian  museum,  and  on  whom  he  fought  gallantly  at  Bull  run,  Jalj2! 

Professor  Owen^s  retirement  was  elected  con-  Subseouently  resigning  and  resuming  his  rr<>- 

servator  of  the  museum  and  professor  of  his-  fessorsnip,  he  remained  at  Rochester  until  Get 

tology,  and  filled  both  ofiSces  till  his  death.  He  Halleck  had  commenced  his  campaign  in  Tti. 

published  about  1848  an  elaborate  "  Practical  nessee  and  Mississippi,  when  he  was,  at  the  <lt- 

Treatise  on  the  Use  of  the  Microscope,"  and  sire  of  that  commander,  appointed  brigadier- 

in  1854  *^  Lectures  on  Histology"  (2  vols.  8vo.).  general,  March  17, 1862,  and  placed  in  comnan-: 

QUINBY,  Isaac  F.,  brigadier-general  of  vol-  of  the  district  of  the  Mississippi,  including  th 

unteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  New  Jersey,  important  post  of  Columbus,  Ky.,  which  pUrt 

was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1843,  and  ap-  he  occupied  until  Oct.  26,  when  he  took  ern: 

pointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  artillery ;  mand  of  the  8d  division  of  the  army  of  iLc 

transferred  to  the  8d  artillery  Dec.  20, 1846 ;  Mississippi,  at  Corinth. 


R 

RAIN'S,  Gabbiel  James,  a  general  in  the  ser-    his  post  in  the  navy,  was  graduated  at  the  m- 
vice  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  North    versity,  studied  law,  and  established  himself  ii 
Carolina,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1827    that  profession  at  Charlottesville.    TheDce  L 
and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  7th  infantry;    removed  to  Richmond,  and  at  the  outbreaJr  a 
became  1st  lieutenant  Jan.  28, 1884,  and  captain    the  civil  war  in  1861  was  in  the  ei\joymeDt  d 
Deo.  25, 1887 ;  was  brevetted  migor  for  gallan-    an  extensive  practice.  He  entered  the  mOit^ 
try  in  an  action  with  the  Seminoles  in  ^orida,    service  against  the  United  States  as  captAm  of 
April  28, 1840,  where  he  was  wounded ;  became    the  Richmond  howitzers,  served  at  Yorktown 
mi^or  in  the  4th  infantry  March  9, 1851 ;  served    and  rose  rapidly  through  the  intermediate gr^it^ 
in  Washington  territory  in  1856,  and  was  ap-    to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general ;  and  wkn  n 
pointed  by  the  acting  governor  brigadier-gen-    March,  1862,  Mr.  Benjamin  left  the  war  deptrt- 
eral  of  the  territorial  volimteers ;  became  Sen-    ment,  he  was  ^ipointed  to  the  ofiSce  and  hvli 
tenant-colonel  of  the  5th  infantry ;  resigned  his    it  until  November  following,  when  01  heaM: 
commission  July  81,  1861,  and,  according  to    compelled  him  to  resign  it.    He  married  scir^^ 
Gen.  Sterling  Price^s  official  report  of  the  bat-    years  since  a  widow  lady  of  fortune. — Bh  okr 
tie  of  Wilson^s  creek,  was  on  Aug.  2  in  com-    est  brother,  Thomas  Jefferson  Randolph,  editec 
mand   as   brigadier-general   of  the   advance    the  Jefferson  papers. 

guard  of  the  army  which  fought  the  battle  RANSOM,  Thomas  E.  Greek,  brigadier-ge^- 
Aug.  10;  in  that  battle  Gen.  Rains  commanded  eral  of  volunteers  in  the  IT.  S.  army,  born  ^: 
a  division.  On  Sept.  2  he  had  a  smart  skirmish  Norwich,  Vt.,  Nov.  29, 1834.  When  12  jep 
with  a  body  of  national  troops  under  Col.  Mont-  of  age  he  entered  the  primary  class  of  Nonrid 
gomery,  near  Fort  Scott,  Kansas.  university,  a  military  college  under  the  ch&rp 

RANDOLPH,  Geobob  Wythe,  secretary  of   of  his  father,  then  a  miyor-general  of  mili*^^ 
war  in  the   government  of  the  confederate    of  the  state  of  Vermont,  afterward  appointdl 
states,  born  at  Edge  Hill,  King  George  co.,  Va.,    colond  of  the  9th  U.  S.  infantry,  and  killed  i: 
about  1812,  is  the  12th  child  of  Gov.  Thomas    the  battle  ^of  Chapultepec.    During  the  Men- 
Mann  Randolph  and  Martha,  the  eldest  daugh-    can  war  young  Ransom  was  taught  engineenng 
ter  of  Thomas  Jefferson.    At  the  age  of  18,    on  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  railroad.  A^f 
having  had  8  years^  schooling  in  Massachusetts,    his  father^s  death  he  returned  to  the  NorV'd 
he  entered  the  navy  under  the  auspices  of  his    university,  where  he  remained  until  the  sprios 
t:insman,  John  S.  Nicholas,  since  a  commodore,    of  1861,  when  he  removed  to  Peru,  lU-   "^ 
and  distinguished  himself  oven  at  that  early  age    was  successively  a  civil  engineer,  a  land  afi^n^ 
by  his  coolness,  courage,  and  honesty.     He    and  agent  of  the  Illinois  central  railiW  in 
passed  a  long  leave  of  absence  on  half  pay  in    various  parts  of  that  state,  until  the  civil  ^tf 
studying  at  the  university  of  Virginia,  and  after    broke  out,  when  he  became  migor  of  the  lltu 
a  final  cruise  as  passed  midshipman  resigned    Illinois  volunteers,  a  regiment  eoJisted  for  tbf^' 


818  EEYNOLDS  RICHMOND 

beoame  Ist  lieutenant  Jane  11, 1889,  asaddtant       RIOHARDSON,  Ibrael  B.,  magor-gcsenl  of 

qnartermaBter  Ang.  5, 1847,  and  captain  March  volunteers  in  the  tJ.  S.  army,  bom  in  Yonont 

16,  1848,  when  he  relinquished  his  rank  in  the  about  1821,  died  at  Sharpsburg,  Md.,  Sot.  3, 

line;  was  dismissed  Oct.  8,  1855,  and  reap-  1862.    He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in 

pointed  assistant  quartermaster  with  the  rank  1841,  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  Sd'm- 

of  captain  March  29,  1868,  and  was  attached  fantrj,  and  Ist  lieutenant  Sept.  21,  1846;  w 

to  the  staff  of  Gen.  Twiggs  at  San  Antonio,  brevetted  captain  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  s&d 

Texas,  to  whose  surrender  to  the  confederates  Ghurubusco,  and  major  for  ffallantry  at  Chapid- 

he  was  a  party.    He  was  accordingly  dropped  tepee ;  became  captain  in  March,  1851 ;  tod 

from  the  rolls  of  the  army  by  order  of  the  pres-  resigned  Sept.  80, 1855,  and  settled  in  Michigan, 

ident,  Oct  4, 1861,  and  is  now  a  brigadier-gen-  On  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  1861  bv 

eral  in  the  confederate  forces.  became  colonel  of  the  2d  Michigan  Tolnnteen, 

REYNOLDS,  John  Fulton,  brigadier-gen-  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  tJie  battle  of  Black- 
eral  of  volunteers  in  the  IT.  S.  army,  born  in  burn's  ford,  July  18,  and  the  battle  of  Bull  nm, 
Pennsylvania,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  July  21,  in  both  of  which  be  coimnaDd«d  a 
1841,  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  8d  brigade,  and  at  the  second  of  which  he  cot- 
artillery ;  became  1st  lieutenant  June  18, 1846;  ered  the  retreat,  bringing  his  brigade  awaj  in 
was  brevetted  captain  for  gallantry  at  Monte-  good  order  the  day  after  the  battle.  He  was 
rey,  Sept.  28,  1846,  and  migor  for  gallantry  at  now  made  a  brigadier-general  with  rank  from 
Buena  Vista,  Feb.  23,  1847 ;  was  aide-de-camp  May  17, 1861 ;  commanded  a  division  of  Sooh 
to  Gen.  Wool  in  California  in  1852;  became  ner's  army  corps  in  the  Chickahominy  cam- 
captain  in  March,  1856 ;  distinguished  himself  paign,  where  he  fought  with  great  gallantry: 
in  conflicts  with  the  Indians  near  Rogue  river,  was  made  a  m^jor-general  July  4,  1862;  cot- 
Oregon,  in  1856 ;  was  made  lieutenant-colonel  ered  the  retreat  of  the  army  after  the  aecoDd 
of  the  14th  infantry,  May  14,  1861,  and  briga-  battle  of  Bull  run,  Aug.  80 ;  fought  at  South 
dier-general  of  volunteers,  Aug.  20, 1861.  He  mountain  and  Antietam,  in  the  second  of  wLidb 
commanded  the  U.  S.  forces  engaged  at  Cheat  he  rendered  the  most  important  aervieea,  and 
mountain,  where  the  confederate  Gen.  R.  £.  received  a  wound  in  the  shoulder  from  the  eP 
Lee  was  repulsed,  and  drove  back  the  enemy  at  feet  of  which  he  died. 

Greenbrier,  Oct.  8.   In  1862  he  was  attached  to        RICHMOND,  the  capital  of  Madison  co.,  Et^ 

the  army  of  the  Potomac,  served  through  the  about  25  m.  S.  S.  £.  from  Lexington,  noted  for  a 

campaigns  of  the  Chickahominy  and  Maryland,  battle  fought  Aug.  80,  1862,  between  a  UnioD 

and  now  (Dec.  1862)  is  in  conmiand  of  the  1st  force  at  first  under  command  of  Gen.  Maasos, 

army  corps,  formerly  Hooker's.  and  the  confederate  troops  under  Geo.  £.  Kirbj 

RICH  MOUNTAIN,  a  gap  in  the  Laurel  Smith.    Gen.  Manson's  command  conasted  d 
Hill  range,  Ya.,  on  the  road  between  Buck-  new  levies  from  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  other  west- 
hannon  and  Beverly,  about  4  m.  from  the  lat-  em  states,  and  he  had  orders  from  his  superior. 
ter  place,  where  a  battle  was  fought  July  12,  Gen.  Nelson,  not  to  risk  an  action  untU  aft«r 
1861,  between  the  Union  forces  under  Gen.  the  troops  should  have  been  fur^er  drilled 
McOlellan  and  Gen.  Roseorans,  and  the  oonfed-  On  Friday,  the  29th,  however,  the  confederate 
erates  under  Col.  Pegram.    When  Gen.  McClel-  having  driven  in  his  cavalry  pickets.  Gen.  Maa- 
lan  learned  that  the  confederates,  4,000  strong,  son  moved  about  1^  m.  to  southward,  throwiog 
were  intrenched  on  the  W.  side,  he  ordered  a  few  shells,  when  the  enemy  retreated  rapid- 
Gen.  Rosecrans  with  4  regiments  to  place  him-  ly,  leaving  one  gun.    Before  daylight  Sating; 
self  in  the  enemy's  rear,  the  design  being  to  morning  Gen.  Nelson  at  some  duBtance  receireJ 
make  a  simultaneous  attack  from  east  and  west,  word  of  the  engagement,  and  ordered  a  retreti 
The  capture  ofa  Union  courier  with  despatches,  for  the  purpose  of  concentrating  his  fotm 
however,  gave  the  confederates  information  of  about  Lancaster  and  DanviUe.    Gen.  Macsi^o. 
the  movement,  and  enabled  2,500  of  them  to  notwithstanding  this,  supposing  the  eneiDT> 
post  themselves  in  the  way  of  Rosecrans's  ad-  force  to  be  small,  advanced  about  5  m.  to  nwet 
yancing  column,  meeting  him  near  the  summit,  them  on  Saturday  morning,  having  with  hm 
A  desperate  contest  ensued,  which  resulted  in  4  regiments  and  2  guns ;  an  artillery  fi^t  took 
the  entire  rout  of  the  confederates,  including  place,  with  considerable  loss  on  both  6Ki«& 
a  reSnforoement  which  was  going  up  to  them  The  confederates  turned  the  left  flank  of  the 
from  Beverly.   A  vigorous  pursuit  was  made  by  Union  line,  and  bore  down  toward  the  mm 
Gens.  McClellan  and  Roseorans,  who  occupied  column.    Gen.  Manson  then  fell  back  S  ol. 
Beverly  the  same  night.    Gen.  Gamett,  who  forming  his  line  again  upon  some  high  hills. 
had  a  confederate  camp  near  the  town,  also  with  artillery  upon  either  flank.    A  brisk  mb- 
abandoned  that,  leaving  much  of  his  baggage,  nonade  was  kept  up  on  both  sides  for  2  boon. 
The  whole  number  of  confederate  troops  thus  when,  the  confederates  advancing  under  cor«r 
defeated  and  put  to  flight  was  estimated  at  of  woods,  and  turning  the  right  flank  of  Via- 
10,000.    The  Union  loss  was  11  killed  and  85  son's  line,  he  retreated  to  his  ortginal  camp 
wounded;  thiU;  of  the  confederates  was  150  ground.    Gen.  Nelson  arrived  on  the  field  Ab<^^ 
killed  and  wounded,  while  they  lost  1,000  pris-  2  P.  M.,  and  again  rallied  the  men  in  liae^  The 
oners.    A  large  amount  of  vsJuable  property  artillery  ammunition  was  by  this  time  o^^^T 
was  also  captured.  exhausted,  and  some  of  the  guns  were  wiUtoat 


I 


820  ROANOKE  ISLAND  ROBERTS 

command  of  Gen.  Barnside  and  Flag  Officer  across  the  only  road  of  advanoe  np  tbe  ialsni 
Goldsborough,  known  as  the  Bumside  ezpedi-  the  ground  on  either  side  of  the  road  Wmc 
tion,  and  comprising  a  great  number  of  gun-  swampy  and  rendered  almost  impenetnblt  It 
boats  and  transports,  sailed   from  Hampton  a  dense  undergrowth ;  the  woods  is  fnjsx  cjf 
roads.    From  the  time  of  sailing  the  squadron  the  battery  he^  been  cut  down  for  eooe  dW 
was  detained  by  storms  and  adverse  winds,  so  tance,  leaving  an  open  space  of  SOO  jvi^  m 
that  it  was  a  week  before  all  had  reached  Hat-  depth  by  200  feet  in  width ;  directly  in  frtst  of 
teraa  inlet.    During  the  severe  weaUier  which  the  work  was  a  wide  and  deep  ditch,  fiIM«rr 
continued  for  nearly  two  weeks,  the  steamer  water,  and  for  a  considerable  distance  arucu 
Oity  of  New  York  with  a  valuable  cargo,  the  the  fallen  timber  seriously  obetmcted  the  vr 
steamer  Pocahontas  with  a  freight  of  horses  for  The  defending  force  consisted  of  800  men  \l  t.  - 
the  Rhode  Island  battery,  a  gimboat,  and  a  float-  battery,  and  about  8,000  as  a  reserve.  Tlr 
ing  battery,  were  sunk ;  other  damage  was  done  central  colunm  moved  up  the  road,  and  beci*. 
to  the  fleet,  the  water  vessels  for  the  squadron  the  attack  by  skirmishing  till  they  came  viuir 
were  delayed,  and  the  troops  endured  much  suf-  range  of  the  works,  when  the  marine  batt^rj 
fering.  The  storm  being  over,  the  squadron  left  opened  with  spirit,  suflering  aeverely  from  t}ic 
Hatteras  inlet  on  Feb.  5  for  Roanoke  island ;  it  confederates'  response;  the  anunnnitionbc^'C:- 
numbered  65  vessels,  about  60  vessels  of  the  ing  exhausted,  this  battery  was  forced  to  rerrv. 
expedition  remaining  behind  at  the  inlet  That  A  fierce  fight  then  ensued  between  theUui"' 
night  the  fleet  anchored  at  a  point  10  m.  8.  of  troops  of  this  column  and  a  portion  of  the  Wxt 
Roanoke  island,  and  on  the  6th  set  sail  again,  legion,  during  which  the  Virginians  went  re 
though  going  but  a  short  distance ;  on  the  7th,  pulsed,  with  the  loss  of  Col.  O.  Jenning^^i^ 
passing  successfully  through  the  narrow  en-  the  confederate  battery  meanwhile  keepio;:  of- 
trance  to  Oroatan  sound,  known  as  Roanoke  n  severe  fire.  The  movement  of  the  Union  d&ii- 
inlet.  Flag  Officer  Goldsborough  prepared  to  ing  columns  had  not  been  observed  by  the  re- 
commence  the  attack.    The  important  con-  federates,  they  relying  upon  &e  suppoiKl  io- 
federate  forts  on  Roanoke  island  were  three  in  penetrability  of  the  woods ;  their  left  and  n:  << 
number.    Fort  Huger,  near  the  northern  ex-  flanks  were  almost  simultaneously  attaektd  i; 
tremity,  mounted  10  82-pounders ;  Fort  Blan-  these  columns,  and  tliey  fled  without  a  6trcrj!r- 
chard,  8.  of  this,  mounted  4  guns  of  equal  even  casting  off  their  garments  in  their  rapid  ty^ 
weight ;  Fort  Bartow,  still  further  8.,  mounted  treat.    Two  Union  regiments  pursued  the  m- 
9  guns,  including  one  80-pounder  rifle.    AU  federates  to  a  point  on  the  £.  side  of  the  isUr^^ 
these  works  were  N.  of  the  middle  of  the  isl-  where  a  few  boat  loads  attempted  to  embdri 
and,  and  all   were  abandoned  without  being  for  a  place  of  safety ;  25  or  30  prisoneR  ven; 
attacked.    Under  the  protection  of  the  con-  here  taken.  Another  Union  re^^ment  moved  i^- 
federate  batteries  were  7  of  their  gunboats,  and  ward  a  confederate  camp  situated  to  tiie  non'- 
the  engagement  opened  with  an  attack  upon  ward  of  the  battery,  and  caused  the  sorren^ 
them  at  11|  A.  M.  on  the  7th ;  the  firing  was  of  a  Carolina  regiment.  A  third  body  of  Ti*- 
kept  up  with  considerable  spirit  for  some  time,  troops  advanced  up  the  island  to  a  second  ^t'^ 
the  confederate  gunboats  all  the  while  retiring  federate  camp,  and  were  met  by  an  offer  ii 
up  a  narrow  channel  covered  by  their  forts,  surrender,  by  which  8,000  prisoners  were  uk*^ 
their  purpose  being  to  draw  the  Union  fleet  All  the  forts  and  batteries  on  the  island  vt.^ 
into  a  portion  of  the  sound  which  they  had  dan-  then  abandoned  by  the  confederates,  asd  vH 
gerously  obstructed  by  sinking  piles.  This  plan  them  a  fort  on  the  mainland  mountiDg^fc9S> 
was  however  unsuccessful,  the  trap  having  been  The  Union  loss  in  this  battle  was  aboot  45 1^- 
exposed,  and  when  the  retreating  gunboats  had  ed  and  200  wounded ;  among  the  former  vt*^ 
passed  out  of  reach  of  his  guns.  Flag  Officer  Col.  Russell  of  the  10th  Connecticnt,  and  !>:'*' 
Goldsborough  turned  his  attention  to  a  battery  Col.  Victor  de  Monteuil  of  the  53d  Kew  Tort 
8.  of  the  forts  named ;  the  fire  from  this  was        R0BERT8,  BsyjAMZX  Stonr,  brigadierfef 
delivered  very  feebly,  and  the  only  immediate  eral  of  Tolunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  hen  s 
result  of  the  action  was  the  burning  of  the  Manchester,  Vt.,  in  1811.    He  was  gndBitt^ 
barracks  and  other  buildings  connected  with  at  West  Point  in  1885,  appointed  brevet  ^ 
the  confederate  post.    In  the  afternoon,  at  6  lieutenant  in  the  1st  dragoons,  made  u^^^ 
o^clock,  about  10,000  Union  troops  were  landed  commissary  of  subsistence  in   18S6,  tod  p 
at  a  point  near  the  middle  of  the  island,  being  moted  to  be  1st  lieutenant  in  1837.   He  ^ 
protected  by  their  gunboats,  which  drove  off  signed  his  commission  in  Jan.  1839,  and  ^"^ 
the  confederate  fleet.    No  advance  was  made  afterward  became  principal    engineer  ^^< 
that  night,  but  on  the  morning  of  the  8th  the  Champlain  and  Ogdensburg  railroad,  ^  ^ 
land  attack  was  commenced.    The  plan  of  the  1841  assistant  geologist  of  the  state  of  ^<^^ 
action  placed  Gen.  Foster  at  the  head  of  a  cen-  York.    In  1842  he  visited  Russia  as  an  vs^ 
tral  column.  Gen.  Reno  in  command  of  a  left  ant  engineer  to  Lieut.  G.  W.  ^^^^\^ 
flanking  column,  and  Gen.  Parke  of  a  right  had  been  charged  with  the  constmetioD  of  r*|^ 
flank  column  to  attack  the  confederate  left;  roads  intiiat  empire.    Having  retoroedtou^ 
the  centre  colunm  had  with  it  a  marine  battery  United  8tates,  he  was  admitt^  to  tbe  btf.  ^    \ 
of  6  12-pounders.    The  most  formidable  con-  in  1843  established  himself  aa  a  l<^r^^,^ 
federate  work  conmsted  of  a  battery  erected  Iowa.    In  1846  he  reentered  the  ana/  » ^" 


822  BOSS  BUBIDIUM 

in  1861  he  became  attaohed  to  the  staff  of  Gen.  4he  MezioaB  w^r,  and  immediatelj  after  \m  n- 
HoOlellan  in  Ohio,  was  appointed  on  June  10  tarn  home  was  elected  to  the  state  seBste.  lie 
oolonel  of  the  2dd  Ohio  volunteers,  and  on  June  xemoyed  to  Louisville,  Ej*,  in  1849,  btfor^  hi« 
16  was  commissioned  a  brigadier-general  in  the  term  of  office  had  expired,  but  Ms  coDstit4knu 
regular  army,  and  ordered  to  duty  under  Gen.  would  not  allow  him  to  resign.  In  1860  U^^^ 
MoGlellan  in  western  Virginia.  He  won  the  elected  to  the  Kentucky  senate.  WheDtLrivt] 
battle  of  Rich  mountain,  July  20,  and  on  July  war  broke  out  he  raised  two  regiments  (^  Kfc£.< 
24  succeeded  McGlellan  as  commander  of  that  .tuckians,  but,  in  deference  to  the  nentnl  m:d:> 
department,  which  he  retained  until  superseded  ment  prevailing  in  that  state,  was  obligtvi  u 
by  Gen.  Fremont  in  March,  1862.  In  June  he  encamp  on  the  Indiana  side  of  the  Ohio  rivrr 
Bucoeeded  Gen.  Pope  in  command  of  an  army  When  Buckner  advanced  toward  LouigTilr  i:i 
corps  in  the  army  of  the  Mississippi,  under  Gen.  Bept.  1861,  he  crossed  the  river  to  protect  tbi 
Grant.  In  September,  when  the  commands  city.  He  was  appointed  brigadier-general  in 
were  reorganized.  Gen.  Grant^s  department  was  volunteers  Oct.  1,  and  attached  to  Ges.  Bsili  > 
called  tlie  district  of  West  Tennessee,  and  Gen.  army  of  the  Ohio,  with  which  he  pamcipaiad 
Bosecrans  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  army  of  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  He  was  afterward  pre- 
the  Mississippi,  composing  the  8d  division  of  moted  to  the  command  of  a  division  m  Gcl 
Grrant^s  district,  his  head-quarters  being  at  Oor-  McCook's  corps,  at  the  head  of  which  he  tttk 
inth.  Here,  on  Oct.  8  and  4,  he  received  the  a  principal  share  in  the  battle  of  Ferrrrilk. 
attack  of  the  confederates  under  Van  Dom  and  Oct.  8, 1862.  In  the  same  month  he  was  ncc- 
Firice,  and  after  a  bloody  and  desperate  contest  inated  a  major-general, 
signally  defeated  them.  On  Oct.  80  he  super-  RUBIDIUM  (Lat.  ruhiduSy  dark  red),  an  li- 
sted Gen.  Buell  in  command  of  the  department  kaline  metal,  the  existence  of  which  wasi*?; 
of  the  Ohio,  and  he  was  soon  afterward  as-  suspected  by  KirchhofT  and  Bunsen^subse^iikLt' 
rigned  to  the  command  of  the  department  of  ly  to  the  discovery  of  cffisium  (see  CjEmn  z 
the  Oumberland,  comprising  the  state  of  Ten-  this  supplement),  and  through  a  similar  circix^ 
neasee  south  of  the  Oumberland  and  east  of  the  stance,  namely,  the  detection  (in  the  spectrsa 
Tennessee  river,  and  such  parts  of  northern  Ala-  obtained  by  examination  of  an  impnre  compo&iii 
bama  as  may  be  occupied  by  the  federal  forces ;  of  ciesinm)  of  certain  bright  lines  not  previous- 
his  troops  constitute  the  14th  army  corps.  ly  observed  in  the  light  from  any  then  kDorc 

ROSS,  Lbonabd  Fulton,  brigadier-general  elements.     (See  Speotbum  Analtsis  in  tli^ 

of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Fulton  supplement.)    The  lines  characteristic  of  ue 

CO.,  111.,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845,  and  new  metal  are  two  remarkable  bands  of  dark /ni 

the  next  year  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  4th  lying  beyond  Fraunhofer^s  A  (see  OFnc$).  iii^ 

Illinois  volunteers,  and   served   through  the  consequently  in  a  part  of  the  speotmm  \i^^'\ 

Mexican  war,  rising  to  be  Ist  lieutenant.    Af-  only  by  unusual  methods.     A  precipitate  *'i 

ter  the  war  he  resumed  the  practice  of  his  pro-  potassium  and  associated  alkaline  metals  beiL; 

fession,  and  was  probate  judge  for  6  years.    In  obtained  from  specimens  of  lepidolite  bj  actiic 

May,  1861,  he  was  chosen  colonel  of  the  iTth  of  bichloride  of  platinum,  by  anbeequent  rcdoc- 

Illinois  volunteers,  with  which  he  served  in  tion  of  the  precipitate  with  hydrogen  wd  ti- 

Missouri  and  Kentucky.    The  next  winter  he  tracting  with  water  the  chloride  of  the  oct 

was  in  command  at  Gape  Girardeau,  Mo.    He  metal  is  separated ;  and  this  is  then  prrM  tj 

was  commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volnn-  repeated  precipitation  and  boiling,  altenutelj 

teers  April  25,  1862,  having  l^n  previously  in  To  free  it  from  c»sium,  the  chloride  U  cofirert 

command  of  a  brigade  since  the  capture  of  Fort  ed  into  a  carbonate,  and  repeatedly  extrK'^ 

Donelson.    After  the  evacuation  of  Oorinth  he  with  alcohol.    With  mercury,  by  aid  of » "^^f 

was  promoted  to  the  command  of  a  division,  taio  circuit,  the  rubidium  is  then  obtained  in 

and  stationed  at  Bolivar,  Tenn.  the  condition  of  an  amalgam,  which  is  of  silrer- 

ROUSSEAU,  LovBLL  Harbison,  mig'or-gen-  white  color  and  crystaUine  structure.   BuM^'- 

eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  um  is  thus  far  found  in  greatest  qa&ntitj  a 

Dncoln  co.,  Ey.,  in  1820.    He  is  of  Huguenot  lepidolites,  from  which  its  compounds  are  nii^ 

descent,  and  his  father  was  first  cousin  to  j^es-  easily  obtained  pure.    A  lepidolite  from  Jtost^ 

ident  Harrison.    He  never  went  to  sphool  af-  oa  in  Moravia  gave  .002  of  the  entire  ▼eigt: 

ter  he  was  10  years  old.    When  he  was  18  his  of  oxide  of  rubidium ;  the  Saxon  lepidolite  t0 

fiftther  died,  leaving  a  widow  and  a  large  family  still  richer ;  and  traces  of  the  metal  vere  ce- 

of  young  children.    Lovell  obtained  employ-  termined  in  ahnost  all  the  mineral  waters  cx- 

ment  in  macadamizing  a  turnpike  road,  and  amined,  though  not  always  in  the  potash  (0Q>* 

while  he  sat  at  his  work  breaking  stone,  used  pounds  of  commerce.     Very  recentlff  Bao^^ 

to  study  French  from  a  paper  spread  out  be-  has  found  a  lepidolite  yielding  .03  of  rubidiDn. 

fore  him.    After  a  while  he  removed  to  the  The  equivalent  of  rubidium  is  85.36  ;it«^.^^'' 

vicinity  of  Louisville,  studied  law  for  a  few  Rb.    As  in  case  of  ctesium,  its  amalgam  <)°^^^ 

months  there,  and  for  a  few  months  more  at  oxidizes  in  the  air,  and  decomposes  coldvsttrf- 

Bloomfield,  Ind.,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  the  Though  standing  in  the  scale  below  (0if^ 

latter  place  in  1841,  and  in  1844-'5was  a  mem-  rubidium  is  electro-positive  to  potasginot-  ip 

ber  of  the  Indiana  legislature.    In  1846  he  be-  hydrate  is  highly  soluble,  caustic,  dissolv^ 

came  captain  in  the  2d  Indiana  volunteers  for  water  with  strong  evolution  of  heat,  sod  f^ 


824  SAVAGE'S  STATION^  SGHOEFF 

land,  about  1740,  died  in  Philadelphia  in  1786.    was  acting  aaastant  profesaar  of 
Emigrating  to  America  some  years  before  the    at  West  Point  from  Aug.  28, 1637,  to  8«|C  10, 
revolution,  he  established  hinouBelf  in  Philadel-    1888,  and  assistant  professor  of  ethics  froii  Aug. 
phia  as  a  merchant  and  banker,  and  accnmulat-    80, 1841,  to  July  13, 1846 ;  was  traiiBfemdto& 
ed  a  large  fortune,  which  during  the  war  of  in-    topographical  engineers  July  7,  18S8,  and  W 
dependence  he  devoted  to  the  use  of  the  Ameri-    came  Ist  lieutenant  Sept.  21, 1846 ;  was  acOBg 
can  government.    He  negotiated  all  the  war    aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Scott  in  his  Mexioui  cso- 
subsidies  obtained  from  France  and  Holland,    paign;  became  captain  in  March,  1653;  and  was 
which  he  indorsed  and  sold  in  bills  to  Ameri-    dismissed  June  4,  1856.    In  1861  he  re^teriid 
can  merchants  at  a  credit  of  two  and  three    the  service,  became  colonel  of  the  43d  Ohio  ^ol- 
months  on  his  personal  security,  receiving  for  '  unteers,  and  in  Oct.  1862,  was  promoted  to  b^ 
his  commission  one  quarter  of  one  per  cent,    brigadier-general  for  gallantry  In  the  battle  of 
He  acted  as  paymaster-general  of  the  French    South  mountain. 

forces  in  America,  and  for  some  time  supported  SOHENCE,  Robert  Cvmusso^  mi^jor-genenl 
the  ministers  or  agents  of  several  foreign  pow-  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  armj,  bom  in  Ohio, 
ers  when  their  own  sources  of  supply  were  cut  Oct.  7,  1809.  He  was  educated  at  the  Hitm 
off.  It  is  asserted  that  over  $100,000  thus  ad-  university,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
vanced  has  never  been  paid.  Mr.  Salomon  also  the  bar.  He  did  not  continue  loDg  in  the  prse- 
lent  to  the  U.  S.  government  about  $600,000  tice  of  his  profession,  but  soon  entered  pditictl 
in  specie,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  the  sum  life,  was  elected  .to  the  legislature  of  bisstat^, 
of  $400,000  remained  due  to  him  from  the  gov-  and  then  sent  to  congress  as  a  whig  dunng  4 
ernment,  irrespective  of  amounts  which  he  had  consecutive  terms  (1848-^51),  and  was  di&t  Ji- 
lent  to  statesmen  and  others  while  engaged  in  guished  for  ability  and  industry.  In  1851  heir*^ 
fulfilling  public  trusts.  His  descendants  have  appointed  U.  S.  minister  to  Brazil,  where  he  re- 
petitioned  for  remuneration,  and  their  claims  mained  for  8  years.  At  the  beginning  d  tie 
have  several  times  been  favorably  reported  upon  civil  war  in  1661  he  wasjnade  brigadier-ge&enl 
by  committees  of  congress.  of  volunteers,  and  placed  in  command-of  a  bri^- 

SAVAGE'S  STATION.    See  Chioeahomint.    ade  stationed  near  Washington.     On  June  17. 

SAXTON,  EuFus,  brigadier-general  of  volun-    while  attempting  to  carry  out  an  order  to  Uke 
teers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Deerfield,    possession  of  the  railroad  from  Alexandria  to 
Mass.,  Oct.  19,  1824.    He  was  engaged  in  agri-    Vienna,  Va.,  the  train  in  which  he  was  tnub- 
oultural  labors  until  he  was  20  years  of  age,    porting  his  men  was  fired  into  and  disabled  b? 
was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1849  and  en-    a  concealed  battery,  and  severe  loss  was  is- 
tered  the  8d  artillery,  was  transferred  to  the  4th    flicted  upon  the  national  soldiers  before  they 
artillery  in  1860,  and  became  1st  lieutenant  in    could  retreat.    At  the  first  battle  of  Bull  ru 
1855.    In  the  same  year  he  led  a  surveying    Gen.  Schenck  commanded  a  bri^de  under  Gts. 
party  across  the  Rocky  mountains  from  the    Tyler;  he  was  in  the  rear  dunng  the  retreat 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  by  way  of  the    and  brought  off  his  men  in  comparatively  good 
North  pass,  to  Fort  Benton  on  the  Missouri,  and    order.    He  afterward  served  unaer  Oen&  Best- 
thence  by  way  of  that  river  to  St.  Louis.    Af-    crans  and  Fremont,  in  western  Virginia,  and  un- 
ter  his  return  from  this  expedition  he  was  em-    der  Sigel ;  was  wounded  at  Bull  run,  Auf .  SO, 
ployed  for  some  years  on  the  coast  survey,  and    18G2,  and  had  an  arm  amputated  at  the  wri^t 
effected  certain  improvements  in  instrnments    on  the  battle  field.    In  October  he  was  noaor 
for  taking  deep  sea  soundings,  one  of  which,    nated  a  major-general,  and  was  again  elected  lo 
a  self-registering  thermometer,  bears  his  name,    congress  as  a  republican,  defeating  C.  L.  Valltft- 
(See  Atlantic  Ocean,  vol.  ii.  p.  804.)    In  1860    digham,  his  democratic  opponent.     Hewasip- 
he  became  an  instructor  at  West  Point.    At  the    pointed  to  command  at  Baltimore,  Dec.  16,  ISSl 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  was  at  St.  Ix>ui8,        SCHOEPF,  Albin  Fkancisco,  hrigadier-gep- 
under  Capt.  (afterward  Gen.)  Lyon,  acting  as    eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in 
quartermaster,  with  the  rank  of  captain,  and    Hungary,  March  1,1822.    He  entered  the  nll^ 
bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  breaking  up  the  con-    tary  academy  in  Vienna  in  1837,  became  t  2fl 
federate  "Camp  Jackson."    He  subsequently    lieutenant  of  artillery  in  1841,  and  served  iB 
joined McClellan  in  western  Virginia,  and  accom-    the  Austrian  army  until  the  outbreak  of  lb« 
panied  him  to  Washington.    He  went  with  Gen.    revolution  in  Hungary  in  1848.     He  tlien  en- 
Sherman  to  Port  Boyd  in  the  capacity  of  quar-    listed  in  the  Hungarian  army  as  a  private,  bat 
termaster,  and  on  April  15, 1862,  was  appointed    was  soon  made  captain,  and  afterward  m^or. 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers.     For  a  short    After  the  defeat  of  his  countrymen  in  1849.  be 
time  after  the  retreat  of  Gren.  Banks  from  the    escaped  into  Turkey,  served  under  Gen-Bera  if 
valley  of  the  Shenandoah,  Gen.  Sazton  was  in  .  Aleppo,  and  was  znade  instructor  of  artilki?- 
command  at  Harper's  Ferry.    Soon  after  this    In  1861  he  came  to  the  United  States,  w^  ^ 
^  he  went  back  to  Port  Royal,  where  he  is  now    the  same  year  received  an  appointment  in  ^ 
(Dec.  1862)  acting  as  military  governor.  U.  S.  coast  survey.    In  1868  he  was  tranrferrea 

SOAMMON,  EuAKiM  Pabeeb,  brigadier-gen-  to  the  patent  office  as  an  assistant  exttsmr- 
eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  He  was  made  brigadier*general  of  voluot^fi^ 
Maine,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1887  Sept.  28,  1861,  and  immediately  ordered  to 
and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  4th  artillery;    Kentucky,  where  on  Oct.  21  he  defeated  G^ 


*  -I 


826  SCHWEIKITZ 


:!L»«7i;iy; 


ter  Mr.  linooln^B  inangnration  Scharz  wbb  ap-  trade.    He  waa  elected  bjthe  state  ooiveBtioc 
pointed  minister  to  Spain,  but  on  the  outbreak  a  delegate  at  large  from  Vir^nia  to  tie  cod- 
of  the  civil  war  desired  to  be  relieved  from  that  federate  congress,  July  20,  1861,  in  vbith  hi 
office  in  order  that  he  might  enter  the  army,  eerred  nntil  the  election  of  a  congresB  imdeT  tLc 
The  arrangements  for  this  change  were  nearly  permanent  conatitution  of  the  oonfederat^eiaXt?. 
consummated,  when  be  was  required  to  go  to  Be  was  appointed  secretary  of  war  on  tbe  re- 
Madrid,  where  he  remained  as  minister  till  signation  of  Mr.  G.  W.  Randolph,  5ot.  H 
Dec.  1861,  and  then  returned  to  the  United  1862.    His  residence  is  in  GoocblaDd  co. 
States.    A  speech  delivered  in  New  York  after        SEDGWICK,  Jomr,  migor-general  of  toIth^ 
his  return,  on  March  6, 1862,  on  the  necessity  teers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Oonnectir: 
of  abolishing  slavery  in  order  to  restore  the  na-  was  graduated  at  "West  Point  in  1SS7,  scd  k; 
tional  unity,  has  been  regarded  by  many  as  the  pointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  artillery,   h 
ablest  of  his  public  discourses.  He  resigned  his  was  promoted  to  be  1st  lieutenant  in  18^9.  £.. 
office  as  a  minister,  was  appointed  a  brigadier-  brevetted  captain  for  gallantry  at  Contrrri.- 
general  of  volunteers,  and  on  June  17  took  andChnrubusco,  where  he  had  command  oil 
command  of  a  ^vision  in  the  corps  of  Gen.  company.    He  was  highly  distinguisbed  for  L- 
Sigel,  with  which  he  distinguished  himself  at  conduct  in  the  battles  of  Molino  del  Bej  s^. 
the  second  battle  of  Bull  run.  Ohapnltepec  and  the  attack  on  the  San  O^-. 
SCHWEINITZ,  Lewis  David  vok,  an  Amer-  gate,  where  he  was  again  in  command  of  L: 
ican  botanist  and  clergyman  of  the  Moravian  company,  and  for  his  gallantry  in  the  sef^.C'. 
church,  born  in  Bethlehem,  Penn.,  Feb.  18,  of  these  engagements  was  brevetted  mi/* 
1780,  died  there,  Feb.  8,  1884.    At  the  age  of  He  was  commissioned  captain  in  1849,  szi  z 
18  he  visited  Germany,  where  he  completed  his  March,  1856,  was  promoted  to  be  migor  k :  * 
education  and  remained  until  1812.    He  then  1st  cavalry.    On  April  25,  1861,  he  V3«  s;- 
returned  to  America,  and  filled  an  ecclesiastical  pointed  colonel  of  the  4th  cavalry,  and  oq  A^ 
office  at  Salem,  N.  0.    In  1821  he  was  appoint-  81  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.     Be  «•* 
ed  to  a  similar  office  at  Bethlehem,  and  contin-  assigned  Gen.  Stone's  command  on  the  bi^c 
oed  in  tbe  same  until  his  death.    He  added  Potomac  when  that  officer  was  arrested  IlTcI 
nearly  1,400  new  species  to  tlie  stores  of  botani-  1862,  and  during  the  Chickabominy  caispi.' 
cal  science;  and  of  these  more  than  1,200  were  he  led  a  division  in  Gen.  Somner's  iihii. 
of  North  American  fungi,  previou^y  little  stud-  army  corps.    He  was  commissioned  a  snj-r 
led.    He  waa  a  member  of  several  learned  asso-  general  of  volunteers  July  4,  1862.    At  t' 
dations  in  America,  Germany,  and  France ;  and  battle  of  Antietam  he  was  seriouslT  wonD'.V 
the  university  of  Kiel,  in  Denmark,  conferred  and  carried  off  the  field ;  and  on  his  recoTc:< 
upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  doctor  in  in  December  he  was  assigned  to  the  coidiua:- 

Eniloeophy.  A  new  plant  was  named  after  him  of  the  9th  (late  Burnside's)  army  corps. 
y  Dr.  ESliot  the  SehtDeinitsia,    His  herbarium,        6£MM£S,  Bafhakl,  a  naval  officer  m  tl 

which  at  the  period  of  his  death  was  one  of  the  service  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  is  Ha.^ 

largest  private  coUections  of  the  kind  in  Amer-  land,  of  Irish  and  Scotch  parents,  entere<i :: 

ica,  he  bequeothed  to  the  academy  of  natural  U.  S.  navy  in  1826,  obtained  a  raidsbipciir  ^ 

sciences  at  Philadelphia,  where  it  now  is.    His  warrant  in  1832,  and  in  1833  was  a^i^i^'  y 

principal   worlra   are  :    Conspectus  Fungarum  the  depot  of  charts  and  instmments  in  ^di- 

LuMttia  and  Synopsis  Fangorum  Carolina  Su-  ington.    He  was  promoted  to  be  lieoteiisE:  '^ 

perioris^  both  published  at  Leipsic,  and  the  lat-  1837,  the  next  year  was  at  the  Norfolk  di^ 

ter  edited  by  Dr.  Schw^richen ;  Specimen  Mora  yard,  was  afterward  stationed  at  the  PeDs&^'^ 

America   Septentrioncuis  Cryptogamiea    (Ra-  navy  yard,  and  in  1848  was  ordered  to  the  ecs- 

leigh,  1821) ;  "  Monograph  of  the  linnioBan  Ge-  maud  of  the  coast  survey  steamer  Poinsett  .'- 

nus  Viola*^  (1821) ;  ^^  Catalogue  of  Plants  col-  1846  he  commanded  the  brig  Porpoise,  6cc  i 

lected  in  the  N.  W.  Territory  by  Say  "  (1824) ;  1848  the  store  ship  Electr^  both  of  ih«  i^' -^ 

**  Monograph  upon  the  American  Species  of  the  squadron,  and  was  next  appointed  inspectcc^ 

Genus  Garez**  (1824) ;  and  Synopsis  Fungorum  the  Pensacola  navy  yard.     In  1855  he  wss  ^^' 

in  America  Boreali  Media  Degentium  (1881).  moted  to  be  commander.    He  was  unempiii^- 

SEDDON,  Jambs  A.,  secretary  of  war  in  the  from  1850  to  1857,  and  was  then  sooccssf  : 

government  of  the  confederate  states,  born  in  lighthouse  inspector  at  Mobile  and  secretart* 

Virginia,  adopted  tiie  profession  of  the  law,  and  the  lighthouse  board  (1859).    He  held  rb 

was  a  representative  in  congress  from  the  Bich-  latter  office  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  i^ 

mond  district  from  1845  to  1847,  and  from  1849  war,  when  he  resigned  and  was  i^pointed  eis-    , 

to  1851.    Always  a  democrat,  he  was  chosen  a  mander  in  the  confederate  navy.    He  iri$|^ 

member  of  the  peace  conference  which  met  at  signed  to  the  armed  steamer  Sumter,  vliK. 

Washington  Feb.  4, 1861,  represented  Virginia  was  fitted  out  at  New  Orleans  with  a  t^^ 

in  the  committee  appointed  by  that  body  to  crew,  and  on  June  80, 1861,  ran  the  W^**^ 

consider  mecms  for  the  settlement  of  the  exist-  of  Pass  ii  TOutre  at  the  month  of  tbe  v^ 

ing  difficulties,  and  in  the  conference  voted  sippi,  and  in  26  days  captured  9  AmerictD^^'';    . 

against  the  proposition  to  reestablish  the  Mis-  chant  vessels  in  the  West  India  vsttf^  ^^    \ 

Bouri  compromise  line,  as  well  as  against  that  then   proceeded   to    Southampton,  £spa^ 

to  prohibit  the  reopening  of  the  Afincan  slave  where   he  remained   for  some  time,  d<^ 


828  SHEDD  6H£RMAK 

of  which  6  Yolnmes  have  appeared  (1860-^62),        8HEBMAN,  William  TsouiiSKH,  nu^-geo- 

and  5  more  are  now  in  the  press.  eral  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  armj,  Wm  in 

SHEDD,  William  Grsenougu  Thatbb,  D.D.,  I^mcaster,  O.,  Feb.  8, 1820.    His  father.  o&^  of 

an  American  clergyman,  bom  in  Acton,  Mass.,  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  of  Ohio,  died 

June  21,  1820.    He  was  graduated  at  the  uni-  in  1829,  and  William  was  educated  in  tkuin- 

yersity  of  Vermont  in  1889,  and  at  Andover  ily  of  the  Hon.  Thomas  Ewing  until  be  1:^^ 

theological  seminary  in  1848 ;  became  pastor  of  reached  the  age  of  16,  when  he  entered  le 

the  Congregational  church  in  Brandon,  Vt.,  in  U.  6.  military  academy.    He  was  graduated  h 

1844;  was  appointed  professor  of  English  lit-  1840,  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  3d  artilkr'. 

eratnre  in  the  university  of  Vermont  in  1846 ;  and  promoted  to  be  Ist  lieutenant  in  1841.   H^ 

accepted  the  chair  of  sacred  rhetoric  in  Auburn  served  in  Florida  during  the  Indian  ho&tili*Jt>. 

theological  seminary  in  1852;  and  was  trans-  and  In  1846  was  sent  to  California,  where  Ir 

ferred  to  Andover  as  professor  of  church  history  held  the  rank  of  acting  assistant  a^jnunt-ges- 

in  1854.    In  1862  he  was  installed  as  the  asso-  eral  of  the  10th  military  department  dnm; 

4;iate  pastor  of  the  ^'  Brick  church"  (Presbyte-  the  Mexican  war.    For  lus  services  in  this  e&- 

rian)  in  New  York.    He  has  edited  and  pub-  pacity  he  was  afterward  brevetted  captaiiL  v 

lished   a   translation  of  Theremin^s  "  Rhet-  date  from  1848.    In  1850  he  married  a  dAG^'litc: 

orio"  (New  York,  1850 ;  2d  ed.  with  an  intro-  of  Mr.  Ewing,  was  appointed  commissarv  a 

ductory  essay,  Andover,   1859);    Coleridge's  subsistence  with  the  rank  of  captain,  and  ^fc> 

works,  with  an  introductory  essay  (7  vols.,  stationed  successively  at  St.  Louis  and  Xc# 

New  York,  1858)  ;    "  Discourses  and  Essaya"  Orleans.    In  Sept.  1853,  he  resigned  his  co^ 

(Andover,  1856) ;  "Lectures  upon  the  Philoso-  mission,  and  for  about  4  years  was  at  th€  It^^i 

phy  of  History'*  (Andover,  1856);  a  transla-  of  a  banking  house  in  San  Francisco.    HetLo 

tion  of  Guericke's  "  Church  History''  (2  vols.,  became  president  of  the  military  academy  ci 

Andover,  1857, 1863) ;  and  Augustine's  "  Con-  the  state  of  Louisiana.    Resigning  this  ccir 

feasions,"  with  an  introductory  essay  (1860).  on  the  passing  of  the  ordinance  of  aeoessioD  bj 

6HEPLEY,  Geobob  Fostsb,  brigadier-gen-  the  Louisiana  convention,  he  removed  to  5i 
eral  of  volunteers  in  the*  IT.  S.  army,  born  in  Louis,  and  in  June  was  appointed  colontl  if 
Saco,  Me.,  Jan.  1,1819.    He  was  graduated  at  the  13th  infantry,  one  of  the  new  regiments  u: 
Dartmouth  college  in  1887,  and  at  the  Harvard  the  regular  army,  his  commission  dating  free- 
law  school,  continued  the  study  of  law  at  Port-  May  14.    He  served  under  Gen.  McDowell,  ss/i 
land,  and  began  practice  at  Bangor.    After-  in  the  battle  of  Bull  run  commanded  the  :>: 
ward  he  removed  to  Portland,  and  under  Pres-  brigade  of  Tyler's  division.    Soon  afterward  ht 
ident  Polk  was  appointed  IT.  S.  district  attorney,  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  voluDt«en 
an  office  which  ne  held  until  the  accession  of  to  date  from  May  17,  and  was  ordered  U>  '^ 
President  Lincoln.    When  the  civil  war  broke  department  of  the  Cumberland  as  second  in 
out  in  1861  he  received  a  commission  aa  colonel  command  under  Qen,  Kobert  Anderson.   Isr- 
of  the  12th  Maine  volunteers,  his  regiment  be-  ly  in  October  Gen.  Anderson  was  relieved  i>o 
ing  attached  from  the  first  to  the  command  of  account  of  his  health,  and  the  command  ii- 
Qen.  B.  F.  Butler,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Ship  volved  upon  Gen.  Sherman.    The  persiste&s^ 
island  and  New  Orleans,  acting  as  commander  with  which  he  urged  the  necessity  of  krge  tv 
of  a  brigade.    On  the  surrender  of  New  Or-  enforcements  for  the  nation^  armies  in  the 
leans  he  was  appointed  commandant  of  the  city.  West,  and  especially  his  statement,  in  repl.^  *<^ 
and  subsequently  brigadier-general  and  military  a  question  of  the  secretary  of  war,  that  SiKliktf 
governor  of  Louisiana.  men  would  be  required  for  a  successful  £^' 

SHERMAN,  Thomas  W.,  brigadier-general  ward  movement  in  the  valley  of  the  Hissise4ppi. 

of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Rhode  led  to  a  rumor  that  he  was  insane.    In  yoveo^ 

Island  about  1817,  was  graduate  at  West  Point  ber  he  asked  to  be  relieved,  and  was  pW 

in  1886  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  8d  under  the  command  of  Gen.  Halleck  it  ^t 

artillery ;  became  1st  lieutenant  March  14, 1888,  Louis,  the  department  of  the  Cumberland  l<t 

and  captain  May  28,  1846 ;  was  brevetted  ma-  ing  incorporated  with  G^.  Buell's  departmeiiL 

jor  for  gallantry  at  Buena  Vista,  Feb.  28, 1847 ;  During  the  winter  Gen.  Sherman  was  io  coo- 

served  in  the  north-west  in  1857 ;  became  lieu-  mand  of  a  camp  of  instruction  at  Benton  bir- 

tenant-colonel  of  the  6th  artillery  May  14,  and  racks.    In  the  spring  he  was  placed  at  tbeb^ni 

was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  of  a  division  of  Gen.  Grant's  army,  with  wixk 

May  lY,  1861.     He  commanded  a  division  in  he  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  and,  it-     j 

the  first  battle  of  Bull  run,  and  was  selected  cording  to  Gkn.Halleck's  official  report/' saved      | 

to  command  the  land  forces  of  the  Port  Roy-  the  fortane  of  the  day  on  the  6th,  and  coBtn> 

al  expedition.    After  landing  at  Hilton  Head,  uted  largely  to  the  glorious  victory  of  the  7tb- 

Noy.^  7,  he  issued  a  conciliatory  proclamation  At  Gen.  Halleck^s  request,  he  was  promot^il  lo 

inviting  the  people  of  South  Carolina  to  return  be  migor-general  of  volunteers,  to  date  fr">ffl 

to  their  allegiance  to  the  national  government.  May  1,  1862.    He  was  subsequently  order«d,^ 

He  remained  in  command  at  Port  Royal  until  Memphis,  where  he  commanded  a  milittfT^^ 

March,  1862,  when  he  was  superseded  by  Gen.  trict  of  Gen.  Grant^s  department  of  ^^}^K 

Hunter,  after  which  he  was  ordered  to  the  army  nessee,  until  Nov.  1862,  when  he  wss  lelie^w 

under  Gen.  Halleck  before  Corinth.  in  order  to  take  the  field. 


880  8HIL0H  8I6EL 

presence  gave  courage  to  the  discomfited  army,  confederates,  aooordiDg  to  the  official  report  < 

It  was  believed  that  if  the  confederates  ad-  Gen.    Beauregard,    was    1,728    Idlled.   8.  CO 

vanced  again  that  night  it  would  be  upon  the  wounded,  and  959  missing, 
centre  and  left ;  accordinglj  all  the  available       SIBLEY,  Hknst  R,  a  general  in  tbe  servi : 

artillery  was  collected  and  arranged  in  a  semi-  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Loui^iu: 

circle  to  protect  the  landing,  and  bear  on  the  about  1815,  reported  killed  by  hia  own  &ci>i:T 

advancing   column  when   it   should   appear,  near  £1  Paso,  Texas,  about  May  1,  1862.    I 

This  had  hardly  been  accomplished  when  ^e  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  18S8,  and  . 

confederates  moved,  as  was  anticipated,  from  pointed  to  the  2d  dragoons;  became  ca^u 

the  Union  left  and  centre,  for  the  decisive  as-  Feb.  10,  1847 ;  was  brevetted  nuyor  for  ;:i 

sault  of  the  day;  they  were  met  by  a  terrible  lantry  at  Medelin,  Mexico,  March  25,  1847 ;  u 

fire  from  the  guns  just  placed,  and  also  from  in  Feb.  1861,  became  migor  of  the  1st  drag"  i 

two  gunboats  which  had  quietly  steamed  up  a  being  at  that  time  in  service  against  the  N^i 

creek  where  the  confederates  thoughtlessly  ex-  joes  in  Kew  Mexico.    He  resigned  Mat 

posed  their  flank.    The  result  was  a  cessation  1861,  and  was  appointed  abrigadier-gencnl 

of  the  first  day's  fight,  during  the  afternoon  of  the  confederate  army,  and  led  a  force  fn 

which  Gen.  Johnston  had  been  killed,  and  Gen.  Texas  for  the  conquest  of  New  Mexico.     IK  , 

Beauregard  had  assumed  the  chief  command,  tacked  Fort  Craig,  Jan.  5,  1862,  but  was  i 

Throughout  the  succeeding  night  the  gunboats  pulsed  and  compelled  to  retreat.     His  sn]«p 

bombfuxled  the  confederate  position  with  such  being  cut  off,  his  troops,  according  to  rtfp  i 

effect  as  to  prevent  an  advance,  and  even  to  com-  became  mutinous,  and,  attributing  to  him  t ': 

?el  a  partial  retirement.  On  the  morning  of  the  defeat,  shot  him.    He  was  the  inventor  of  t 

th.  Gen.  Buell's  army  having  crossed  the  river  8ibley  tent    (See  Tent,  vol.  xv.) 
and  taken  their  ground,  the  combined  forces       SICKLES,  Daioxl  £.,  brigadier-generi:! 

numbered  perhaps  45,000,  and  their  order  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  the  • 

battle  placed  Gen.  Lewis  Wallace  on  the  right,  of  New  York,  Got.  20, 1822.    He  was  educai 

Gen.  Nelson  on  the  left,  and  Gens.  T.  L.  Crit-  at  the  university  of  New  York,  but  was  ri 

tenden,  A.  McD.  McCook,  Hurlbut,  McCler-  graduated,  studied  law,  was  admitted   to  t 

nand,  and  Sherman  between  them.  Gen.  Wallace  bar  in  1844,  became  a  member  of  the  Ivc- 

had  come  up  from  down  the  river  in  the  nighty  ture  in  1847,  and  took  a  prominent  ]>os:i 

had  taken  a  position  in  front  of  certain  con-  among  the  leaders  of  the  democratic  party, 

federate  batteries  on  the  Union  right,  and  by  7  1858  he  was  appointed  corporation  attc^rrt 

A.  M.  on  the  7th  opened  the  day^s  action  by  The  same  year  he  accompanied  Mr.  Bucbx.: 

shelling  these,  with  such  effect  that  the  con-  to  England  as  secretary  of  legation,  and  i 

federates  retired,  taking  their  guns  with  them,  mained  there  until  1855,  when  be  retiirri 

Almost  at  the  same  moment  with  this  attack,  home.   In  the  autumn  of  that  year  he  was  eV  i 

€ren.  Nelson^s  division  advanced,  meeting  no  ed  to  the  state  senate  after  a  bitter  contest.  ;j 

determined  resistance  till  10^  oWock,  when  in  1856  was  chosen  a  representative  in  conp-«.t 

the  confederates  rallied  and  made  a  desperate  On  Feb.  27, 1859,  he  killed  Philip  Barton  Kv 

onset,  before  which  the  Union  line  wavered;  U.  S.  district  attorney  for  the  District  of  Ct^K.: 

at  this  critical  moment,  however,  a  battery  bia,  shooting  him  in  the  streets  of  Wasliiiii:^ 

manned  by  regulars  came  to  their  aid,  and  then  for  improper  intimacy  with  Mr.  Sickles's  ^  : 

for  nearly  two  hours  the  battle  raged  fiercely  He  was  tried  for  murder,  but  acquitted,    i 

at  that  point;  but  the  confederates  were  at  1861  he  raised   the  *'£xcelsior  brigade" 

length  overborne,  and  a  charge  by  brigades  New  York,  and  was  commissioned  colonel  < 

drove  them  through  and  beyond  tbe  camps  one  of  the  regiments  composing  it.    In  N.  ^ 

they  had  the  day  before  occupied.    When  the  1861,  he  was  nominated  by  the  president  br!  j 

line  under  Nelson  wavered,  as  stated,  the  ad-  dier-generd  of  volunteers,  but  the  nominal. • 

vancing  column  of  the  confederates  came  upon  was  rejected  by  the  senate  in  March,  1862.    . 

Gen.  Crittenden^s  division,  on  his  right ;  for  a  second  renomination  was  confirmed,  and  be  r< 

time  there  also  was  a  varying  contest,  finally  ceived  a  commission  dating  from  Sept,  3,  !>' 

resulting  in  the  retirement  of  the  confederates.  He  fought  in  the  battles  of  the  Chickahou.i: 

The  course  of  events  was  much  the  same  with  campaign,  his  brigade  forming  part  of  Hooke. 

the  divisions  of  McCook,  Hurlbut,  and  McCler-  division  of  Gen.  Heintzelman^s  (the  Sd)  arr 

nand.    Meanwhile,  earlier  in  the  day,  the  con-  corps.    He  succeeded  to  Gen.  Hooker  s  c<  r 

federates  had  endeavored  to  turn  the  Union  mand  when  that  officer  took  the  Ist  army  corj  < 

right,  where  Gen.  Wallace  was  posted ;  he  and  led  that  division  in  the  battles  of  Antiet^jj 

called  on  Gen.  Sherman  for  assistance,  and  car-  and  Fredericsburg.    He  was  rejected  to  o.:. 

ried  on  the  fight  for  some  time  with  his  artil-  gress  in  1860. 

lery   and   sharpshooters   till   reinforcements       SIG£L,  Franz,  mi^or-general  of  volnntar- 

came  up ;  the  conflict  there  continued  with  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  at  Zinsheim,  Bade: 

various  success  till  4  P.  M.,  when  the  confeder-  Nov.  18,  1824,  was  graduated  at  tbe  militan 

ates  finally  retreated,  the  action  having  some  school  at  Carlsruhe,  entered  the  military  servicf 

time  before  ceased  elsewhere  along  the  line,  of  Baden,  and  became  chief  adjutant  of  tlie 

The  Union  loss  in  this  battle  was  1,785  killed,  army  in  1847,  but,  being  deeply  interested  i:. 

7,882  wounded,  and  4,044  missing ;  that  of  the  the  revolutionary  movements  of  1848,  resigned 


882  SMITH 

SMITH,  Oalbb  Blood,  aeoretary  of  the  in-  infantry,  Ang.  9,  1846;  was  brerctted  Uv 

terior  in  the  cabinet  of  President  lincoln,  bom  tenant  for  gulantry  at  Cerro  Gordo,  A|iru  ik 

in  Boston,  Mass.,  April  16,  1808.    Six  years  and  eaptain   for  gallantry  at  Contreru  i.i 

afterward  his  parents  emigrated  to  Oincinnati.  Ohnrnbusco,  Aug.  20,  1847 ;  became  actlci  »- 

At  an  early  age  he  commenced  his  studies  at  sistant  professor  of  mathematics  at  ITeet  V  r^ 

the  Oincinnati  college,  and  completed  them  at  Oct.  28, 1840,  Ist  lientenant  in  Htrch,  >' :. 

the  Miami  nniyersity,  Oxford,  0.    He  studied  and  captain  in  the  2d  caTalry  in  March,  \^] 

law  at  Oincinnati  and  Oonnersrille,  lod.,  was  served  under  Van  Dom  in  western  Texas,  t:-: 

admitted  to  the  bar  in  1828,  began  practice  in  distinguished  himself  in  action  with  tbv  <  -^ 

Oonnersville,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Indiana  manches,  May  13, 1859,  in  which  he  was  svun- 

house  of  representatiyes  from  1883  to  1836,  and  ly  wounded ;  was  promoted  to  be  migor  in  >«• 

in  1840;  was  speaker  of  the  house  in  1835-*6 ;  and  resigned  his  commission  Apnl  t«  W . 

and  for  several  years  was  one  of  the  fund  com-  He  was  immediately  appointed  a  brigidierAi- 

missioners  of  Indiana.    In  1840  he  was  a  pres-  eral  in  the  confederate  army,  served  onder  Ux 

idential  elector  on  the  ticket  of  Gen.  Harrison.  J.  £.  Johnston  in  the  army  of  the  Shenafidi-i:^, 

He  was  a  member  of  congress  from  Indiana  from  and  brought  up  the  fresh  brigade  whose  arr  -.  v 

1843  to  1847,  and,  after  serving  as  one  of  the  decided  the  battle  of  Bull  nm  in  isTor  of  \l* 

oommissioners^to  adjust  claims  against  Mexico,  confederates,  on  which  oocaaion  he  was  v(»it<:- 

resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Oin-  ed.    He  was  married,  Sept  24,  1861,  ai  bi  .- 

cinnati.    In  1856  he  was  one  of  the  presiden-  burg,  Ya.,  to  Miss  Oassie  Selden,  aSttr  «h 

tial  electors  on  the  republican  ticket  in  Ohio,  he  commanded  the  4th  division  of  the  vn^  •  f 

having  been  connected  with  the  republican  par-  the  Potomac,  and  remained  with  that  arn.}  r 

ty  from  its  organization.    He  had  previously  its  winter  quarters  near  Bull  ran.    Hewt»u-. 

been  a  whig.    In  1858  he  removed  from  Oin-  promoted  to  be  a  miyjor^generalt  aad  iitr«> 

cinnati  to  Indianapolis,  and  practised  his  pro-  diately  after  the  capture  of  Fort  DoaeU  l  > 

fession  until  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  was  ordered,  April  8, 1862,  to  command  tit  ■>- 

interior  by  President  Lincoln  in  1861.    On  partment  of  £aat  Tennessee,  and  iasoed  f r  i 

Deo.  22, 1862,  the  senate  confirmed  his  nomi-  iCnoxville,  April  18,  a  proclamation  eciforr;i; 

nation  as  U.  S.  circuit  Judge  for  Indiana.  martial  law.    He  led  the  advance  of  Gea.  hna 

SMITH,  Oharlks  I^ouson,  mfgor-general  into  Kentucky  in  Aug.  1862,  and  waamadtU^ 

of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Penn-  tenant-general  in  October  following, 

sylvania,  died  at  Savannah,  Tenn.,  April  25,  SMITH,  Gbexn  Clay,  brigadier-geoerel  i 

1862.    He  was  a  son  of  Dr.  Samuel  B.  Smith,  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  MWi^t 

U.  S.  A.,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1825  oo.,  Ey.,  July  2, 1832.    At  the  age  of  V' 

and  appointed  2d  lientenant  in  the  2d  artillery,  volunteered  as  a  private  in  the  Mexican  «x* 

and  from  1829  to  1831  was  assistant  instructor  was  elected  lieutenant  in  the  Ist  regimeot  Kt^ 

of  infantry  tactics  at  the  military  academy,  tncky  cavalry,  and  served  for  one  jfu.   H' 

For  the  next  7  years  he  was  adjutant  of  the  then  retumed  home  and  completed  hi«  ftt.tf 

academy,  and  from  1838  to  1842  instmctor  of  at  Transylvania  universiCy,  both  in  the  w^^*- 

infantry  tactics  and  commandant  of  cadets.  He  mic  and  law  departments.    He  practii«tl  ls« 

was  promoted  to  be  1st  lieutenant  in  1832  and  in  Madison  co.  until  1859,  when  he  rui:<»<^ 

captain  in  1838,  and  for  his  gallantry  at  Palo  to  Oovington.    In  1861  he  waa  elected  t»  v 

Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  at  Monterey,  and  legislature  of  Kentucky,  and  while  a  lutn.  -' 

at  Contreras  and  Chnmbusco,  won  the  succes-  of  that  body  was  most  decided  in  h»  adb«rrv  « 

aive  brevets  of  mi^or,  lieutenant-colonel,  and  to  the  general  government.    He  waas|ip':'>< 

colonel.    In  June,  1848,  he  was  acting  inspec-  colonel  of  the  4th  Kentucky  cavalry  in  F 

tor-general  in  Mexico.    In  1854  he  became  1862,  served  under  Gen.  Dnmont,  waa  vuc:'-^ 

m^or  in  the  1st  artillery;  the  next  yearUeu-  at  Lebanon,  Tenn.,  and  was  made  brt^xi^'* 

tenant-colonel  of  the  10th  infantry;  and  in  general  of  volunteers  in  June. 

Sept.  1861,  colonel  of  the  8d  infantry.    He  waa  SMITH,  Gcstavus  Woodsok,  a  iceocri]  2 

appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  Aug.  the  service  of  the  confederate  state^  U^rt  u 

31,  1861,  and  for  some  time  had  command  of  Kentucky  about  1823,  was  graduated  at  ^^^ 

the  U.  8.  forces  in  Kentucky.    He  commanded  Point  in  1842  and  appointed  brevet  3d  lu:i**t' 

a  division  under  Gen.  Grant  at  the  capture  of  ant  of  engineers ;  was  acting  aasiatant  pn^fii^  • 

Fort  Donelson,  in  which  he  greatly  distinguished  of  engineering  at  West  Point  from  Ao^.    •• 

himself,  and  waa  afterward  ordered  to  take  1844,  to  Sept  24, 1846,  and  was  apDuiot«<c  »• 

possession  of  Savannah,  Tenn.,  where  he  died  sistant  professor  Nov.  1,  1849.    He  WsBr '^ 

of  dysentery  soon  after  his  arrival.    He  waa  lieutenant  Jan.  1,  1846,  and  waa  brervti^^i  '< 

commissioned  miyor-general  in  March,  1862.  lieutenant  for  gallantry  at  Cerro  Gorda  -^ " 

SMITH,  Edmund  Kibbt,  a  general  in  the  18,  and  captain  for  gallantry  at  Contrrrt*  »"• 

aervice  of  the  confederate  states,  bora  in  St.  Churubusco,  Aug.  20, 1847.    He  was  ccooJ'^ 

Augustine,  Fla.,  about  1826,  was  graduated  at  dant  of  sappers,  miners,  and  pootoiiitff>  ^  "> 

West  Point  in  1845  and  appointed  brevet  2d  March  10,  1847,  to  May  22, 1848;  becaair  < 

lieutenant  in  the  5th  iofiintry;  distinguished  lieutenant  in  March,  1858;  and  rcdf:^^  1^- 

himself  at  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Pahna,  18,  1854,  in  order  to  join  a  prqfeeud  eif*^- 

May  9,  and  became  2d  lieutenant  in  the7Ui  tion  against  Onba,  under  Gan.  QnitiiiaD.  U^ 


884  SPRAGUE  STANLY 

Bcrew,  the  prism  can  be  rotated  to  bring  the  senator  from  1842  to  1846.    He  has  been  eni 

parts  of  the  spectrum  successiyely  into  view,  gaged  from  boyhood  in  the  calico  print  ^w'orki 

and  the  relative  positions  of  the  lines  observed  founded  by  his  father  and  uncle,  and  in  whicli 

can  be  exactly  known.   When  several  elements  he  is  now  a  principal  partner.    He  was  nc^mi^ 

which  show  systems  of  bright  bands  are  at  the  nated  for  governor  in  1860  by  a  portion  of  the 

same  time  in  ike  flame,  it  is  at  least  generally  republican  party,  and  elected  in  eonsequen*  n 

true  that  their  several  spectra  coexist ;  and  the  of  a  coalition  between  them  and  the  democratr^. 

instances  in  which  certain  lines  proper  to  dif-  In  Feb.  1861,  foreseeing  the  outbreak  of  tL'i 

ferent elements  coincide  are  as  yet  few.    The  civil  war,  he  offered  to  the  president  and  G^n, 

spectrum  of  sodiam  is  the  simplest  yet  found ;  Scott  1,000  men  and  a  battery  of  artillery,  &l.(J 

and  Bunsen  has  determined  that  by  it  the  pres-  as  soon  as  the  call  for  troops  was  made  barter. 

ence  in  a  flame  of  less  than  the  riv.Tmr.sirv  p^  ed  to  raise  reghnents,  and  went  with  tfaem  t*i 

of  a  grain  is  detected.    Of  calcium,  banum,  the  field.    The  commisfflon  of  brigadier-general] 

strontium,  potassium,  and  lithium,  the  least  of  volunteers  was  offered  to  him  in  May,  hvA 

quantities    detectible   vary    from    t^.  jvv    ^  ^^  refused  it.  He  fought  with  the  Rhode  Jslar  ] 

m,zhs,vws  g^^y  so  that  no  other  chemical  troops  at  Bull  run,  where  his  horse  wa9  ^1.'  1 

test  approaches  tiiis  in  delicacy.    Among  re-  under  him,  and  in  several  engagensents  of  ih*j 

suits  of  the  new  analysis  are,  the  finding  that  Ohickahominy  campaign.     He  was  re^lectc^j 

lithium  is  in  fact  an  element  widely  diffiised  in  governor  in  1861  and  1862,  and  chosen  U.  ^ , 

nature,  and  the  discovery  of  three  new  metals,  senator  for  6  years  from  March  4,  1868: 
(See  OiBsnTir,  Bubtdixtic,  and  Thalliuv,  in  this        SOUTH  MOUNTAIN.    See  Antubtam. 
supplement.)    Very  recent  observations  upon        STAHEL,  Julius,  brigadier-general  of  volun- 

the  spectrum  by  Dr.  Bobiuson,  Mitscherlidi,  teers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Hungary  il 

Debray,  and  others,  show  that  a  much  more  1826.    He  entered  the  military  service  of  Aur- 

extended  study  of  the  influence  of  mixture  and  tria,  and  rose  from  the  ranks  to  be  1st  lieuten- 

combination  of  chemical  elements,  of  degree  of  ant ;  but  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  Hnngari^:. 

heat,  and  other  conditions,  is  requisite,  before  revolution  he  espoused  the  cause  of  his  natiw 

tiie  method  of  analysis  by  spectrum  observa-  country,  and  served  through  the  war  on  tlic 

tions  can  become  complete  and  positive ;  but  staffs  of  Gdrgey  and  Guyon.    On  the  trinmj  h 

very  many  trustworthy  indications  are  already  of  the  Austrian  arms  he  emigrated  to  Germany, 

afforded  by  it,  especially  with  use  of  the  simple  thence  to  England,  and  finally  to  New  Y(>ri 

hydrogen  flame. — ^The  application  of  the  new  city,  where  he  became  a  journalist,  and  in  1^': 

method  to  an  attempted  determination  of  at  established  the  "  New  York  Illustrated  Kew^/' 

least  some  of  the  chemical  constituents  of  the  which  he  conducted  for  about  a  year.     In  Mar, 

sun,  is  briefly  noticed  under  Optios  and  Sun.  1861,  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  tLt 

Kirohhoff,  having  satisfied  himself  that  the  8th  New  Toxic  volunteers,  Col.  Blenker,  sl  ' 

bright  lines  characteristic  of  several  of  the  commanded  that  regiment  in  the  battie  of  B... 

metals  correspond  exactiy  in  place  with  as  run,  his  colonel  having  charge  of  a  brigade.  Er 

many  dark  fines  of  the  solar  spectrum,  Infers  was  soon  afterward  commissioned  colonel  of  tL? 

that  these  dark  lines  are  produced  by  a  reversal  8th,  had  charge  of  a  brigade  in  BIenker*s  Ger- 

similar  to  that  above  shown,  and  hence  indicate  man  division,  and  was  appointed  biigadler-geo- 

the  existence  ofoorresponding chemical  elements  eral  of  volunteers  Nov.  12, 1861.    He  is  now 

both  volatile  in  the  luminous  atmosphere  of  the  (Dec.  1862)  in  command  of  a  division  in  Grc. 

sun,  and  also  incandescent  in  its  solid  nucleus.  SigePs  (the  11th)  army  corps. 
Accepting  this  conclusion,  it  appears  that  the        STANLEY,  David  S.,  brigadier-general  of 

presence,  in  the  solar  nucleus  and  photosphere,  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Ohio 

of  sodium,    potassium,    magnesium,  calcium,  about  1884,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  Iz 

chromium,  nickel,  and  iron,  at  least,  is  already  1848  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  th 

made  out;  the  probability,  by  the  doctrine  of  2d  dragoons;  became  2d  lieutenant  in  the  iS-t 

chances,  of  the  known  coincidence  of  the  60  cavalry  in  March,  1856 ;  distinguished  himself   i 

iron  lines  with  as  many  of  the  sunbeam,  with-  by  pursuing  and  defeating  a  body  of  Comanche? 

out  a  common  cause,  being  but  1  in  1,000,000,-  in  the  Wichita  mountains,  Feb.  26,  1859 ;  le-   : 

000,000,000,000.    The  possibility  of  explaining  came  captain  in  the  4th  cavalry  March  16, 1861 :    i 

on  the  new  principle  the  peculiar  colors  of  the  and  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volco* 

light  of  stars  (astrometry)  is  also  suggested,  teers  Sept.  28.     He  is  now  (Dec  1862)  chief 

Some  results,  however,  obtained  with  instru-  of  cavalry  in  the  army  of  the  Cumberland 

ments  of  very  high  dispersive  power  and  appar-  under  Gen.  Bosecrans.    On  Dec.  11  he  entereii 

ently  of  great  perfection,  by  Profs.  O.  N.  Kood  the  town  of  Franklin,  Tenn.,  at  the  head  of  s    I 

and  J.  P.  Oooke,  of  this  country  ("  American  cavalry  force,  defeating  a  body  of  confederates 

Journal  of  Science,"  Sept.  1862),  appear  to  cast  and  destroyinga  quantity  of  property, 
a  doubt  on  the  question  of  actual  coincidence        STANLY,  Edwabd,  military   governor  of 

of  the  terrestrial  chemical  and  the  solar  lines.  North  Carolina  in  the  existing  civil  war.  born 

SPBAGUE,  William,  governor  of  Bhode  Isl-  in  Newborn,  N.  C.    He  is  the  eldest  son  of  the 

and,  bom  at  Cranston,  B.  1.,  Sept.  12,  1880.  Hon.  John  Stanly  of  Newbem,  long  a  promi- 

He  is  a  nephew  of  William  Spragne,  who  was  nent  citizen  of  that  state.    A  lawyer  by  profos- 

governor  of  Bhode  Island  in  1888-^9,  and  U.  S.  don,  he  was  chosen  in  18S6,  as  a  whig,  to  rep- 


836  STEVENS  STONE 

HiB  fisther  was  a  mi^'or  in  the  dacal  service,  chanan  he  represented  Washington  territorj  a.H 

and  his  grandfather  a  lieutenant-general  in,the  delegate  in  congress  for  two  terms.    Be  ti^  :t 

Pmssian  army.    He  was  ednoatea  at  the  mill-  member  of  the  national  democratic  convent;*  n 

tarj  academy  of  the  dty  of  Brunswick,  and  which   met  at  Oharleston  and  Baltimore  m 

entered  the  army  of  the  duchy  as  lieutenant  in  1860,  supported  the  nominatioii  of  Mr.  Brteki 

1841.    In  1847  he  resigned  and  came  to  the  inridge,  and  was  chairman  of  the  BreckJuuiuj^ 

United  States  for  the  purpose  of  offering  his  executive  committee  at  Washington ;  but  \rbcs 

services  to  the  government  in  the  Mexican  war ;  the  secession  of  the  southern  states  became  m 

but  failing  to  obtain  a  conmiission  in  the  regu-  minent,  he  strongly  advised  the  presideiit  t^ 

lar  army,  he  returned  to  Germany  after  marry-  dismiss  Secretaries  Floyd  and  Thompson,    ha 

ing  a  lady  of  Mobile.    In  1864  he  again  came  ing  on  the  Pacific  coast  when  he  heard  of  the  f&j 

to  .Ajmerica,  and  purchased  a  &rm  near  Walling-  of  Fort  Sumter,  he  hastened  to  WaahingtoD,  w« 

ford,  Oonn.    At  the  commencement  of  the  civil  appointed  colonel  of  the  79th  NTe w  York  (higli 

war  he  raised  a  regiment,  the  29th  New  York  landers),  and  on  Sept,  88,  1861,  was  conmiis 

volunteers,  which  he  commanded  at  the  first  sioned  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  He  wli 

battle  of-  Bull  run,  forming  part  of  the  reserve  assigned  a  command  under  Gen.  Sherman  13 

under  Ool.  Miles.    On  Oct.  12,  1861,  he  was  the  expedition  to  Port  Royal,  conomanded  tin 

commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  principal  column  in  the  unsuccessful  assault  oil 

and  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  2d  brigade  the  enemy^s  position  near  Secemonville,  Jcl^ 

of  Blenker^s  division.    This  division  was  at-  16, 1862,  and  was  ordered  to  reinforce  Htu. 

tached  in  May,  1862,  to  the  Mountain  depart-  McClellan  after  the  retreat  of  the  army  gf  ih 

ment  under  Gen.  Fremont.    When  Sigel  as-  Potomac  from  before  Bichmond.     He  was  st:: 

sumed  command  of  the  corps,  after  the  organi-  sequently  attached  to  Gren.  Pope^s  conim:.n<] 

zation  of  the  army  of  Virginia,  G^n.  Steinwehr  and  had  charge  of  a  division  in  the  8erie>  ul 

was  promoted  to  the  command  of  the  2d  divi-  battles  fought  by  the  army  of  Virginia, 
sion,  and  participated  in  the  campaign  on  the        STONE,  Ohables  P.,  brigadier-general  «/ 

llapidan  and  Rappahannock  in  August.  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Gret-D- 

STEVENS,  Isaac  Inoalls,  brigadier-general  field,  Mass.,  in  1826,  was  graduated  at  TTo' 

of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Ando-  Point  in  1846  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lientti- 

ver,  Mass.,  in  1817,  killed  in  the  battle  near  ant  of  ordnance ;  was  acting  assistant  profe>Hi 

Chantilly,  Fairfax  co.,  Va. ,  Sept.  1, 1862.  He  was  of  ethics  at  West  Point  from  Aug.  1845,  to  J&c 

paduated  at  West  Point  in  1889,  ranking  first  1846;  was  brevetted  1st  lieutenant  for  gaU^nt- 

m  the  same  class  with  Gens.  Halleck,  Ricketts,  ry  at  Molino  del  Rey,  Sept.  8,  and  captdn  fv 

and  Ord,  and  was  commissioned  2d  lieutenant  gallantry  at  Chapultepec,  Sept.  18, 1847 ;  be- 

of  engineers ;  became  1st  lieutenant  in  1840,  came  1st  lieutenant  in  Feb.  1853 ;  and  resigred 

and  was  adjutant  of  his  corps  in  1847-^8.    From  his  commission  Nov.  17,  1856.     He  aftenr^ird 

1840  until  the  beginning  of  the  Mexican  war  took  up  his  residence  at  Washington,  snd  vi 

he  was  employed  upon  the  fortifications  of  the  the  approach  of  the  civil  war  was  appointed  h 

New  England  coast.  In  Mexico  he  was  attached  Gen.  ocott,  Jan.  2, 1861,  to  organize  and  ct>m- 

to  Gen.  Scott^s  staff,  and  was  brevetted  captain  mand  the  militaa  of  the  District  of  Golnmbk 

and  migor  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Ghu-  He  discharged  this  duty  with  so  much  zeal  aoti 

rubusco  and  at  Chapultepec.    At  the  attack  efficiency  that  on  May  14,1861,  he  was  commi-^ 

tipon  the  capital  he  was  in  Gen.  Worth's  divi-  sioned  as  colonel  of  the  14th  infiintiy,  and  or. 

sion,  and  was  severely  wounded  in  the  San  May  24  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  moremeni 

Oosme  suburb.    After  the  war  he  was  attached  of  the  national  forces  into  Viisinia  and  the 

to  the  coast  survey  as  principal  assistant  to  occupation  of  Alexandria.    On  May  28  be  ^a^ 

Prof.  Bache,  and  had  charge  of  the  ofilce  in  attacned  to  the  staff  of  Gen.  McDowell,  ^^ 

Washington.     In  1851  he  published  ^^Cam-  soon  after  assigned  to  the  command  of  a 

paigns  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  Mexico,  with  Re-  brigade  at  Alexandria,  and  subsequently  of 

marks  on  the  recent  Work  of  M^jor  Ripley^'  a  brigade  in  the  army  under  Gen.  Patterson. 

(8vo.,  New  York).    On  the  accession  of  Pres-  After  Gen.  McClellan  took  conunand  of  the  ar- 

ident  Pierce  (1868),  who  was  his  warm  personal  my  of  the  Potomac,  Ool.  Stone  was  ^Tomote^ 

and  political  friend,  he  resigned  his  commis-  to  be  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  Aug*  ^< 

sion  and  was  appointed  governor  of  Washing-  with  rank  from  May  17,  1861,  and  took  com- 

ton  territory,  and  at  the  same  time  placed  in  mand  of  a  division  whose  head-quarters  ^^^ 

charge  of  the  survey  of  the  northern  route  for  at  Poolesville,  Md.    The  troops  engaged  in  ^^^ 

the  Pacific  railroad.    He  subsequently  publish-  unfortunate  battle  of  Ball's  bluff,  Oct.  SI,  ^ 

ed  a  narrative  of  the  expedition.    During  his  longed  to  his  division  ai^d  acted  under  bis  or- 

term  of  office  as  governor  he  was  involved  in  a  ders ;    and  after  that  battle  his  condoct  ^^ 

conflict  with  the  chief  Justice  of  the  territory,  discussed  in  congress,  and  reports  unfavorsj^it' 

Edward  Lander,  brother  of  the  late  Gen.  Lan-  to  his  loyalty  began  to  be  circulated.  Fu^'^.* 

der,  and  declared  the  territory  under  martial  on  Feb.  9,  1862,  he  was  arrested  by  order  o\ 

law.    On  May  7, 1856,  he  caused  Judge  Lander  Gen.  McOlellan  and  imprisoned  in  foriU^^' 

to  be  arrested  in  the  court  room.    His  action  ette,  where  for  a  considerable  time  do  per^^ 

was  disapproved  by  the  authorities  at  Wash-  was  allowed  to  see  him.    No  official  obft^ 

ington.    After  the  accession  of  President  Bu-  were  preferred  against  him,  nor  was  ft  court 


888  8TUAKT  8TURGI8 

▼olanteered  to  go  to  her  relief,  and  sacceeded  Yu^ia,  he  was  appointed  colonel  of  a 

in  reaching  the  vessel  in  a  small  boat  manned  ment  of  cavalry ;  commanded  all  the  cq 

\>j  6  seamen,  and  took  off  6  of  the  crew ;  hnt  erate  cavalry  at  the  first  battle  of  BoH  mKn  z 

finding  it  impossible  to  return  to  Gibraltar  till  distinguished  himself  in  an  attack  on  the  ila- 

the  gale  subsided,  he  made  for  the  Algesiraa  tional  forces  at  Lewin8ville,y a.,  Sept.  IS,  18^1  ; 

shore,  and  had  nearly  reached  it  when  his  boat  was  promoted  to  be  a  brigadier-general,  i3>«l 

was  swamped  by  the  waves,  and  one  of  his  crew  soon  after  a  mf^or-general ;  conducted  a  bnl- 

and  two  of  the  rescued  IVenchmen  perished,  liant  incursion  within  Gen.  McdcJlim^s  lin^r^ 

He  served  as  lieutenant  in  1819  on  board  the  on  the  Pamunkey  river,  June  18,  1862,  at  thie 

Gyane,  which  conveyed  the  first  settlers  to  the  head  of  2  regiments,  1,200  cavalry,  and  2  goxi^^ 

colony  of  Liberia.    While  on  the  African  coast  destroying  much  property  and  eauaiDg  Tery 

he  was  placed  in  command  of  a  boat  and  sent  great  alann ;  surprisea  Gen.  Pope^s  head^qu^^- 

in  search  of  slavers.    He  captured  4,  and  was  ters  at  Gatlett's  station,  near  the  Rappah&ii  - 

made  prize  master  and  sent  home  with  his  nock,  Aug.  22,  in  the  midst  of  a  thunder  storxLi, 

Srizes.    In  1821  he  was  promoted  to  a  first  capturing  Pope^s  papers  and  correspoiideiio*.'. 
eutenancy,  and  ordered  to  the  Hornet,  then  with  the  private  property  of  his  staff;   ar.d 
on  the  West  India  station,  and  while  attached  most  brilliant  of  all,  at  tiie  bead  of  a  body 
to  her  aided  in  the  capture  of  a  notorious  pirate  of  1,800  cavalry  with  4  cannon,  passed  firocu 
ship  and  a  slaver.    iYom  1825  to  1829  he  was  south  of  the  Potomac  Oct.  9,  crossing  between 
on  duty  at  the  Brooklyn  navy  yard ;  then  sailed  Williamsport  and  Hancock  on  the  ri^fat  win^ 
as  first  lieutenant  of  the  Peacock  to  search  for  of  Gen.  McClellan^s  army,  traversed    Maz-y  - 
the  sloop  of  war  Hornet,  supposed  to  have  been  land,  and  passing  Mercersburg,  Penn.,  at  nooiu 
lost  near  Tampico ;  And  while  engaged  in  the  Oct.  10,  entered  Chambersburg  after  dark  02' 
search  was  transferred  to  the  Falmouth  as  her  that  day,  which  was  surrendered  without  tv- 
commander  and  sent  to  Oarthagena,  whence  he  sistance.^    Stuart  and  his  troopers  remaioe^ 
returned  to  New  York  in  1880.    For  the  next  there  during  the  next  day,  took  a  consld^Yblt: 
5  years  he  was  engaged  in  shore  duty ;  in  1885  quantity  of  spoil,  and  destroyed  a  vast  amouzit 
was  ordered  to  the  command  of  the  sloop  of  of  valuable  properly,  and,  retreating  -with  the* 
war  John  Adams,  then  in  the  Mediterranean  same  celerity  as  they  had  displayed  in  their 
squadron;  in  1887  was  appointed  second  in  advance,  crossed   the  Potomac    on    McCItrl* 
command  in  the  Brooklyn  navy  yard ;  in  1842  lan's  left,  thus  making  a  circuit  aronnd  th&t 
was  ordered  to  the  razee  Independence;  in  the  general^s  army,  without  serious  loss.     He  i« 
following  year  was  assigned  to  the  command  justly  regarded  as  a  cavalry  officer  of  great 
of  the  Brooklyn  navy  yard ;  and  in  1846  took  merit.    He  is  married  to  a  daughter  of  Gen. 
command  of  the  ship  of  the  line  Ohio,  and  took  Philip  St.  George  Cooke,  of  the  U.  8.  army. 
part  in  the  bombardment  of  Vera  Cruz.    He       STURGIS,  SAiirsL  Davis,  brigadier-general 
was  next  for  a  short  time  commander  of  the  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  6.  anny,  bom  in  Ship- 
Brazil  squadron ;  in  1851  had  command  of  the  pensburg,  Cumberland  co.,  Penn.,  in  1822.     He 
Gosport  navy  yard ;  from  1862  to  1855  of  the  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846  and  cf^m- 
Mediterranean  squadron,  his  flag  ship  being  the  missioned  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  dra> 
frigate  Cumberland;  and  from  1855  to  1859  of  goons,  served  during  the  Mexican  war  under 
the  Charlestown  navy  yard.    In  March,  1861,  Gen.  Taylor,  and  was  taken  prisoner  w^hOe  on 
he  was  called  to  Washington  as  a  member  of  a  a  reconnoissance  previous  to  the  battle  of  Boe- 
naval  court  martial,  and  while  there  was  ap-  na  Vista,  but  exchanged  soon  afterward.     At 
pointed  flag  officer  of  the  Atlantic  blockading  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  ordered  to  Cali- 
squadron  and  ordered  to  the  Minnesota  as  his  fomia,  and  subsequently  to  New  Mexico  and  the 
flaff  ship.    In  -May  this  squadron  was  divided,  territories,  and  for  his  energy  and  skill  against 
and  the  cruising  ground  extending  from  Key  the  Indians  was  promoted  to  be  captain.     He 
West  to  Chesapeake  bay  assigned  to  Flag  Officer  was  then  placed  in  command  of  Fort  Smith. 
Stringham.    With  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  he  com-  Ark.,  and  remained  there  until  the  civil  war  in 
manded  the  joint  naval  and  military  expedition  1861.    All  his  officers  resigned  their  conxmis- 
which  cifptured  Forts  Hatteras  and  Clark,  Aug.  sions  and  joined  the  southern  confederacy ;  and 
27  and  28.    On  Sept.  23  he  was  relieved  from  being  cut  off  from  communication  with  the  war 
his  command,  at  his  own  request.    On  Aug.  1,  department,  he  evacuated  Fort  Smith  on  ki^ 
1862,  he  was  made  a  rear  admiral  on  the  re-  own  responsibility,  thus  saving  his  oommand 
tired  list.  and  the  government  property.    In  May  he  wb^ 
STUART,  Jamss  E.  B.,  a  general  in  the  ser-  appointed  migor  in  the  Ist  cavalry,  and  served 
vice  of  the  confederate  states,  bom  in  Patrick  in  Missouri  under  Gen.  Lyon,  whom  he  sue- 
CO.,  Ya.,  about  1885,  was  graduated  at  West  ceeded  in  command  after  his  death  at  the  bat- 
Point  in  1864  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieuten-  tie  of  Wilson^s  creek.    He  was  promoted  to  be 
ant  in  the  mounted  rifles,  2d  lieutenant  in  the  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  August,  as- 
1st  cavaliy  in  March,  and  1st  lieutenant  in  Dec.  signed  to  duty  with  the  army  in  Tennessee,  and 
1856 ;  distinguished  himself  in  a  fight  with  the  afterward  to  the  command  of  the  department 
Cheyennes,  Jxme  29, 1867,  when  he  was  severe-  of  Kansas.    In  1862^  he  was  called  to  Washing- 
ly  wounded;  became  captain  in  1860,  and  re-  ton  to  assist  the  military  governor,  and  isaign- 
signed  May  14, 1861.    Entering  the  service  of  ed  to  the  command  of  tike  fortifications  aroond 


840  TATNALL  TERRILL 

1861,  and  briga^er-general  of  yolanteers  Sept.  corps  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  under  Gen; 

28.    He  has  sinoe  commanded  a  division,  con-  Fitz  John  Porter  and  Bntterfield,  and  bis  be«] 

aisting  in  great  part  of  regolars,  in  the  6th  present  in  the  battles  foog^t  by  that  saaj. 


T 

TATNALL,  JosiAH,  captain  in  the  navy  of  engaged  in  the  second  battle  of  Boll  ran,  vber 
the  confederate  states,  born  in  Georgia,  en-  he  was  mortally  wonnded. 
tered  the  IT.  8.  navy  in  1812,  became  lieutenant        TAYLOB,  Nelson,  brigadier-general  of  t<  : 
in  181 8,  commander  in  1888,  and  captain  in  1850.  nnteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  served  daring  tii< 
In  1822  he  was  stationed  at  the  Brooklyn  navy  Mexican  war  as  captain  in  the  Ist  New  Yuri 
yard,  in  1889  at  that  of  Oharlestown,  Mass.,  volunteers,  known  as  Gol.  Stevenson's  ^'Csj 
and  about  1850  at  that  of  Pensacola,  having  fomia  raiment,"    and  afterward   settled  u 
meantime  performed  many  years^  sea  service,  Oallfornia,  where  he  was  elected  sheriff  oil 
including  a  participation,  as  commander  of  the  Mariposa  county  and  state  senator.    Hav;n^ 
Spitfire,  in  the  attacks  on  Tampico,  Panuoo,  returned  to  New  York  city,  he  was  in  1661  bri 
and  Vera  Oruz  in  1847.    From  1866  to  1869  unsuccessful  democratic  candidate  for  congriH 
he  was  flag  officer  of  the  East  India  squadron,  in  the  6th  district.    When  the  war  broke  'tI 
and  in  June,  1869,  with  a  chartered  steamer  in  he  raised  the  72d  New  York  volmiteers  til 
which  he  was  observing  the  attack  on  the  Pel-  regiment  Excelsior  brigade),  which  he  ccc  ^ 
ho  forts,  towed  the  British  reserves  into  action  manded  during  the  Chiduthominy  camp&ic: : 
when  the  fortunes  of  the  day  appeared  doubt-  the  regiment  belonged  to  Gen.  Sickles's  brig&di 
fnl ;  and  he  afterward  passed  through  the  hot-  of  Hooker^s  division,  in  Gen.  Heintzeliuiii^ 
test  fire  in  a  barge  to  visit  Admiral  Hope,  who  army  corps.    Col.  Taylor  was  acting  brigaut: 
had  been  wounded.    This  action  secured  him  at  Williamsburg,  served  tmder  Gen.  Pope  il 
the  lasting  gratitude  of  the  English,  and  was  Virginia,  and  for  his  services  in  tlie  field  w&< 
generally  approved  at  home,  though  a  palpable  nominated  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers, 
breach  of  neutrality.     When  the  war  broke        TOHOOETCHI,  a  government  of  £agten>. 
out  in  1861  he  was  in  command  of  the  naval  Siberia,  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  thv 
station  at  Sackett^s  Harbor,  N.  Y.    Besigning  Asiatic  continent,  and  bounded  N.  by  the  Arc- 
his  commission,  he  went  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  tic  ocean,  N.  E.  by  Behring's  straits,  sepantiift: 
obtained  a  conomission  in  the  confederate  ser-  it  from  North  America,  E.  by  the  sea  of  £aiu- 
vice,  and  improvised  a  fleet  with  which  he  tchatka,  S.  by  Kamtchatka  and  Okhotek^  aini 
made  a  faint  show  of  resistance  to  Flag  Officer  S.  and  S.  W.  by  Yakootsk.    A  range  of  moon- 
Dn  Pont  at  the  capture  of  Port  Boyal.  tains  enters  the  territory  from  Okhotsk  in  tbe 
TAYLOB,  Gbobgb  W.,  brigadier-general  of  S.  and  crosses  it  obliquely  to  Behring^s  stnit:^ 
volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  at  Clinton,  The  coasts  are  indented  by  several  deep  hajs. 
Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.,  in  1808,  died  at  Alezan-  The  largest  river  is  the  Anadir,  which  husii 
dria,  Ya.,  Sept.  1, 1862.    In  182Y  he  received  a  easterly  course  to  Onemen  bay,  an  arm  of  tlie 
midshipman^s  appointment  in  the  U.  S.  navy,  but  gulf  of  Anadir  on  the  sea  of  Kamtchatks.  On 
resigned  after  a  cruise  of  8  years,  and  was  em-  tiiis  stream,  in'  the  S.  part  of  the  govemmeBt 
ployed  in  agricultural  pursuits  until  the  time  of  is  the  town  of  Anadirsk.     The  inhabitants, 
the  Mexican  war,  when  he  obtained  a  commis-  called  Tchooktchis,  apparently  a  branch  of  tli« 
sion  as  1st  lieutenant  in  the  10th  infantry,  and  Koriaks,  their  neighbors  to  the  S.,  are  a  noma- 
was  promoted  to  be  captain  in  1848.    After  the  die  people,  but  more  provident  than  the  i>  so; 
war  he  resided  in  California  for  8  years,  and  dering  Tunguses.      Those  who   have  eettltii 
then  returned  to  Hunterdon  co.  and  engaged  in  along  the  coast  support  ^emselves  cbieflj  b; 
ndining  and  the  manufacture  of  iron.    In  1861  killing  whales,  seals,  and  walruses.    The  wsl- 
he  was  chosen  colonel  of  the  8d  New  Jersey  rus  with  them  is  almost  as  useful  as  the  rein- 
volunteers,  which  formed  part  of  the  reserve  deer  among  the  people  of  the  interior.   T^^^ 
division  at  the  first  battle  of  BuU  run.    In  language  is  said  to  j>ear  no  affinity  to  the  A»atio 
March,  1862,  his  regiment  participated  in  the  idioms,  but  to  resemble  that  of  the  Esquimaux: 
occupation  of  Manassas,  and  in  May  was  in  the  and  some  authorities  do  not  hesitate  to  iscribt 
division  under  Gen.  Franklin.    He  was  in  the  to  them  an  American  origin, 
reserve  at  the  battle  of  West  Point,  and  imme-        TEEBILL,  William  B.,  brigadier-general  m 
diately  afterward  was  appointed  acting  briga-  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  VirgiQU* 
dier-general  of  the  1st  New  Jersey  brigade,  and  killed  at  the  battle  of  Perry  ville,  Ky.,  9*^^f 
ordered  to  join  the  advance  under  Gen.  Stone-  1862.    He  was  graduated  at  West  Poiotu 
man.    He  commanded  his  brigade  in  the  7  days*  1 858  and  brevetted  2d  lieutenant  in  the  3d  tf * 
contest  before  Bichmond,  having  received  his  tillery,  and  in  the  following  November  oaitf- 
commission  -as  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  ferred  to  the  4th  artillery  and  made  2d  Ikstto- 
May  9, 1862.    In  the  action  of  Gaines^s  hill  his  ant.    During  1855  he  was  assistant  profe^' 
command  was  under  the  hottest  fire.    He  was  of  mathematics  at  West  Point,  and  in  Harcb) 


842  THOMAS  TOWER 

trie  ourrent,  or  with  charcoal  at  high  tempera-  migor  July  7, 1888;  wa&brevetted  lienteiu 

tores,  or  by  precipitation  with  zinc;  and  M.  colonel ibrgallantryat Monterey, Sept. 23,1  ^{ 

Lamy  obtained,  by  a  battery  of  a  few  Bnnsen^s  became  nugor  of  the  4th  iniiaxitrj,  Jan.  1,  >| 

elements,  an  ingot  weighing  14  grammes. — ^The  and  relinquished  his  rank  in  the  line ;  bec^ 

name  chosen  by  Mr.  Orookes  was  nearly  preoc-  assistant  a^jntant-general  with  the  rsik 

copied  by  the  application  of  the  term  thaliom  by  lientenant-colonel,  July  15, 1852 ;  soccctrdc^ 

Dr.  Owen  to  a  supposed  new  metal  found  by  him  the  Auctions  of  acyutant-general  on  tit  :•  | 

in  the  mineral  thalite,  from  the  northern  shore  nation  of  Col.  S.  Cooper,  March  7, 1861 ;  j 

of  Lake  Superior  ('^  American  Journal  of  Sci-  brevetted  brigadier-general  May  7,  and  ; 

enoe,"  1862).  moted  to  that  rank  Aug.  8, 1861. 

THOMAS,  Gbobob  Henbt,  nugor-general  of        TILGHMAN,  Llotb,  a  general  in  the  sen 

▼olunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  South-  of  the  confederate  states,  born  in  Mary  laud  alj 

ampton  co.,  Va.,  July  81,  1816.    He  was  grad-  1817,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  U^(  i 

uated  at  West  Point  in  1840  and  commissioned  appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  l!>t  <] 

brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  8d  artillery,  and  goons;  resigned  his  commission  Sept. 30,1^ 

joined  his  re^ment  in  Florida.    For  his  ser-  and  became  division  engineer  on  the  Baitiici 

vices  in  the  Florida  war  he  was  brevetted  1st  and  Susquehanna  railroad,  which  place  he  i^ 

lieutenant  in  1841.    He  served  at  Fort  Brown  for  two  years,  when  he  was  engaged  to  siin 

during  its  bombardment  by  the  Mexicans,  won  the  line  of  the  Norfolk  and  Wilmingtoii  c&i 

the  brevets  of  captain  at  Monterey  and  m^jor  Leaving  that  employment  in  1888,  he  wa:^  i 

at  Buena  Vista,  and  in  1849  was  again  sent  to  gineer  to  the  Eastern  Shore  railroad  tiJi  is  1\ 

Florida  to  serve  against  the  Indians.    From  he  was  attached  to  the  Baltimore  and  i}\ 

1851  to  1864  he  was  iustructor  of  artillery  and  railroad,  in  which  place  he  remained  Uii 

cavalry  in  the  military  academy.    He  was  then  two  years.    Volunteering  in  the  Mexic&D  ^i 

ordered  to  California,  where  he  commanded  he  was  aide-de-camp  to  OoL  Twiggs  at  11 

Fort  Yuma  until  1866,  when  he  was  promoted  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma;  oommaniirj 

to  be  migor  of  the  2d  cavalry.    From  1866  to  body  of  volunteer  partisans  in  Oct  1846;  \ 

1860  he  was  on  duty  in  Texas,  commanding  his  perintended  the  defences  of  Matamorai;  iu  Ji 
regiment  for  the  last  8  years  of  that  time  against  1847 ;  commanded  a  light  artillery  eompALj 
the  Indians  and  on  exploring  expeditions.    In  Col.  Hughes^s  regiment  of  Maryland  and  1 1 

1861  he  was  ordered  to  Carlisle  barracks,  Penn.,  trict  of  Columbia  volunteers  from  M&j.  H 
was  promoted  to  be  colonel  of  the  6tii  cavalry  to  July  24,  1848,  when  the  regiment  was  q 
May  8,  and  ordered  to  report  to  Qen.  Patterson,  banded ;  became  principal  aseastant  engineer  \ 
commanding  the  department  of  Pennsylvania,  the  western  division  of  the  Panama  nilnm  \ 
He  was  then  assigned  to  a  brigade,  and  retain-  1849 ;  and  after  leaving  that  place  sett.td  { 
ed  that  command  until  Aug.  26, 1861,  when  he  Kentucky,  and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  ciTil  v| 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  1861  was  appointed  by  the  autboritit^  •! 
and  ordered  to  Kentucky.  He  commanded  at  that  state,  who  then  proposed  to  rcm&in  cl] 
the  battle  of  Mill  Spring,  Jan.  10,  1862,  when  tral  between  the  two  parties,  to  the  conun::! 
the  confederates  were  completely  defeated,  of  the  western  division  of  the  state  militia,  y'i 
His  division  was  then  ordered  to  Nashville,  the  rank  of  colonel.  On  May  6, 1861,  he  ii 
where  it  arrived  March  1,  and  as  soon  as  at  Cairo,  HI.,  an  official  interview  with  Co!.  r| 
supplies  could  be  obtained  marched  to  Pitts-  M.  Prentiss,  then  commanding  the  U.  S.  forai 
burg  Landing,  but  being  in  the  reserve  did  there,  in  which  he  assured  the  latter  that  Lt  1 1 
not  arrive  in  time  to  take  part  in  the  battle  of  no  hostile  purpose  toward  the  natioiul  gou'^' 
Shiloh.  He  was  appointed  major-general  of  ment.  Subsequentiy,  however,  he  became  J 
volunteers  April  26,  1862,  and  assigned  to  the  brigadier-general  in  the  confederate  servA , 
command  of  the  right  wing  of  the  army  of  command^  at  Fort  Henry,  and  was  ooeoHx^ 
the  Tennessee,  under  Gen.  Halleck.  The  forces  prisoners  captured  there  by  Flag  Officer  F^'m 
in  the  West  being  subsequentiy  reorganized,  he  Feb.  6, 1862.  He  was  imprisoned  in  Fort  ^^^' 
was  transferred  to  the  department  of  the  Ohio  ren  in  Boston  harbor,  but  was  exchanged  >: 
(Oen.  Buell),  and  appointed  commander  in  the  July,  and  afterward  attached  to  the  amy  ^^i' 
neld  of  all  three  corps  embraced  in  that  de-  Gen.  Bragg,  and  ordered  to  Yicksbuig  to  u^^ 
partment.  On  Sept.  80  he  was  ordered  to  super-  command  of  prisoners  to  be  exchanged, 
sede  Gen.  Buell  in  the  chief  command;  but  on  TOWFR,  Zealous  Bates,  brigadier-geotr. 
the  remonstrance  of  himself  and  other  officers,  of  volunteers  in  the  TJ.  S.  army,  born  bms^ 
that  general  was  for  the  time  reinstated.  sachusetts  about  1822,  was  graduated  at  ^^' 

THOMAS,  LoBENzo,  adjutant-general  of  the  Point  at  the  head  of  his  class  m  1841  and  a: 

IT.  S.  army,  bom  in  Delaware  about  1805,  was  pointed  2d  lieutenant  of  engineers;  ^^^^i^ 

graduated  at  West  Point  in  1828  and  appointed  assistant  professor  of  engineering  at  ^^  y^' 

2d  lieutenant  in  the  4th  infantry ;  was  adjutant  from  Aug.  81, 18i2,  to  April  4,  1843,  m  ^ 

of  his  regiment  from  March,  1828,  to  Feb.  1881 ;  sistant  professor  to  Aug.  20, 1848 ;  was  brejti 

became  Ist  lieutenant  March  17, 1829,  and  cap-  ted  1st  lieutenant  for  gallantry  at  Cerro  uo^- 

tain  in  Sept.  1886 ;  was  assistant  quartermas-  do,  April  18,  captain  for  gallantry  at  Contr^ 

ter  from  Sept.  8, 1836,  to  July  7, 1888 ;  became  and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20,  and  m^oT  i(f  P' 

assistant  a43utant-general   with  the  rank  of  lantxy  at  Ohapultepec,  Sept  8,  1847;  ^^ 


844  TYLER  VAN  DORN 

appointed  brigadier^general  of  volnnteers,  June  troops.    At  the  battles  of  Blackbnm  5  fori 

9,  1862.    He  has  since  oommanded  at  Cairo,  Ball  ran  he  oommanded  a  diviaioD,  beirj 

ni^^  in  rank  nnder  Gen.  McDowell.    At  iL^ 

TYLER,  Dakkl,  brigadier-general  of  volun^  of  his  term  of  service  he  retired  to  Couue^ 

teersin  the  U.  8.  armj,  bom  at Brooldyn,  Conn.,  where  he  became  president  of  a  board  of 

Feb.  22,  1799.    His  father,  Capt.  Daniel  Tyler,  tary  examination,  bnt  on  Mardi  13, 18» -J 

was  an  officer  of  artillery  in  the  war  of  the  reappointed  a  brigadier-general  of  vol  tin 

revolution.    The  son  was  graduated  at  West  and  ordered  to  the  West.    He  commarn 

Point  in  1819,  and  appoint^  2d  lieutenant  in  division  of  the  army  of  the  IfissiaBippi  d 

the  light  artillery,  in  which  he  served  until  the  campaign  which  terminated  with  tha 

1821,  when  on  the  reorganization  of  the  army  nation  of  Corinth.    After  the  surrend^ 

he  became  2d  lieutenant  in  the  5th  infantry  in  Harper^s  Ferry  in  Sept.  1862,  he  was  (>:i 

May,  and  in  the  Ist  artillery  in  August.    In  to  assume  command  of  the  paroled  trooj  h 

1834  he  was  promoted  to  be  Ist  lieutenant,  were  formed  into  a  camp  of  instruction  at  1 

He  was  a^atant  of  the  artillery  school  of  prac-  Douglas,  near  Chicago.    From  this  duj 

tice  at  Fortress  Monroe  in  1826-'T;  yisited  was  detailed  in  November,  to  serve  (A 

France  to  study  the  improvements  in  artillery,  court  of  inquiry  into  the  conduct  of  Gen.  ] 
and  transUted  from  the  French  a  manual  of        TYLER,  Erabtus  B.,  brigadier-gencri 

"Manoeuvres  of  Artillery"  (1828);  and  from  volunteers  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bom  iii 

1831  to  1834  was  superintendent  of  "  contract  Bloomfield,  Ontario  00.,  N.  Y.*  April  24. 

arms  service."    He  then  resigned,  became  a  He  removed  to  the  state  of  Ohio,  and  v&i 

civil  engineer,  and  was  president  of  the  Nor-  cated  at  Granville  college.    In  1845  he  en 

wich  and  Worcester  railroad  company  (1840-  into  mercantile  business,  in  which  he  ooe:] 

'44),  of  the  Morris  (N.  J.)  canal  and  banking  until  the  civil  war.    He  was  commis^ioni 

company  (1844-^6),  of  the  Macon  (Ga.)  and  colonel  of  the  7th  regiment  Ohio  voluntd 

western  railroad  company  (184^^8),  of  the  April,  1861,  and  led  his  command  into  ^m^ 

Dauphin  (Penn.)  coal  company  (1868),  and  of  Yirginia,  where  he  was  asngned  to  abrigai 

the  Allentown  (Penn.)  railroad  company  (1860).  Gen.  Lander  in  Jan.  1862,  which  he  comu 

He  was  also  in  1849  engineer  of  the  Cumber-  ed  with  credit  at  Cross  Lanes,  Aug.  26, 1 

land  valley  raUroad.      When   the  civil  war  at  Winchester,  March  28,  1862;  and  at 

broke  out  he  became  colonel  of  the  Ist  Con-  Republic,  June  9, 1862.    He  commandid  ^ 

neoticut  volunteers,  and  shortly  afterward  was  gaae  at  Fredericsburg,  Dec  13,  1862,  \« 

q)pointed  brigadier-general  of  the  3  months'  he  was  wounded. 

V 

VAN  CLEVE,  HoBATio  Philupb,  brigadier-  in  entering  the  city  of  Mei:ico,  Sept.  IS,  J I 

general  of  volunters  in  the  U.  8.  army,  bom  was  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  P.  F.  Smith  in  li 

in  Pnnceton,  N.  J.,  Nov.  28, 1809.    He  studied  '9,  and  treasurer  of  the  military  afylnm  at  P:i 

first  at  Princeton  college,  and  was  graduated  at  goula.  Miss.,  from  Jan.  1852,  to  June,  ISoj: 

West  Point  in  1831,  obtaining  a  commission  as  came  captain  in  the  2d  cavalry  in  MarcL,  li 

brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  6th  infantry.    In  distinguished  himself  in  command  of  a- 

1836  he  resigned  his  commission,  and,  after  pedition  against  the  Comanches  in  nort'i 

living  for  a  short  time  in  Missouri  and  Ohio,  Texas,  July  1,  1856,  and  in  command  ol 

removed  to  Michigan,  where  he  was  principally  other  expedition  against  the  Comancbc>  11 

engaged  in  agriculture,  though    occasionally  Wichita  village,  Texas,  Oct.  1, 1868,  on  ^vii 

employed  as  a  civil  engineer.    He  removed  to  occasion  56  Indians  were  killed,  and  Vui  I' 

Minnesota  in  1856,  and  in  July,  1861,  received  was  wounded  in  four  places,  in  two  of  i'! 

a  commission  as  colonel  of  the  2d  Minnesota  dangerously;   and  again  he  defeated  ar<'l 

volunteers.    He  was  ordered  with  his  regiment  body  of  Comanches  in  the  valley  of  }f  csca:  j:| 

to  Kentucky,  and  commanded  it  at  the  battle  May  13,  1859.    Long  known  in  the  sxiuf 

of  Mill  Spring,  Jan.  19, 1862.    For  his  conduct  zealously  devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  >i:| 

on  this  occasion  he  was  appointed  brigadier-  holding  states,  he  was  among  the  very  &>: 

general  of  volunteers,  March  21,  1862.  resign  his  commission,  which  he  did  Jan.  I 

VAN  DORN,  Eabl,  a  general  in  the  service  1861,  became  a  colonel  in  the  confederato  ^ 

of  the  confederate  states,  born  in  Mississippi  vice,  and  at  once  took  command  of  ft  ^>l^* 

about  1828,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  Texas  volunteers  and  prepared  to  dobi^fi 

1842  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  in  getting  possession  of  the  vast  amount  ry  | 

9th  infantry ;  became  2d  lieutenant  Nov.  30,  itary  stores  and  equipments  which  the  1. 1 

1844,  and  1st  lieutenant  March  8,  1847;  was  government  had  collected  in  Texas.   On.^  < 

brevetted  captain  for  gallantry  at  Cerro  Gordo,  20  he  captured  the  valuable  steamer  8UJ(y-^ 

April  18,  and  m^jor  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  West  at  Indianola ;  on  April  24,  at  tie  ^fj 

and  Churubusco,  Aug.  20,  distinguished  him-  of  800  men  at  Saluria,  he  received  the  sf-n**^ 

self  at  Chapultepec,  Sept  8,  and  was  wounded  der  of  Mi^or  0.  C.  Sibley  and  7  compaui^  ^1 


846  WALLACE  WEBSTER 

and  humanity  he  then  displayed.  He  was  made       WASHBURN,  Oadwaixadkb  Cou>e:^ 

brigadier-general  of  volunteers  Ang.  9,  1861,  adier-general  of  yolnnteers  in  the  U.  >. 

and  was  assigned  to  a  command  in  t£e  advance  bom  in  livermore,  Me.,  April  22,  1^> 

nnder  Gen.  McOlellan.    In  March,  1863,  he  was  educated  as  a  land  surveyor,  aii<i  1 1 

was  appointed  military  governor  of  the  District  went  to  Illinois,  where  he  soon  after v  a' 

of  Oolambia.    He  was  the  candidate  of  the  re-  gan  to  study  law.    After  his  adxnij«ic>L ; 

publican  party  for  governor  of  New  York  in  bar  he  settled  at  Mineral  Point,  'Wis..  ^ 

Nov.  1862,  but  was  defeated  by  Mr.  Horatio  1869  removed  to  La  Orosse.     He  'W6£;  a  i 

Seymour.    In  December  following  he  was  as-  sentative  from  Wisconsin  in  the  341  h,  Sr,- 1 

signed  to  the  command  of  a  division  in  the  86th  congresses.    In  1861  he  raised  a  flJ 

army  of  the  Potomac  under  Gen.  Bnmside.  of  cavalry,  of  which  he  became  colonel,  iii 

WALLACE,  Lewis,  major-general  of  volnn-  July  16,1862,  was  conomissioned  brigaditr 

teers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Fountain  co.,  eral  of  volunteers.    In  Decembev  he  cvi  . 

Ind.,  about  1828.    He  is  a  son  of  ex-Governor  a  successful  expedition  from  Helena,  An. 

Wallace  of  Indiana,  studied  law  in  his  father^s  the  interior  of  Mississippi, 
office,  and  commenced  practice  at  Crawfords-        WEBER,  Max,  brigaidier-general  of  v 

ville  in  that  state,  but  during  the  Mexican  war  teers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  bom  in  Bad«:n 

served  as  2d  lieutenant  in  the  1st  Indiana  vol-  many,  Aug.  24, 1824.    He  entered  the  i: 

unteers.    He  afterward  resumed  his  profession,  school  of  £arlsruhe  in  1841,  was  gradu;.! 

and  for  one  term  was  a  member  oi  the  state  1844,  and  until  1849  held  a  oommission  ii 

senate  from  Montgomery  county.    When  the  Badenese  service.  During  the  Baden  rt-^  J 

civil  war  broke  out  he  was  appointed  adjutant-  of  1840  he  served  in  the  revolutionary  i 

general  of  Indiana,  and  soon  afterward  colonel  under  the  conunand  of  Gen.  Sigel,  and  V. 

of  a  regiment  of  zouaves  enlisted  for  8  months,  emigrated  to  America  and  took  np  l> 

with  whom  he  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Rom-  dence  in  New  York.    In  April,  1861.  h 

ney  and  other  operations  in  western  Virginia,  elected  colonel  of  the  20th  New  York  • 

At  the  close  of  their  term  of  service  they  were  ner^^)  regiment  of  volunteers,  and   pn^ 

reorganized  under  his  command  as  the  11th  In-  with  his  command  to  Fortress  Monroe?.  1 

diana  volunteers  and  sent  to  Missouri.  On  Sept.  succeeding  August  he  accompanied  a  }x'r 

8  he  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  of  his  regiment  to  Fort  Hatteras  nnder  orOersi 

volunteers,  was  assigned  a  brigade  under  Gen.  Gen.  Butler,  and  from  September  untiJ  ] 

0.  F.  Smith,  and  for  some  time  was  in  com-  1862,  was  in  command  at  Camp  Ham  ilt.r. 

mand  at  Smithland,  Ky.    He  led  a  division  at  Fortress  Monroe,  having  in  the  interval  U in 

the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  where  he  won  his  pointed  a  brigacUer-general  of  voluntetrv  I 

promotion  to  the  rank  of  mijor-general,  dating  ing  the  fight  between  the  Monitor  and  ^ir- 1 

from  March  21,  and  was  distinguished  for  his  he  was  stationed  at  Newport  News  in  ai.i 

gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh.    After  the  tion  of  an  attack  by  the  rebel  forces  from  \  \ 

evacuation  of  Corinth  he  was  ordered  with  his  town.    Cn  May  11  he  occupied  Norl'oik? 

division  to  Memphis.    In  Nov.  1862,  he  was  ap-  his  brigade,  and  was  afterward   statkLi^ 

pointed  president  of  the  court  of  inquiry  as-  Suffolk,  Va.  In  the  battle  of  Antietaxn  hr ; 

sembled  to  investigate  Gen.  Buell's  conduct  in  manded  a  brigade  in  French's  division  o:  ( 

Kentucky.  Sumner's  army  corps,  and  was  sliffhtly  Jioii 

WALLACE,  William  Habvet  Lamb,  briga-       WEBSTER,  Joseph  D.,  brigadier-pecu-.: 

dier-general  of  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  volunteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,   boro  at  ( 

born  in  XTrbana,  0.,  July  8,  1821,  died  at  Sa-  Hampton,  N.  H.,  May  26, 1811.     He  w:i>  ' 

vannah,  Tenn.,  April  10,  1862.    In  1883  his  cated  at  Dartmouth  college,  became  aci^:' 

father   removed  with    his  family  to  Illinois,  gineer,  was  appointed  2d  lieutenant  k  ^ 

During  the  winter  of  1844-^5  young  Wallace,  corps  of  topographical  engineers  in  163\  -: 

the  eldest  of  5  brothers  who  have  all  taken  part  served  with  distinction  through  the  Mc^ 

in  the  civil  war,  went  to  Springfield  to  study  war.    He  was  promoted  to  be  Ist  lieuttE.:' 

law.    He  afterward  studied  at  Ottawa,   and  1849,  and  captain  in  1853.    Inl854hercv; 

was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846,  but  did  not  his  commission  and  settled  in  Chicago.  lii.  ' 

practise  until  his  return  from  the  Mexican  cam-  acconipanied  the  first  body  of  troops  th&r  v- 

paign,  at  the  commencement  of  which  he  en-  from  Chicago  to  Cairo  in  April,  1861,  aod: 

listed  as  a  private  in  Col.  Hardin^s  Ist  regiment  charge  of  the  fortifications  at  that  place.  K: 

Illinois  volunteers.    He  became  lieutenant  and  Point,  and  Fort  Holt,  and  at  the  $aiue ' ' 

adjutant,  and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Bnena  acted  as  paymaster  at  Cairo.    He  also,  at' 

Vista.    In  1853  he  was  elected  staters  attorney  request  of  the  late  Gen.  Charles  F.  Sr: 

for  the  9th  judicial  circuit.    In  May,  1861,  he  erected  the  fortifications  at  Padncah.    In  F> 

was  elected  colonel  of  the  11th  Illinois  volun-  1862,  he  was  appointed  colonel  of  theUtiu^ 

teers,  and  early  in  Feb.  1862,  was  placed  in  ment  of  Illinois  artillery,  and  was  pres^ai . ' 

command  of  the  first  brigade  of  McCIemand^s  the  capture  of  Fort  Henry  and  Fort  DoDll^ : 

division  of  Gen.  GranVs  army.    He  bore  a  con-  At  the  battle  of  Shiloh  he  was  jilacod  in  ch .r: 

spicuous  part  in  the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  of  all  the  artillery,  and  received  the  W--'^' 

was  appointed  brig^er-general  in  March,  and  commendation  in  Gen.  Grant's  official  n^  ^' 

was  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  He  remained  with  Gen.  Grant  as  chief  of  '•  • 


848  WILLOOX  WmOHESTEB 

« 

his  commission  Feb.  20,  1861 .  He  was  chief  en-  participating  in  the  principal  battles,  as 

gineer,  with  the  rank  of  migor,  to  the  armj  of  camp  to  Mig.  Gen.  Patterson,  and  -was  brevenc 

the  Shenandoah  under  Gen.  J.  £.  Johnston,  in  captain  for  gallantry  at  the  baMe  of   C^r? 

June  and  July,  1861 ;  was  appointed   briga-  Gordo.    After  the  war  he  was  assigned  to  tt 

dier-general,  and  commanded  a  brigade  whose  adjutant-general's  department,  and  promotctl : 

timely  arrival  saved  for  the  confederates  the  be  major  Aug.  8, 1861.    He  was  a^jutant-c- r 

battle  of  Bull  run,  July  21.    He  took  part  in  eral  to  Gen.  McOlellan  in  western  Virginia,  s. 

the  battle  at  West  Point,  Va.,  May  7, 1862.  continned  in  the  same  position  on  his  staff  u:.: 

WILLCOX,  Oblando   Bolivak,  brigadier-  McClellan  was  relieved  of  the  command  of  t 

general  of  volunteers  in  the  H.  S.  army,  born  in  army  of  the  Potomac.     He  was  appoir.^ 

Detroit,  Mich.,  in  1823,  was  graduated  at  West  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  Sept.  23^  l^r 

Point  in  1847,  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  and  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  adjutant-genenj^ 

4th  artillery,  and  ordered  to  Mexico.    He  was  ofSce  July  17, 1862. 

afterward  stationed  at  Forts  Washington,  On-        WIT  J  JAMS,  Thomas,  brigadier-general  • 

tario,  Mifflin,  and  Independence,  and  served  in  volunteers  in  the  U.  6.  army,  bom  in  the  5t^* 

Texas  and  during  the  final  settlement  of  the  of  New  York  in  1818,  killed  at  Baton  Bo-.c 

Indian  troubles  in  Florida.    He  became  1st  La.,  Aug.  6, 1862.    He  was  gradnated  at  Wt  ^ 

lieutenant  in  1850,  and  resigned  his  commission  Point  in  1887  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  1 

in  1867.    In  1868  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  the  4th  artillery ;  was  promoted  to  be  let  Ik  _ 

of  his  native  city,  and  practised  his  profession  tenant  in  1840 ;  was  acting  assistant  profe?:T< 

until  1861,  when  he  obtained  a  commission  as  of  mathematics  at  West  Point  in  1840-'41 :  l- 

colonel  of  the  1st  regiment  Michigan  volun-  came  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  Scott  in  1844 ;  ^r< 

teers.    At  the  first  movement  of  the  army  from  was  brevetted  captain  in  1848  for  gaUantrr  . 

Washington  he  was  made  military  governor  of  Gontreras  and  Ohurubusco,  and  msjor  in  I  Sr 

Alexandria,  and  commanded  a  brigade  at  the  for  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Ghapnltepec.   h 

first  battle  of  Bull  run,  where  he  was  severely  received  his  oaptain^s  commission  in  1850.    I: 

wounded  and  taken  prisoner.    He  was  carried  May,  1861,  he  was  appointed  major  in  the  5- 

to  Richmond,  and  subsequently  removed  to  artillery,  and  in  September  receivc^d  a  come:  5- 

OasUe  Pinckney  at  Charleston,  and  thence  to  sion  as  brigadier-general  of  volimteera.    H: 

the  common  gaols  in  Charleston  and  Columbia,  first  commanded  a  brigade  on  the  PotcMnac,  && 

as  one  of  the  hostages  for  the  privateers  cap-  afterward  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  capture* 

tured  by  the  federal  government.    He  remained  forts  at  Hatteras  inlet,  where  he  remaist;- 

in  confinement  until  Aug.  1862,  when  his  re-  nntilorderedto  join  Gen.  Butler's  expedition  (•• 

lease  was  effected  by  a  general  exchange  of  Ship  island.    After  the  capture  of  New  Orle^r 

prisoners;  and  as  an  ac&owledgment  of  his  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  land  font- 

services  he  was  made  brigadier-general  of  vol-  cooperating  with  the  gunboat  fleet  in  the  atuc'-. 

unteers,  his  commission  dating  from  July  21,  upon  Yicksburg.    When  the  siege  of  that  pla.i 

1861.    After  the  battle  of  Antietam  he  was  was  abandoned  he  went  to  Baton  Bouge;  ani 

placed  in  command  of  the  9th  army  corps.  commanded  the  national  forces  there  when  tit 

WILLIAMS,  Alpheus  Stabkby,  brigadier-  city  was  attacked  by  the  confederates  under 

general  of  volunteers  in  the  IJ.  S.  army,  born  Gen.  Breckinridge.  He  fell  while  leading  a  Mf  it- 

in  Saybrook,  Conn.,  Sept.  20,1810.    He  was  igan  regiment,  toward  the  dose  of  the  acdoiL 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1881,  and  removed        WILSON'S  CREEK.    See  Sfbik6fisu>,  ¥a 

in  1886  to  Detroit,  where  he  practised  law  until  vol.  xv. 

1841.    He  was  judfe  of  probate  for  his  county        WINCHESTER    (Va.),  Battue  of.     (Se« 

from  that  time  until  1846,  and  editor  and  pro-  Winohesteb,  vol.  xvi.  p.  462.)    On  Marcb  b 

prietor  of  the  Detroit  ^^  Daily  Advertiser'*  from  and  19,  1862,  Qen.  Shields  found  by  recounoLft- 

1848  to  1847.    He  served  in  the  Mexican  war  sance  that  the  confederates  under  Greu.  T.  J. 

as  lieutenant-colonel  of  Stockton^s  Michigan  Jackson  were  strongly  posted  near  Newmaricet. 

volunteers,  and  was  postmaster  of  Detroit  from  and  Yrithin  supporting  distance  of  their  m&ii 

1848  to  1852.    He  was  appointed  brigadier-  body  under  Johnston,  at  Luray  and  the  villap? 

general  of  volunteers  in  May,  1861,  and  was  on  of  Washington.     In  order  to  docoy  Jack««L 

duty  in  Michigan  organizing  the  volunteer  regi-  from  his  position.  Shields  fell  back  as  if  retre&i 

ments  until  September ;  was  then  ordered  to  ing  to  Winchester,  and  posted  his  force  in  ;• 

report  to  Gen.  Banks,  and  was  assigned  to  the  secluded  situation  2  m.  from  that  place.   Vi 

command  of  the  Ist  division  in  his  corps  in  the  morning  of  the  22d  a  part  of  Gen.  Banb'f 

March,  1862.    At  the  battle  of  Cedar  moun-  corps  departed  for  Centreville,  leaving  oni.^r 

tain,  Aug.  9,  he  commanded  a  division,  of  Shields^s  division  and  the  Michigan  cavalry.  A- 

which  one  third  were  killed  or  wounded.  5  P.  M.  of  that  day,  the  enemy^s  cavalry  under 

WILLIAMS,  Seth,  brigadier-general  of  vol-  Col.  Ashby  drove  in  the  Union  pickets  «Ed 

unteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Augusta,  made  an  attack ;  but  Shields  led  out  a  part  of 

Me.,  March  22,  1822.    He  was  graduated  at  his  troops  and  repulsed  them,  being  himself 

West  Point  in  1842  and  appointed  brevet  2d  wounded  in  the  arm  by  a  fragment  of  a  shel; 

lieutenant  in  the  2d  artillery ;  was  promoted  to  on  the  first  fire.    During  the  night  he  ordered 

be  2d  lieutenant  in  1844,  and  1st  lieutenant  in  EimbalPs  brigade  with  Daum's  artillery  fonrsnl 

1847 ;  served  with  Gen.  Scott's  army  in  Mexico,  8  m.  on  the  road  S.  or  toward  Strasburg,  vherc 


860  WRIGHT  ZOUJOOFFKR 

of  the  navy  to  Oapt.  Adams  of  the  frigate  Sabine,  Iiidians,  March  15, 1842,  Iientenant-oolose!  f )] 

then  at  Pensacola.    Anticipating  a  speedy  ont-  gallantry  at  Oontreras  and  Chnmbosoo.  Xz:^ 

break    of  hostilities,  he   committed  his  de-  20,  and  colonel  for  gallantry  at  MolinodcRv, 

spatches  to  memory  on  the  road,  and  destroyed  Sept.  8, 1847,  where  he  was  wounded;  W  £< 

them.    On  his  arrival  at  Pensacola  he  was  ar-  m^gor  of  the  4th  infantry  Jan.  1, 1848,  i-c-c, 

rested  by  the  confederate  authorities,  but  re-  ant-colonel  Feb.  8,  1855,  and  colonel  cf  tlit   I 

leased  by  order  of  Gen.  Bragg  and  permitted  to  infantry  Mardi  8, 1855 ;  seryed  in  Wa^r  i 

go  on  board  the  frigate.    On  his  return  north-  territory  from  1866  to   1860,  and  greatly  cj 

ward  he  was  again  arrested  near  Montgomery  tinguished  himself  in  wars  with  the  Indiic:  i 

by  order  of  Gen.  Bragg,  and  kept  in  the  county  that  region ;  and  was  promoted  to  be  brig&cri 

gaol  imtil  November,  when  he  was  released  on  general  of  volunteers  Sept.  '28,  1861,  &nii  q 

parole,  and  ordered  to  report  to  the  adjutant-  pointed  to  command  the  department  of  tii 

feneral  at  Bichmond.    Thence  he  was  sent  to  Pacific,  which  office  he  still  holds  (Dec.  l^':; 

Torfolk  and  exchanged.    His  health  being  im-  having  his  head-quarters  at  San  Francisco. 
paired,  he  remained  in  New  York  until  Feb.        WBIGHT,  Horatio  Gates,  mfljor-gencra]  j 

1862,  and  then  took  command  of  the  Ericsson  volunteers  in  the  IT.  S.  army,  bom  in  C<.>iiU\ 

battery  Monitor,  with  which  he  engaged  the  Mer-  ticut  about  1822,  was  graduated  at  ¥est  r\  i^ 

rimac  in  Hampton  roads,  March  9.  (See  Bamp-  in  1841  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  uf  cd 

TON  BoADS,  in  this  supplement.)    During  the  neers ;  was  acting  assistant  professor  of  ^l; 

fight  a  shell  from  the  Merrimao  struck  the  neering  at  West  Point  from  Jan.  20^  164i.  i 

pilot  house  of  his  vessel,  and  severely  injured  Aug.  20,  1848,  and  assistant  professor  t<>  •<: ; 

him  by  driving  into. his  eyes  powder  from  the  2, 1844;  became  1st  lieutenant  Feb.  28, 1^-i 

shell  and  small  particles  of  iron.    After  his  re-  captain  in  July,  1855,  and  miyor  Aug.  S,h. 

covery  he  was  ordered  on  special  duty  in  con-  was  promoted  to  be  brigadier-general  of  ••  I 

nection  with  the  new  iron-clad  gunboats,  of  one  unteers  Sept.  14,  1861,  and  attached  to  J 

of  which,  the  Montauk,  he  now  (Dec.  1862)  has  Port  Boyal  expedition^  in  which  he  comm&ioi 

command.    He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  ed  the  2d  brigade.    He  commanded  the  Li 

commander  in  the  smnmer  of  1862.  forces  in  an  expedition  which  sailed  from  P  i 

WBIGHT,  Geobob,  brigadier-general  of  vol-  Boyal  Feb.  27,  1862,  and  successfollj  i  i 

unteers  in  the  U.  S.  army,  born  in  Vermont  possession  of  Femandina,  Fla.,  where  he :  i 

about  1803,  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  mained  for  a  time  as  commander  of  the  dkr  • 

1822  and  appointed  2d  lieutenant  in  the  8d  In  July,  1862,  he  was  ordered  with  his  bri;:^ 

infantry ;  became  1st  lieutenant  Sept.  28, 1827 ;  to  reenforce  the  army  of  the  Potomac ;  asd  c^ 

was  acyutant  from  1881  to  1886;  became  cap-  Aug.  19  he  was  promoted  to  be  a  miijorct^ 

tain  Oct.  80, 1886 ;  was  transferred  to  the  8th  eral  and  assigned  to  conmiand  the  departn^J 

infantry  July  7, 1888;  was  brevetted  major  for  of  the  Ohio,  with  his  head-ouarters  at  Ciid 

good  oonduot  in  the  war  against  the  Florida  nati,  where  he  still  remains  O^eo.  1862). 


Z 

ZOLLIOOFFEB,  Fbux  E.,  a  general  in  the  two  years  occupied  his  former  post  as  editor  i:' 

service  of  Aie  confederate  states,  bom  in  the  Nashville  '•''  Banner."    In  1852  he  wa>*  cl<~ 

Maury  oo.,  Tenn.,  May  19, 1812,  killed  at  the  bat-  sen  to  represent  the  Nashville  district  in  co: 

tle  of  Mill  Spring,  Jan.  19, 1862.  Hewaseducat-  gress,  and  was  rejected  in  1857,  his  ^e"' 

ed  at  an  academy  in  his  native  county,  learned  official  term  expiring  March  4, 1859.   Ori:> 

the  trade  of  a  printer,  and  in  1829  undertook  to  nally  a  whig,  the  progress  of  the  controvtr^' 

edit  a  newspaper  at  Paris,  Tenn.    In  1885  he  respecting  slavery  led  him  to  become  adeiL. 

was  elected  state  printer,  and  in  1842  he  re*  crat,  and  he  early  assumed  a  position  in  ^"' 

moved  to  Nashville  and  became  the  editor  of  gress  among  the  advocates  of  extreme  souihc: 

the  *^  Banner,"  an  influential  whig  journal;  in,  views.    After  the  battle  of  Bull  run  he  enttrto 

1846  he  was  chosen  comptroller  of  the  state  the  confederate  army,  was  appointed  a  brip:- 

treasury,  and  was  twice  reelected  to  that  office,  dier-general,  and  assumed  conunaod  of  I^'* 

going  out  of  it  in  1849,  when  he  was  chosen  to  Tennessee  Aug.  8,  1861.    He  entered  S.  £ 

the  state  senate.    While  a  member  of  that  Kentucky  about  Oct.  1,  was  defeated  at  C.£? 

body  he  became  a  contractor  for  building  the  Wild  Cat  Oct  21,  and  fell  in  an  unsacceKi^ 

suspension  bridge  across  the  Cumberland  river  attack  upon  the  national  forces  under  Gen  Q- 

at  NashyiUe,  after  which  he  resumed  and  for  H.  Thomas  near  Mill  Spring. 


ran)  Of  SUPPLBMENT. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOLUME  XVI. 


V 

PAOa 

1 

^i:rcn.  East  and  Wert 1 

•ru  Jan  VMider 1 

u  Cabec*  de,  aee  Niinez«  AWar. 

>  '  i-Bcrlingbtorl,  Fraaoeaco ....  1 

.    \-  Borlinghleri,  Andrea 1 

I  <-ij,  Niooio 1 

•  '^i.o,  Andrea -...  1 

'  iro,  Franeeaco 1 

•  ination S 

J-  rut,  £tl6nae S 

-M.  Pcrino  del 8 

-Mnt 8 

■  M  iiit,  Francois  Le,  see  Le  Vail- 

■  i'lt. 

iant,  JeaaBeptlstePhilibert..  8 

ait,  Jean  Fojr 8 

lunt,  B6bftitieo 4 

lis 4 

.    i^enaer,  Lodew^k  Caaper 4 

'^  >conaer,  Jan 4 

l<-7^  see  Melendea  Valdei. 

livia,  a  proYlnee 4 

-ILvix,  a  town 6 

<  I    <-,  SylTain  Charles 5 

<  .It-ncla  CO.,  New  Mezleo 5 

'<-n eta,  a  kingdom 6 

'  ••'  ncia,  a  proTlnce 5 

'     'ncia^acltjofBpaln.. 6 

<  •  nciti,  a  ci^  of  Veneinela 6 

'  ■  •  nciennes 8 

I '-ns,  FaWas 8 

•  .•Tl^  Flavins 8 

^ «  ntin,  Gabriel  GostST 7 

»  la  ntine.  Saint T 

^).>'QtiDiim  (ValmtlnlanasX  Bor 

II  in  emperors ••  7 

'  tN  ntiniansiSee Onoetlee. 
v\  >  iitinola,  Daehefls  ol^  see  Dlsaa 
."f  Poitiers. 

>  iN  rian 8 

' '  •  rian  (Pablios  lidnios  Yslerla- 

niM 8 

■•'.<  rms  Corma,  Mareas 9 

>  i  •  ritu  Flaeens,  Caiua 9 

"liusMaximna 9 

•  ii' Tius  PabUcola,  see  Pnblicola. 

•  utta 9 

>  -  tte,  JeaaPsrisotdeLs 10 

\  -  1  alia,  see  M^ologj. 

'  '  .1,  Ijorenao 10 

y .   ulolid,  a  prorinee  of  Spain. ...  10 

;  •  I  ilolid,  a  city  of  Spain 10 

'  -'":i<lolld,  a  state  of  Hesleo^  see 

Mxhoftcan. 

V.  ;a']<.iid,  atownofMezloo U 

>  >   iloUd,  a  town  of  Hondmaii  tee 
("  'rnayMnis. 

Vi.auri,  Tomiiiaeo U 

^ -^Iv,  Pietro  della 11 


FAOa 

yam&re,M]le.de  La,  see  LaYsIUtee. 

Vsllianeria 11 

yalllB&ierl,  Antonio IS 

Yallombroea 19 

Yalmikl li 

Yalois,  Honse  of IS 

Yalpsnieo,  a  proTinee IS 

YalparalBo,  a  town IS 

Valonia,  eee  Osk. 

Vsltelllna 18 

Vampire,  in  zoology,  aee  Bat 

Vampire,  a  fiiboloua  ereatnre 18 

Van  Acben,  Hana,  eee  Aehen. 

Yanadinm 18 

Vanayl  de  Tosffb,  aee  Saint  Elme. 

Vanbnigh,  Sir  John 14 

Van  Bnren  CO.,  Mich. 16 

Van  Baren  00.,  Iowa 16 

Van  Baren  00.,  Ark. 16 

Van  Baren  CO.,  Tena. 16 

Van  Boren,  Martin 16 

Vaneonyer.  Oeorge 18 

VaneonTers  laland 19 

Vandala .-..  19 

Yandamme,  Dominiqne  Joaeph ...  19 

Vanderberg  CO. 19 

Van  der  Heyden,  Jan 19 

Vanderlyn,  John SO 

Van  der  Meer,  Jan,  the  elder SO , 

Van  der  Meer,  Jan,  the  younger. . .  90 
Van  der  Mealen.  aee  Menlen. 

Vandenrelde,  Adrian SO 

Vandenrelde,  Willem,  the  elder  ...  SO 

Vandenrelde,  Wlllem,  the  younger  SO 

Van  der  Wezt  Adrian 90 

Van  der  Weyde,  Boger SO 

Van  Diemen%  Land,  aee  Tasmania. 

Vandyke,  Sir  Antony SI 

Vane,  Charlea  William  Stewart,  aee 
Londonderry,  Marqnis  oC 

Vane,  Sir  Henry SI 

Van  Effen,  Jnatoa,  aee  Effan. 
Van  Krpen,  Thomas,  see  Brpenioa. 
Van  Eyck,  aee  Eyek. 
Van  Iielmont  aee  Helmoat 

Vanilla S8 

Vanini,  Loeilio S8 

Van  Leonep,  aee  Lumep. 

Vanloo,  Jean  Baptiate 84 

Vanloo,  Charlea  Andr6 S4 

Vanmander.  Carel.. 84 

Van  Ness,  Comelina  P.,  LL.D S4 

Yanni,  Francesco S4 

Van  Qort,  Adam,  aee  OorL 

Van  Gout,  Jacob,  the  elder S4 

Van  Goat,  Jacob,  the  younger 86 

Van  Oa,  Pieter  Gerard S6 

Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen,  LXbD. ...  S6 

Van  Bensaelaer,  Solomon S6 

Van  Benaaelaer,  Cortland,  D.D. ...  S6 

Van  SantTOord,  George 88 

Van  Schendel,  Petms SO 

Vanaittart,  Nicholas,  aee  Bezley. 

Vansomer,  Paol 90 


TAtn 

Van  Spasndonek,  Gerard SO 

Van  Bwieten^see  Swieten. 
YanQod,  see  Pemgino» 

Van  Utrecht,  AdrUm 88 

YanVeen,Otho SO 

VanriteUi,  Loigi SO 

YanWertco SO 

VanZandtca SO 

Yaperean,  LouU  Gostare 86 

Vapor,  aee  ETaporation. 
Vapor  Bath,  see  Bath. 

Vlir. ST 

VaraUo ST 

Varanea ST 

Varanglana,  aee  Northmen. 

Varchi,  Benedetto ST 

Vareaa,  Lois  de ST 

Var^  aee  Lemor. 

Yariooae  Veins S8 

Variety 88 

Varioloid 98 

Varna S8 

Yamhagen  yon  Ense,  Karl  Angnst 

Ludwlg Pbllipp. 99 

Yamhasen  yon  Knae,  Bahel  Au- 

tonleFrledeilke 99 

Yamlah 80 

Vamom,  James  Mitchell 88 

Varro,  Marens  Terentins 88 

Varro,  Pobliua  Terentins 88 

Vaaa,  Gnatayna,  aee  Gnatayns  L 

V4a4rhely 88 

Yaaari,  Giorgio 88 

Vasoo  da  Gama,  aee  Gama. 
Vaaconcelloa,  Antonio  Angnsto  Tel- 

xeirade 88 

Vaae,  see  Pottery  and  Porcelain. 

Vaaaal 84 

Vaaaar,  Matthew 84 

Yater,  Johann  Seyerln 84 

Vatican 84 

Yattel,  Emmerich  de 86 

Vanban,  S4baatien  Lepreatre 86 

Vaneanaon,  Jacques  de 80 

Vanclnae 86 

Vand 88 

Vaodeyille,  aee  Drama. 
Vandoia,  see  Waldenaea. 

Yandrenllco. 8T 

Yanghan,  Henry 8T 

Vanichan,  Robert,  D.D 8T 

Vanlabeli^AchmeTenamede....  8T 
Vannka,  aee  C^>e  River. 

Yauqnelin,  Louia  NIcolaa 88 

Vanyenaigaea,  Lne  de  Claplera ....  88 

Veda.....T.r7. 88 

Vega.  Gardlaaao  de  la,  see  Gard- 

laaao  de  la  Vega. 

Vega,  Georg  yon 40 

Vega,  Lope  de 40 

Vegetable  Ivory  Tree,  aee  Palm. 
VegeUble  SUk,  aee  Pulu. 
Vegetables,  see  Plant 

Yegetlos,  Flavins  Benatos 49 


ii 


CONTENTS. 


PA«B 

Yehmie  Omxrti 4S 

Vahrll,  Jakob 48 

y«bae.  Kail  Edoaid 44 

Veil 44 

Yeto,  In  geoloc7,  Bee  Mineral  Yein. 

Yelne .TT. 44 

Velt,Phllipp 45 

Yelasqnei,  Diego  Bodrlgnei  de  811- 

Tay 46 

Yelde.  Fnmz  Karl  van  der 47 

Yeldeke^elniioh  Ton 47 

Yellelos  Paterealaa,aee  Patercolna. 

Yellow 47 

Yellam,  see  Pardiment 

Yeloelpede 47 

Yelodtj,  see  MeehanloSi 
Yelpean,  Alfred  Annand    Lonla 

Mule 48 

Yelyet 48 

Yenangoco. 48 

Yendaoe 49 

Yend6e 49 

Yend6me,  a  town 49 

Yend6me,  C^ear,  Dake  de 49 

Yend6me,  Lonls,  Duke  de 60 

Yenddme,  Louis  Joseph,  Duke  de.  50 

Yenedey,  Jakob 60 

Yeneer 51 

Yenetia 68 

Yeneiiano,  Antonio 68 

Yeneilano,  Domenloo 5S 

Yeneiiano,  Agoetlno 58 

Yenesuela 68 

Yeniee,  a  goyemment 66 

Yeniee,  a  city -. 57 

Yenfee,  Gulf  of 68 

Yentignano,  Ceeare  Delia  Yalle, 

Dnke  of. 68 

Yentilatlon,  see  Wanning  and  Yen- 
tUation. 

Yentriloqaism 68 

Yentura,  O.  D.  Qioaehino 68 

Yenus,  In  mythology,  see  Aphro- 
dite. 
YeooB,  the  planet,  see  Astronomy. 

Yenus  de' Medici 64. 

Yenus's  Fly-Trap,  see  Dlonsaa. 

Yeia  Crus,  a  state 64 

Yera  Gnu,  a  dty 66 

Yerstrine 65 

Yerb,  see  Language. 

Yerbena 66 

Yerboeekhoyen,  Engdne 66 

Yercelll 67 

Yerd,  Cape,  see  Cape  Yerd. 

Yerdi,  Giuseppe 67 

Yerdlgrls,  see  Copper. 

Yerdun 67 

Yergennee,  a  city 67 

Yergennes,  Charles  Grayier,  Count 

de 67 

Yergil,  Polydore 68 

Yergnland,  Pierre  Ylctnmlen 66 

Yermlcelli,  see  MacaronL 

YermiffU,  Pietro  Martlre 68 

Yermiuon,  see  Cinnabar. 

Yermilion  parish,  Ia 69 

Yermilion  eo.,  Ind. 69 

Yermilion  oo.,  IlL 69 

Yermont 69 

Yermont,  Uniyenity  of^  see  Bur- 
lington. 

Yemet,  Claude  Joseph 74 

Yernet,  Antotne  Charles  Horace  . .  74 

Yemet,  Smile  Jean  Horace 75 

Yemier 76 

Yemon  co 76 

Yemen,  Edward 76 

YemonJ^Robert 76 

Y6ron,  Louis  DMrA 77 

Yerona,  a  proyinoe 77 

Yerona,aeity 77 

Yeronese,  Paul,  see  Csgliari. 

Yerplanck,  GuUan  Crommelln ....  78 

Yerres 79 

Yerrooohio,  Andrea 79 

Yersailles 79 

Yertebrata 80 

Vertigo 80 

Yertot,  Ben6  Anbert  de 80 

Yertue,  George 81 

Yertumaos 81 


PAttB 

Ytmlam,  Lord,  see  Baoon,  Francis. 
Yerus,  Lndus  Anrellns,  see  Anto- 

nindo,  Marcus  Aurelius. 
Yeryain,  see  Yerbena. 

Yery  iers 81 

Yery,  Jones 81 

YesaUus,  Andreas 81 

Yespsslan  (Titus  Flaylus  Bablnns 

Yespasianus) 88 

Yespers 88 

Yespuoel,  Amerigo 88 

Yesta 88 

Yestal  Virgins 88 

Yestrls,  Family  of 84 

Vestris,  Angiolo  Marie  Gaspard  ...    84 
Yestri8,GaetanoApollineBaldasare    84 

YestrlsAUard 84 

Vestris,  Augusts  Armand 84 

Vestris,  Msdame  (Bartoloui). 84 

Vestry 84 

Vesuvius 84 

Vetch,  see  Tare. 

Veto 85 

VeuiUot,  Louis 86 

Viardot,  Louis 86 

Viardot,  Pauline,  see  Garda. 

Viaticum 87 

Viatka 87 

Vibrio 87 

Vlburanm,  see  8nowbaU. 

Vicar 87 

Vicat,  Louis  Joseph 87 

Vicente,  GU 87 

Vicensa,  a  proyinoe 88 

Vlcenza,adty 88 

Ylcenza,  Duke  oil  see  Caulaiocourt 

Vichy 88 

VicksburjT 68 

Vioo,  Francesco  de 88 

Vico,  Giovanni  BattlsU 89 

Vioq-d'Axyr,  Felix 89 

Victor,  Claude,  Doke  of. 89 

Victor,  Seztus  Anrellns 90 

Victor  Amadeus,  see  Sayoy,  and 

Sardinian  States. 

Victor  Emanuel  1 90 

Victor  Emanuel  II 90 

Victoria  CO.,  Texas 91 

Victoria  CO.,  Upper  Canada 91 

Victoria,  a  oolony 91 

VictorlaJ  Alexandrina,   Queen  of 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland 98 

VlcuAa,  see  Llama. 

Vida.  Maroo  Girolamo 98 

Vidal,  Francis 96 

Vidauni  Santiago 94 

Vldooo,  Engine  Fransois 94 

Vlen,  Joseph  Marie 96 

Vienna 96 

Vienne,  a  deparUnent 9B 

Vienne,atown 98 

Vlenne,  Haute^see  Haute- Yienne. 
Vlennet,  Jean  Pons  Guillaume ....    98 

Yieta,  Francois 99 

Vieuxtemps,  Henri 99 

VigiUus,P^ 99 

Vignola,  see  Baroizio  da  Yignola. 
Vigny,  Alfred  Ylotor,  Count  de  . . .  100 

Vigo  00. 100 

Vlkingr 100 

VllUrfyanca 100 

Ylllani,  Giovanni 100 

Vlllanl,  Matteo 100 

Ylllani,  FlUppo 100 

Villanneva,  Joaguin  Lorenzo  de. . .  100 
YlUari,  Charles  Louis  Hector,  Duke 

of 101 

Yillars,  Dominique 101 

Villegas,  Estevan  Manuel  de 108 

ViUehardouln,  Geoifroy  de 108 

Villein,  see  Ber£ 

VillMe,  Joseph,  Count  de 108 

Ylllemain,  Abel  Franpols 108 

VlUeneuve,   Pierre   Charles  Jean 

Baptiste  Sylvestre IQB 

Vlllers,   Charles  Francois  Domi- 
nique de 106 

Yilllers,  see  Buckingham. 
VlUolson,  Jean  Baptiste  Gaspard 

d'Anssede 106 

Vlmeira 101 

Vinsgov  see  Pigeon. 


Yinee,  Samuel ]• 

Yincennca,acity  of  iBdiauL 

Yinoennea»  a  town  of  Fruee.. 
Yinoent,   Alezuidre   Joseph  1 

dulphe :. 

Vincent,  Earl  Saint,  aee  Jcrm 

Yinoent,  William,  DJ> 

Vincent  de  Paal,  see  Paul  Vuxtl: 

de. 
Ylnohon,  Augnate  Jean  Baptiste . 

Vlnd,  Leonardo  da 

Vlncke,  Ernst  FztodriehGeofK. 

YindeUda 1 

Yindhya  Monntaiaa I 

Vine,  see  Oiape. 
Vinegar,  see  Aeetie  Addi 

Ylnegar  Plant l- 

Vlneb,  Petrus  de 1 

Viner,  Charles. V 

Vinet,  Alexandre  BodolplM 

Vinton  eo. 

Vinton,  Alexander  HamiltoB.  DI>  : 

Vinton,  Fnnda,  D.D. 

Vinton,  JiiBtas.Hatch 

Viol 1 

VIoU 1 

Violet • > 

Violin :• 

Viollet-Leduc,  Engine  Emmssoel .' 

Violoncello 

Vlolone 

ViottI,  Giovanni  BattisU 

Viper 

Ylreo 

Virey,  Jnllen  Joseph 

virgfi r. 

Vligln  Islands 

Viigln  Maxy,  see  Mary. 

VlTginal.... 

Virginia 

Vliginla,  see  Claudius  Cnsno. 

Virginia,  Unlveraity  of. 

Vlriathna 

Viscadia,  see  ChindUs^ 

Vlsconti,  Family  of 

Visoonti,  Ennio  Qniiino 

Yisoonti,  Filippo  Anrslio 

Vlsconti,  Louis  Joachim  TalliaB    :•' 

Ylseount - 

Vishnu,  see  Brahma. 
Visigoths,  see  Goths. 

YidSnT! ^ 

Ylstulft .*! 

Vltebek :\ 

Vltellius,  Aulus 

Viterbo,  a  delegation 

Yiterbo,adty ;•, 

Yltet,LudoWo ;• 

Yitoria * 

Vitringa,  Campeglaa "^ 

Vitriol,  Blue,  see  Copper. 
VltrioL  Oil  oC  see  Bulphuie  Aai 

Vitruvlus  PolUo,  Marcus ;* 

Vivos,  Juan  Luis jj 

Vlviani,  Vinoenao J 

Ylsagapatam ^ 

Ylzladroog,  see  Gheiiah. 
Ylxiapoor,  see  Belapoor.  ,^ 

Ylzl37;.......T/..V7. ;; 

Vladimir,  a  goverzmient ;  J 

Vladimir,  a  dty '/J. 

Vladimir  the  Great ^ 

Vodena^  see  Edessa.  .v 

VogelTJohattn  Karl  Chrlitopb....  |; 

Vogel,  Elisa :J 

VogeLEduard :i 

Vogt.^Karl ,', 

Vofce ,; 

Voigt,  Johannes \^ 

YoigUand ,;? 

Vol8ln,F611x 2' 

Volsln,  Auguste  F4Uz ^ 

Volture,  Yinoent ••• 

Volatile  Oils,  see  EsaentisI  0^    ^ 

Volcano « 

Vole,  see  Bhrew.  ^j 

Volga ,^ 

Volhynia ^.u 

Yolk,Wllhelm u 

Volkmann,  Alfred  "WllWO:;;^ ' 

Volney,  Constantin  Pnapw  ^'•^  ^f 

aeboBuf "" 


•  * 


CONTENTS. 


Ql 


PAOK 

.  .."U 146 

•  J 147 

•  I.  Ale^sandro I4T 

'  .:r«',  Fraopois  Marie  Arooet  de  147 

'-rra^a  town 15S 

•  rn,  Daoiole  Biodarelll  dl . . . .  158 

,rnu 152 

••cer 159 

.    »co. 158 

"..itin>5 158 

158 

','!.].  .ToitstTan  den 158 

..'.'Miv 158 

••■J 153 

■•■'.t/off,  se«  Worunzofll 

,  -Jiiirty,  MlhAly 154 

'•' .s  CoiiRul 154 

».  Mirtinde 155 

-_<^  moiintaina 155 

_•  >,  .1  fli'pttrtment 155 

-  'luhiinn  Ileinrich 155 

-  *,  (krardJobannes 154 

«  J.-.  Lsiac 156 

.  r.  Simon 166 

« •  i.  »ce  Lanjniacc. 

■ -.  Hurts  Fredeman  de 156 

>.  Mirtia  QerritzocD 166 

in 167 

.-it I'.  M't»  Hible, 

:  u.-s  Cbristuia  Angast 157 

•  ire 157 

..^ 158 


W 


168 

.■j:  n,  GusUr  Friodrioh 159 

.•h.  a  river 159 

.v[j  co^  Ind- 159 

^nco.,  lU 169 

i-liawco... 159 

■  -n-o  oo 159 

,  Master  Robert 159 

<  r.  JohannFrie<lrichLudwig  160 
.^math,  Kniftt  Wilbelm  Oott- 

160 

r  .T.  Karl  Oeorg  von 160 

-..Tuagel,  Karl  Helnrich  Wil- 
li   160 

V 160 

•  1.  Jumos,  D.D. 160 

.  •-.  Luke 161 

■ .  Ji<  njarnin  Fraoklin 161 

•vvurtb,  James 162 

r 162 

r 168 

J  r  of  Battle,  see  Appeal 

-  r  of  I^aw,  see  Criminal  Law. 

.'    r.  Nforitz 163 

•  M  r.  Kichard 163 

r,  iLudolph 164 

.Til 164 

.    164 

-*>H 165 

i-irn  CO 165 

-'.it.  >ce  Licgnitz. 
►,  ^fi'  Kim. 
^\r]^'ht,    Jonathan    May  hew. 

.»    166 

/  I" 166 

A.. .If,  »ee  Waywode. 

166 

'  '  «• 166 

..  WiUi-nn 167 

•  •    il,  <;ilbert 167 

.    1,  I*riscilla(Trewman)....  16S 

.:. 16S 

..H  CO 169 

■  ren 169 

V  •  niicr,  Charles  Athanas« ....  1 69 

k 169 

.-cs 170 

♦.  .«. 171 

..  I>.ini€*l 171 

■  '.  Pct'T,  see  Waldenses. 

•  I"  trough 171 

- 171 

*.  I.:in;rtia(re  and  Literature  of  176 
A  ^1.    Flurian  Alexandre  Jo- 

i  C  ^luQua,  Coont 176 


PAOB 

Walhalla,  see  Mythology,  and  Ba- 
tisbon. 

Walker  CO.,  Oa. 176 

Walker  CO.,  Ala. 176 

Walker  CO.,  Texas 176 

Walker,  James,  D.D 176 

Walker,  James  Barr 176 

Walker,  John 177 

Walker,  Robert 177 

Walker,  Robert  James 177 

Walker,  Roars  Cook 178 

Walker,  William 178 

Walking-Leaves     and     Walklng- 

Sticka 179 

Wall  Flower ISO 

Wall  Paper IBO 

Walla  Walla  00. 181 

Wallace,  Horace  Blnney ISl 

Wallace,  Sir  William 191 

Wallace,  William  Ross 1^2 

Walloco,  William  Vincent 1  >2 

Wallacbia lJ>8 

Wallacbian  Language  and  Litera- 
ture   1S4 

Wallack,  James  William 1S5 

Wallack,  John  Lester 1S5 

Wallack,  James  W.,  Jr. Is5 

Wallenstein 1S5 

Waller,  Edmund 1S9 

Waller,  John  Lightfoot,  LL.D 190 

Waller,  Sir  William 191 

Wallich,  Nathaniel 191 

Wallin,  Johan  Olof 191 

Wallis,  John 191 

Walloons 198 

Walla,  Gravel,  see  Gravel  Walls. 

Walnut 192 

Walpole,  Sir  Robert 198 

Walpole,  HoraUo 194 

Walpole,  Horace 194 

Walpole,  Spenrer  Horatio. 195 

Walpurgls  Night 196 

Walrus 196 

Walsh,  Robert 197 

Walslngham,  Sir  Francis 197 

Walter,  John  (three) 19S 

Waltham 199 

Walther  von  der  Vogelweide 19S 

Walton  CO.,  Ga. 19S 

Walton  CO.,  Fla. 199 

Walton,  Brian 199 

Walton,  George 199 

Walton,  Izaak 199 

Waltz 200 

Walworth  co 200 

Walworth,  Reuben  Hyde,  LL.D...  2<K) 

Warn pu  m 200 

Wanaering  Jew,  see  Jew. 
Wanderoo,  see  Macaque. 

Wani  ka 201 

Wapello  CO 201 

Wapiti 201 

Wappers,  GosUve 201 

War,  see  Army,  Artlllcrv,  Attack, 
Battle,  Blockade,  Cavalry,  Forti- 
fication, Infantry,  Martial  Law. 
Navy,  Prire,  Privateer,  Ac. 

Warbcck,  Perkln 201 

Warbler 202 

Warburton,    Eliot     Bartholomew 

Georpo 202 

Warburton,  Wllli:un 202 

Ward,  Artemns 204 

Ward,  Edward  Matthew 204 

Ward,  James 204 

Ward,  Nathan!.'! HA 

Ward,  Robert  Plumer 204 

Ward,  Sith 2<W 

Ward,  William 2A5 

Wardlaw,  Ralph,  D.D 205 

Ware,  Bed  oC  »ee  Bed  and  BetUtead. 

Ware  CO 206 

Ware,  Henry,  D.D 206 

Ware,  Henry,  jr.,  D.D 206 

Ware,  John,  M.D. 206 

Ware,  William 206 

Warehouseman 207 

Warham,  William 207 

Waring,  Edward 207 

Warm  Spring 207 

Warming  and  Yen Ubtlon 20S 

Warner,  Susan 214 


raov 

Warner,  Anna  B. 814 

Warranty 814 

Warren  CO.,  N.  T 816 

Warren  CO.,  N.  J 816 

Warrer  co.,  Penn .216 

Warren  oo.,  Va. 817 

Warren  CO.,  N.  C 217 

Warren  co.,  Ga. 217 

Warren  CO.,  Miss. 217 

Warren  co.,  Tenn 817 

Warren  ci.,  Kv. 817 

Warren  co.,  Onlo 817 

Warren  co.,  Ind. 817 

Warren  CO.,  Ill 817 

Warren  CO.,  Iowa 818 

Warren  CO.,  Mo. 818 

Warren,  James 818 

Warren,  Mercy 218 

Warren,  Sir  John  Borlaso 818 

Warren,  Joseph 818 

Warren,  John.  M.D 819 

Warren,  John  Collins,  M.D. 880 

Warren,  Sir  Peter 880 

Warren,  Samuel 880 

Warrick  co. 221 

Warrington,  Lewis 881 

Warsaw,  a  government 881 

Warsaw,acity 881 

Wart 888 

Wart  Hog 28J 

Wartburg 888 

Warton,  Joseph 884 

Warton,  Thomas 284 

Warville,  Brissot  de,  see  Brissot 

Warwick  CO 826 

Warwick,  a  township 886 

Warwick  co.,  England 886 

Warwick,  Guy,  Eari  of 836 

Warwick,  John  Dudley,  Earlol^  see 

Dudley. 

Warwick,  Richard  Neville,  Eari  ot  886 

Warwickshire,  see  Warwick. 

Wasco  CO 827 

Waiiocaca 227 

Wash injrton,  a  territory 227 

Washington  CO.,  Me 882 

Wa>hin?ton  co.,  Vt. 233 

Wa.<hin;:ton  CO.,  R.  1 833 

Waj.hinsrton  CO.,  N.  Y 833 

Wahhiniiton  CO.,  Penn. 288 

Washington  ca,  Md 238 

Washington  CO.,  Va. 238 

Washington  CO.,  N.  C 2;?3 

Washington  CO.,  Ga. 238 

Washington  CO.,  Fla. 234 

Washington  CO.,  Ala 284 

Washington  CO.,  MIm. 8M 

Washington  ca.  La. 834 

Washington  CO.,  Texas 834 

Washington  co..  Ark 834 

Washinirton  CO.,  Tonn 284 

Washington  CO.,  Ky 284 

Washington  CO,  Ohio 284 

Washington  CO.,  Ind. 234 

Washington  CO.,  Ill 235 

Washington  co.,  WK 235 

Washington  co.,  Minn 2.'W 

Washington  ca,  Iowa 2-'a» 

Washington  ca.  Mo 235 

Wa>>hington  CO..  Kansas i-^ 

Washington  co.,  Nebraska "i^Vk 

Washington  CO.,  Orecon 235 

Wafthintfton  CO.,  I'tah 2ii5 

Wa.ohiri;;ton,  a  township ».  235 

WaHhIrisrton,  a  cilv 235 

Washington,  Bnsfcrod 238 

Washington,  Geortrc 238 

Washington,  William  Augustine..  257 

Washita,  a  river 259 

Washita  co..  La i.^S 

Washlt,a  co..  Ark 258 

Washoe  .Silver  Mines,  see  Silver. 

Washtenaw  ca 958 

'^^P 256 

Wat  fy ior,*see  Richard  IL 

Watanga  co 8S0 

Watches,  see  Clocks  and  Watchea. 

Water 850 

Water,  Holy,  see  Holj  Water. 

Water  Bug 278 

Water-Color  Painting 2T5 

Watercress 876 


IT 


CONTENTS. 


PA«B 

Wftterlily i76 

Wtter  OaU,  Me  Bloe,  IndUn. 
Water  Bun,  aee  HTdimnUo  Bam. 

Water  Shield «7T 

Water  Spoat 278 

Water  Wheel 280 

Water  Worke,  tee  Aqaedact 

Waterbcry 29B 

Wateree 288 

Waterfordoo. 289 

Waterfbid,  a  dtj 283 

WaterhouM,  Beqjamin,  1C.D 288 

WaterlaiKLI>aiileLD.D. 288 

Waterloo,  Battle  of 288 

Waterloooo. 286 

Waterloo,  AntODi 286 

Watermelon,  see  Melon. 
Waterproof  Cloth,  see  Caontehoaa 
WatexB,  Minerel,  lee  Mlnerd  Wa- 

teiSb 

WatertowB 286 

Watervllle 286 

Watklnaon,  DaTld 287 

Watson,  Elkanah 287 

Watson,  John,  M.D. 287 

Watson,  John  Fanning 288 

Watson,  Bicbard  (two) 28S 

Watson,  Bobert 288 

Watt,  James,  the  elder 288 

Watt;  Jamea,  the  yoonger 288 

Watt,  Oregorr. 298 

Watt,  James  Henry 

Wattsan,  Antotne 

WatUeBIrd 296 

Watts,  Alaric  Alexander 296 

Watts,  Oeorge  Frederic 294 

Watts,  Isaac,  D.D. 894 

Wanketmn 994 

Wankesbaea 994 

Wankesha,atown 994 

Waapaceaea 296 

Waushara  eou 

Wave,  see  Tides. 

Wax 

Wax,  Scaling,  see  SeaUng  Wax. 

WaxFiffores 297 

WaxlfTrtle 298 

WaxbllC  see  Finch. 

Waxwlng S96 

Waj,  Bii^t  ot  see  Bealtj. 

Wayland,  Frnncifl,  D.D. 899 

Wayne  col,N.Y 999 

Wayne  ca,  Penn. 999 

Way]ieoo.,ya. 800 

Wayne oo., M.  CJ. .•  ......«••.••••••  ouo 

Wayne  CO.,  Oa. 800 

Wayne  CO.,  Misa 800 

Wayne  CO,  Tenn. 800 

Wayne  CO,  Kr 800 

Wayne  CO.,  Ohio 800 

Wayne  CO.,  Mich. 800 

Wayne  ool,  Ind. 800 

Wayaeco.,IU. 801 

Wayne  COL,  Iowa 801 

Wayne  00.,  Mo. 801 

Wayne,  Anthony 801 

Waywode 809 

Weak  Fish 809 

Weakley  CO. 808 

Wessel 808 

WesTerBlrd 806 

Weaving 804 

Webbca 809 

Webb,  James  Watson , 

Webbe,  Bamnel , 

Webber,  Charles  Wilkios 

Webber,  Bamnel 809 

Weber  00. 809 

Weber.  Ernst  Heinricb 810 

Weber,  Wllhelm  Kduard 810 

Weber,  Kari  Maria  Friedrlch  Ernst, 

Baron  von 810 

Webatcr  CO.,  Ta. 811 

Webster  em,  Oa 811 

Webster  CO.,  Ky. 811 

Webster  co.,  Iowa 811 

Webster  ea.  Mo. 811 

Webster,  Benjamin 811 

Webster,  Daniel 811 

Webster,  Ebeneser 

Webster,  Excklel 

Webster,  John 


paan 

Webstar,  Noah,  LL.D. 

Webster,  Thomas 

Wedderbnm,  Alexander 

Wedding  and  Wedlock,  see  Bride 

and  Bridegroom,  Manrfage,  and 

Hasband  and  Wife. 
Wedge,  see  Mechanlca 

Wedgwood,  Joslah 898 

Wednesday 895 

Weed,Thmrlow 826 

Week 826 

Weems,  Mason  L. 827 

Weenlx,  Jan  Ba|»ttst,  the  elder....  897 

Weenix,  Jan,  the  yoanger 887 

WeevU .....: 897 

Weaschelder,  JnHos  Aognst  Lnd 

Wig , 

Weigel,  Valentin 828 

Welshts  and  Messares 898 

WeiLOostav 885 

Weill,  Alexandra 885 

Weimar,  a  town 

Weimar,  Dnke  and  Duohcas  of,  see 

Bemmtfd,  and  Amelia. 
Weimar,  Baxe,  see  Saxe-Weimar- 

Elsenach. 

Weinbrenner,  Friedrlch 

Weir,  Bobert  Walter 

Weirds  Cave,  see  Cave. 

Welshanpt,  Adam 

Weiss,  Christian  Bamnel 

Weias^  Christian  Felix 886 

Weisse,  Christian  Ernst 

Welsae,  Christian  Hermann. 

Welby,  Amelia  B. 

Welcker,  Friedrich  Gottlieb 887 

Welcker,  Kari  Theodor 887 

Welding 887 

Welland,  a  river. 


Mar- 


WelUndca 

Welles,  Otdeon 

Wellesley,  a  province 

Welloslev,  Biehard  Cowley, 

qnis  Wellesley 

Wellflcet 840 

Wellington  CO. 840 

Wellington,     Arthur     Wellesley, 

Dakeof. 840 

Wells  CO 846 

Wells,  Horace 846 

Wells,  William  Charies 847 

Wellwood,  see  MoncreifK 

Wen 847 

Weneeslss,  Saint 847 

Wence9laa,a  German  emperor....  847 

Wends 848 

Wensleydale,  James  Parke,  Baron.  848 

Wcntletrap 849 

Wcntwortnco. 

Wentworth,  Charles  Watson,  aee 

Bocklnglum. 
Wentworth,  Thomas,  see  Stratford. 

Wentworth,  William 

Wentworth.  John 

Wentworth,  Banning 

Wentworth,  84r  John 849 

Wentworth,  John  (four) 800 

Werseland,  Henrik  Arnold 850 

Werraaff,  Erik  Christian 851 

Werner,  Abraham  Gottlob 851 

Werner,  Friedrich  Ludwig  Zaeha- 

rias 851 

Wesel 851 

Weeot 851 

Wesley,  Samuel  (two) 

Wesley,  John 

Wesley,  Charles 854 

Wesleyan  University 854 

""       \John 865 

i^nyl,  Miklds,  Baron 855 

Injc,  Petor 

Wessenberg,  Ignas  Ilelnrich  Karl, 

Baron  von 

Wessex 

West,  lU'nJamin 

West,  Gilbert 857 

West,  Stephen,  D.D. 8flT 

Westchester 867 

Weet  Indies 887 

West  Point 

WeetalL  Richard 

Westell,  WiUiam 


Wesse' 
Wesse 
Wesse 


WestebeateroD... sb* 

ter. 
Wsatdvaod,  Kleto 
Western  Aoatiatta. 
Westara  Bmpirs... 
WesUra  Islands,  aa 

WeeterwaM "^ai 

WeetmaeoCt,  Bit  Bicbard i'^ 

WeatmeatheoL 8C 

Weatmiaater  Abbey,  see  LmhSm. 
Weatminster  Assembly  eTDiviaca.  •r 

WeatmorelaBd  co^  Pena. "* 

Weetmoraland  co^  Ya. - 

Westmorelaad  ce^,  Fngjaad «> 

Westmorelaad,  MUda«y  Faaa,  td 

EarioT. ^ 

Weetmo««laBd,Joha,lltkEari«r    r  u 

Weeton :•» 

Westphalia ^ 

Westphalia,  Docby  «r :•> 

Westphalia,  Orele  of. »»> 

Westphalia,  Kingdom  of v» 

Westphalia,  Provioee  «r '> 

Westphalia,  PnbUe  P««ea  eC. V* 

Westphalia,  Trsaty  oT '  «' 

WeUtcin.  Johana  Jakob T" 

Wette,  Wllhelm  Martin  LshieauM 

de,  see  De  Wetle. 

Wetielcow »^ 

Wezlbrd  COS  Mich. '. 

Wexford  CO.,  Ireland 

Weymouth ": 

Whale ■-: 

Whale  Fishery : 

Whalebone ■- 

Wharfinger •" 

Whartonco. '^ 

Wharton,  Franda .tt 

Wharton,  Henry ;r: 

Wharton,  Thomaa  Wbarte*. 

qolsof 

Wharton,  PhUlp 

Whatcom  eo. *"• 

Whately,  BIchard.  IXD^  I.I.D.... 

Wheat •• 

WheatFly -^ 

Wheat  Moth «r« 

Wheatear,  see  Stone  Chat. 

Wheatley.  Phillls t.'T 

Wheaton,  Henry *• 

Wheatstone, Charlee.  .. .  «<« 

Whedon,  Daniel  Deaiaeci.  lUX  ^ . .     -ti 

Wheel -■ 

Wheeling fr< 

Wheelock,Kleaxar,  D.D. - 

Wheelock.  John,  LL.D ^ 

Wheelwright,  John 'w 

Whelk >- 

Wbewell,  Williao^  D.D •: 

Whicheoce,  Benjamin,  D.D. v 

Whig ^ 

WhlmbreU  see  Carlew. 
Whinchat,  aee  Stose  ChaL 

Whipple,  Abraham »* 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy »• 

Whipple,  WilUam -^ 

WhippoorwIU «P« 

Whip-Tom>Kelhr,  aeo  Tirea. 

Whiriwlnd m 

Whiskey •-« 

Whist Ut 

Whistler,  see  VmdL 

Whistler,  George  WaaM^gtaa  .        *«> 

Whiston,  William *^ 

Whltaker,  John «• 

WhI  thread,  Bamnel iM 

Whitby,  Daniel,  DJ>. tm 

White,  aee  Color. 

Whiteca,Ga. Wtf 

White  CO.,  Aft. V 

White  eo^  Teaa. ■'' 

WhiUco.,Ind. -■ 

Whlteco..nL * 

White,  Gilbert • 

White,  Henry  Klike ■• 

White,  Hn^  Lai  ~ 

White,  Jeaepb  ~' 
White,  Per^ae., 

White,  Richard  Or.^ 

White,  WlUlam,J).I>. ac 

White  Ant,  aee 


CONTENTS. 


PAOX 

'.'  -i  1 1«?  Bear,  see  Bear. 

'ire  Rrr-thren,  see  Brethren. 

«  hitf  Daisy,  see  Oxeyo. 

•    .lie  Fi^h 897 

-  .. I '.e  Gunpowder... 898 

■»  tiito  Load 893 

\   ,i to  Mountains 899 

A  :•  u»  Plaina 401 

"\  :i  u»  Sea 4()2 

"Ah;  to  Hulphar  Springs 4<J2 

A Mte  S"WoUiu2 402 

n  ...tibalt 4(» 

A  r  i  to fu-ld,  George 403 

W  ^Jt.-hall 404 

\N  .    tt'hjiven 404 

W'  it..head,  Panl 404 

Wfitehead,  William 405 

\\  I  'N-i.^cke,  Bulstrode 405 

'A  I  .t«'«ido3  CO 406 

"v  ; .  i  te  weed,  see  Oxeye. 
\\  •it.' wood,  see  Tulip  Tree. 

A  uitfl-Mco 40« 

A  \t!._'ift,  John 406 

W  '.titisr.  see  Hake  and  Pollock. 

U  riiaovco.,Ky 406 

»••  I'tloy  CO.,  lu'd. 4<)6 

•'.    .iMow 406 

A  'lit man.  Sarah  Helen  (Power). ..  44J7 

W'i  tney,  Ell 40T 

■  V  rijrney,  William  Dwi^'ht 407 

■'»'.  tjitsuntide,  see  Pentecost. 

\V  .•littomore,  Amos 408 

'.V 1 .  ■; I tt-more,  Thoma^s  D.D 403 

\\  !»ittler,  John  Gnvnleaf 408 

'vs'iiittiogham,  William  Kolliuson, 

I)  I) 409 

'^'iiitworth,  Charles,  Baron. 409 

Wi  itworth,  Joseph 4<M) 

vV  Imopinsj  Cough 410 

'A  jort!** berry 410 

\S  'iviih  Bin!,  see  Wearer  Bird. 

V.  iN^rj,  Andrea.*,  D.D 411 

VVjrb.-ro,  Jobann  lleinrich,  D.D...  411 

W  oiiitaco 412 

■»V:ckIovv  CO 412 

Wii'klow.  a  town 412 

W ioq uifort,  Abraham  de 412 

\\  i  1-eon 412 

\\   -lin 418 

\S  i»d.  Prince  of,  see  Neuwied. 

\N  loiand.  Christoph  Martin 418 

Wi.-Urzka.  see  SaiU 

"SVisbadiMi   415 

U  lio.  jiee  Bride  and  Bridegroom, 
Husband  and  Wife,  and  Marriage. 

Wiifon,  Jeremiah  Holme 415 

W  .r  415 

W-hU  Isle  of 416 

W '  .'ht,  Orlando  Williams 417 

\V  '.rtonshire 417 

\S';iSorf<)rce,  William 417 

W  llK>rforce,  Robert  Isaac 418 

"VVlberlorce,  Samuel 418 

^V. l>. rammer  co. 418 

\V  ihronl,  8aint 418 

'Wilbur,  Hervey  Backus,  M.D 418 

\\  Icox  co.,Ga 413 

%V.  cox  CO..  Ala. 418 

"^V'lb-ox,  Carlos 419 

\V'I.l  Cat,  Bco  Cat, 

^V:M  Cat,  American,  see  Bay  Lynx. 

'vVldc.  Kicbard  Henry 419 

%Vi'dt>bee!«t,  see  Gnu. 

W  1 .  ler,  Marshall  Pi nckney 419 

^V••I"rod,  Saint ^ 419 

■^^  ;  tald  Alexia,  see  Haring. 

^^  i'kosco..N.  C 420 

\V . .  kes  CO.,  Ga. 420 

W  :i(.i<,  Charles 420 

Wi  k,H,  John 421 

\V  ilke*barre 4'22 

w;k!.'.  Sir  David A±i 

W    kie,  William 424 

\V    kins  Sir  Charles 424 

W .'.kins,  John 424 

^^  ikiiison  CO.,  Ga. 424 

^V■'kin«on  CO.,  Miss. 425 

W.lkinwn,  James 42.'5 

W  .kin«oa,  .Jemima 425 

\\  '.kinbon.  Sir  John  Gardner 426 

Will 426 


PAGK 

Will  CO 429 

Willard,  Emma  (Hart) 429 

WlUard,  Joseph,  D.D.,  LL.D 4^iO 

Willard,  Samuel,  D. D 4^30 

Willdenow,  Karl  Ludwig 4^10 

Willems,  Jan  Frans 4;i0 

William  L,  England 481 

William  II.,  En;,'land 4a3 

William  111.,  England 484 

William  IV.,  England 486 

William  L,  Netherl.ands 437 

William  II.,  Netherlands 488 

William  IIL.  Netherlands 438 

William  I.,  Prussia 438 

William  I.,  Wurtemberg 438 

William,  Duke  of  Brun*wick-Wol- 

fenbuttei,  see  Brunswick,  House 

of. 
William  L  and  IL.Electors  of  Hesse- 

Cassel,  see  Hesse- Cassel. 

William  of  Cliampeaux 489 

William  of  Holland 439 

W^illiam  the  Lion,  see  Scotland. 
William  .of  Malmesbury,  sec  Mal- 

mesbury. 

William  of  Nassau 440 

William  of  Wvkeham 442 

William  and  Mary  College 442 

Williams  CO 448 

Wlllijuns,  Charles  Kilborn 448 

Williams,  Elearar 443 

Williams,  Ephraim    444 

Williams,  Helen  Maria 444 

Willi.am.<»,  John  (two) 444 

Williams,  .Monier 445 

Williams,  Otho  Holbnd 445 

Williams,  Rocer 445 

Williams,  Samuel.  LL.D 447 

Williams,  Samuel  Wells  LLD 448 

Williams,  Th<»mas  Scott,  LLD.  ...  448 

Williams,  William 448 

Williams,  Sir  William  Fe.nwlck...  448 

Williams,  William  K.,  D.D. 449 

Williams  Collcffe 449 

Williamsburir,  N.  Y.,  see  Brooklyn. 

Williame»burg:,  Va. 450 

Williamson  co.,  Texas 4ri0 

Williamson  co.,  Tonn. 450 

Wi lllamson  co..  Ill 4:>0 

Williamson,  Hngh,  M.D.,  LL.D....  450 

Wil liamsport 450 

WMlIibro<I,  see  Wilbrord. 

Willis,  Francis.  M.D 451 

WMllijs  Nathaniel  Parker 451 

Willis  Robert 452 

Willis,  Thomas 452 

Williston,  Samuel 452 

Willoughby,  Sir  Hugh 452 

Willow 452 

Willugliby,  Francis 454 

Wilmiivrton,  Del 4.54 

Wllminijton.  N.  C 454 

Wilmot,  David 454 

Wilmot,  John,  .see  Roche>ter. 

Wilna,  a  government 455 

Witna,  a  citv 455 

Wilson  CO.,  \.  C 455 

WiUon  CO.,  Tcnn 455 

Wibon  CO,  Kansas 4.55 

Wilson,  Alexander 456 

Wilson,  Daniel 456 

WlL*on,  Florence 457 

Wil json,  Gcorpe,  M.D 457 

Wilson,  Henry 457 

Wilson,  Horace  Ilayman 453 

Wilson,  James  (three) 453 

Wils<»n,  John 459 

Wilson,  Richanl 460 

Wilson,  Sir  Robert  Thomas 460 

Wilson,  William  Dexter,  D.D 461 

Wiltshire 461 

Wimi>ffen-Berneburg,  Felix,  Baron 

de 461 

Winohell,  James  Manning 461 

Winchester,  Va. 462 

Winchester,  Enirland 462 

Winchester,  Elhanan 462 

Winckelmann,  Johann  Joachim. ..  463 

Wineklor,  Johann  Heinrich 463 

Wind,  see  Winds. 

Winder,  William  H 4M 


PAGB 

Windermere 464 

WMndham  co.,  Vl 464 

Windham  co..  Conn 464 

Windham,  Ch.arles  Ashe 464 

Windham,  William 464 

Windischijratz,  Family  of 465 

Windiscligratz,  Prince  Alfred  zu..  465 
Windischmann,  Karl  Hieronymus.  465 

Windlass 466 

Windmill 466 

Window 469 

Windpipe,  see  Lunga 

Winds 470 

Windsor  co 475 

WiJKlsor,  Vt 475 

Windsor,  Conn 476 

Windsor,  England 4T6 

W^indward  Islands,  see  West  Indiea. 

Wine 476 

W^lnebrenner,  John 484 

Winer,  Gcorg  Benedict 4S5 

Wines,  Enoch  Cobb.  D.D 4^ 

WMnkelricd,  Arnold  Strulh  von....  4S5 
Winkin    do    Wordc,   see    Worde, 

Wynkin  de. 

Winn  parish 485 

WinncbasTo  co..  Ill 436 

Winnebago  co.,  Wij«. 436 

Wioneliago  co.,  Iowa 486 

Winnebago,  Lake 4%S 

Winnebagoes 436 

Winneshiek  co 486 

Winnipeg,  Lake,  see  Hudson's  Bay 

Territory. 

Winnipijieogee 486 

Winnower,  see  Fanning  Machine. 

Winona  CO 48T 

Winona,  a  town 487 

Winslow,  Edward 487 

Winslow.  Forbe.«4,  M.D 437 

Winslow,  Hubbard,  D.D 4S7 

Wi nslo w,  Miroo,  D. D 4-S3 

Winston  ca 4S3 

Winter 438 

Winter,  Jan  Willem  de 4-^3 

Winter.  Peter  von 4»S 

Winterberry,  see  Holly. 

Wintercreeh 4^58 

Winterhalter.  Franz  Xavier  439 

Wiiither,  Rasmus  Villatls  Christian 

Ferdinand 4'^© 

Wintbrop,  John 439 

Winthrop,  John  (two) 4W 

Winthrop.  Robert  Charies,  LLD...  490 

Winthrop,  ThetMlore 490 

Winton,  Andrew 4fll 

Wintzingerode,  Fenlinand,  Baron.  49! 

Wire 491 

Wire  Worm 495 

Wirt  CO 496 

Wirt,  William 496 

Wirth,  Johann  Ulrich 496 

Wisby,  Laws  of,  see  Law  Merchant. 

Wiscofsset 496 

Wisconsin 496 

Wisdom.  B«K)kof 5<>i 

Wise  CO.,  Va. .V« 

Wise  CO..  Te.xas 5fl{| 

W'ise,  lUniel,  D.D 50J3 

Wise,  Henry  Ale.x.ander 5<Vl 

Wi.«e,  Henry  Auiru«tu8 5<»4 

Wiseliu.s.  Samuef  Ij)erns20on 5<»4 

Wiseman.  Nich«»las 6*^ 

Wishart,  George  (two> 505 

Wishtonwlsh,  see  Prairie  Dog. 

Wismar ft'W 

Wistar,  Caspar 6<W5 

Wiszniewski,  Michal t*^ 

Witch 506 

Witch  Hazel bM 

Witenairomoto,  see  EnglamL 

Wither,  George 507 

Witherite.  see  Rarvta, 

Withen.poon,  John.  D.D.,  LL.D...  507 

Witness,  sec  Evidence. 

Witt,  Jan  de,  see  Dc  WitL 

Witte,  Peter  de,  see  Candida 

Wiflekind COS 

Wittonberjr 608 

Wla<limir,  sco  Vladlmlr.» 

Woad C08 

Wodin,  see  OdixL 


1 


n 


PAttB 

Wodrow,  Bobert 609 

Woffiogton,  Mareuet fi09 

l^fihler,  Friediidi 609 

Woiwode,  see  Wajwodo. 

Wolcott,  John 510 

Wolcott,  Oliver 610 

Wolcott,  Boger 610 

Wolf 610 

Woll  Ferdinand 611 

Wolf;  Frledrlcb  August 611 

WolC  Jobana  Christian  Ton 61S 

Wol£  Johann  Christoph 61S 

Wolf  Fish 612 

Wolfe,  Charles 618 

Wolfe,  James 613 

WolfenbQtUl 616 

Wolff,  Emil 616 

Wolff,  Joseph,  D.D.,  LL.D 615 

Wolff,  Oscar  Lodwlg  Bemhard. ...  616 

Wdlffl,  Joseph 616 

Wolfram,  see  Tungsten. 
Wolga,  see  Volga. 

Wolloston,  William 616 

Wollaston,  William  Hyde,  M.D.. . .  616 
WollstoDocraft,  Mary,  see  Qodvin, 

Mary  WollatonecrafL 
Wolowskl,  Louis  Francois  Michel 

Baymon  d 516 

Wolsey,  Thomas 617 

Wolyerene,  see  Qlntton. 

Wolyerhampton 51S 

Wolzogen,  Caroline  von 618 

Wombat 518 

Womera,  see  BoomeranoE. 

Wood 51» 

Woodoo.,ya. 688 

Wood  CO,  Texas 628 

Wood  CO.,  Ohiff. 628 

Wood,  Anthony  A 629 

Wood,  Sir  Charies 629 

Wood,Bobert 629 

Wood  Duck 629 

Wood  Engraving,  see  Engraving. 

Wood  Ibis 580 

Wood  Mouse,  see  Mouse. 
Wood  Kat,  see  Rat 
WtxNl  Sorrel,  see  Sorrel. 
Woodbine,  see  Honeysuckle. 
Woodbrldge,  Timothy,  see  Blind. 
Wuodbridge,  William  Channing. . .  680 

Woodbury  co 680 

Woodbury,  Levi 680 

Woodchuck 681 

Woodcock 681 

Woodfell,  William 681 

Woodford  ca,  Ky 582 

Woodford  ca.  UL 682 

Woodhouse,  Bobert 63S 

Woodhonselee,  Lord,  see  Tytler, 
Alexander  Frascr. 

Woodpecker 688 

Woods,  Leonard,  D.D.  (two) 684 

Woodson  CO. 684 

Woodstock 684 

Woodward,  Samuel  Bayard,  M.D. .  634 

Woodworth,  Samuel 684 

Wool 685 

Wool,  Manufactures  of. 541 

Wool,  John  Ellis 548 

Woollett,  WiUiam 549 

Woolman,  John 549 

Woolsack 550 

Woolsey,  Melanctbon  Taylor 550 

Woolsey,  Theodore  Dwight,  D.D. 

LL.D 550 

Woolston,  Thomas 550 

Woolwich 550 

Woonsocket 551 

Woorara 551 

Wooster,  David 558 

Worcester  CO.,  Mass. 552 

Worcester  CO ,  Md 558 

Worcester,  Mass. 558 

Worcester,  England 558 

Worcester,  John  TiptoA,  Earl  of . .  654 
Worcester,  Edward  Somerset,  Mar- 
quis of 654 

Worcester,  Joseph  Emerson,  LL.D.  654 

Worcester,  Noah 554 

Worcester,  Samuel 555 

Worcester,  Samuel  Melancthon....  M5 
Worcestershire 655 


CONTENTS. 


pAoa 

Worde,  Wynkin  de 605 

Wordsworth,  William 666 

Wordsworth,  Christopher,  D.D.. . .  668 
Wordsworth,  Christopher,  D.D....  609 

Wordsworth,  Charles,  D.C.  L. 669 

Workhouse,  see  Paaperiam. 

Wormlus,01af 659 

Worms,  in  zoology 669 

Worms,acity 660 

Wormwood 660 

Wornum,  Balph  Nicholson 660 

Woronicz,  Jan  Pawel 660 

Woronsoff,  Familv  of 660 

Woronzoff  Mihail  Semenovitch ...  661 
Worsaae,  Jens  Jacob  Aamnasen. . . .  661 
Worsted,  see  WooL 

Wort 661 

Worth  eoL,  Iowa 661 

Worth  eo^Qa. 661 

Worth,  William  Jenkins 661 

Worthington,  Thomas 668 

Wotton,  Sir  Henry 668 

Wotton,  William 568 

Wouvcrman,  Philip 568 

Wow-wow 562 

Wrackgrass :  ...  568 

Wningel,  Karl  Oustaf  von.  Count..  668 
Wrangell,  Ferdinand  Petrovitch, 

Baron 668 

Wrangler,  Senior 564 

Wrasse 564 

Wraxall,  Sir  Nathaniel  WilUam. . .  664 
Wroxall,  Frederic  Charles  Lascelles  665 
Wray,  John,  see  Bay. 

Wren 666 

Wren,  Sir  Christopher 566 

Wright  CO.,  Iowa 667 

Wright  CO.,  Minn 667 

Wright  ca.  Mo. 667 

Wright,  Elizur 568 

Wright  (DarusmontX  Fanny 568 

Wright,  Silas 668 

Wright,  Thomas  (two) 569 

Writ 669 

Writers  to  the  Signet 670 

WriUng 670 

Wrottesley,  John,  Baron 572 

Wroxetcr 672 

Wryneck,  a  disease 672 

W  ry  n eck,  a  hi  rd 672 

Wurmser,      Dagubert     Sigmund, 

Count 678 

WUrtemberg 678 

WOrUburg 674 

Wyandot  co 575 

Wyandots 675 

Wyatt,  James 5T6 

Wyatt,  Matthew  Digby 575 

Wyatt,  Richard  James 576 

Wyatt,  Sir  Thomas 576 

Wych  Hazel,  see  Witch  Hazel 

Wycheriy,  William 676 

Wycliffe,  John  de 677 

Wykcham,  William  ot,  see  William 

of  Wykeham. 

Wylie,  Andrew,  D.D 079 

Wyman,  Jeffries 579 

Wynants,  Johannes 679 

Wyndham,  Sir  William 679 

Wynkin  de  Wordo,  see  Worde. 

Wyoming  CO.,  N.  Y. 680 

Wyoming  co.,  Penn 580 

Wyoming  CO.,  Va. 580 

Wyomimr  Valley 580 

Wyon,  Winiam 681 

Wysockl,  Jozef 681 

Wythe  CO 6Si 

Wythe,  George 582 

Wyttenhaeh,  Daniel 638 


X 

X 688 

Xalapa,  see  Jalapa. 
Xalisco,  see  Jalisco. 
Xantippe,  see  Socrates. 

Xavier,  Saint  Francis 588 

Xenia,  presents 588 

Xenla,  a  township 568 

Xenocrstes 688 


pj 

XenopbaiiM 

Xenophon  the  AtbiwiMi 

Xenophon  of  Ephrwrai 

Xeiea,  Francisco  de 

Xeres  de  la  Frcmtera 

Xerxes 

Ximenes  de  (^isneroa 

Ximenes  de  Qneaada,  OobxbIo. 
XoruUo,  see  Jomllo. 

Xy  lander.  Gallelmmi 

Xylography,  see  En^raviiig. 
Xyris,  see  TeUow-eyed  6i 


5c: 


acd 


.5. 


Y 

Yacht 

Yadkin,  a  river 

Yadkin  oow 

Yaitce 

Yak 

Yakoob-ibn-Lal8 

Yakootsk,  a  goTemment. . 

Yakootsk,  a  arde  and  dty M 

Ya2e,Eliha M 

Yale  College SI 

Yallobosha  oa..  • M 

Yam * 

Yamaskaca % 

YamhiUco. '* 

Yancey  co. ■'* 

Yanoey,  William  Lowndes *% 

Yanc^tae-Uang '^ 

Yanlee 

Yankee  Doodle 

Yanina,  see  Janf  na. 
Yapock,  see  Opoasam. 
Yard  Measnre,  ae«  Wei^ts 
Measures. 

Yarkand 

Yarke,  see  Monkey. 

Yarmouth  co. y\ 

Yarmouth,  England •«• 

Yaroslav,  B«-e  Jaroelav. 

Yarrell,  William "^ 

Yarrow «^ 

Yatesca [" 

Yates,  Bobert. 

Yate^  William,  D.D 

Yaupon,  see  Holly. 

Yawning > 

Yazikofl,  see  Jazikofll 

Yazoo,  a  river ^ 

Yazooco. '' 

Year 

Yeast 

Yeast  Plant ^• 

Yeddo ^'■ 

Yekaterinburg,  6c«  Ekateriubur^ 
Yekaterinoelav,  see  EkaterinoelAT. 
Yelisavetgrad,  see  Elisabetgnl 

Yell  CO ^ 

Yellow  Bird f^ 

Yellow  Bird,  Sonamer y^ 

Yellow-eyed  Grass ^ 

Yellow  Fever ff 

Yellow-Hammer Jt 

Yellow-Legs ^* 

Yellow  Elver,  see  Hoang-ha 

Yellow  Sea J: 

Yellow  Springs . 

Yellowstone ?- 

Yellow-Throat *■ 

Yelverton,  Barry,  see  Avonmorr, 

Yemen Tl 

Yenisei ^ 

Yeniseisk ^ 

Yenitcher,  see  Larissa. 
Yeomen  of  the  Guard,  see  Beef- 
Eaters. 

Yeeeo 

Yew 

Yezdegird 

Yezldls 

Yolo 

Yonge,  Chariotte  Mary ^l- 

Yongh,  Vanayl  de.  see  Saint  Em*  ^^^ 

Yonne •  •  f*^ 

Yorkco.,Me. «* 

York  CO.,  Pena. " 


fi^h 


ft* 

61' 


OONTENTS. 


Vli 


pAaa 

-kco.,Ti. 6U 

k  district,  &  GL 611 

:k  CO.,  U.  a 611 

:k.  I'enn 611 

-V,  England 611 

...  Dukeaof 618 

'  -K  Kivor 618 

.V  ^  oa  WArtanbaxg^  Hmis  DftTld 

^!wi<: 618 

ke,  PMii»,9M  HardwiekA,  Earl 

-s^hiro 618 

'ktovm 614 

'  fua 616 

rnitc  Falls,  tee  CaUforala. 

.tt,  William 616 

.  .1  m.H,  Edward  liyingston. ....  616 

::  CO 616 

'  i,  Alexander,  D.D. 616 

-',  Arthur 616 

c.  Brieham,  see  Mormons. 

•i^,  E<lwrard 616 

.  /,  John  Clark,  DJ). 61T 

..',  Matthew 61T 

-  _'.  Tliomos , 61T 

.   ::.  Tliomas  John > 618 

^ 618 

iiil,acity 618 

iiti,  FamOjof 618 

I'Ui,  Athanaatns 618 

in ti,  Alexander  (two) 618 

:.ir:ti,  Constantlne... 618 

aiti.  Demetrios 618 

'!•>.  Juan  de 618 

.  to,  Tomasde 619 

'.r.m 619 

>\  CO 619 

•.n 619 

.-'  ikarta,  see  Jol^okarta. 
.  ^a,  see  Japnra. 
I.  :!>ti4i  JoiU8on£ 

r<lan 690 

L»:i,  Adolphe 680 


:>a,  see  Bacapa. 

.'•'<&'< 690 

c.  An  ton.  Baron  Ton 6S1 

^,  Fninz 681 

in .1,  J ustna  Friedrloh  Wllbelm  691 
.  irii  Yon  Lingenthal,  Kari  8a- 

:.«> 691 

•. .  soe  Col>altk 
kin,  MihaUNIkoIaieyltch....  681 

il>.  .see  A  gram. 

n,  Jobann  Karl  WilheUn 

t,  se«  Congoi 


TAQM 

Z^Jonesek,  Joxef 681 

Zalencaa 691 

Zalnski,  Andnsej  Chryxostom 688 

Zaloski,  Josef  Andrzel 688 

Zama,  Battle  oi;  see  UannlbaL 

Zambeccarl,  Francesco,  Count 688 

Zambesi 688 

Zamojski,  Jan  1 628 

Zamo,  ski,  Jan  IL 688 

Zamq  ski,  Andrzoj 688 

Zampieri,  see  Domenlchlno. 

ZanesTiUe 684 

Zangnebar (B4 

Zanta,  Lake,  see  Scatari. 

Zante,  an  island 684 

Zante,atown 684 

Zanzittar,  an  island 684 

Zanzibar,  a  town 686 

ZapatacoL 686 

Zipoljra,  see  Hungary. 

Zara 686 

Zarate,  see  Oil  y  Zarate. 

Zarlino,  Olnseppe 686 

ZaTola  CO 686 

Zea,  Don  Frandsco  Antonio 686 

Zealand  (Holland) 686 

Zealand  (Denmark),  see  Seeland. 
Zealand,  If ew,  see  Kew  Zealand. 

Zebra 686 

Zebu 686 

Zebu  Island,  see  Cebu. 

Zeeharlah 697 

Zeeehin,  see  Sequin. 
Zedekian,  see  Hebrews. 
Zeeland,  see  Zealand. 

Zelsberger,  Darid 687 

Zelle,  see  Celle. 

Zeltor,  Karl  Friodrieh 688 

Zemindar 688 

Zemlia,  see  Bemlln. 
2Senalda  Dove,  see  Pigeon. 

Zend 688 

Zendaresta 688 

Zenith 689 

ZenoofElea 689 

Zeno  the  Stoic 689 

Zeno,  an  emperor 680 

Zeno,  Apostolo 680 

Zeno,  Nioolo  and  Antonio 680 

Zenobia,  Septlmia 680 

Zeolite 681 

Zephaniah 681 

Zephyr 681 

Zephjranthes 681 

Zeram,  see  Ceram. 

Zetland,  see  Shetland  Islands. 

Zetterstedt,  Johann  Wilhelm 681 

Zettlnje,  see  Cettlgne. 

Zeuglodon 681 

Zeus,  see  Jupiter. 

Zeozis 


PA«I 

Zbnkoftky,  Yasali  Andreevitch...  OB 

SSesenbaU,  Bartholomew 68B 

Zlethen,  Hans  Joachim  Ton 688 

Zmi,  see  CiUy. 

Zlmmermann,  Clemens 684 

Zimmermann,    Eberhard    Angnst 

Wilhelm 684 

2Smmermann,  Ernst 684 

Zimmermann,  Johann  Oeorg  ron..  684 

Zinc 686 

Zingarelll,  ilieolo 647 

Zingis  Khan,  see  Oenghis  Khan. 

Zinnia 6i7 

SSnzendoTi;      Nikolaos     Ladwig, 

Count 64T 

Qnsendorl     Christian     Benatns, 

Count 648 

2Son,  Mount 648 

JOrconlnm 648 

Ziska,  Johann . . . : 649 

Zlaim 600 

Znajm 600 

Zoar 661 

Zodiac 661 

Zodiacal  Light 601 

Zo6ga,6eorg 669 

Zoe8t,Qerara 608 

Zoilus 606 

ZoUikoffer,  Georg  Joachim 608 

ZoIlTerein 608 

Zonaras,  Joannes 664 

Zone 664 

Zoology 664 

Zoophytes 606 

SSorflla,  see  Skunk. 

SSoroaster 606 

Zorrilla  y  Moral,  Joa6 ..  .^. 606 

Zoeimns .V. 666 

Zouares 666 

Zrinyi,  Mikl6B,  Count 686 

Zschokke.  Johann  Helnrich  Daniel  666 

Zuccarelll,  Franoesco 667 

Zuccaro,  Taddeo 667 

^ug,acanton 668 

Zug.  atown 606 

ZuTder  Zee,  see  Zuyder  Zee. 
Zuingliua,  see  Zwingli. 

Zumalaearregny,  Tomas 668 

Zumpt,  Karl  Gottlob 608 

ZnfligB,  see  EreiUa  y  ZuAfga. 

Zunx,  Leopold 608 

Zurbaran,  Frandseo 609 

Z&rich,  a  canton 609 

Ziirioh,  a  city 609 

Ztirich,  Lake  of 660 

Zurita,  Oeronymo 660 

Zorlo,  Olnseppe,  Count 660 

Zntphen • 660 

Zuyder  Zee 660 

Zwingli,Ulric 061 

Zwimer,  EraatFriedrlob.. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


rr  mmbie,  John  Joseph 667 

'-^,  Htnjamin  Paul 667 

■^-. M fir i times 667 

-1,  Iknjamin 668 

'■n,  Jacob 668 

TNon.  George  B 668 

^M'li,  Kicbard  Henry 668 

rM>n,  Robert 668 

>-<  w.  Jaraea  Osgood,  D.D 669 

•-.  w,  .Tohn  Albion 669 

t  tin  Creek y 689 

rt in.  Nathan 671 

-'.  ul,  I^wls  A 671 

''one.  Sir  WiUiam  George....  671 
:i,  L«wisO 678 


Aabdth,  Alexander 678 

Ashby.  Turner 678 

Atkinson,  Thomas  WlUam 678 

Augur,  Christopher  Colon 678 

AreraO,  William  W 678 


B 

Babcock,  Buftia,  D.D. 678 

Bailey,  Theodoros 6TB 

Baird,  Abaalom 674 

Baker,  Edward  Dickinson 674 

BaU*s  Blufl;  Battle  of 674 

Barlow,  Francis  Channing 675 

Bamard,  John  G 676 

Barron^amnel 676 

Barry,  WiUlam  Farquhar. 676 


BaseomfHaarrBldlemaiLDJ)....  676 

Base  Ball 616 

Baton  Bonge,  Battle  of 678 

Bayard,  Georse  D 679 

Beauregard,  Peter  GustaTUs  Ton- 

tant 679 

BeaTer  Dam,  see  Chickahomlny. 

Bee,BamardE. 6T9 

Beluiont 680 

Bcnfoy,  Theodor 680 

Benjamin,  Jndah  Peter 680 

Benton,  WlUiam  P. 681 

Berry,  Hiram  Gr^rory 681 

Bethel,  Great  and  Little 681 

Biddle.  James 681 

Bienville,  Jean  Bu»tiste  Lemolne..  689 

BIgvlow,  Erastus  B. 688 

Bimey.  David  Bell 688 

Blscho<  Karl  Onstav 684 


viii 


CONTENTS. 


PAOB 

BiMkHAwk 664 

Blair,  MooUomenr 684 

Blaka,  0«orgtt  Smith 684 

BlaneWd,  Albert  a 685 

Blenkar.  Louis 686 

Blant,  Jamet  0 685 

Boon,  Charles  Stuart 686 

Bohlen,  HeDrjr 686 

Bonham,  MUledge  L. 686 

BooneTille 686 

Booth,  Edwin 686 

Borland,  Solon 687 

Bowltnc  Green 68T 

Boyd,  Andrew  Kennedy  HntehlU' 

son 687 

Boyle,  Jeremiah  TUford 687 

Brsgg,  Braxton 688 

Br^on,  Lawrenoe  O'Brien 688 

Brannan,  «Tohn  MUton 688 

Braymjm,  Mason 688 

BrigoB,  Henry  Shaw 688 

Bright,  Jesse  D 689 

Brooks,  WiUlam  T.  H. 689 

Brown.  Harvey .689 

Browniow,  William  Qannaway 689 

Bnioe,  Archibald,  li.D 690 

Baohanan,  Franklin 690 

Bnckingham,  Catharinns  Patnam.  690 

Backner,  Simon  Bolivar 691 

Boell,  Don  Carlos 691 

Bofozd,  Abraham 692 

Baford,  John 699 

Buford,  Napoleon  Bonaparte 699 

Ball  Ban ; 698 

Barns.  William  W.....: 697 

Bamstde,  Ambrose  Ererett 698 

Bivton,  Richard  Francis 698 

Batler,  Bentamln  Franklin 699 

Btttterfleld,  Daniel 699 


C 


Cadwalader,  Qeoxge 700 

Cesium 700 

Caldwell,  John  Cartis 700 

Camevon,  Simon 700 

Camp  Jackson 701 

Camp  Wild  Cat 701 

Campbell,  William  B 70S 

Canby,  Edward  Bich  Sprigg 70S 

Card  well,  Kd  ward,  D.D 70S 

Carleton,  James  Henry 70S 

Camifex  Ferry 70S 

Carr,  Eugene  A 708 

Osrr,  JoscDh  B. 706 

Carrick's  Ford. 708 

Carter,  Samael  Powhatan 708 

Carthip 704 

Casey,  Silas 704 

Cedar  Mountain 705 

CentreyiUe,  see  Bull  Bun. 

ChapmanylUe 705 

Cheat  Mountain 705 

Cheatham,  Benjamin  Franklin ....  706 

Chess 706 

Chicamaoomico 706 

Chickahominy,  Campaign  of  the. . .  707 

Chinch  Bug 715 

Cholesterine 715 

Clark,  Charles 717 

Clough,  Arthur  Hugh 717 

Cluseret,  Gnstave  Paul 717 

Cochrane,  John 717 

Cocke,  Philip  St  George 718 

Colenso,  John  William,  D.D 718 

Colorado  Territory,  see  Pike's  Peak. 

Columbus 718 

Conrad,  Charles  M. 718 

Cook,  John 719 

Cooper,James 719 

Cooper,  Samuel 719 

Cooper,  Thomas  Abthorpe 719 

Corcoran,  Michael 719 

Corinth 790 

Coooh,  Darius  Nash 72S 

Cowdln,  Robert 722 

Cox,  Jacob  Dolson 722 

Craig,James 728 

Crawford,  Samael  Wylle 728 

Crittenden,  George  B. 728 


FAOa 

Crittenden,  Thomas  Leonidaa T88 

Crittenden,  Thomas  T. 7S8 

Crook,  Geoige T88 

Cross  Keys 794 

Cruft,  Charles 794 

CuUum,  George  Washington 794 

Cumberland  Gap T24 

Currr,  Jabez  Lafkyette  Monroe. . .  785 

Curtin,  Andrew  Gregg 796 

Curtis,  Samael  B. t 796 


D 

Dana,  Napoleon  Jackson  Teeomseh  786 

Dasent,  George  Webbe 787 

Davidson.  John  Wynn 727 

Davies,  Thomss  Alfred 727 

Davis,  JeflTerson  G 787 

Davis,  Thomas 728 

De&k,  Ferencz 788 

Denver,  James  W 728 

Devens,  Charles,  jr. 728 

Dialysis 729 

DianioAcld 781 

Dodffo,  Grenville  M. 781 

Ddlluger,  Johann  Joseph  Ignac. . .  781 

Donelson,  Daniel  S 782 

Doableday,  Abner 782 

Dow.Neal 782 

DranesviUe 782 

Drayton,  Perclval 782 

Da  ChsiUu,  Paul  B 788 

Dug  Spring 788 

Dnmont,  £benezer 788 

Dancan,  Johnson  K. 788 

Da  Pont,  Samuel  Frauds 788 

Duryee,Abram 784 


E 

Early,  Jubal  A. 784 

Eaton,  Amos 784 

EohoK  William  Henry 785 

Eliot,  Sir  John 785 

Elizabeth  City 785 

EUet,  Charles,  Jr. 785 

ElUott,  Wsshington  L. 786 

Elzey,  Arnold 786 

Eminent  Domain ,,.  786 

Emory,  William  Helmslo v 787 

Erdmann,  Johann  Eduard 787 

Espy,  James  P 787 

Eacnre 787 

Evans,  Marian  C 788 

Evans,  Nathan  George 788 

£#ell,  Richard  Stoddard 788 


F 

Fair  Oaks,  see  Chickahominy. 
Farmington,  see  Corinth. 

Farragot,  David  Glsscoe 788 

Fauntleroy.  Thomas  T.... 789 

Ferrero,  Kaward 789 

Ferry,  OrrisS 789 

Flint,  Austin 789 

Florida  Blanca,  Josef  Monino 740 

Foote,  Andrew  Hull 740 

Forney,  John  H 741 

Forney,  John  Wein 741 

Fort  Craig 741 

Fort  Donelson 749 

Fort  Henry 748 

Fort  Jackson,  see  New  Orleans,  Oc- 
cupation oC 

FortMaoon 744 

Fort  Pickens 744 

Fort  i*nlsskl,  see  Tybee,  vol.  xv. 
Fort  St  Philip,  see  New  Orleans, 
Occupation  oC 

Fort  Wright 745 

Fortress  Monroe 745 

Foster,  John  G 746 

Franklin,  William  Buell 746 

Frederictown 747 

French,  Samael  G. 747 


fi 


French,  WHUamH^vy "i 

FrontBoyal " 

Frontenao.  LmdlB  de  Baa4e. . 
Fi7,8peed8. 


6 

Gaines^s  HiB,  S6«  ChkikaKaBux^ 

Gainesville,  see  BnU  Boa. 
Gardner,  wHUam  If  ontganerr 

Garfleld,  James  Abmn 

Garknd,  Robert  R. 

Garnetti  Robert  SeMen 

Gatlin,  Richard  CMweU 

Ganley  Bridge 

Gault 

Geary,  John  W. 

Geflrard,  Fabre 

Gentry,  Meredith  P. 

Gibbon,  John 

Gilbert,  Charles  CL 

Gillmore,  Qniney  Adams 

Gioborti,  Giovanni  Antonio 

Glvet 

Gladden,  Adley  £L 

Goldsborough,  Louis  Malesker- 

Gordon,  Georve  H 

Gorman,  Willis  Aroold 

Graham,  Lawrenoe  Pike 

Granger,  Gordon 

Grsnger,  Bobert  8. 

Grant,  Ulysses  S. 

Grayson,  John  Breckinridge 

Greenbrier 

Greene,  George  Sears 

Greene,  James  S. 

Griffin,  Charles 

Grover,  Cuvier 


H 

Hackleman,  PlesoMit  A. 

Halleok,  Henry  Wager 

Hamilton,  Charles  £ 

Hamilton,  Bchnyl^ 

Hampton,  Wade 

Hampton  Roads,  B«ttle  of 

Hancock,  Winfleld  Seott 

Hanover  Conrt  Hoose,  sec  OacXy 
hominy. 

Hardee,  William  J. " 

Harney,  WiBiam  Selby 

Harper^s  Ferry,  Oocnpatlon  ot.. 

Harrisonburg. 

Hartstene,  Henry  J 

Hartsuir,  George  L. 

Hssca]],Milo& 

Hatch,  John  P. 

Hatteras  Inlet 

Haupt,  Hermann 

Hays,  Alexander 

Hebert,  Paul  O. 

Hefele,  Kari  Joseph 

Heintzelman,  Bamad  P. 

Herron,  Fmicis  J.  ." 

Heth,  Henry :.' 

Hickman 

Hill,  Ambrose  Powell 

Hill,  Daniel  Hsrvey ;!: 

Hlndman,  Thomas  C :^ 

Holllns,  George  N ^^ 

Holmes,  Theopbilos  Hunter i^ 

Holt,  Joseph '** 

Hood,  John  B. 

Hooker,  Joseph .., 

Hovey,  AMnP. l\ 

Hovey,  Charles  Edward :^ 

Howud,  Oliver  Otis :; 

Howe,  Albtoo  Parris.. :t 

Huger,  BeiOamin igs 

Hnghes,  Thomas ;!|^ 

Humphreys,  Andrsw  A 11! 

Hunt  Henry  Jackson 'Z 

Hunter,  David Z 

Hnrlbut  Stenben  Angnstoj it 

Hnrter,  Frteorich  EmanutL... 


.r« 


CONTENTS. 


IX 


I 

PAOB 

.'u  K  Rufoa T67 

»r.i.i  Number  Ten 76T 

I,  HO  Corinth. 

.'v,n.  Al/red 768 

.-,Eii 769 


■<>on,  ConnidFeg^r 769 

--.n.JamesS 760 

^-m.  NathanlelJ. 769 

v>  <n,  Thomu  Jefferson 709 

'•  -  ■  n,  Thomas  K. : ,  770 

:>  bland 770 

■  -.  .n.  C  barlea  Dayls 770 

.  of  Austria,  Don 770 

>  .a,  Bu.^brodB. 778 

-.a.  K'iward 77i 

-.n,  Ki-hard  W 77« 

<->n,  Joseph  Eccleston 773 

?,  Divid  Kiimph 778 

s  Thomas  M 77S 

;  I'l,  Thoiiiitt 778 

^Lu  Heury  M. 778 


K 


ji>\  Thoma«L. 778 

-.y.  Phiiip 778 

.  V,  Iwnjamin  Franklin 774 

y.  Juhn  R 774 

:a-,u\  William  Scott 774 

.-.  ]>a,smus  Danrin 775 

■■•11.  Nathan 77ft 

--,  I.'ifu? 775 

..a:  Kiuin ; 775 


L 

i 

-  '\ov\Uo 776 

nwollinsrs 776 

.r,  Kn-.lericAVilUain 778 

•Kinies  Henry 779 

.  ..o.  Fort 780 

I  .n.  Jacob  Gartner 7S0 

_•::.' 780 

•     1,  Alexander  R 780 

J:  -bert  Edmund 7S0 

re  -  Do^Doacttes,      Charles, 

.nt 781 

'  :u\  Family  of 781 

•i.%  (  harles 781 

T..%  Jacques 731 

.',  Pierrti 781 

■..-,  Pa-l 781 

•if.  Francois 781 

'  •'.  JoiM'ph 781 

■ '  c,  Sau voile 782 

•  (•*,  Jt-a n  Baptisto 782 

.0,  Louis 782 

'.  .  Antoino 782 

.^.:lIo 782 

-  .  n  (  MoA  BatUo  of 782 

,  H.  iiry 783 

rt<r.-l.  Henry  Hall 7S3 

J"hn  Alexander 783 

•-»«t.  .Iiirnes 788 

_',   Willirim  W 788 

.    Vr  .n-rield 784 

N  utLaniel 784 


PAOB 

MeDowell 788 

McDowell,  Irrln ^ 789 

Mackall,  William  Wliann 789 

McKean,  Thomas  Jefferson 789 

Mackenzie,  William  Lyon 789 

McRinstry,  Jostus 790 

McLaws,  Lafayette 790 

MePberson,  James  B 790 

Masruder,  John  BankhoEul 790 

Mailory,  Stephen  K 791 

Malvern  Uill!^  see  Chlckahominy. 

Mansfield,  Joseph  King  Fenno 791 

Manson,  Mahlon  Dickcrson 791 

Marcy,  Randolph  B. 793 

Marsh,  Catharine 792 

Martin,  Theod<ire 793 

Martindale,  John  Henry 792 

Mason,  Francis.  D.D 792 

MaysTille,  Battle  ol^see  Pea  Ridge. 

Meade,  George  6 798 

Meagher,  Thomas  Francis 798 

Mcigs^  Montgomery  Cunningham..  793 

Memphis,  Battle  of 793 

Milford 794 

Mill  Spring 794 

Mi Iroy,  Robert  H 795 

Mitchell,  Robert  B 795 

Monteomery,  William  R 795 

MorelU  George  W 795 

Morgan,  Edwin  Dcunison 795 

Moi^an,  George  W 796 

Morgan,  James  D 796 

Morris,  Thomas  A. 796 

Mozier,  Joseph 796 

Mulligan,  James  A. 797 

Munfordsville 797 

Murfreesborongh 797 

Myers,  Abraham  C 793 


N 

Nagle,  James 799 

Naglee,  Henry  Morris 798 

Kegley,  James  8 798 

N<^laton,  Angnste 793 

Nelson,  William 798 

Nevada 799 

New  Madrid 799 

New  Orleans,  Occupation  of SOO 

Newbern,  N.  C,  Batilo  of >»03 

Newton,  John 808 


O 

t 

Oglosb  V,  Richard  James 803 

Ord,  Edward  Otho  Cresap Sa3 

Osterhaus,  Peter  J 803 

Oarrard,  Gabriel  Jalien 804 


Porter,  Darid  D. 812 

Porter,  Fitz  John 818 

Pratt.  Calvin  E. y 818 

Prentiss,  Benjamin  Mayberry 618 

Preeton,  Wilrmm 614 

Price,  Sterling 814 

Prim,  Don  Juan 814 

Prince,  Henry 815 

Piyor,  Roger  A. &15 


Q 


Qnekett,  John 815 

Qnlnby,  Isaac  F. 816 


R 

Rains,  Gabriel  James 816 

Randolph.  George  Wythe 816 

Ransom,  Thomas  £L  Green 816 

Reagi»n,  John  H 817 

Reid,  Samuel  Ch^ter 817 

Reno,  Josse  L. 617 

Reynolds,  Alexander  W 817 

Reynolds,  John  Fulton 818 

Rich  Mountain 618 

Richardson,  Israel  B. 818 

Richmond,  Ky 818 

Ricketta,  James  Brewerton 819 

Ripley,  James  W 819 

Ripley,  Roswell  Sabin 819 

Rlve^  William  C 819 

Roanoke  Island 819 

Roberts,  Benjamin  Ston*. 820 

Robin,  Charles  Philippe 821 

Robinson,  John  Cleveland 821 

Rodman,  Isaac  PeacA 821 

Rosecrans,  William  Starke 821 

Rosa,  Leonard  Fulton 823 

Rousseau,  Lovell  Harrison  ....'....  822 

Rubidium 822 

Ruggles,  Daniel 823 


S 


M 


'    ir,  John 785 

.    <»«c.n?e  Archibald 785 

.  m    tieorgo  Brinton 786 

'.  irnl.  John  Alexander 787 

* ,  A  I ••  xander  McDowell ....  788 

..   i:f.>M>rtL.. 7S8 

'I    J..hn  Porter 788 

i.mIi,  lien 788 


Paine,  Eleazar  A. 804 

Palmer,  Innls  N 805 

Palmer.  John  McCauley 805 

Parke,  John  G 805 

Patrick,  Marsena  R 805 

Patterson,  Robert 805 

Patterson,  Francis  Engle 806 

Paul,  Gabriel  Rene 806 

Pea  Ridge 806 

Peach  Orchard,  see  Chlckahominy. 

Peck,  John  Jav 807 

Peraberton,  John  C. 807 

Perryville 807 

Phelps,  John  Woloott 808 

PhilippI 80S 

Pikeville 809 

Pittsburg  Landing,  see  Shlloh. 

Pleasonlon,  Alfred 809 

Plummer,  Joseph  B 809 

Pocotallgo 809 

Polk,  Leonidas 810 

Pope,  John 810 

Port  Republic 811 

Port  Royal 811 

Porter,  Andrew 818 


Sadlier,  Mary  Anne  (Madden) 828 

Salomon,  Frederic 828 

Salomon,  Hayra 623 

Savage's  Station,  see  Chlckahominy. 

Baxton,  Rufus 824 

Scammon,  Eliakim  Parker 824 

Scbenck,  Robert  Gumming. » 824 

Schoept  Albin  Francisco 824 

Schnfield,  John  McAllister 825 

Schurx,  Cari 825 

Schweinltz,  Lewis  David  von 826 

Seddon,  James  A. 826 

Sedgwick,  John t  826 

Semmes,  Raphael 826 

Serrano,  Fmnci»co,  Dnke  de  la  Torre  837 
Seven  Pines,  sec  Chlckahominy. 

Seymour,  Horatio 887 

Seymour,  Truman 827 

Shea,  John  Gilmary,  LLD 827 

Shedd,  William  Greenough  Thayer, 

D.D 829 

Shepley,  Gei»rge  Foster 828 

Sherman,  Thomas  W 828 

Sherman,  William  Tecumseh 828 

Shields,  James 829 

Shiloh 829 

Sibley,  Henry  H SSO 

Sickles,  Daniel  E. K«) 

Sigel,  Franz 830 

Slocum,  Hcnrv  Warner 831 

Slongh,  John  V 8:n 

Smith,  Caleb  Blood 832 

Smith,  Charl.>»  Fcr'.;u»on 833 

Smith,  Edmund  KIrby 833 

Smith,  Green  Clay e«2 

Smith,  Gnstavus  Woodnun 832 

Smith,  Martin  Luther 83.3 

Smith,  William  Farrar 838 

Spectrum  A nalysis *^33 

Sprasue,  William 884 

South  Mountain,  see  Antietam. 


CONTENTS. 


Btahel^Jnllns 884 

Btonley J>ATid  8 884 

Stftnly,  Edward 884 

Stanton,  Edwin  11 885 

Bteedman,  JamM  Barrett 885 

Steele,  ]<Vederlc...., 886 

St^tnwehr,  A.dolph  Wilhehn  Ancnat 

Frledrich 886 

Sterena.  laaac  Ingalla 888 

Stone,  Charlea  P. 886 

Stoneman,  Oeorge 887 

Storra,  Henry  Bando^h 887 

Storra,  WilliAm  Ladoa 887 

Straabniv 887 

Strlngham,  Bilaa  Horton 887 

Stnart,  James  £.  B. 888 

Stargia,  Samuel  Davis 888 

S  ammerriUe 889 

Samner,  Edwin  Vose 889 

Sosquebannas 889 

SykeSf  George 889 


T 

Tfttnall,  Joalah !...  840 

Taylor,  Oeorge  W. 840 

Taylor,  Nelson 840 

Tobooktchi 840 


PA«S 

Terrill,  Wmiam  B. 640 

Terry,  Alfred  Howe 841 

ThaUlum 841 

Tbomaa,  George  Henry 843 

ThonuM,  Lorenzo 84S 

Tilgbman,  Lloyd 842 

Tower,  Zealooa  Bates 84S 

Trieonpla  Splridlon 848 

Trimble,  Isaac  B. 848 

Troyon,  Constant 848 

Tnrebln,  Jobn  Basil 848 

Tnttle,  James  Madison 848 

Tyler,  Daniel 844 

T^lcr,  Exastns  & 844 


Tan  Cleve,  Horatio  PbilUpe 844 

Tan  Dora,  Earl 644 

Vlel6,  Egbert  L. 845 

Yillepigne,  Jobn  B. 845 

Vinton,  Fianeis  Laorens B45 

w 

Wadflwortb,  James  Samnel 845 


Wallace,  Lewis ^ 

Wallac^  William  Hanrey  Lm^  <  -. 
Washburn,  Cadwallader  Cokir^ 

Weber,  Max «- 

Webster,  Joseph  D 

Weitzel,  Godfrey - 

Wesaellf,  Henry  Waltoa  ^ 

Whipple.  Amiel  W 

WhIte,JnUas 

White  Oak   Swamp,  see  Ckick*> 

hominy. 
Whiting,  ^Uiam  Henry  Case  ... 

Willcox,  Orlando  Bolivar 

WUIiamo,  AlpheuB  Starkey 

WUliama,  Beth 

Williama,  ThoDua ^ 

Wilson's   Creek,    soe    Spviogfiel-i, 

Mo. 

Winchester  (Ta.1  Battle  or 

Wood,  Thomas  Jeftraofi 

Woodbury,  Daniel  Phii 
Worden,  John  Lorimer 

Wright,  Oeorge 

Wright,  Horatio  Gates. 


Z 

ZolUoofllBr,  Felix  K... 


LIST  OF  CONTRIBUTORS 


TO  THE 


NEW  AMERICAN  CYCLOPJIDIA. 


i/iiAiiLEs  Allkjt.  Esq.,  Greenfield,  Mass. 

American  biography. 
I V:  I.  IT  AM  Ahss,  U.  S.  N.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Biography, 
A.  Arxold,  Eisq.,  New  York. 

Moinng  and  Beaping  MaehineSy  Threshing 
Mtrhine, 
Hon.  S.  G.  Arnold,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Trhtam  Surges^  Ke^tport, 
Ta'-l  Arpix,  Esq.,  late  Editor  of  the  "  Courrier 
ilcM  Etats  Unis,"  New  York. 

France;  French  Biography  and  History. 
rr.»t\  A.  D.  Bache,  LL.D.,  Superintendent  U. 
S.  ('oast  Survej,  Washington,  D.  0. 

Tidf9. 
-T  v(  OB  B.  Bacon,  Esq.,  New  York. 

M'i»on  and  Dixon's  Line,  &c. 
.^   II X  A.  B AGLET,  0.  E.,  New  York. 

Bridge,  Cement,  Concrete,  Doch,  Door,  Foun- 
ihition. 

I  f  ENiiY  Carey  Baird,  Esq.,  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

Btnl',  Dallas,  Deicees^  Duponceau, Ingersoll 
Fniiily,  Money,  Political  Economy,  &c. 
I[«!i.  George  Bancroft,  LL.D.,  New  York. 
John  Cabot,  Sebastian  Cabot,  Jonathan  Ed- 
it I  rds, 
H  FoRDTOE  Barker,  M.D.,  New  York. 
Obstetrics. 

II  »n.  John  R.  Bartlett,  Secretary  of  State  of 
iUiode  Island,  late  U.  S.  Boundary  Commis- 
sioner, Providence,  R.  I. 

Mexican  Geography  ;  Comanchcs^  Iturbide, 
}hquis,  Navajoes,  Keis  Mexico,  Providence, 
Rhode  Island;  &c. 
Vi«'TOR  Beaumont,  0.  E.,  New  York. 

Titles  in  Engineering  and  Machinery. 
Pr.»f.  Gunning  S.  Bedford,  M.D.,  University 
^ledical  College,  New  York. 
American  Medical  Biography. 
A.  M.  Bell,  M.D.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Pustule  (Malignant). 
V.cw  H.  W.  Bellows,  D.D.,  New  York. 

American  Biography. 
li  v.    TnoMAs   H.   Beveridgb,    Philadelphia, 
Penn. 

United  Presbyterian  Church, 
('.  J.  BiDDLB,  Esq.,  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

A  merican  Biography, 

.Iri-irs  BiNo,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Consol  at  Smyrna. 

Alrenturer,  Cagliostro,Camoins,  Casanova, 

Cervantes,  Don  Juan,  Foundling  Hospitals, 

(icrman    Literature,    Klopstock,    Kotzehue, 

Leipsie,  London,  Louis  Philippe,  Madrid 


Malta,  Metastasio,  Mettemich,  Milan,  Mo- 
dena,  Munich,  Naples,  NevDspapers  (foreign)^ 
&c. 
Rev.  H.  Bishop,  Oxford,  Ohio. 

Miami  University. 
Hon.  Jeremiah  S.  Black,  late  U.  S.  Attorney 
General,  Washington,  D.  C. 
James  Buchanan, 
M.  Black,  Esq.,  Philadelphia,  PenxL 

Biography  qnd  Geography, 
Commodore  George  S.  Blake,  U.  S.  N.,  Snper- 
intendent  of  the  U.  8.  Naval  Academy,  New- 
port,  R.  I. 
American  Navy,  and  Naval  Biography. 
LoRiN  Blodget,  Esq.,  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia, 
Edmtjnd  Blunt,  Esq.,  U.  8.  Coast  Survey,  New 
York. 

Atlantic  Ocean,  J.  F.  W.  Des  Barres,  Di- 
viding Engine,  Hydrography,  Longitude. 
Joseph  Blunt,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Copyright,  &o. 
John  Bonner,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Abyssinia,  Africa, 
Dion  Boucicault,  Esq.,  London,  Eng. 

George  Darley,  Drama. 
0.  O.  Boutelle,  Esq.,  U.  8.  Coast  Survey. 

Simeon  Borden. 
C.  E.  Bowes,  Esq.,  Mexico. 

Arista, 
C.  L.  Brace,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Frederic  Law  Olmsted. 
Rev.  William  Bradford,  New  York. 

J.  Fenimore  Cooper. 
Thomas  M.  Brewer,  M.D.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Birds^  Brush  Turkey,  &c. 
Charles  F.  Briggs,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Henry  Fielding,  William  Page. 
Rev.  Charles  U.  Brig  ham,  Taunton,  Mass. 
St.  Ambrose,  St.  Athanasius,  St.  Augustine, 
Copts,  St.    Cyprian,   St.  Dominic,   Druses, 
Erasmus,  Gnostics,  Origen,  Savonarola,  Ser- 
Tetus,  Socinus,  Jeremy  Taylor,  Ac. 
Rev.  Edward  Bright,  D.D.,  New  York. 

American  Biography. 
L.  P.  Bbockstt,  M.D.,  New  York. 

Blind,  Common  Schools,  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
Pauperiim,  Post,  Prison,  Tract  Societies,  Uni 
versity  ;  Biography  and  Geography,  &c. 
Hon.  Erastts  Brooks,  New  Yort 

William  Craneh, 
WiLUAM  Bboss,  Esq.,  Chicago,  HL 
Chicago, 


LIST  OF  CONTRIBUTORS. 


Hon.  B.  Gratz  Bbowv,  St.  Lonis,  Mo. 

Thomas  H.  Benton. 
Rev.    JouK  K.  Brown,    D.D.,  Philadelphia, 
Penn. 

BotpttBU, 
Edward  BRowK-SfiQUARD,  M.D.,  London,  £og. 

Animal  Electricity^  Bile^  Bloody  Circular 
tion,  Epilepsy^  Hearty  Lungs, 
Orbstes  a.  Brownson,  LL.D.,  New  York. 

Absolute^  Atheism. 

D.  A.  Buckingham,  Watervliet,  N.  Y. 

Broom  Com. 
T.  A.  BuBKB,  Esq.,  Savannah,  Ga. 

Amffrican  Biography. 
Rev.  Geoboe  W.  Bubnap,  D.D.,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Friends. 
Samuel  Bubnham,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

American  Biography. 
Rev.  Geoboe  Bush,  D.D.,  New  York. 

Correspondence^  Daniel. 

E.  G.  Butleb,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Ancient  Geography, 
Col.  Cablos  Buttebfield,  Mexico. 

Mexico  (  Geography  and  Statistics), 
Chables  Campbell,  Esq.,  Petersburg,  Ya. 

William  Clayhome. 
RoBEBT  Cabteb,  Esq.,  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J. 
Diplomacy^  S,  A.  Douglas,  Egypt,  Fisheries, 
J.   C.  Fremont,  Hlndostan,  Japan,  Kansas, 
Lqfayette,  Liberia,  Abixiham  Lincoln,  Louis 
{Kings  of  France),  Lowell  Family,  Madagas- 
car,  Mexico   {History),    Mormons^    Nether- 
lands, New  Zealand,  Nile,  Persia,  Franklin 
Pierce,  James  K.  Polk,  W.  If.  Preseott,  Scot- 
land, Zachary  Taylor,  John  Tyler,  United 
States  {HistoryX  Yeddo,  &c. 
H.  T.  Chapman,  Esq.,  Greenfield,  Mass. 

Geography. 
J.  F.  H.  Claibobne,  Esq.,  Burlington,  Miss. 

American  Biography. 
Rev.  James  F.  Clabke,  Boston,  Mass. 

James  Freeman,  William  Hull. 
J.  Clement,  Esq.,  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

Dubuque. 
John  F.  Cleveland,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Am^iean  Geography  and  Statistics, 
T.  G.  Clbwell,  Esq.,  Cleveland,  0. 

Evangelical  Association. 
J.  B.  CoGHBAN,  Esq.,  Shelbyville,  Ky. 

Louistille^  Maysville. 
0.  C.  Coffin,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

American  Geography. 
J.  P.  CoMEGTS,  Esq.,  Wilmington,  DeL 

John  M.  Clayton. 
Chables  T.  Conodon,  Esq.,  New  York. 

America. 
Prof.  George  H.  Cook,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

New  Brunswick  {City). 
John  Esten  Cooke,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Ya. 

M.  Scheie  De  Vere,  Patrick  Henry,  Waeh- 
ington   Irving^   Thomas  Jefferson,  Richard 
Henry  Lee,  Francois  Light/oot  Lee,  Arthur 
Lee,  Henry  Lee^  James  Madison,  Chie/  Justice . 
Marshall,  JamAS  Monroe, 
Edward  Coopeb,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Beams, 


Fbedebio  S.  CorzENB,  Esq.,  New  York 

Bordeaux  Wines,  d^ 
Rev.  J.  W.  CuMMiNGS,  D.D.,  New  York. 
Cesare  Cantu,  Carthusians,  Condaxt, '  '- 
cordat,  Council  of  Constance,  Gregory  {h^  • , 
&c. 
Rev.  Daniel  Cubrt,  D.D.,  New  York. 

Oliver  Goldsmith,  Samuel  Johnson,  tc. 
George  Tioknor  Curtis,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mas^. 

Joseph  Story. 
George  W.  Curtis,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Almeh,  James  Burrill. 
E.  G.  CxTTLKR,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Ancient  Biography  and  Geography. 
Rev.  S.  S.  Cutting,  D.D.,  Rochester  FiJ'.  r 
sity,  N.  Y. 

Anabaptist,  Judson  Family,  Roger  Fl 
liams,  &c. 
D.  L.  Dalton,  Esq.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

American  Biography. 
Prof.  J.  C.  Dalton,  fi.D.,  College  of  P:^ 
clans  and  Surgeons,  New  YorL 
Embryology. 
Hon.  Charles  P.  Dalt,  Judge  of  the  Cv-i 
of  Common  Pleas,  New  YorL 

William  Blackstone,  Naturalitatimi. 
Alexander  H.  Dana,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Civil  Law,  Code,  Sir  Edward  Coke.  (V 
mon  Law,  Criminal  Law,  Divorce,  &c. 
Charles  A.  Dana,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Preston  S.  Brooks,  Henry  C.  Carey,  27 
breaking,    Martin    Van    Buren,    fli/ 
Walker,  B.  F.    Wade,  Isaac  Wattf.  > 
Wright,  Wyandots,  Yang-Tse-Kiang.  L. 
ville.  Black  Hawk,  Lemoine  Family^  Ac. 
Prof.  James  D.  Dana,  ULD.,  Yale  CoJi.r 
New  Haven,  Conn. 
Crystallography. 
RiCHABD  H.  Dana,  jr.,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

American  Biography. 
Rev.  J.  S.  Davenpobt,  New  York. 

Edward  Irving. 
Hon.  Chables  S.  Daveis,  LL.D.,  Portland,  ilt. 

Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  Henry  Knoj. 
Commodore  Chables  H.  Davis,  U.  S.  K. 
Gunnery,  Sir  WiUiam  Bovon  Eamut-^^ 
Navigation,  Pacific  Ocean. 
Rev.  Gabdneb  Dean,  New  York. 

C?iristians. 
"William  Deebing,  Esq.,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Agricultural  Implements.  . 

John  D.  Defbees,  Esq.,  Superintendent  of  t^ 
Government  Printing  Office,  Vaslungt-r. 
D.  C. 

Biography,  Geography,  ^     ^  . 
EdwabdF.De  Lancet,  Esq.,  New  Tort 

Sir  William  Johnson,  Jaeob  LiuUr.  - 

Hudson  Lowcy  J.  L.  Macadatn,  Ao-        y 

Rev.  David  D.  Demarest,  D.D.,  HudsoD,.v  . 

Reformed  Dutch  Church. 
Rev.  H.  M.  Dexteb,  Boston,  Mass. 

American  Biography, 
Rev.  James  T.  Dickinson,  Middlefield,  Ct-^ 

Malay  Language,  v  ; 

Rev.  Geoboe  W.  Doanb,  D.D.,  Kewark.  >  • 

Biography. 


LIST  OF  CONTRIBUTORS. 


8 


IIlgh  Dobkbtt,  M.D.,  London,  Eng. 

Agcy  ATiatamy^  Anthropology  y  Aquatic  AnU 
mah,  Blood-Utting^  Carotids^  &c. 
James  H.  Dork,  Esq.,  New  York. 

CharleB  Goodyear, 
AViLLiAM  DoBSHEiMER,  Esq.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Buffalo  {City\  Aaron  Burr. 
Adolf  DouAi,  Ph.D.,  Hoboken,  N.  J. 

Arabian  Literature^  Aristotle^  &o. 
,ToTTN  W.    Draper,  M.D.,   President   of   the 
Uuiversity  Medical  College,  New  York. 

Fh4>tography, 
Lyman  C.  Draper,  Esq.,  Madison,  Wb. 

American  Biography. 
\\.  n.  Draper,  M.D.,  New  York. 

Xerioui  System, 
A.  II.  Dunlevy,  Esq.,  Lebanon,  O. 

Thomas  Corwin, 
<ii:<>iiGE  F.  Dunning,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Assay  Office, 
New  York. 

Coins,  Mint,  &c. 
< ).  II.  Ddtton,  Elsq.,  New  York. 

American  History. 
L.  A.  DrYCKiNCK,  Esq.,  New  York. 

American  Biography. 

I  lev.   Tryon  Edwards,  D.D.,  New  London, 

Conn. 

American  Biography  and  Bible  History ; 
JInrfford,  &c. 
R  v.   George  E.  Elus,  D.D.,   Charlestown, 

/'.  W.  P.  Oreentcood,  Hartard  College. 
Kalph  Waldo  Emerson,  Esq.,  Concord,  Mass. 

A.  B.  Alcott. 
l-wv  W.  England,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Abbeokoota,  Ashantee,  Brooklyn,  &c. 
T:iMMA8  Evans,  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

Quakers, 

II  )n.  Edward  Everett,  LL.D.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Lord  Ashburton,  Lord  Clarendon  {the  liv- 
huj  British  statesman),  Thomas  Dowse^  Henry 
II  ilhim,  George  Washington,  Daniel  Webster. 
C.  13.  Fairbanks,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Biography. 
C\  (\  Felton,  LL.D.,  late  President  of  Harvard 
I'liiversity,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Agfissiz,  Athens,  F.  Bowen,  Demosthenes, 

Euripides,  Greece,  Greek  Literature,  Homer. 

Il-jv.  William  Fisiibough,  Williamsburg,  N.  Y. 

Andrew  Jackson  Datis,  Spiritualism. 
niciiARD  SwAiNsoN  FisnER,  M.D.,  New  York. 

Geography. 
I ).  W.  FisKE,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Cfiess;  Languages  and  Literatures  of  Ice- 
hind,  the  Netherlands,  Nonoay,  and  Sweden; 
P.traguay,  Periodical  Literature^  &c. 
C'li  \nLE3  L.  Flint,  Esq.,  Secretary  of  the  Mas- 
^aolmsetts  Board  of  Agriculture,  Boston. 
Agriculture. 
Col.  Hugh  Forbes,  New  York. 

Fencing,  Garibaldi,  Guerillas. 
li.  F.  Foster,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Bookkeeping. 
William  C.  Fowler,  LLD.,  late  Professor  in 
A  mil  erst  Collejre,  Mass. 
English  Language^ 


S.  P.  FowLEs,  Esq.,  Westfield,  Mass. 

American  Biography. 
John  W.  Francis,  M.D.,  New  York. 

Christopher  Colles,  David  Hosaek,  WiUiam 
J.  McNeten,  Edward  Miller. 
Migor-General  William  B.  Frankun,  U.  S.  V. 

Fresnel,  Lighthouse. 
G.  W.  Freeman,  M.D.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

A.  A.  8.  Petion. 

J.  H.  French,  Esq.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

New  York  State. 
Rev.  OcTAVius  B.  Frothinoham,  New  York. 
Michel  Angelo,  Bible,  Canon,  Cnitarianism, 
&c. 
William  H.  Fry,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,  Meyerbeer,  Music. 
G.  Gajani,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Buffini, 
Alfred  Garneau,  Esq.,  Quebec,  C.  E. 

Quebec. 
Sydney  Howard  Gay,  Esq.,  New  York. 

American  Biography, 
Rev.  J.  M.  W.  Geist,  Lancaster,  Penn. 

Henry  Harbaugh, 
Prof.  JosLAH  W.  GiBBB,  LL.D.,  New  Haven, 
Conn. 
Philology. 
Capt.  Walter  M.  Gibson,  Salt  Lake  City, 
Geography  of  the  Indian  Archipelago. 
Prof.  CHANDI.KB  R.  Oilman,  M.D.,  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York. 
Animalcules. 
D.  C.  Oilman,  Esq.,  Librarian  of  Yale  College, 
New  Haven,  Conn. 

Theodore  D.  Woolsey,  Elihu  Tale,  Tale  Coir 
lege. 
Rev.  E.  W.  Oilman,  Bangor,  Me. 

Congregationalism. 
Prof.  Henry  Goadby,  M.D.,  State  Agricultu- 
ral College  of  Michigan,  Ann  Harbor,  Mich. 
Cilia. 
Parke  Godwin,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Bacon,  Bonaparte  Family,  Bryant,  Burke, 
Bums,   Comte,   Descartes,  Druuls,  Fourier, 
Goethe,  Marie  Antoinette,   Socialism,    Vol' 
taire,  &c. 
Augustus  A.  Gould,  M.D.,  Boston,  Mass. 

J,  W.  Bailey,  Amos  Binney. 
B.  A.  Gould,  Esq.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

B.  Peirce,  Sears  C.  Walker. 

Hon.  Horace  Greeley,  Editor  of  the  New 
York  "  Tribune,"  New  York. 

Total  Abstinence,  Anti-Masonry,   Henry 
Clay. 
George  W.  Oreenb,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Carlo  Botta,  Gen.  Nathanael  Greene. 
William  L.  G.  Greene,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Lavrenr^^  Lmoell,  Lynn  (City). 
Mrs.  M.  D.  R.  Griffiths,  New  York. 

American  Biography, 
L.  Grosvenor,  Esq.,  Pomfret,  Conn. 

Israel  Putnam. 
R.  A.  GriLD,  Esq.,  Librarian  of  Brown  Uni- 
versity, Providence,  R.  L 

Bibliography,  British  Museum,  Brown  Uhi- 
1     tersity,  ^. 


LIST  OF  CONTRIBUTORS. 


Gount  Adam  db  Gubowbki,  Washington,  D.  0. 
Alexander  the  Great  ^  Alexander  Land  IL 
o/Bussia,  AneientSy  Aristoeraey^  AttUa,  Bor- 
gia (CeMarey  Luerezia^  and  Ste/ano)y  Buneen, 

jE^of.  Charles  C.  Haokley,  D.D.,  Columbia 
College,  N.  Y. 

Columbia  College^  Michigan  Univernty. 
Nathan  Hale,  jr.,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Argentine  Cor^ederation, 
B.  H.  HAL^  Esq.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 

Troy. 
Prof.  James  Hall,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

FalcBontology. 
James  Hall,  Esq.,  Cincinnati,  O. 

Miles  Oreenwood;  American  Biography. 
Rev.  Henry  Habbauoh,  D.D.,  Lebanon,  Penn. 

Zwinglij  &c. 
Prof.  A.  W.  Harknsss,  Brown  University,  Prov- 
idence, R.  I. 

^  Ancient  History  and  Biography. 
John  R.  G.  Hassard,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Denmark,  Fenilon^  Galileo,  Madame  Guyon, 
Sir  F.  L.  MeClintock,  Titus  Gates,  Dude,  Ox- 
ford University,  Fapal  States,  Alexander 
Pope,  Sir  Walter  BaUigh,  Theatre,  Wellington, 
^  William  of  Nassau,  Cardinal  Wolsey,  Lake 
Lhoellings,  dec. 
A.  A.  Hates,  M.D.,  Boston,  Mass. 

American  Bleaching  Process,  S.  L.  Dana. 
Hon.  Charles  C.  IIazewell,  Boston,  Mass. 
England,  and  English  History  and  Biogra- 
phy ;  Boston,  Chivalry,  Commerce,  Crusades, 
Duel,  Andrew  Jackson,  Rome  (History),  Serf, 
Slavery,  &c. 
Rev.  Frederic  H.  Hedge,  D.D.,  Brookline, 
Mass. 
St.  Paul. 
Prof.  Benjamin  F.  Hedsick,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Logarithms,  Mineral  Waters,  &o. 
M.  Heilprin,  Esq.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Ancient  and  Modem  Geography  and  Histo- 
ry ;  Demetrius,  Gaul,  Genoa,  Gorgey,  Hanni- 
bal, Hebrews,  Hungary,  Hungarian  Litera- 
ture, Kossuth,  Maimonides,  Maria  Theresa, 
Media,  Mickieuncz,  Ohrenovitch,  Paskeviteh, 
Pesth,  Poland,  &c. 
Gen.  C.  F.  HENNposEN,  late  of  New  York. 

Horsemanship, 
Prof.  Joseph  Hsnbt,  Secretary  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Flectro-Magnetismy  Magnetism,  Meteorol- 
ogy. 
Henrt  W.  Herbert,  Esq.  ("  Frank  Forester  "). 
Archery,  Armor,  Arms,  Austerlitz,  Bala- 
klava,  St.  Bartholomew  Massacre,  Carthage, 
Charles  L.  and  IL.  of  England,  Charles  XI i. 
of  Sweden,  &c. 
E.  C.  Herriok,  Esq.,  late  Librarian  of  Yale 
College,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
American  Biography. 
Thomas  Hicks,  N.  A.,  New  York 

Fine  Arts. 
Richard  Hildrbth,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Consul  at  Tri- 
este. 
John  Adams,  John  Quiney  Adams^  Samuel 


Adams,  Jeremy  Bentham,  John  C.  Calh.- . 
Lewis  Cass,  Caucus,  Coolies,  W.  H.  CrQvf._,^ 
Creole,  Etienne  Dumont,  Alexander  Hi 
ton.  President  W.  H.  Harrison,  &c 
Adams  S.  Hill,  Esq.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alien,  Auction^  James  Hosuellf  Jvh^  . 
Crittenden,  &c. 
Rev.  Thomas  Hill,  D.D.,  President  of  H&rvi  t 
University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Astronmny  atid  Mathematics. 
Hon.  George  S.  Hillard,  Boston,  M^ass. 
Elisabeth  Barrett  Browning,  Robert  Br-  - 
ing,  Rufus  Choate,  Charles  Dickens,  A  lexc  ■  .  - 
H.  Everett,  Edward  Everett,   C.   C.  F<  ' 
Jeremiah  Mason,  George  T^cknor,  &c. 
John  S.  HrrrELL,  Esq.,  San  Francisco,  Cl.]. 
Americanisms,  Animal  Magnetiein.  A''- 
ogy,  Od,  Gregon,  Sacramento,  San  Frak^  ■ 
Washington  Territory. 
James  Thaoher  Hodge,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Titles  in  Chemistry,  Geology,  MetaU.r'  , 
Mineralogy,  Physical  Geography,  and  L-  - 
nology ;  Cotton,  Electricity,  Gas,  Lighin: 
Ship,  Telegraph,  Railroad^  Rice,  SiUr,  T  ■:  • 
CO,  Veneer,  &c. 
Prof.  O.  W.  Holmes,  M.D.,  Boston, 

American  Biography. 
George  W.  Hosmer,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Biography  and  Geography, 
George  F.  Houghton,  Esq.,  St*  Albans.  Vr. 

American  Biography. 
Edward  H.  House,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Bank  Note   Engraving,   Verdi,    Rich  • 
Wagner,  Karl  Maria  ton  Weber. 
Prof.  F.  M.  HuBRARD,  D.D.,  University  of  y-.  r . 
Carolina,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 
James  Iredell,  Nathaniel  Maeon^  &c. 
Prof.  J.  S.  Hubbard,  National   Observat-  r 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Telescope,  Transit  Circle. 
Rev.  Henrt  N.  Hudson,  Litchfield,  Cono. 

Charlotte  Bronte. 
William  Humphreys,  Esq.,  New  Yort 

Biography,  Geography,  &c, 
Charles  H.  Hunt,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Robert  R.  and  Edward  Livingston, 
Richard  M.  Hunt,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Architecture. 
John  Hunter,  Esq.,  Prince  Edward^s  Islani. 

Geography  and  History. 
J.  V.  Huntington,  M.D.,  New  York. 

American  Biography. 
W.  H.  Huntington,  &q.,  Paris,  France. 

Baleac,  Paris. 
William  H.  Hurlbut,  Esq ,  New  York. 

Henry  Alford,  Sarah  Austin,  W.A.Dt  'j  l 
J.  A.  Jacobs,  Esq.,  Danville,  Ey. 

American  Biography. 
A.  G.  Johnson,  Esq.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 

Anti-Rentiem. 
Oliyer  Johnson,  Esq^  New  York. 

Horace  Greeley^  Progressive  F^riends.  W.  1. 
Garrison. 
Plpof.  S.  W.  Johnson,  Yale  College,  New  Ha- 
ven, Conn. 
Agricultural  Chemistry. 


LIST  OF  CONTRIBUTORS. 


Prof.  A.  0.  Kbitdbiok,  Rochester  Uaiversitj, 
Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Plato. 
^ .  O.  G.  Kkxxkdy,  Esq.,  Saperintendent  of  the 
Oensas  Barean,  Washington,  D.  0. 
Census^  Andrew  and  Joseph  EUicott. 
Most  Rev.  Francis  Patrick  Kb2;rice,  D.D., 
^Vrchbishop  of  Baltimore. 
Roman  Catholic  Church. 
Hon.  William  Kent,  New  York. 

James  Kent. 
IT  on.  John  B.  Kerr,  late  U.  S.  Minister  to 
Central  America,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Carrera^  Chainorro^  &c. 
C'li.vRLES  KiN'Q,  LL.D.,  President  of  Columbia 
College,  New  York. 
Bufus  King. 
1  lev.  T.  Starr  King,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

K.  H.  Chapin. 
iito.MAs  T.  KiNNBT,  Esq.,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Xeiearh. 
.James  Kirbt,  Esq.,  Montreal,  C.  E. 

Montreal. 
>.  Kneeland,  jr.,  M.D.,  Curator  of  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History,  Boston,  Mass. 

litles  in  Zoology^  Medicine.^  and  Physiol- 
o(jy ;  Comparative  Anatomy^  Ethnology^  Cu- 
vifjr,  Daubenton,  Bavy^  Geoffrey  St.  Hilaire^ 
»k:c. 
Charles  Kraitsir,  M.D.,  New  York. 

Botany^  Brahma^  Buddha  and  Buddhism^ 
Chinese  Language  and  Literature,  Coptic 
/.  uiguage,  Cuneiform  Inscriptions,  French 
L-mguage^  Ore^k  Language,  German  Lan- 
giuige,  Gothic  Language  and  Literature,  Hie- 
ro^jhjphics,  Hungarian  Language,  Indian 
I^mguages  of  America  and  Asia^  Indo-Chi- 
uae  and  Indo-European  Languages,  Koran, 
lyunaism.  Language,  &c. 
Ilev.  0.  Pjulip  Krauth,  D.D.,  Philadelphia, 
Penn. 

Lutheran  Church. 
CiiAULES  Lanman,  Esq.,  Washington,  D.  0. 

American  Biography, 
I.  A,  Lapham,  Esq.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Wisconsin. 
Eugene  Lawrence,  Esq.,  New  York. 

William  Cowper,  C.  J.  Fox,    Sir  Philip 
Francis,  Garrick,  Gibbon,  Gracchus,  Thomas 
O'ray,  Wirren  Hastings,  Bat  if  I  Hume,  &c. 
Isaac  Lea,  Esq.,  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

American  Biography. 
Rov.  Luther  Lee,  Chagrin  Falls,  Ohio. 

Wesleyfin  Methodist  Connection. 
Charles  G.  Lelaxd,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Bacrhanalian  Songs^  Sir  William  and  Lady 
JT'imilton,  Heinrich  Heine,  Heraldry,  Hugue- 
notji,   Ulrich  ton    Hutten,  Juggler,  Elisha 
Kent  Kane,  &c, 
.J.  P.  Lesley,  Esq.,  late  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia,  Penn. 
Aneroid  Barometer. 
Charles  Lindsey,  Esq.,  Toronto,  0.  W. 

Caruida,  Hudnon^s  Bay  Territory* 
Kev.  A.  A.  Livermore,  New  York. 

W.  H.  Channing^  James  F.  Clarke. 


Sobs  Lockwood,  Esq.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Nebula,   Sir  Isaac   Keioton,  Obsertatory^ 
Sun,  Trigono^netry,  Zodiacal  Light,  Ac. 
Lieut.  Thomas  R.  Lounsbcry,  N.  Y.  Vols. 
Lord  Nelson,  Ordeal,  J.  G.  Pereital,  Pe- 
trarch, J.  P.  F.  Biehter,    Count  Bumford, 
Scipio,  B.  B.  Sheridan,  Captain  John  J^ith, 
Tasso,  Themistocles,   Timoleon,  John  Home 
Tooke,  Wallenstein,   Western   Empire,  John 
Wilkes,  &c. 
J.  Payne  Lowe,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Cider,  Clover,  &c. 
Prof.  James  Russell  Lowell,  Harvard  Univer- 
sity Cambridge,  Mass. 
Dante. 
Prof.  Benjamin  W.  McCeeady,  M  D.,  Believne 
Hospital  Medical  College,  New  York. 

Acclimation,  Animal  Heat,  Consumption, 
Bietetic^f,  Hydrocephalus,  Hydrophobia,  In- 
sanity, Medicine,  Ophthalmia,  Paralysis, 
Scrofula,  Small  Pox,  Spinal  Column,  Typhoid 
Fever,  Typhus,  Yellow  Fever,  &c 
Lieut.  Thompson  P.  MoElrath,  6th  Artillery, 
U.  S.  A. 

German  Biography. 
R.  Shelton  Mackenzie,  D.C.L  ,  Pliiladelphia, 
Penn. 

Advertisement,  Autograph,  William  Beck- 
ford,    George  Brummell,    Bichard  Bentley^ 
Bishop  Burnet,  William  Cohhett,  &c. 
Migor  Martin  T.  McMahon,  U.  S.  A. 

American  Biography. 
John  McMullen,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Amphitheatre,  Arabesque,  Arabian  Nights^ 
&c. 
Rev.  H.  N.  MoTyeire,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

American  Biography. 
Edward  Maoauram,  Esq.,  New  York. 

J.  M.  Camochan,  Lorenzo  da  Ponte. 
Prof.  AcHiLLS  Magni,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Italian  Literature. 
Edward  D.  Mansfield,  Esq.,  State  Commis- 
sioner of  Statistics,  Morrow,  Warren  co.,  O. 
Cincinnati,  Cleveland,  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Charles  Marx,  Ph.D.,  Loixlon,  En^. 

Army,  Artillery,  Bernndotte,  Bolivar,  (7ac- 
alry.  Fortification,  Infantry,  Nary,  &c. 
John  T.  Mason,  Esq.,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Mason  Family  of  Virginia. 
E.  Masseras,  Esq.,  Editor  of  the  **Courrier  des 
fitats  Unis,"  New  York. 
FVertch  Biography, 
Hon.  A.  B.  Meek,  Mobile,  Ala. 

Iberville. 
John  Meigs,  Esq.,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

NaMhtille. 
David  B.  Mellish,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Phonography. 
Andrew  Merwin,  Esq.,  New  York. 

TriumpJial  Archer,  Cathedral,  &c 
Col.  James  Monroe,  New  York. 

Win  field  Scott. 
Frank  ^oore,  Esq.,  New  York. 

American  Biography. 
Joseph  N.  Moreau,  Esq.,  Philadelphia,  Penn. 
Thonuts  Paine. 


LIST  or  CONTRIBUTORS. 


D.  Morrison,  Esq.,  Toronto,  0.  W. 

Toronto  ;  Biography  and  Oeography. 
Rev.  Andrew  B.  Morse,  Danbnrj,  Conn. 

Siam, 
Rev.  John  N.  Murdock,  D.D.,  Boston,  Mass. 

American  Ecclesiasticid  Biography, 
James  P.  Nesmith,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Type  Founding, 
Charles  Nordhoff,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Arctic  Discovery^  Baltic  Sea,  Ceylon^  Capt. 
Cook,  Hernando  Cortes^  East  India  Compa- 
nies, &c. 
Rev.  B,  G.  Northrop,  Saxonville,  Mass. 

Normal  Schools, 
Frank  II.  Norton,  Esq.,  Astor  Library,  New 
York. 

Alamo^  Astor  Library,  &c, 

E.  B.  O'Callaghan,  M.D.,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

American  Biography, 
H.  S.  Olcott,  Esq.,  late  of  the  Westchester 
Farm  School,  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y. 
Agricultural  Schools, 
Frederio  Law  Oi^sted,  Esq.,  Arcliitoct  and 
Chief  Engineer  of  the  Central  Park,  New 
York. 
Pari', 
Rev.  Samuel  Osgood,  D.D.,  New  York. 

Robert  Asplandy  Q,  E,  Ellis,  James  WalJcer, 
D.D. 
Franklin  J.  Ott arson,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Xew  York  City, 
Prof.  Marttn  Paine,  M.D.,  University  Medical 
College,  New  York. 
/.  )V,  Draper, 
J.  W.  Palmer,  M.D.,  Baltimore,  Md. 

At  a.  Banyan,  Bayadcer,  &c. 
Prof.   TnEOPiiiLus  Parsons,  LL.D.,  Harvard 
University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Titles  in  Law  ;  Oeorge  Cabot,  Nathan  Dane, 
Samuel  Dexter,  J,  T,  Kirkland,  Daniel  Tread- 
well. 
Rev.  Andrew  P.  Peabody,  D.D.,  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, Cam  brill  pre,  Mass. 
A  m  erica  n  Bio g raphy. 
Prof.  E.  R.  Pea.hlee,  M.D.,  New  York  Medical 
College,  New  York. 
Animal. 
Rev.  W.  N.  Pendleton,  D.D ,  Lexington,  Va. 

A  mr  rica n  Biograph y. 
George  Perry,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Be-keeping, 
John  L.  Peyton,  Esq.,  Staunton,  Va. 

American  Biography. 
OcTAVir.s  Pickering,  Esq.,  Cambridge,  Ma.ss. 

John  Pickering,  Timothy  Pickering, 
Hon.  James  S.  Pike,  U.  S.  Minister  Resident 
at  tlic  Hague. 

Calais  (.!/<'.),  J,  P.  FcMcnden. 
Don  Rafael  Pombo,  Charge  d^ Affaires  of  New 
(Jranada,  New  York. 

Ntic  Granada,  Panama,  Ximenes  de  Que- 
sada. 
Col.  P.  A.  Porter,  U.  S.  V.,  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. 

Pffrr  Duel  Porter, 
W.  8.  PoRTEK,  Esq.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Connecticut^  i^eie  Haten,  &c 


G.  Pratt,  Esq.,  Salisbury  Mills,  N.  Y. 

Blue  Lavs, 
Rev.  Thomas  8.  Preston,  D.D.,  New  Tort 

Immaculate  Conception, 
WiLUAM  C.  Prime,  Esq.,  Editor  of  the  "  J«»«3r- 
nal  of  Commerce,"  Author  of  *'  Coins,  Mt^- 
als,  and  Seals,"  &c..  New  York. 
Gerard  Ilallocky  Numismatics 
Edmund  Quinct,  Esq.,  Dedham,  Masa. 

Fisher  Ames,  Mather  ByleSy  Jouiah  Q^' '.-  '^ 
Hermann  Raster,  Esq.,  Editor  of  the  ^Att^Lu 
Zeitung,"  New  York. 

Austria,  Boei's,  Cape  CoUmy,  Ch  iika^  Co%  - 
fueivs,  Constantinoplf,  Crimea,  Danvhf^  1%- 
minican    Republic,    Emigration,    Epic.r-*. 
Europe,    Faust,    Fichtty    Geimany^    I-'':- 
Marat,  Paul  /.,  Peasants'^    War,  Prtru, ., 
Saxony,  &c. 
J.  n.  Raymond,  LL.D.,  Principal  of  the  P<  \y 
technic  Institute,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Mrs,  H,  C,  Conant,  Thomas  J,  £Vft<inf. 
Sampson  Resd,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Netc  Jerusalem  Church,  Stcedenhorg, 
Prof.  James  Renwick,  LL.D.,  Columbia  Col- 
lege, New  York. 
Charles  Wilkes. 
Levi  Reuben,  M.D.,  New  York. 

Color,  Gravitation,  Gyroscope,  ffitrvk*  iv. 
Heat,  Hydromechanics,  Lights  Mechanirs^  *\^ 
tics.  Organ,  Phrenology,  Pianofortt^  /1r,«- 
maties.  Polarization,  Rainbov^  Steam,  S*tr*  - 
scope.  Thermometer,  Vision,  Wear ir.g,  Wei'- \'> 
and  Meaeures,  Winds,  Wine^  Wool^  Vrar.  A:r 
N.  P.  Rice,  M.D.,  New  York. 

A  ncpsthetics, 
A.  D.  Richardson,  Esq.,  Mcdway,  ICasK. 
Pike's  Peak, 

Prof  R.  RiCUARDSON. 

Church  of  the  Dinciples. 
Fatette  Robinson,  E8<i.,  Richmond,  Vsl 

James  Barbour,  &c, 
Charles  R.  Rode,  Esq.,  Editor  of  the  **Aii  ir.- 
can  Publishers'  Circular,"  New  York. 

Book,  Bookbinding,  Bookselling,  Lou -7  /•.- 
and, Massachusetts;  American  Ge*>*jni}  At .  Ac. 
Rev.  John  L  Russeli.,  Curator  of  Uie  lk»--:..-t 
Society  of  Natural  History,  Salem*  Masa. 
Titles  in  Botany, 
Horace  St.  John,  Esq.,  London,  Eng. 

C,  W,  Dilke,  W.  //.  Dixon, 
James  M.  Sanderson,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Champagne,  Cigars,  Cookery. 
John  O.  Sargent,  Esq.,  New  York. 

John  Ericsson,  Robert  Fulton,  John  F* ' 
Sargent  Family,  &c. 
John  Savage,  Esq  ,  New  York, 

Standard,  Samuel  C  Re  id,  Ac. 
Prof.  Pniup  SciiAFF,  D.D.,  Theological  S^ : 
nary,  Mercersburg,  Penn. 

Luther,  Melanrhthon,  Neander,  Rif'^r\    - 
tion,  Srhleiermacher. 
George  ScnEDEi.,  Estj ,  late  H.  B.  M.  Cotr«-  -.r 
Agent  for  Costa  Rica. 
Costa  Rica, 
Prof.  Alexander  J.  Sciiem,  New  York. 

Dominican*,  Dunkers,  Francisean*,  (r.?.'V 


LIST  OF  CONTRIBUTORS. 


can  Churchy  German  Theology^  Greek  Churchy 
Lor^i  Supper^  Maronites,  Mennonitcs,  For- 
eifjn  MissionSy  Mohammed^  Mohammedanism^ 
Monachismj  Frophecy^  Religious  Ordere^  Rus- 
sia^ Spairiy  Switzerland^  Trinity^  United  Eran- 
grliral  Churchy  &c. 
Hon.  Francis  ScnsoEDEs,  late  U.  S.  Minister 
Kesidcnt  at  Stockholm,  librarian  of  the  As- 
tor  Library,  New  York. 

Benjamin  Franklin^  GothSy  Grotius^  Guelphs 
and  Ghihelline»y  Scanditanian  Biography  and 
History y  &c. 
Rcv.  Edmund  de  ScnwEiNiTZ,  D.D.,  Litiz,  Penn. 

Moravians^  Spangenberg^  Zeisberger,  &c. 
S.  IL  SouDDER,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Wheat  Moth,   Wood  Ibis,  Jeffr'tes  Wyman, 
E.  C.  Seaman,  Esq ,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

Detroit, 
Rov.  Barn  A3  Sears,  D.D.,  President  of  Brown 
University,  Providence,  R.  I. 
Christianity. 
Henry  D.  Sedowiok,  Esq.,  New  York. 

American  Biography, 
I  Inn.  WiLUAM  II.  Seward,  Secretary  of  State, 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Dr3  Witt  Clinton, 
Rov.  WiLUAM  W.  Seymour,  New  York. 

Annals,  Arrhaohgy,  Colossus,  &c. 
John  Gilmary  Shea,  LL.D.,  New  York. 
Frontenac  {Count  de),  SusqueTiannas. 
Pruf.  B.  Silliman,  jr..  New  Haven,  Conn. 

American  Biography. 
William  Gilmore  Simms,  LL.D.,  Charleston, 
S.  C. 

Charleston,  Columbia;  American  Biography. 
1>.  S.  Slade,  M.D.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Murrain,  Pleuro- Pneumonia. 
I*rof.  Henry  B.  SMixn,  D.D.,  Union  Theologi- 
cal Seminary,  New  York. 

John   Calcin,  Ilegel,  Kant,  Miracle,  Re- 
formed Church,  Schelling. 
Pruf.  J.  L.  Smith,  Kenyon  College,  Gambler,  0. 

Microscope. 
Richard  Smith,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Ancient  Biography  and  Geography, 
^V.  G.  Snethen,  Esq ,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Rev.  Nicholas  Snethen, 
Rev.  J.  A.  Spencer,  D.D.,  New  York. 

American  Ecclesiastical  Biography. 
(.'harles  J.  8  PR  AGUE,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Fungi,  Asa  Gray. 
E.  C.  Spragub,  Esq.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Millard  Fillmore. 
Rev.  William  B  Spraque,  D.D.,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Presbyterianism ;  American  Ecclesiastical 
Biography. 
lion.  E.  G.  SgriKR,  New  York,  late  Charg^ 
d'Atfaires  to  Central  America. 

American  Antiquities,  Balize,  Barrundia, 
Pyty  hl'twU,  Guatemala,  Honduras,  Inca, 
M':xican  Picture  Writing.  Mosquito  Shore, 
yic-iragiia,  Nicaraguan  Interoceanic  Canal, 
PaUnque,  San  Salvador,  &o. 
Hon  Henry  B.  Stanton,  New  York. 

Daniel  S,  Dickinson^  John  A.  Dix,  John 
Cochrane, 


CnARLES  Stearns,  Esq.,  Springfield,  Mass. 

Edmund  Dwight. 
William  Stewart,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Malabar,  Mauritius,  Morocco,  Province  of 
Kew  Brunswick,  Kova  Scotia,  Peking,  Peru, 
South  Australia,  West  Australia;  East  In' 
dian  Geography,  &c. 
L.  D.  Sticknby,  Esq.,  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Memphis. 
A,  L.  Stimbon,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Expre^iS. 
Henry  Stone,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Bangor,  Bath,  Brunswick  {Me.),  &c. 
Frank  H.  Storer,  Esq.  Boston,  Mass. 

Chemistry,  EquiraUnts,  Isomerism,  Xomen* 
cloture,  J,  A.  Stockhardt,  Chemical  Symbols, 
Rev.  Joseph  B.  Stratton,  Natdiez,  Miss. 

Xatchez. 
Rev.  W.  P.  Strickland,  D.D.,  New  York. 

American  Ecclesiastical  Biography. 
Henry  L.  Stuart,  Esq.,  New  York. 

James  M,  Sims. 
William  Stuart,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Abduction^    Actors  and  Actresses,    W.  E, 
Gladstone,  James  W.  Wallack,  Editin  Booth, 
D.  E.  Sickles. 
Rov.  Thomas  O.   Summers,   D.D.,  Nashville, 
Tenn. 

American  Biography, 
Rev.  William  L.  Symonds,  Portland,  Mc. 

W,  E.  Channing,  Coleridge,  Demon,  Edu- 
cation, English  Literature,  Gassendi,  Gioberti, 
History,  John  Knox,  Charles  Lamb,  Lamen- 
nais,  Latin  Literature,  Leibnitz,  Library, 
John  Lorke,  Magic^  Malcbranche,  Milton^ 
Moral  Philosophy,  Sir  Thomas  More,  Myste- 
ries, Mysticism,  Mythology,  Nominalism  and 
Realism,  Sovel,  Philosophy,  P,  B.  Shelley, 
Socrates^  Southey,  Spinoza,  Dugald  Steicart, 
Stoics,  Alfred  Tennynon^  W.  M.  Thackeray y 
Ludwig  Tieck,  W.  Word^icorth,  &c. 
F.  A.  Teall,  Esq.,  Now  York. 

Rutledge  Family,  Scanderbeg,  H.  R.  School- 
craft,  Septimus  Sererus,    W.   G.  Broienlow, 
Don  John  of  Austria,  Gen.  If,  Lyon,  Outrard, 
&c. 
Miss  Rose  Terry,  Hartford,  Conn. 

Horace  Bnshnell. 
Alexander  W.  Thayer,  Esq.,  Berlin,  Prn«sia. 
Bach,  Beethoven,   Gluck,  Handel,  Haydn^ 
Mozart. 
Rev.  T.  B.  Thayer,  D.D.,  Boston,  Ma?s. 

Universalisff. 
William  S.   Thayer,   Esq.,   U.  S.  Consul  at 
Alexandria,  Eprypt. 

K  P.  Banks,  S.  P.  Chase,  Caleb  CuMng. 
John  R.  Thompson,  E"*q.,  late  Editor  of  the 
"  Sonthern  Literary  Messenger,"  Richmond, 
Va. 
American  Biography. 
Rev.  Joseph  P.  Thompson,  D.D.,  New  York. 

Amerie/tn  Biography. 
Rev.  John  Thomson,  D.I).,  New  York. 
A  lexantler  D u  tf\  Free  Ch  u  rch . 

^^  aA       ' 

Col.  T.  B.  Thorpe,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Cane  Brake, 


8 


LIST  OF  CONTRIBUTORS. 


J.  n.  THHASHEn,  Esq.,  late  U.  8.  oonsal  at  Ila- 
vana. 
Havana, 
GsoRGB  TioKNOR,  LL.D.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Josliua  Bates, 
Rev.  FiiAMCid  Tiffany,  SpringlBeld,  Mass. 

Bets.  W,  B,  0,  and  0.  W.  B,  Peabody. 
Osmond  Tiffany,  Esq.,  Springfield,  Mass. 

Andre^  Benedict  Arnold^  Alta^  Baltim&rey 
Bengal^  Boccaccio^  Bonapartei  of  Baltimore^ 
Calterty  CatacomhSy  Springfield  {Mtiu.)^  &c. 
John  B.  Tileston,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Biography  and  Geography, 
W.  C.  Todd,  Esq.,  Newburyport,  Mass. 

Kewhuryport, 
Robert  Tomes,  M.D.,  New  York. 

Aspintcallj  Beard,  Bride  and  Bridegroom^ 
Callisthenics,  Cancer,  Death,  &c. 
R.  T.  Tkall,  M.D.,  author  of  "  Hydropathic 
Encjclopsdia,"  New  York. 
Andrew  and  George  Combe, 
Baron  R.  de  Tbobbiand,  New  York,  Col.  55th 
regt.  N.  Y.  V. 
Berry  Family^  Chamhor^,  Richelieu^  &c. 
W.  P.  Trowbbidge,  Esq.,  U.  8,  Coast  Sarvoy, 
Washington,  D.  0. 
Coast  Survey, 
HsNBT  T.  Tuokeeman,  Eso.,  New  York. 

Addison,  Alfieri,  Washington  Allston,  Ari- 
osto,  J,  3.  Buchminstcr,  &c. 
Hon.  Samuel  Tyler,  LL.D.,  Frederic  City,  Md. 

Sir  William  Hamilton  {Edinburgh), 
Prof.  W.  S.  Tyler,  Amherst,  Mass. 

Edward  Hitchcock, 
Hbkby  C.  Vail,  Esq.,  late  of  the  Westchester 
Farm  School,  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y. 
Apple,  Arboriculture,  Bams,  Cattle,  &c. 
George  Van  Santvoobd,  Esq.,  Troy,  N.  Y. 
Rev,  Cornelius  Van  Santtoord,  Gen.  John 
E,  Wool 
Hon.  E.  Wakely,  Omaha  City,  Nebraska  Ten 
Nebraska.  ' 

Hon.  Alexander  Walker,  New  Orleans,  La. 

American  Biography, 
0.  J.  Walker,  Esq.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

La  Motte  Cadillac, 
Rev.  J.  F.  Walker,  Rupert,  Vt. 
Biography  and  Geography. 
James  S.  Wallace,  Esq.,  Louisville,  Ey. 

American  Biography, 
W.  T.  Walthall,  Esq.,  Spring  Hill.  Ala. 

Key  West,  Little  Rock,  Alexander  McGiUi- 
tray,  Mobile,  Keic  Orleans,  Pensaeola,  &c. 
HsNBY  Ware,  Esq.,  Boston,  Ma<s8. 

Thomas  Hood,  Robin  Hood^  Ware  Family, 
^. 
Edward  Warren,  M.D.,  Newton  Lower  Falls, 
Mass. 
John  and  John  C,  Warren,  M,D, 
Samuel  Webber,  M.D.,  Oharlestown,  N.  H. 

James  Freeman  Dana,  M,D, 
Rey.  John  Weiss,  Milton,  Mass. 
Theodore  Parker, 


Dayid  a.  Wells,  Esq. 

A,  A,  Hayes, 
Hon.  John  Wsntwobth,  Chicago,  IIL 

Wentworth  Family, 
Ohablbs  S.  Wkyman,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Hahnemann,  Hogarth,  Kepler,  £/'>.-«.—  ■ 
Mosaics,  MuriUo^  Thomas  Moore,  *V«rrr»*.  •  •  ^\ . 
Obelisk,  Fainting,  Rt^haely  Rienzi^  /«>x •'«•'. 
Schiller,  Sir  Walter  SeoU,  Seulpt^re^  -  - 
Philip  Sidney,  Algernon  Sidney^  Jvn**^^ 
Swift,  Titian,  Tournament,  J.  M,  W,  T*  r-.t  ^ 
Literatureof  the  United  States,  WalpcU  /'  *  .  - 
ily.  Gen,  Wolfe,  Cardinal  Ximenee,  ^c 

E.  P.  Whipple,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

R,  W.  Emerson,  H,  W.  Longfellow. 
J.  C.  White,  M.D.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Entoeoa,  Epiphytes,  Episoa. 
Richard   Grant    White,    Esq.,    aQth(»r    i : 
^^  Shakespeare^s  Scholar,*'  ^.,  New  Yor^. 
ShaJ^meare, 
R.  Lyle  Whitx,  Esq.,  Meadville,  Penn. 

Pittsburg,  Gens,  Stark  and  Wayite^  2/.  *i .  - 
mot ;  American  Geography, 
W.  M.  Whitehead,  M.D.,  Elizabeth,  N.  J. 

American  Biography, 
W.  IL  WnrTTEMORB,  Esq.,  Boston,  Ma^s. 

Mather  Family, 
Prof.  W.  D.  Whttkey,  Yale  College,  Ni  w  i: 
yen.  Conn. 

Language  and  Literature  of  Persia.  S  *   - 
erit,  Semitic  Race  and  Languagts,   .\v'.  * 
Language  and  Literature,  Turan  tan  R.  'fi  •*•. 
Languages,  Language  and  Literature  *-/  T  r- 
key,  Zendatesta,  Zoroaster, 
Pres.  W.  M.  Wiohtmav,  1>.1>.,  Gpe€nl>or» ■»..•.. 
Ala. 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  {South'. 
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